LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


GIF"T  OF" 


Class 


School     and      College     Edition. 


M  A.  1ST  TJ  A. 


BOTANY 


NORTHERN    UNITED    STATES. 

REVISED    EDITION-; 

INCLUDING 

VIRGINIA.    KENTUCKY,    AND    ALL   EAST   OF   THE    MISSISSIPPI; 

ARRANGED 

ACCORDING  TO  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 


BY  ASA  GRAY, 

FISHER    PROFESSOR    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY.  IN    HARVARD    UNIVERSITY. 


ILLUSTRATED  ?THE  ^ENEK.A  J)^   FEKNS,    ETC. 


NEW    YORK: 

IVIS01S    &  PHINNEY,  48    &  50  WALKER   ST. 
CHICAGO:  S.  C.  GRIGGS  &  CO.,  39  &  41  LAKE  ST. 

CINCINNATI  :    MOORE,  WIL8TACH,  KEYS   A   CO.      ST.    LOUIS  :    KKITJI  k  WOOD*. 

PHILADELPHIA;  SOWKR,  BARNKS  &  co.    BUFFALO:  PHINNKY  k  oo. 

NKWBURG  :   T.   6.    QUAOKBNBUSU. 

1859. 


?K//7 


?'  /**  *A 
/  O  ^     / 

•Baa/ 


Entered  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1867,  by 

GKORGE  P.  PUTNAM  &  CO., 

In  the  Clerk's  .Office  of  the  District  Court  of  tho  United  States  fur  tlu>  Southern  District 
of  New  York. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


THE  complete  edition  of  the  MANUAL  OF  THE  BOTANY  OP 
THE  NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES  includes  the  two  great  Cryp- 
togamous  Families  of  Mosses  and  Liverworts  (from  p.  607  to  p. 
704),  written  by  Mr.  Sullivant,  and  illustrated  with  eight  copper- 
plates, crowded  with  admirable  figures.  Important  as  this  part  is 
to  the  Botanist  and  the  advanced  student,  it  is  much  too  difficult 
for  the  beginner,  and  for  common  instruction  in  Botany  in  schools 
and  academies,  which  will  begin  with  the  Phsenogamous  or  Flower- 
ing Plants,  and  will  rarely  extend  into  the  Flowerless  Plants  beyond 
the  Ferns  and  Club-Mosses.  As  it  adds  considerably  to  the  size  and 
expense  of  the  book,  the  part  here  mentioned  is  omitted  in  this 
Abridged  Impression,  which  is  intended  especially  for  the  use  of 
classes,  and  is  afforded  by  the  publishers  at  a  price  so  reduced  as 
to  bring  the  work  within  the  reach  of  all  students. 

The  six  plates  which  illustrate  the  Ferns  and  their  allies  (and 
which  are  numbered  from  IX  to  XIV)  are  also  given ;  so  that 
this  edition  is  illustrated  like  the  other,  so  far  as  it  goes,  and 
nothing  is  omitted  which  ordinary  students  will  require,  at  least 
until  they  have  become  expert  Botanists.  It  will  be  seen  by  the 
paging,  that  the  omitted  matter  immediately  precedes  and  follows 
the  Index. 

Some  additions  and  corrections  are  given  on  the  following  pages. 


1 57724 


ADDITIONS   AND    CORRECTIONS. 


Page  39,  line  14.  After  "  Maine,"  add :  Nuttall.  Echo  Lake,  Franconia,  New 
Hampshire,  Tuckerman. 

Page  71,  line  23.  Linum  Boottii;  add  syn. :  L.  sulcatum,  Ridddl  (an  older 
name  which  has  been  overlooked). 

Page  78.  To  Vitis  vulpina,  add :  Bark  close,  not  separating  in  shreds,  as  in 
the  other  species. 

Page  118.  To  Potentilla  frigida,  add  habitat:  Alpine  region  of  the  White 
Mountains  (Robbins)  and  of  Mount  Lafayette  ( Tuckerman),  New  Hampshire. 

Page  132.    To  Jussiaea,  add  :  — 

2.  J.  re  peilS,  L.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  creeping,  or  floating 
and  rooting  ;  leaves  oblong,  tapering  below  into  a  slender  petiole  ;  flowers 
large,  long-peduncled ;  calyx-lobes  and  slightly  obcordate  petals  5 ;  pod 
cylindrical,  with  a  tapering  base.  2J.  —  In  water,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and 
southward. 

Page  136.  Opuntia  vulgaris,  var.  *?  Rafinesquii,  now  distinguished  by  Dr. 
Engelmann  as  a  species,  under  the  name  of  O.  Rafinesquii,  grows  from 
Wisconsin  to  Kentucky  and  southwestward. 

Page  143.    To  Saxifraga,  add  : 

9.  S.  StellariS,  L.  var.  comdsa,  Willd.  Leaves  wedge-shaped, 
more  or  less  toothed ;  scape  a  span  high,  bearing  a  small  contracted  pan- 
icle ;  many  or  most  of  the  flowers  changed  into  little  tufts  of  green  leaves, 
the  perfect  flowers  with  a  free  reflexed  calyx ;  petals  unequal,  lanceolate, 
white,  with  two  yellowish  spots  on  the  base,  which  is  narrowed  into  a  dis- 
tinct claw.  —  Mount  Katahdin,  Maine,  Rev.  J.  Blake. 

Page  169,  after  line  13  from  bottom,  add  : 

9.  POLYPREMUM.  Corolla  and  single  style  very  short.  Pod  many-seeded,  locu- 
licidal.  Leaves  slightly  connected  at  the  base,  very  narrow. 

Page  174,  add: 

9.     POLYPREMUM,  L.       POLYPREMUM. 

Calyx  4-parted,  persistent ;  the  divisions  awl-shaped  from  a  broad  scari- 
ous-rnargined  base.  Corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  almost  wheel- 
shaped,  bearded  in  the  throat ;  the  4  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens 


ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS.  V 

4,  very  short :  anthers  globular.  Style  1,  very  short :  stigma  ovoid,  entire. 
Pod  ovoid,  a  little  flattened,  notched  at  the  apex,  loculicidally  2-valved, 
many-seeded.  —  A  smooth,  diffusely  spreading  and  much-branched  small 
annual,  with  narrowly  linear  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  connected  at  their  base 
across  the  stem  by  a  slight  stipular  line ;  the  small  flowers  solitary  and 
sessile  in  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  corolla  inconspicuous, 
white.  (Name  altered  from  iroXvirpffjivos,  many-stemmed.) 

1.  P.  procumbens,  L.  —  Dry  fields,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  Virginia 
and  southward.  June  -  Sept. 

Page  205,  after  Solidago  nemoralis,  add  : 

27a.  S.  Radula,  Nutt.  Stem  and  oblong  or  obovate-spatulate  leaves 
rigid  and  very  rough,  not  hoary,  the  upper  sessile  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  rigid;  rays  3-6  :  otherwise  much  as  in  No.  27.  —  Dry  hills,  W. 
Illinois  and  southwestward. 

Page  213.    XANTHIUM  spiN6suM  should  have  been  printed  in  small  capitals 
(as  here),  being  an  introduced  species. 

Page  226,  line  24  ;  after  "  hemispherical  "  add  :  (merely  convex  in  No.  1). 

Page  231,  at  the  end  of  Senecio,  add  : 

*  *  *  Rays  present :  root  annual :  heads  in  a  crowded  corymb. 
5.  S.  lob  at  us,  Pers.  (BUTTER-WEED.)     Glabrous,  or  loosely  woolly 
.     at  first;  leaves  rather  fleshy,  lyrate  or  pinnately  divided;  the  divisions 
crcnate  or  cut-lobed,  variable.  —  Low  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi, 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

Page  231,  line  2  from  bottom,  add  :  Lake  Superior,  Prof.  Whitney. 
Page  234,  line  11,  add  :  W.  Illinois  and  westward  ;  common. 

Page  268,  lines  9,  10  from  bottom,  in  place  of  "  or  terete,"  insert :  flat  or  flattish 
and  channelled  above. 

Page  281,  line  23,  for  "  Lake  Huron,"  read  :  Lake  Michigan. 

Page  288,  line  18,  read  :  from  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  to  Virginia  and 
southward,  chiefly  near  the  coast. 

Page  291,  line  26,  for  "  12-20-seeded,"  read  :  1  -2-seeded. 

Page  310,  line  22,  for  "River-banks  and  plains,"  read:  Oak-openings  and  woods. 
Line  23,  for  "  July,"  read  :  May,  June. 

Page  352,  line  2.     Asclepias  Sullivantii  has  scarcely  sessile  leaves ;  and  the  horns 
of  the  hoods  of  the  corolla  are  flat,  broadly  scythe-shaped,  and  abruptly  acute. 

Page  352,  after  line  7,  add  : 

2a.  A.  Meadii,  n.  sp.  Torr.  Very  smooth,  pale;  stem  simple  (1° 
high),  bearing  a  single  terminal  umbel  (on  a  peduncle  3'  long) ;  leaves  all 
opposite,  sessile,  oblong,  the  upper  ovate-oblong  or  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
obtuse,  mucronate,  the  plane  (not  wavy)  margins  and  the  numerous  rather 
slender  pedicels  downy  when  young ;  divisions  of  the  greenish-white  corolla 
oblong-ovate  (4"  long),  half  the  length  of  the  pedicel ;  hoods  of  the  slightly 


VI  ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 

stipitate  crown  fleshy  below,  rounded-truncate  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the 
thickish  incurved  horn,  furnished  with  a  small  sharp  tooth  at  the  inner  mar- 
gin on  each  side  towards  the  summit.  —  Augusta,  Illinois,  Mead. — Leaves 
about  4  pairs.  l£' — 2^'  long.  Fruit  not  seen;  so  that  it  is  uncertain 
whether  the  species  should  stand  next  to  A.  Sullivantii  or  A.  obtusifolia. 

6.  A.  Nuttalliana.  This  will  probably  take  the  name  of  A.  Vaseyi, 
Carey,  ined.,  Engelm.  mss.,  as  it  now  seems  probable  that  Nuttall's  A.  lanu- 
ginosa  is  the  same  as  Lapham's  Acerates  monocephala. 

Page  354,  to  Acerates  add  : 

la.  A.  monocephala,  n.  sp.  Lapham  in  herb.  Low  (6' -12'  high), 
rather  stout,  hirsute  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  almost  sessile  (about  2'  long  and  ^' 
wide) ;  umbel  solitary  and  terminal,  peduncled,  very  many-flowered ;  di- 
visions of  the  greenish  corolla  oblong  (2£"  long),  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  several  times  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  hoods  of  the  crown 
sessile  at  the  base  of  the  tube  of  filaments,  strongly  concave,  oblong,  erect, 
with  the  obtuse  apex  somewhat  spreading,  equalling  the  anthers.  —  Prairies 
of  Wisconsin,  Lapham,  Mr.  Cornell.  July.  —  Intermediate  in  several  re- 
spects between  A.  viridiflora  and  A.  longifolia  ;  having  the  sessile  crown  of 
the  former,  and  flowers  not  larger  than  those  of  the  latter.  Hoods  more 
cucullate  than  those  of  A.  viridiflora ;  the  two  small  appendages  within 
each,  and  the  still  smaller  pairs  of  appendages  alternate  with  the  hoods, 
more  conspicuous  than  in  the  last-named  species ;  otherwise  very  similar. 
Pollen-masses  also  thicker  and  less  club-shaped.  —  A.  longifolia  is  well  dis- 
tinguished by  the  raised  crown,  of  broader  hoods,  much  shorter  than  the 
anthers,  and  by  the  thick  and  short  pollen-masses.  —  Should  Dr.  Engel- 
mann's  surmise  prove  correct  (as  is  most  likely),  this  species  will  bear  the 
name  of  A.  lanuginosa,  Decaisne. 

Page  369,  line  21.  Euxolus  deflexus;  the  plant  here  so  named,  from  Albany, 
is  not  so,  but  apparently  is  Amarantus  polygonoides,  L.,  or  Amblogyna 
polygonoides,  Raf. ;  the  latter  genus  not  distinct  enough  from  Euxolus. 

Page  369,  line  25.  Euxolus  pumilus  is  prostrate,  fleshy,  its  leaves  mostly  long- 
petioled,  obovate,  and  notched  at  the  end. 

Page  388,  line  15,  &c.  Euphorbia  obtusata  here  includes  two  species ;  viz.  the 
indigenous  E.  obtusata  (Virginia  to  Illinois  and  southward) ;  and  the  intro- 
duced E.  platyphylla,  L.,  Vermont  to  Niagara,  &c.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Page  405,  line  4.  The  Rock  Chestnut-Oak  (var.  monticola)  should  rather  be 
placed  under  No.  5,  Q.  Castanea. 

Page  465,  line  2,  under  Medeola :  for  "  base/'  read  "  middle,"  and  add  "  ex- 
trorse  !  "  For  "  Styles  3,"  &c.,  read  :  Style  none  ;  stigmas  3,  recurved- 
di verging,  long  and  thread-form. 

Page  598,  line  24,  for  "  Sept."  read  :  July -Sept. 


PREFACE. 


THIS  work  is  designed  as  a  compendious  Flora  of  the  .Northern  portion 
of  the  United  States,  arranged  according  to  the  Natural  System,  for  the 
use  of  students  and  of  practical  botanists. 

The  first  edition  was  hastily  prepared  to  supply  a  pressing  want.  Its 
plan,  having  been  generally  approved,  has  not  been  altered,  although  the 
work  has  been  to  a  great  extent  rewritten.  Its  increased  size  is  mainly 
owing  to  the  larger  geographical  area  embraced  in  it,  being  here  extended 
southward  so  as  to  include  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  westward  to  the 
Mississippi  River. 

This  southern  boundary  coincides  better  than  any  other  geographical 
line  with  the  natural  division  between  the  cooler-temperate  and  the  warm- 
temperate  vegetation  of  the  United  States;  very  few  characteristically 
Southern  plants  occurring  north  of  it,  and  those  only  on  the  low  coast  of 
Virginia,  in  the  Dismal  Swamp,  &c.  Our  western  limit,  also,  while  it 
includes  a  considerable  prairie  vegetation,  excludes  nearly  all  the  plants 
peculiar  to  the  great  Western  woodless  plains,  which  approach  our  borders 
in  Iowa  and  Missouri.  Our  northern  boundary,  being  that  of  the  United 
States,  varies  through  about  five  degrees  of  latitude,  and  nearly  embraces 
Canada  proper  on  the  east  and  on  the  west,  so  that  nearly  all  the  plants 
of  Canada  East  on  this  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  well  as  of  the  deep 
peninsula  of  Canada  West,  will  be  found  described  in  this  volume. 

The  principal  facts  respecting  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  plants 
which  compose  the  flora  of  our  district,  will  be  presented  in  another 
place.  In  this  work  I  endeavor  briefly  to  indicate  the  district  in  which 
each  species  occurs,  or  in  which  it  most  abounds,  in  the  following  manner : 
1 .  When  the  principal  area  of  a  species  is  northward  rather  than  south- 
ward, I  generally  give  first  its  northern  limit,  so  far  as  known  to  me,  if 
within  the  United  States,  and  then  its  southern  limit  if  within  our  boun- 
daries, or  add  that  it  extends  southward,  meaning  thereby  that  the  species 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

in  question  occurs  in  the  States  south  of  Virginia  or  Kentucky.  Thus 
Magnolia  glauca,  p.  16,  a  prevailingly  Southern  species,  but  which  is  spar- 
ingly found  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts,  is  recorded  as  growing  "  near 
Cape  Ann  and  New  York  southward,  near  the  coast";  M.  acuminata, 
"W.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward";  &c.  While  in 
species  of  northern  range,  the  southern  limits  are  mentioned ;  as,  Nuphar 
Kalmiana,  p.  23,  "  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward";  Cardamine 
pratensis,  p.  33,  "  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  northward,"  &c.  And  so  of 
Western  plants;  e.g.  Isopyrum  biternatum,  p.  11,  "  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and 
westward " ;  Psoralea  aryophylla,  p.  94,  "  Wisconsin  and  westward  " ; 
Amorplia  canescens,  p.  95,  "  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  westward." 
2.  Where  no  habitat  or  range  is  mentioned,  the  species  is  supposed  to  be 
diffused  over  our  whole  area,  or  nearly  so,  and  usually  beyond  it.  3.  When 
the  species  is  of  local  or  restricted  occurrence,  so  far  as  known,  the  special 
habitat  is  given  ;  e.  g.  Vesicaria  Shortii  and  V.  Lescurii,  p.  38;  Sullivantia 
Ohionis,  p.  144,  &c.  Except  in  such  cases,  the  want  of  space  has  generally 
demanded  the  omission  of  particular  localities,  which  are  so  appropriate 
and  so  useful  both  in  local  Floras  and  in  more  detailed  works,  but  for 
which  there  is  no  room  in  a  manual  like  this. 

For  the  same  reason,  I  could  not  here  undertake  to  specify  the  range  of 
those  species  which  extend  beyond  the  geographical  limits  of  this  work,  or 
beyond  the  United  States.  Nevertheless,  to  facilitate  the  comparison  of 
our  flora  with  that  of  Europe,  I  have  appended  the  mark  (Eu.)  to  those 
species  which  are  indigenous  to  both. 

Foreign  plants  which  have  become  denizens  of  the  soil  are  of  course  enu- 
merated and  described  along  with  the  genuine  indigenous  members  of  our 
flora ;  but  the  introduced  species  are  distinguished  by  the  specific  name  be- 
ing printed  in  a  different  type,  namely,  in  small  capitals  (e.  g.  Ranunculus 
ACEIS,  p.  10),  while  the  names  of  the  indigenous  species  are  in  full-face 
letter  (e.  g.  R.  repeiis).  Moreover,  the  country  from  which  they  were 
introduced  is  specified  (mostly  Europe),  as  well  as  the  nature  of  the  deni- 
zenship.  That  is,  following  the  suggestions  of  M.  Alphonse  De  Candolle, 
I  have  classified  our  introduced  plants  as  well  as  I  could  into  two  sorts,  the 
thoroughly  naturalized,  and  the  adventive  ;  the  first  comprising  those  species 
which  have  made  themselves  perfectly  at  home  in  this  country,  propagating 
themselves  freely  by  seed  beyond  the  limits  of  cultivated  grounds  ;  the  sec- 
ond, those  which  are  only  locally  spontaneous,  and  perhaps  precarious,  or 
which  are  spontaneous  only  in  cultivated  fields,  around  dwellings,  or  in 
manured  soil,  and  which,  still  dependent  upon  civilized  man,  would  prob 
ably  soon  disappear  if  he  were  to  abandon  the  country.  (I  here  rank  with 
the  adventive  plants  those  which  De  Candolle  terms  plants  culti/ated  with- 
out or  against  man's  will.)  Accordingly  the  species  naturalized  from  Europe 
are  indicated,  at  the  close  of  the  paragraph,  by  the  phrase  "  (Nat.  from 


PREFACE.  IX 

Eu.)":  those  adventive,  or  imperfectly  naturalized  from  Europe,  by  the 
phrase  "  (Adv.  from  Eu.),"  &c. 

Such  varieties  as  are  marked  and  definite  enough  to  require  names  are 
distinguished  in  this  edition  into  two  sorts,  according  to  their  degree  of  ap- 
parent distinctness :  —  1 .  Those  which,  I  think,  can  hardly  be  doubted  to 
be  varieties  of  the  species  they  are  referred  to,  at  least  by  those  who  hold 
sound  views  as  to  what  a  species  is,  have  the  name  printed  in  small  capi- 
tals; e.  g.  Nasturtium  palustre,  var.  HISPIDUM,  p.  30;  Vitis  cordifolia, 
var.  RIPARIA,  p.  78.  2.  Those  so  peculiar  that  they  have  not  only  for  the 
most  part  been  taken  for  species,  but  may  still  be  so  regarded  by  many 
most  excellent  botanists  ;  some  of  them  I  may  myself  so  regard  hereafter, 
on  further  and  more  critical  examination  of  the  apparently  connecting 
forms.  The  names  of  these  are  printed  in  the  same  full-face  type  as  those 
of  the  indigenous  species  (e.  g.  Ranunculus  aquatilis,  var.  divaririit us, 
p.  7 ;  Act83a  spicata,  var.  rubra,  and  var.  alba,  p.  14)  ;  and  they  usu- 
ally stand  at  the  head  of  a  separate  paragraph. 

Another  important  feature  of  the  present  edition  consists  in  the  plates, 
fourteen  in  number,  crowded  with  figures,  illustrating  the  genera  of  the  six 
Cryptogamous  Orders  (Mosses,  Ferns,  &c.)  embraced  in  the  work.  The 
eight  most  elaborate  and  admirable  plates  illustrating  the  Mosses  and  Liv- 
erworts are  furnished  by  my  generous  friend,  MR.  SULLIVANT,  the  author 
of  that  portion  of  this  work.*  The  remaining  six  plates^  devoted  to  the 
Ferns  and  their  allies,  were  drawn  from  nature,  and  executed  by  MR. 
ISAAC  SPRAGUE. 

MR.  SULLIVANT  has  included  in  this  edition  all  the  species  of  Musci 
and  Hepaticce  known  to  him  as  natives  of  any  part  of  the  United  States  east 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  has  sedulously  elaborated  the  whole  anew ;  not  only 
laying  a  broad  foundation  for  a  knowledge  of  North  American  Muscology, 
but  furnishing  botanical  students  with  facilities  for  the  study  of  these  two 
beautiful  families  of  plants  such  as  have  never  before  anywhere  been 
afforded  in  a  book  of  this  kind,  f 


*  The  illustrations  of  forty  of  the  genera,  as  indicated  in  the  Explanation  of  the  Plates  at 
the  close  of  the  volume,  are  entirely  original  productions  of  Mr.  Sullivant's  pencil.  Seven  of 
them  represent  new  species,  and  for  most  of  the  others  those  species  were  chosen  which  have 
before  been  only  imperfectly  if  at  all  figured.  The  rest  of  the  genera  were  taken  from  Schim- 
per,  Bischoff,  or  Hooker,  but  amended  or  altered  in  accordance  with  the  object  in  view,  and 
the  suggestions  of  an  actual  examination  of  the  plant,  which  ras  always  made. 

t  The  reference  u  Muse.  Bor.-Amer.,"  appended  to  many  new  or  rare  Mosses,  is  made  to  an 
almost  complete  arranged  collection  of  the  Musci  and  Hepaticce  east  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
types  in  great  measure  of  the  present  elaboration  of  these  families,  all  critically  studied  by 
Messrs  Sullivant  and  Lesquereux,  and  published  in  sets  of  specimens  by  the  latter. 

The  materials  from  which  these  sets  have  been  prepared  are  chiefly  Mr.  Lesquereux's  own 
very  extensive  collections,  the  result  of  his  numerous  jourenys  made  during  the  last  six  or 
seven  years,  especially  in  the  southern  ranges  of  the  Alleghuny  Mountains.  To  these  have 
been  added  Mr.  Sullivant's  ample  accumulations,  embracing  the  collections  of  the  lamented 


X  PREFACE. 

Probably  the  time  is  now  not  far  distant  when,  as  the  result  especially 
of  the  labors  and  investigations  of  PROF.  TWKERMAN  upon  our  Lichenes. 
of  the  KEY.  DR.  CURTIS  upon  our  Fungi,  and  of  PROF.  HARVEY  upon 
our  Algce,  as  well  as  of  Messrs.  SULLIVANT  and  LESQUEREUX  upon  our 
Mosses,  all  our  Cryptogamia  may  be  in  a  similar  manner  presented  to  the 
student,  in  the  form  of  a  supplementary  volume,  separate  from  that  com- 
prising the  Phsenogamous  or  Flowering  Plants. 

J  have  omitted  from  this  edition  the  concise  Introduction  to  Botany,  and 
the  Glossary,  prefixed  to  the  first;  supplying  their  place  with  a  more 
extended,  familiar,  and  copiously  illustrated  elementary  work,  especially 
intended  for  beginners  (First  Lessons  in  Botany),  and  which  may,  when 
desired,  be  bound  up  with  the  present  volume.  Or  the  student  may  use 
the  author's  Botanical  Text-Book  for  the  same  purpose.  In  either  of  these, 
all  the  technical  terms  employed  in  this  volume  are  explained  and  illus- 
trated. Having  prepared  this  Manual  for  students  rather  than  for  learned 
botanists,  I  have  throughout  endeavored  to  smooth  the  beginner's  way  by 
discarding  many  an  unnecessary  technical  word  or  phrase,  and  by  casting 
the  language  somewhat  in  a  vernacular  mould,  —  perhaps  at  some  sacrifice 
of  brevity,  but  not,  I  trust,  of  the  precision  for  which  botanical  language  is 
distinguished. 

Botanists  may  find  some  reason  to  complain  of  the  general  omission  of 
synonymes ;  but  it  should  be  considered  that  all  synonymes  are  useless  to 
the  beginner,  —  whose  interests  I  have  particularly  kept  in  view,  —  while 
the  greater  part  are  needless  to  the  instructed  botanist,  who  has  access  to 
more  elaborate  works  in  which  they  are  plentifully  given.  By  discarding 
them,  except  in  case  of  some  original  or  recent  changes  in  nomenclature,  I 
have  been  able  to  avoid  abbreviations  (excepting  those  of  author's  names, 
and  some  few  customary  ones  of  States,  &c.),  to  give  greater  fulness  to  the 
characters  of  the  species,  and  especially  of  the  genera,  (a  point  in  which  I 
conceive  most  works  of  this  class  are  deficient,)  and  also  to  add  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  generic  names. 

The  Natural  Orders  are  disposed  in  a  series  which  nearly  corresponds, 
in  a  general  way,  with  De  Candolle's  arrangement,  beginning  with  the 
highest  class  and  ending  with  the  lowest ;  and  commencing  this  first  and 
far  the  largest  class  (of  Dicotyledonous  or  Exogenous  Plants)  with  those 
orders  in  which  the  flowers  are  mostly  provided  with  double  floral  enve- 


Mr.  Oakes  in  the  White  Mountains,  of  Fendler  in  New  Mexico,  and  of  Wright  in  Texas.  The 
title  of  the  work  is  "  Musci  Boreali- American!,  sive  Specimina  Exsiccata  Muscorum  in  Ameri- 
C8e  Rebuspublicis  Foederatis  detectorum,  conjunctis  studiis  W.  S.  SULLIVANT  et  L.  LESQUEREUX, 
1856."  Mr.  Sullivant's  connection  with  the  work  extends  no  further  than  to  a  joint  and  equal 
responsibility  in  the  determination  of  the  species.  This  most  extensive  and  valuable  collec- 
tion ever  made  of  American  Mosses,  which  has  cost  much  labor  and  expense,  and  comprises 
nearly  400  species  and  marked  varieties,  is  published  at  &  20  for  each  set,  and  will  doubtless 
be  eagerly  sought  after  by  Bryological  students. 


PREFACE.  XI 

lopes,  viz.  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  and  in  which  the  corolla  consists  of 
separate  petals  (the  Polypetalous  division)  ;  beginning  this  series  with  those 
orders  in  which  the  several  organs  of  the  flower  are  most  distinct  and 
separate  (hypogynous),  and  proceeding  to  those  which  have  the  parts  most 
combined  among  themselves  and  consolidated  with  each  other  (perlgynous 
and  epigynous) ;  then  follow  those  with  the  petals  combined  into  a  mono- 
petalous  corolla  (the  Monopetalous  division)  ;  and,  finally,  those  destitute  of 
a  corolla  or  destitute  of  all  floral  envelopes  (the  Apetalous  division).  The 
class  of  Monocotyledonous  or  Endogenous  Plants  opens  with  orders  exhibit- 
ing one  form  of  simplified  flowers,  passes  to  those  with  the  organs  most 
combined  and  consolidated,  then  to  those  most  perfect  and  less  combined, 
and  closes  with  other  simplified  and  reduced  forms.  The  present  problem 
in  Botany  is  to  group  the  numerous  Natural  Orders  in  each  class  into  nat- 
ural alliances.  But  this  has  not  yet  been  done  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be 
available  to  the  ordinary  student. 

I  do  not  here  attempt,  therefore,  to  group  the  orders  naturally,  but  let 
them  follow  one  another  in  what  seems  to  be  on  the  whole  the  most  natu- 
ral and  practically  convenient  sequence.  And,  by  means  of  an  Analytical 
Artificial  Key  to  the  Natural  Orders*  (p.  xvii.),  I  enable  the  student  very 
readily  to  refer  any  of  our  plants  to  its  proper  Family.  This  Key  is 
entirely  remodelled  in  the  present  edition,  is  founded  on  characters  of 
easy  observation,  and  is  so  arranged  as  to  provide  for  all  the  exceptional 
instances  and  variant  cases  I  could  think  of.  I  shall  be  disappointed  if  the 
attentive  student  is  not  able  by  it  to  refer  to  its  proper  order  any  to  him 
unknown  plant  of  the  Northern  States  of  which  he  has  flowering  speci- 
mens. Referring  to  the  Order  indicated,  the  student  will  find  its  dis- 
tinctive points,  which  he  has  chiefly  to  consider,  brought  together  and 
printed  in  italics  in  the  first  sentence  of  the  description. 

Then,  to  abridge  the  labor  of  further  analysis  as  much  as  possible,  I 
have  given  a  synopsis  of  the  genera  under  each  order,  whenever  it  com- 
prises three  or  more  of  them,  enumerating  some  of  their  leading  characters, 
and  grouping  them  under  their  respective  tribes,  suborders,  &c.,  as  the 
case  may  be.  I  have  also  taken  pains  to  dispose  the  species  of  every  ex- 
tensive genus  under  sections  (§)  or  subgenera  (§  with  a  name  in  capitals), 
subsections  (  *  ),  and  subordinate  divisions  (-«-,  ++,  &c.)  ;  and  whenever 
there  are  two  or  more  species  under  a  division,  I  have  italicized  some  of 
the  principal  distinctions  (after  the  manner  of  Koch's  Flora  Germanicd), 
so  that  they  may  at  once  catch  the  student's  eye. 

To  aid  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  generic  and  specific  names,  &c.,  I 


*  No  Linnsean  Artificial  Arrangement  is  here  given,  experience  having  shown  that,  as  a  Key 
to  the  Natural  Orders  or  to  the  genera,  it  offers  no  clear  advantage  on  the  score  of  facility  over 
a  well-devised  Analytical  Key :  which  the  learner  will  find  equally  certain,  and  much  mere 
satisfactory  in  its  results. 


XI]  PREFACE. 

hav«  not  only  marked  the  accented  syllable,  but  have  followed  London's 
mode  of  indicating  what  is  called  the  long  sound  of  the  vowel  by  the 
grave  (s),  and  the  short  sound  by  the  acute  accent-mark  (').  In  respect 
to  this,  my  friend,  MR.  FOLSOM,  has  obligingly  rendered  most  important 
assistance  throughout  the  pages  of  this  volume. 

The  imperative  necessity  of  economizing  space  to  the  utmost,  alone  has 
debarred  me  from  more  largely  recording  my  acknowledgments  to  nu- 
merous obliging  correspondents,  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  who  have  con- 
tributed to  this  work,  either  by  notes  of  corrections,  observations,  or  cata- 
logues, or  by  communicating  specimens  of  rare  or  local  plants.  In  the 
comparison  of  our  flora  with  that  of  Europe,  I  am  greatly  indebted  to  my 
excellent  friend  and  correspondent,  M.  GODET  of  Neuchatel,  author  of 
the  Flore  du  Jura,  for  a  suite  of  authentically  determined  plants  of  that 
district,  and  for  a  series  of  acute  and  very  important  critical  notes  upon 
many  of  our  own  identical  or  related  species. 

As  to  special  collaborators  in  the  preparation  of  the  work,  in  addition  to 
the  acknowledgments  made  in  the  preface  to  the  former  edition,  I  have 
again  to  express  my  particular  indebtedness  to  my  friends,  JOHN  CAREY, 
ESQ.,  now  of  London,  for  various  emendations  in  the  genus  Carex,  formerly 
elaborated  by  him  for  this  work ;  and  DR.  ENGELMANN  of  St.  Louis,  for 
full  notes  upon  the  botany  of  our  Western  borders,  many  critical  obser- 
vations upon  various  genera,  and  for  contributing  the  articles  upon  Cus- 
cuta,  Euphorbia,  and  the  three  genera  of  Alismece.  The  renewed  and 
still  more  extensive  contributions  of  MR.  SULLIVANT  have  already  been 
referred  to,  —  contributions  which  introduce  a  new  era  in  the  study  of 
American  Muscology,  and  which  justly  claim,  not  only  my  warm  per- 
sonal acknowledgments,  but  the  gratitude  of  all  the  votaries  of  our  science 
in  this  country.' 

I  renew  the  request,  that  those  who  use  this  book  will  kindly  furnish 
information  of  all  corrections  or  additions  that  may  appear  to  be  necessary, 
so  that  it  may  be  made  more  accurate  and  complete  in  a  future  edition 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  CAMBRIDGE, 
June  30tft,  1856. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


I.   PRINCIPAL   ABBREVIATIONS    OF    THE    NAMES    OF    AUTHORS. 

Adans..    = 

Adanson. 

Hartm.       = 

Hartmann. 

Ait, 

Alton. 

Hedw. 

Hedwig. 

Andr. 

Andrews. 

Hoffm. 

Hoffmann. 

Arn. 

Arnott. 

Hook. 

Hooker. 

AM. 

Aublet. 

Hook.f.  (filius) 

J.  D.  Hooker 

Bait. 

Barton. 

Hornsch. 

Hornschucli. 

Bartl 

Battling. 

Huds. 

Hudson. 

Beauv. 

Palisot  de  Beauvois. 

Hub. 

Hiibener. 

Benth. 

Bcntham. 

Jacq. 

Jacquin. 

Bcrnk. 

Bernhardi. 

Juss. 

JUSSIEU. 

BiA. 

Bieberstein 

L.  or  Linn. 

LlNN^EUB. 

Bigd. 

Bigelow. 

Lag. 

Lagasca. 

Br.  $•  Sch. 

Bruch  and  (  W.  P.)  Schimpcr. 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

Brid. 

Bridel. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Bronyn. 

Brongniart. 

Ledeb. 

Ledebour. 

Cast. 

Cassini. 

L'Her. 

L'Heritier. 

COM. 

Cavanilles. 

Lehm. 

Lelunann. 

Cham. 

Chamisso. 

Lesqx. 

Lesquereux. 

Cfiav. 

Chavannes. 

Lestib. 

Lestibudois. 

DC. 

De  Candolle. 

Lindenb. 

Lindenberg. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  De  Candolle. 

Lindl. 

Lindley. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

Mich. 

Micheli. 

Dew. 

Dewey. 

Michx. 

Michaux  (the  elder). 

Dill. 

Dillenius. 

Michx.  f. 

F.  A.  Michaux  (the 

Dumort. 

Dumortier. 

Mill. 

Miller.      [younger). 

Ehrh. 

Ehrhart. 

Mitch. 

Mitchell. 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Mont. 

Montagne. 

Endl. 

Endlicher. 

Muhl 

Muhlenberg. 

Engdm. 

Engelmann. 

Mull. 

C.  Muller. 

Gcertn. 

Gairtner. 

Nees. 

Nees  von  Esenbeck 

G.L.frN. 

Gottsche,Lindenberg,  &  Nees. 

Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

Gmel. 

Gmelin. 

Pav. 

Pavon. 

Good. 

Goodenough. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

Grev. 

Greville. 

Pluk. 

Plukenet. 

Griseb. 

Grisebach. 

Plum. 

Plumier. 

Gronov. 

Gronovius. 

Pair. 

Poiret 

6 

XIV 


ABBREVIATIONS  'AND    SIGNS. 


R.  Br.        = 

ROBERT  BROWN. 

Steud.         = 

Steudel. 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

Sulliv. 

Sullivant. 

Rich. 

Richard. 

Tayl. 

J.  Taylor. 

Richards. 

Richardson. 

Torr. 

Torrey. 

Rcem. 

Rcemer. 

Ton:  $•  Gr. 

Torrey  and  Gray. 

Salisb. 

Salisbury. 

Tourn. 

Tournefort. 

Schimp. 

W.  P.  Schimper. 

Trin. 

Trinius. 

Sclik. 

Schkuhr. 

Tuckerm. 

Tuckerman. 

ScMecht. 

Schlechtendal. 

Vaill 

Vaillant. 

Schrad. 

Schrader. 

Vent. 

Ventenat. 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Vill. 

Villars. 

Schult. 

Schultes. 

Wahl. 

Wahlenberg. 

Schw.  or  Schivein. 

Schweinitz. 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Schwcegr. 

Schwsegrichen. 

Web. 

Weber. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

Willd. 

Willdenow. 

Soland. 

Solander. 

Wils. 

Wilson. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel. 

Wulf. 

Wulfen. 

H.    SIGNS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK. 

(D  An  annual  plant. 
®  A  biennial  plant. 
1J.  A  perennial  plant. 
?  A  mark  of  doubt. 

!  A  mark  of  affirmation  or  authentication. 

1°,  2',  3".  To  save  space,  the  sign  of  degrees  (°)  is  used  for  feet;  of  min- 
utes (  )  for  inches;  of  seconds  (")  for  lines,  —  the  (English)  line  being  the 
twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

The  dash  -  between  two  figures,  as  5  - 10,  means  from  5  to  10,  &c. 


DIRECTIONS    TO    THE    UNPRACTISED    STUDENT. 


THE  Student  is  supposed  to  have  a  general  acquaintance  with  the  rudiments 
of  Structural  Botany,  such  as  is  readily  to  be  acquired  from  the  author's  First 
Lessons  in  Botany,  or  his  Botanical  Text-Book,  or  from  any  other  similar  trea- 
tise. One  of  these  will  be  needed  for  reference  while  using  this  Manual.  The 
former  is  much  the  simplest,  and* was  expressly  prepared  for  the  beginner's  use, 
To  learn  the  meaning  of  all  words  he  meets  with,  and  which  he  does  not  precise 
ly  understand,  he  has  only  to  refer,  as  occasion  requires,  to  the  Glossary  or  Dic- 
tionary of  Botanical  Terms  appended  to  either  of  these  books,  especially  to  that 
in  the  Lessons  on  Botany. 

To  show  the  beginner  how  to  proceed  in  using  the  Manual  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  the  name,'  and  the  place  in  the  system,  &c.  of  any  of  our  wild  plants, 
we  will  take  an  example.  Suppose  him  to  make  his  first  trial  with  the  common 
Spidcrwort,  which  grows  wild  throughout  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  our 
country,  is  cultivated  in  most  gardens,  and  blooms  the  whole  summer  long. 

With  a  flowering  specimen  in  hand,  let  the  student  turn  to  the  following  Arti- 
ficial Key  to  the  Natural  Orders,  p.  xvii.  Having  flowers,  it  is  evident  the  plant 
belongs  to  the  great  series  of  Phcenoyamous  or  Flowering  Plants.  To  which  of 
its  two  classes  is  the  first  question.  To  answer  this,  let  the  student  compare 
the  plant  with  the  characters  —  that  is,  the  enumeration  of  the  principal  distinc- 
tions—  of  Class  I.  given  on  p.  xvii.,  and  of  Class  II.  on  p.  xxi.  Without  the 
seeds,  which  may  not  be  ripe,  —  and  if  they  were  it  might  require  more  skill 
than  could  be  expected  of  the  beginner  to  dissect  them,  —  we  cannot  directly 
ascertain  whether  the  embryo  is  monocotyledonous  or  dicotyledonous.  But  the 
other  characters  are  abundantly  sufiicient,  and  easy  to  verify.  Take  first  the 
stem ;  is  it  formed  on  the  exogenous  or  endogenous  plan  ?  A  slice  across  it 
plainly  shows,  to  the  naked  eye,  or  by  the  aid  of  a  common  magnifying-glass, 
that  there  is  no  distinction  of  parts  into  pith,  bark,  and  a  ring  of  wood  or  woody 
tissue  between  these  two  :  but  the  woody  part  of  the.  stem  is  here  represented  by 
separate  bundles,  or  threads,  whose  cut  ends,  as  seen  in  the  cross-section  in  tho 
form  of  dots,  are  scattered  throughout  the  whole  diameter,  — just  as  in  a  stalk 
of  Indian  Corn,  a  (rattan,  or  a  Palm-stem,  —  leaving  no  central  pith  and  showing 
no  tendency  to  form  a  ring  or  layer  of  wood.  It  is  therefore  endogenous.  The 
simple,  parallel-veined  leaves  show  the  same  thing,  and  so  does  the  arrangement 
of  the  flower  with  its  parts  in  threes,  —  namely,  three  sepals,  three  petals,  six 
(twice  3)  stamens ;  and  even  the  pistil,  if  the  ovary  be  cut  across,  is  found  to 
have  three  cells.  So  the  plant  plainly  belongs  to  Class  II*  Monocotyledonous  or 
Endogenous  Plants. 

We  have  next  to  refer  it  to  its  proper  Order  under  this  Class,  which  is  readily 
done  oy  fc  llowiiig  the  successive  subdivisions  in  the  Artificial  Key.  The  first 


XVI  DIRECTIONS    TO    THE    UNPRACTISED    STUDENT. 

division  is  into  three  groups,  marked  A.  B.  and  C.  Of  these  B.  alone  has 
"flowers  with  true  floral  envelopes,"  and  therefore  includes  our  plant.  The 
subdivision  of  B.  is  into  "1.  Flowers  densely  crowded  on  a  spadix,"  and  "2. 
Flowers  not  on  a  spadix."  Our  plant  falls  under  the  latter.  This  is  subdivided 
into  "  *  Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary,"  and  "  *  #  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary" 
Our  plant  accords  with  the  latter.  This  is  subdivided  into  four  groups,  with  this 
mark  (•«- ),  characterized  by  the  nature  of  the  perianth ;  and  it  is  evident  that  our 
plant,  having  3  green  sepals,  and  3  colored  petals,  and  no  glumaceous  or  husky 
bracts,  falls  into  the  third  group,  •»-•*-•*-.  Under  this  there  are  four  alterna- 
tives, based  on  differences  in  the  pistil.  The  numerous  distinct  pistils  exclude 
the  first ;  the  many  or  several  seeds  in  each  cell  exclude  the  second ;  the  one- 
celled  ovary,  &c.  exclude  the  fourth  ;  while  the  third,  having  a  single  pistil  with 
a  2  -3-celled  ovary,  and  only  one  or  two  ovules'  or  seeds  in  each  cell,  agrees  with 
our  plant ;  which  we  are  thus  brought  to  conclude  must  belong  to  the  order 
Comme/ynacece.  The  number,  485,  affixed  to  this  name,  refers  to  the  page  in  the 
body  of  the  work  where  this  order  is  characterized. 

After  comparing  the  plant  with  the  ordinal  character,  especially  with  that  por- 
tion of  it  in  italic  type,  and  noting  the  agreement,  let  the  student  proceed  to  de- 
termine the  Genus.  "We  have  only  two  genera  in  this  order,  viz. :  1 .  Commelyna, 
which  lias  irregular  flowers,  petals  unlike  and  on  long  claws,  and  the  stamens 
of  two  sorts,  only  three  of  them  bearing  perfect  anthers,  —  all  of  which  is  very 
different  from  the  plant  we  are  studying;  and  2.  Tradescantia  (p.  486),  with  the 
characters  of  which  our  plant  will  be  found  perfectly  to  accord. 

Let  the  student  then  proceed  to  ascertain  the  Species,  of  which  three  are  de- 
scribed under  this  genus.  Of  the  two  sections,  marked  with  stars  (  *  ),  our 
plant  belongs  to  the  first,  having  a  sessile  umbel.  And  of  its  two  species,  a 
comparison  with  the  characters  of  each  fixes  our  plant  as  belonging  to  the  first, 
viz.  T.  Virginica. 

The  abbreviated  name  or  letter  after  the  name  of  the  genus  and  that  of  the 
species,  denotes  the  founder  of  the  genus  or  the  species ;  —  in  this  instance  Lin- 
naeus, whose  name  is  indicated  by  the  abbreviation  L. 

Whenever  an  order  comprises  several  genera,  a  synopsis  of  them  is  given,  like 
that  of  Ranunculaceoz,  p.  2,  by  the  aid  of  which  the  student  will  readily  deter- 
mine the  genus  of  the  plant  under  examination.  The  number  prefixed  to  the 
name  of  the  genus,  in  the  synopsis,  is  that  under  which  it  stands,  farther  on,  in 
the  full  account.  The  genera  in  the  synopsis  are  often  ranked  under  their  proper 
Tribes,  or  Suborders,  &c. ;  and  the  student  will  first  determine  the  Tribe,  or 
other  great  group  to  which  the  plant  he  is  examining  belongs,  and  then  the 
Genus  under  that  tribe,  &c. 

Sometimes  a  genus  embraces  two  or  more  strongly  marked  sections,  or  Sub- 
genera,  which  are  designated  by  the  mark  §  followed  by  a  name.  For  example, 
Cimicifuga,  p.  14,  has  two  subgenera,  §  1.  Macrotys,  and  §  2.  Cimicifuga  proper, 
each  with  its  own  characters ;  and  the  genus  Rhus,  p.  76,  has  three  subgenera, 
viz.  §  1.  Sumac,  §  2.  Toxicodendron,  and  §  3.  Lobadium.  These  names,  how- 
ever, do  not  make  a  part  of  the  appellation  of  a  plant,  which  is  called  by  its 
generic  and  its  specific  name  only ;  as.  Cimicifuga  racemosa,  the  Black  Snake 
root ;  Rhus  ylabra,  the  Smooth  Sumac,  &c. 


ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  THE   NATURAL  ORDERS 

OF    ALL    THE    PLANTS    DESCRIBED    IN    THIS   WORK,    FOUNDED    ON    SOME    OP 
THE  EASIEST  CHARACTERS,  CHIEFLY  THOSE  FURNISHED  BY  THE  FLOWER. 


SERIES  I.   PELENOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS- 

those  producing  real  flowers  and  seeds. 

CLASS  I.    DICOTYLEDONOUS  OR  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith ;  the  wood  forming  a  layer  be- 
tween the  other  two,  and  increasing,  when  the  stem  continues  from  year  to 
year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a  new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the  bark. 
Leaves  netted-veined.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons,  or  in 
Subclass  II.  often  3  or  more  in  a  whorl.  Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in 
fours  or  fives. 

SUBCLASS  I.  ANGIOSPERflLE.  Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary 
which  contains  the  ovules  and  the  seeds. 

DIVISION  I.    POLYPETALOUS  :  the  calyx  and  corolla  both  present ;  the^ 
latter  of  separate  petals. 

A.     Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  tioice  as  many  as  the  4  -  9  petals. 

1.   Calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  tht  pistil  or  pistils. 
*  Stamens  unconnected  either  with  the  calyx  or  corolla,  hypogynous.  Page 

Pistils  numerous,  but  cohering  over  each  other  on  a  long  receptacle.  MAGNOLIACK/E,  15 
Pistils  several,  immersed  in  the  upper  surface  of  a  top-shaped  receptacle.  NELUMBIACEjE,  21 
Pistils  more  than  one,  wholly  separate  and  distinct. 

Filaments  scarcely  any,  much  shorter  than  the  anther.    Trees.  ANONACE^E,    17 

Filaments  longer  than  the  anther. 

Anthers  4-celled,  4-lobed.    Flowers  dioecious.    Woody  vines.        MENISPERMACE.E,    18 
Anthers  2-celled.    Flowers  mostly  perfect.    Herbs. 

Petals  and  mostly  the  sepals  also  deciduous.  RANUNCULACEJE,     2 

Petals  and  sepals  persistent  after  flowering.  CABOMBACE^E,    22 

Pistils  only  one,  or  2  -  several  more  or  less  completely  united  into  one. 
Ovary  simple,  1-celled  with  one  parietal  placenta. 

Filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers :  petals  large.    Podophyllum  in  BERBERIDACRS:,   19 

Filaments  slender.    Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals.  RANUNCULACEJE,     2 

Ovary  compound,  8-  90-celled:  ovules  borne  on  the  partitions.  NYMPHJEACE2E,    22 

Ovary  compound,  1-celled,  with  a  free  central  placenta.  PORTULACACE^,   63 

b* 


XV111  ARTIFICIAL    KEY   TO    THE   NATURAL    ORDERS. 

Ovary  compound,  1  -  5-celled,  when  1-celled  the  2  -  several  placentae  parietal. 
Sepals  persistent,  4  -  7  in  number. 

Leaves  punctate  with  transparent  or  dark  dots,  all  opposite.  HYPERIC  A.C  EM,    48 

Leaves  not  punctate,  all  or  some  of  them  alternate. 

Ovary  and  pod  not  lobed,  1-celled  or  partly  so :  ovules  orthotropous.     CISTACEJE,    45 

Ovary  and  pod  3  -  7-horned  or  lobed,  1-celled,  opening  early.  RESEDACEJS,   41 

Ovary  and  pod  5-celled.    Style  umbrella-shaped.  SARRACENIACE^E,    23 

Sepals  caducous,  only  2  or  3.    Juice  milky  or  colored.  PAP  AVERAGES,   24 

Sepals  deciduous,  5  in  number,  valvate  in  the  bud.  TILIACEJE,   69 

*  *  Stamens  united  with  the  base  of  the  (hypogynous)  petals. 

Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud.    Stamens  monadelphous  :  anthers  1-celled.  MALVACILS!,    65 

Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Anthers  2-celled.    Trees  or  shrubs.  CAMELLIACEJ2,    70 

*  *  *  Stamens  and  petals  inserted  on  the  calyx  (perigynous). 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.    Pistils  1  -  few-seeded.  ROSACES,  110 

Leaves  opposite,  no  stipules.    Calyx-tube  enclosing  the  ovaries.          CALYCANTHACE^i,  126 

2.   Calyx  more  or  kss  coherent  with  the  surface  of  the  ovary  ;  i.  e.  ovary  inferior  or  partly  so. 
Leaves  with  stipules,  alternate.  Pomese  in  ROSACES,  110 

Leaves  without  stipules.    (In  Cactaceae  there  are  no  proper  leaves.) 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  parietal  placentae. 

Fleshy  and  leafless  plants :  sepals  and  petals  many,  and  much  alike.         CACTACE^i,  136 
Rough-leaved  plants :  calyx-lobes  6 :  petals  5  or  10.  LOASACEJS,  135 

Ovary  1  -  5-celled  more  than  half  free  from  the  calyx,  with  a  many -seeded  placenta  in  the 

axis  :  pod  circumcissile,  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid.     PORTDLACACEJ3,    63 
Ovary  2-celled,  half  free  :  styles  2 :  pod  2-beaked,  2-seeded.  HAMAMELACE2E,  147 

Ovary  3  -  4-celled  (style  1)  with  1-4  ovules  in  the  axis  of  each  cell.          STYRACACEai,  265 
Ovary  3 -5-celled  (styles  separate  at  the  top) :  ovules  and  seeds  very  numerous  on  pla- 
centae projecting  from  the  axis.  Philadelphus  in  SAXIFRAGACK3E,  141 
Ovary  and  berry-like  pod  10  -  30-celled,  many-seeded  on  the  partitions.    N  YMPELEACEJB,    22 

B.     Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  them. 

Pistils  3 -6,  separate.    Flowers  dioecious.    Woody  vines.  MENISPERMACE.ZE,    18 

Pistil  only  one  :  ovary  1-celled. 

Style  or  stigma  1,  simple  :  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  BERBERIDACILE,    19 

Stylo  and  stigma  1 :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  PRIMULACE.E,  270 

Styles  5.     Calyx  funnel-form,  dry.    Ovule  and  seed  solitary.  PLUMBAGINACK3E,  270 

Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.    Calyx  2-leaved.    Seeds  few.  PORTULACACE^E,    63 

Pistil  only  one  :  ovary  2-4-celled. 

Calyx  very  short,  4  -  5-toothed,  or  the  limb  obsolete.    Petals  valvate.  TITACILaE,    77 

Calyx  4  -5-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud     Petals  involute.  RHAMNACEJE,    78 

C.     Stamens  when  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  alternate  with  them,  sometimes  twice  at 

many,  sometimes  fewer. 
1.   Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

*  Leaves  punctate  with  transparent  (or  sometimes  blackish)  dots. 

Flowers  perfect.    Leaves  entire  and  simple,  opposite.  HYPERICACEJE,   48 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.    Leaves  compound  or  divided.  KUTACE^E,    74 

*  *  Leaves  not  punctate  with  transparent  dots. 

•t-  Pistils  one  or  more,  simple,  i.  e.  of  one  carpel. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  {hypogynous).    Stipules  none. 

Flowers  dioecious.    Fruit  a  drupe.    Woody  climbers.  MENISPERMACUffi,    18 

Flowers  mostly  perfect.    Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  shrubby  plants.     RANUNCULACEJ3,     2 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  or  tube  of  the  calyx  (perigynous). 

Flower  mostly  papilionaceous  or  otherwise  irregular.    Pistil  only  one.     LEGUMINOSJ3,    88 
Flower  regular.    Pistils  1  -  several. 


ARTIFICIAL    KEY    TO    THE   NATURAL    ORDERS. 


XIX 


Leaves  with  stipules.    Seeds  single  or  few,  destitute  of  albumen.  ROSACES,  110 

Leaves  destitute  of  stipules.    Seeds  with  albumen. 

Pistils  2,  fewer  than  the  (5,  or  rarely  4)  petals.  SAXIFRAGACE2E,  142 

Pistils  3  -  5,  of  th«  same  number  as  the  petals.  CRASSULACE^,  139 

Stamens  connected  with  the  stigma,  which  unites  the  tops  of  2  pistils.     ASCLEPIADACEE,  350 

•*-  •«-  Pistil  one,  compound  ;  the  ovary  1-celled. 

Corolla  irregular,  of  4  petals.    Stamens  6,  collected  in  two  sets.  FUMARIACE^!,    26 

Corolla  irregular,  of  5  petals.    Stamens  5 ;  their  broad  anthers  united.  VIOLACE^,   41 

Corolla  regular :  ovule  solitary  from  the  base.  Leaves  alternate.  ANARCARDIACEJB,  76 
Corolla  regular :  ovules  from  the  base  or  axis.  Leaves  opposite.  CARYOPHYLLACE2E,  53 
Corolla  regular :  ovules  few  or  many  on  2  -  several  parietal  placentas. 

Stamens  monadelphous,  their  tube  sheathing  the  stalk  of  the  ovary.     PASSIFLOR ACE^E,  138 
Stamens  separate,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  SAXIFRAGACE^),  141 

Stamens  separate,  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 

Sepals  2,  caducous.    Juice  milky  or  colored.  PAPAVERACE.E,   24 

Sepals  4,  deciduous.    Style  1.    Juice  not  milky.  CAPPARIDACEJE,   40 

Sepals  5,  or  sometimes  3,  persistent. 

A  cluster  of  sterile  filaments  placed  before  each  petal.  PARNASSIACEJ3,   48 

Sterile  filaments  or  appendages  none. 

Styles  6  or  10,  double  the  number  of  the  placentae.  DROSERACE^E,    47 

Style  1  or  none :  stigmas  1  -  3 :  placentae  3.  CISTACEJE,   45 

t-  •*-  +-  Pistil  one,  compound ;  the  ovary  2  -  IQ-cetted. 

•H-  Flowers  irregular. 

Btamens  6  or  8  in  two  sets,  connected  with  the  petals :  anthers  1-celled.  POLYGALACIL3E,  85 
Stamens  10,  distinct,  free  from  the  petals :  anthers  2-celled.  Rhodora  in  ERICACEAE,  245 


Stamens  6-8,  distinct,  free  from  the  petals :  anthers  2-celled. 
Stamens  5 :  anthers  conniving  over  the  stigma,  2-celled. 

++  T*  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 
Stamens  (mostly  2)  fewer  than  the  4  petals. 
Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals,  but  not  twice  as  many. 
Of  equal  length.     Corolla  not  cruciform. 

Two  stamens  shorter  than  the  4  others.    Corolla  (of  4  petals)  cruciform, 
gtamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 
Herbs.     Flowers  monoecious.     Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals. 
Herbs.    Styles  or  stigmas  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals. 
Sepals,  petals,  and  lobes  of  the  ovary  3.    Stamens  6. 
Sepals  and  petals  5.    Ovary  and  pod  10-celled. 
Sepals,  petals,  and  cells  of  the  ovary  5.    Stamens  10  or  6. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  colored  pod.    Seeds  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril. 
Fruit  2-winged.    Leaves  opposite.    Aril  none. 
Fruit  a  4  -  8-seeded  drupe.    Leaves  alternate. 
Ovules  (and  usually  seeds)  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 
Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  simple  leaves. 
Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  compound  leaves. 
Stipules  none  when  the  leaves  are  opposite. 
Stamens  5,  monadelphous  in  a  10-toothed  tube  or  cup. 
Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base. 
Stamens  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx. 
Style  1,  undivided. 
Styles  2-5,  separate 
Stamens  distinct,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Style  1.    Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx  becoming  1-celled.  LYTHRACE^E,  127 

Styles  2  (rarely  3),  or  splitting  into  2  in  fruit.  SAXIFRAGACE2E,  141 


SAPINDACE^:,    82 
BALSAMINACEJE,    78 

OLEACEJ3,  356 


ACERINE.&,    84 
CRUCIFER^B,    28 


EUPHORB1ACEJB,  385 

LIMNANTHACE^,   74 

LINAGES,    70 

GERANIACEJ3,   72 

CELASTRACE^E,    81 

ACERINEffi,    84 

AQUIFOLIACE^E,  268 

ELATINACE3!,    52 
STAPHYLEACEJE,    82 

GALACINE^B,  262 
OXALIDACEJE,    71 

ERICACJLffi,  245 
CARYOPHYLLACEJ3,    52 


XX  ARTIFICIAL    KEY   TO    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS. 

2.   Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  lower  half. 

Stamens  nnre  or  less  united  together.    Tendril-bearing  herbs.  CUCURBITAC  EJE,  188 

Stamens  distinct.     Not  tendril  bearing. 
Orules  and  seeds  more  than  one  in  each  cell. 

Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled  from  the  base.  PORTULACACEJB,    63 

Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  few  -  many-seeded  placentae.  Some  SAXIFRAGACE,£,  141 

Ovary  2  -  5-celled.  [and  GROSSULACE^G,  136 

Anthers  opening  by  pores  at  the  apex.    Style  1.  MELASTOMACE2E,  127 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Style  1.    Petals  4,  rarely  2.  ONAGRACE^,  129 

Styles  2,  rarely  3,  or  one  and  3  -  5-deft.  SAXIFRAGACE.&,  141 

Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 

Stamens  (in  perfect  flowers)  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 

Stipules  deciduous.    Pod  2-beaked.  HAMAMELACEJE,  147 

Stipules  present  or  deciduous.    Fruit  globular,  fleshy.  POMEJS,  123 

Stipules  none.  ONAGRACEJE,  129 

Stamens  inserted  on  a  disk  which  crowns  the  top  of  the  ovary. 

Styles  2.     Herbs.     Flowers  umbelled.     Fruit  dry  UMBELLIFER^I,  148 

Styles  2 -5.    Flowers  umbelled.    Fruit  fleshy.  ARALIACE^.,  159 

Style  1.    Shrubs  or  trees.    Flowers  clustered.  CORNACEJfi,  161 

DIVISION  II.    MONOPETALOUS  :   calyx  and  corolla  both  present ;   the 
latter  with  its  petals  united  more  or  less  into  one  piece. 

A.     Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
*  Ovary  compound,  3  -  many-celled,  or  \-celled  with  the  ovules  rising  from  the  base. 

Stamens  free  or  nearly  free  from  the  corolla,  distinct.  ERICACEAE,  245 
Stamens  borne  on  or  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Filaments  wholly  distinct.     Calyx  wholly  free  from  the  ovary.  EBENACE^,  266 
Filaments  1  -  6-adelphous  below  :  anthers  2-celled. 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  base  or  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovary.  STYRACACEJE,  265 

Calyx  wholly  free  from  the  ovary.  CAMELLIACE.&,    70 

Filaments  monadelphous  in  a  column :  anthers  1-celled.  MALVACEjE,    66 

*  *  Ovary  compound,  \-celled,  with  2  parietal  placenta.  FTJMARIACE^,    26 

*  *  *  Ovary  simple,  with  1  parietal  (sutural)  placenta.  LEGUMINOS2E,    38 

15.     Stamens  (i.  e.  fertile  stamens)  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  opposite  them. 

Ovary  5-celled.    Corolla  appendaged  with  scales  inside.  SAPOTACE.33,  267 

Ovary  1-celled :  utricle  1-seeded.    Styles  5.  PLUMBAGINACE^,  270 

Ovary  1-celled :  pod  several  -  many-seeded.    Style  1.  PRIMULACILE,  270 

C.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  or  fewer. 

*  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  (inferior). 
Stamens  united  by  their  anthers  into  a  ring  or  tube. 

Flowers  collected  in  a  head  which  is  furnished  with  an  involucre.  COMPOSITE,  177 

Flowers  separate,  perfect,  irregular.     Corolla  cleft  down  one  side.  LOBELIACE^,  241 

Flowers  separate,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  regular.  CUCURBITACEJE,  138 

Stamens  separate. 

Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.    Juice  milky.    Pod  2  -  5-celled.    CAMPANULACEJE,  243 
Leaves  opposite  with  intervening  stipules,  or  whorled  without  them.  RUBIACILE,  168 

Leaves  opposite  without  stipules. 

Flowers  not  involucrate.    Stamens  4  or  5.    Corolla  4  -  5-lobed.        CAPRIFOLIACEJE,  163 
Flowers  not  involucrate.    Stamens  2  or  3.    Corolla  5-lobed.  YALERIANACFJE,  174 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head.    Stamens  and  corolla-lobes  4.  DIPSACB^E,  176 


ARTIFICIAL    KEY   TO    THE   NATURAL    ORDERS.  XXJ 

*  *  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  (superior). 

t~  Flowers  irregular.    Perfect  stamens  almost  always  less  than  6. 
Orules  and  mostly  the  seeds  numerous,  or  sometimes  only  2,  in  each  cell. 
Pod  1 -celled,  with  a  free  central  placenta     Stamens  2.  LENTIBULACE2E,  275 

Pod  1-celled  with  2-4  parietal  placentae.  Stamens  4.  Leafless  plants.  OROBANCHACILE,  279 
Pod  falsely  2  -  5-celled :  placentae  parietal.  Seeds  without  albumen.  BIGNONIAC&ffi,  277 
Pod  2-celled  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis. 

Seeds  numerous,  sometimes  few,  with  copious  albumen.  SCROPHULARIACELE,  281 

Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  flat,  entirely  destitute  of  albumen.  ACANTHACE^),  296 

Ovules  and  seeds  (4,  rarely  1)  one  in  each  cell.  / 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  ;  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes.  LABIATE,  300 

Ovary  not  lobed ;  the  style  terminal.  TERBENACE^E,  298 

••-  •«-  Flowers  regular ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  or  calyx. 
Ovary  deeply  divided  around  the  single  style  into  4  one-ovuled  lobes.    BORRAGINACE^,  319 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  the  ovules  or  placentae  parietal. 

Leaves  toothed  or  cut,  often  rough-hairy,  petioled.  HYDROPHYLLACEJE,  326 

Leaves  entire,  sessile  and  opposite,  glabrous.  , 

Leaves  petioled,  alternate,  entire  or  with  3  entire  leaflets,  j 
Ovary2-10-celled. 

Style  none.    Corolla  deeply  4  -  6-parted.    Shrubs  or  trees.  AQUIFOLIACHS:,  268 

Style  present.    Plants  with  green  herbage. 

Stamens  4.    Pod  circumcissile,  and  the  partition  loose.  PLANTAGINACEJE,  268 

Stamens  6,  nearly  or  quite  free  from  the  corolla.  ERICACEAE,  245 

Stamens  6,  borne  on  the  corolla. 

Stipules  present  between  the  bases  of  opposite  leaves.  LOGANIE^E,  174 

Stipules  none. 

Leaves  opposite.    Pod  2-celled,  with  several  winged  seeds.  GELSEMINE-2E,  283 

Leaves  opposite  or  alternate.    Pod  3-celled,  few-seeded.  POLEMONIACKaa,  329 

Leaves  alternate     Pod  or  berry  many -seeded.  SOLANACEJ2,  338 

Leaves  alternate.    Pod  2  -  6-seeded.  . 

St3le  present.    Plants  destitute  of  green  foliage.  [  CONVOLVULACKS!,  332 

Ovaries  2,  separate  ;  their  styles  and  stigmas  also  separate.  * 
Ovaries  2,  separate,  but  united  at  the  top  by  a  common  stigma. 

Filaments  distinct :  pollen  powdery,  in  ordinary  anthers.  APOC YNACE^E,  349 

Filaments  mostly  monadelphous :  pollen  cohering  in  masses.  ASCLEPIADAGE^,  35(? 

•t-  -i-  H-  Flowers  regular:  stamens  fewer  than  t/ie  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Low  herbs.  Pod  circumcissile,  4  -  many-seeded :  partition  separating.   PLANTAGINACEJE,  268 
Shrubs.    Drupe  or  berry  1  -2-seeded.  OLEACEJE,  356 

DIVISION  III.    APETALOUS  :  corolla  (and  sometimes  the  calyx)  wanting 

A.    Flowers  not  in  catkins. 
*  Ovary  or  cells  of  the  ovary  containing  many  ovules. 

Ovary  and  pod  6-celled,  inferior  (calyx-tube  adherent).  ARISTOLOCHIACEJE,  359 

Ovary  and  pod  4-celled,  inferior.  Ludwigia  in  ONAGRACE^,  129 

Ovary  and  pod  3 -5-celled,  superior  (calyx  free). 

Pod  5-beakedvop«nmg  across  the  beaks.  Penthorum  hi  CRASSTJLACEJ2, 139 

Pod  beakless,  circumcissile.    Leaves  fleshy.  Sesuvium  in  PORTULACACEJE,    63 

Pod  beakless,  3-valved.    Leaves  whorled.  MOLLUGINEJS,    64 

Ovary  2-celled,  superior.    Flowers  perfect,  separate. 

Calyx  enclosing  the  thin  (at  length  often  1-celled)  pod.        Ammannia  in  LYTHRACEZE,  127 
Calyx  none.    Pod  many-ribbed.    Aquatic  herbs.  PODOSTEMACE.E,  384 

Ovary  2-celled.    Flowers  imperfect,  capitate.  Liquidambar  in  HAMAMELACEJE,  148 

Ovaries  one  or  more,  simple,  one-celled.  EANUNCULACE^E,  2 

Ovary  1,  compound,  but  only  one-celled. 
Placentae  2,  p--<otaL  Chrysosplenium  in  SAXEFRAGACEuE,  141 


XX11  ARTIFICIAL    KEY   TO    THE   NATURAL    ORDERS. 

Placenta  in  the  axis  or  the  base  of  the  cell. 

Stamens  6,  alternate  with  the  5  sepals.  Glaux  In  PRIMULA CEJB,  270 

Stamens  opposite  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number.  CARYOPHYLLACEffi,   52 

*  *  Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  only  1  or  2  (rarely  3)  ovules. 

•»-  Pistils  more  than  one,  and  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.    Leaves  with  stipules.  ROSACES,  110 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 

Leaves  punctate,  with  pellucid  dots.    Ovaries  stalked.         Zanthoxylum  in  RUTACE^E,    74 
Leaves  not  dotted. 

Calyx  present,  usually  colored  or  petal-like.  RANUNCULACILE,     2 

Calyx  absent.    Flowers  entirely  naked,  but  perfect,  spiked.  SAURURACE.3E,  383 

•t-  -i-  Pistil  one,  compound :  ovary  2  -  IQ-ceUed. 

Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx-tube  (inferior),  3  -  4-celled.         /  HALORAGKE,  129 

Ovary  free.     (Calyx  sometimes  wanting.) 

Herbs,  aquatic.    Fruit  4-celled,  indehiscent,  nut-like :  styles  2.       CALLITRICHACE^l,  384 
Herbs.    Fruit  splitting  into  2  or  3  two-valved  pods.  EUPHORBIACE.E,  386 

Herbs.    Fruit  a  10-celled  and  10-seeded  berry.  PHYTOLACCACE2E,  361 

Heath-like  undershrubs.    Drupe  3  -  9-celled.  EMPETRAC1LE,  393 

Shrubs  or  trees.    Fruit  a  berry  -like  drupe  or  a  samara. 

Ovule  solitary  in  each  cell,  erect.    Stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals.    RHAMNACEJE,    78 
Ovule  solitary  in  each  cell,  suspended.  ULMACE3E,  394 

Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell :  these 

Horizontal  or  ascending.    Fruit  a  double  samara.  ACERINE2E,    82 

Suspended  or  pendulous.    Fruit  a  single  samara  or  a  drupe.  OLEACEJ3,  356 

•i-  •»-  •»-  Pistil  one  (simple  or  compound),  1-celled,  I-seeded. 
Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx-tube. 

Stigma  extending  down  the  whole  length  of  one  side  of  the  style. 

Stamen  1.    Aquatic  herbs.    Seed  suspended.  Hippuris  in  HALORAGEJE,  129 

Stamens  6-10.    Trees.    Seed  suspended.  Nyssa  in  CORNACE2E,  160 

Stigma  terminal,  with  or  without  a  style. 

Anthers  3-4,  sessile.    Woody  parasites  on  trees.  LORANTHACEJ5,  382 

Anthers  5,  on  filaments.  SANTALACE3E,  381 

Ovary  free,  sometimes  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  but  not  adherent  to  it. 
Stipules  forming  closed  sheaths  at  the  joints. 

Calyx  conspicuous,  often  colored  or  petal-like.    Herbs.  POLYGONACE3E,  371 

Calyx  none.    Trees:  flowers  in  heads.  PLATANACEJS,  400 

Stipules  not  sheathing,  often  none. 

Stamens  8-24,  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.    Leaves  pellucid-dotted.  LAURACEE,  378 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Shrubs,  with  dotless  and  silvery-scurfy  leaves.  EL^AGNACE^I,  380 

Shrubs,  with  entire  and  dotless  leaves.  THYMELACE^E,  380 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  finely  dissected  leaves.  CERATOPHYLLACEZE,  383 

Stamens  1-6,  equalling  or  fewer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 
Embryo  coiled  around  the  outside  of  the  albumen. 

Flowers  scarious-bracted.  AMARANTACE2E,  367 

Flowers  not  scarious-bracted. 

Calyx  colored,  imitating  a  monopetalous  corolla.  NYCTAGINACEJE,  360 

Calyx  herbaceous  or  scarious.  CHENOPODIACE^E,  361 

Embryo  coiled  or  bent,  without  albumen,  j 

Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  albumen.  [  TJRTICACE33,  394 

Radicle  superior.    Style  and  stigma  1.  * 

Radicle  inferior.    Stigmas  3,  two-cleft.  EUPHORBIACEJE,  385 

Embryo  straight :  albumen  none. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Ptanera,  &c.  in  URTICACE^!,  394 

Flowers  perfect    Stamens  on  the  calyx.  ROSACES,  110 


ARTIFICIAL    KEY   TO    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.  XX1U 

B.     Flowers  (monacious  or  diozdous)  one  or  both  sorts  in  catkins. 

*  Only  one  sort  of  flowers  in  catkins  or  catkin-like  heads. 

fertile  flowers  forming  a  short  catkin  or  strobile  in  fruit.  Humulus  in  URTICACE2E,  394 

Fertile  flowers  single  or  clustered :  sterile  ones  in  slender  catkins. 

Nut  in  an  involucre  or  cup.    Leaves  simple.  CUPULIFER.33,  403 

Dry  drupe  naked,  with  no  involucre.    Leaves  pinnate.  JUGLANDACHE,  401 

*  *  Both  the  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  catkins  or  heads. 

Fruit  a  thin  dehiscent  pod.     Seeds  numerous,  downy-tufted.  SALICACE^l,  413 
Fruit  a  woody  pod.     Seeds  naked.                                     Liquidambar  in  HAMAMELACHaE,  148 

Fruit  a  berried  drupe  or  drupe-like.     Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  4 

Parasitic  :  leaves  opposite,  thick.  LORANTHACE.33,  382 

Not  parasitic  :  leaves  alternate,  fragrant.  MYRICACE^,  409 
Fruit,  i.  e.  the  pericarp  itself,  a  nutlet  or  achenium. 

Nutlets  winged  or  oblong,  under  dry  or  woody  scales.  BETULACEJ3,  410 

Nutlets  club-shaped,  naked,  plumose-hairy  below.  PLATANACE2E,  400 

Achenia  thin,  surrounded  by  an  herbaceous  or  often  juicy  calyx.  URTICACILE,  394. 

SUBCLASS  II.     GYMNOSPERM^.     Pistil  an  open  scale  or  altered 
leaf,  bearing  naked  ovules  on  its  margin  or  upper  surface,  or  in  Taxus 
entirely  wanting. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.    Stems  branched.    Leaves  simple.  CONIFER2E,  420 

CLASS  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  OR  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Stems  with  the  wood  collected  into  separate  bundles  or  threads,  which 
are  irregularly  dispersed  throughout  the  whole  diameter,  leaving  no  dis- 
tinct pith  in  the  centre ;  not  forming  annual  layers.  Leaves  mostly  paral- 
lel-veined. Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon,  and  the  first  leaves  alternate. 
Parts  of  the  flower  generally  in  threes. 

A.     Flowers  destitute  of  any  proper  floral  envelopes  (either  calyx  or  corolla),  and  also  of  glumes 
like  those  of  Grasses  and  Sedges,  mostly  aggregated  on  a  spadix. 

1.  Terrestrial  or  aquatic,  with  root,  stem,  and  leaves. 

Fruit  a  1  -lew-seeded  berry.    Spathe  conspicuous.  ARACEJE,  426 

Fruit  a  dry  nutlet.     Flowers  densely  spiked  or  capitate.    Marsh  herbs.  TYPHACEJ3,  429 

Fruit  a  nutlet,  drupe,  or  utricle.     Immersed  aquatics.  NAIADACEJS,  431 

2.  Floating  free :  no  distinction  of  stem  and  foliage. 

Flowers  bursting  from  the  edge  of  a  floating  frond.  LEMNACEJ3,  430 

B.     Flowers  with  true  floral  envelopes  (perianth)  representing  the  calyx  or  calyx  and  corolla. 
L  Flowers  densely  crowded  on  a  spadix.  Certain  ARACHE,  426,  and  NAIADAGEJE,  431 

2.  Flowers  solitary,  clustered,  or  variously  disposed,  but  not  collected  on  a  spadix. 

*  Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary  or  to  its  base. 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  regular. 

Aquatics.    Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent.  HYDROCHARIDACE^E,  440 

Climbers,  veiny-leaved.    Pod  3-winged.  DIOSCOREACE^E,  460 

Flowers  perfect.    (Pod  several  -  many-seeded  ) 

Stamens  1  or  2,  gynandrous.    Pod  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae.       ORCHIDACE^,  442 
Stamens  8,  before  the  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth :  anthers  extrorse.    IBID  ACEJB,  459. 
Stamens  3,  before  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianrh:  anthers  introrse. 
Filaments  very  short,  included.  f   BUBMANNIACEJ3,  442. 

Filaments  elongated,  exserted.  \ 

,.  _     .     ..  '  (. 

Stamens  to.    Perianth  free,  except  at  the  base,  J 


XXIV  ARTIFICIAL    KEY   TO    THE   NATURAL    ORDERS. 

Stamens  6.    Perianth  adherent  to  the  whole  ovary.  AMARYLLIDACILS;,  466 

*  *  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary: 

H-  Its  6  or  rarely  4  divisions  similar,  not  glumaceous,  nor  furnished  with  glumaceous  bracts. 
Anthers  turned  inwards. 

Stamens  3,  or  when  more  unlike  or  sterile.    Style  1.  PONTEDERIACEJ3,  488 

Stamens  6,  rarely  6  or  7.    Styles  2  -  3,  separate.    Flowers  dioecious.  SMILACE.ffi,  461 

Stamens  6,  rarely  4.    Styles  united  into  one.  LILIACEJS,  465 

Anthers  turned  outwards  (except  Tofieldia). 

Seeds  with  albumen.    Leaves  grass-like  or  with  a  proper  blade  MELANTHACEJE,  472 

Seeds  without  albumen.    Leaves  rush-like,  without  a  blade.  JUNCAGINE^E,  436 

•»-  -i-  Its  6  divisions  similar  and  glumaceous  (except  Narthecium).  JUNCACE^l,  479 

+-  *~  -i-  Its  divisions  of  two  kinds,  viz.  3  herbaceous  or  membranaceeus  sepals  and  3  colored 

petals ;  not  furnished  with  glumaceous  bracts. 

Pistils  numerous,  distinct.    Stamens  from  6  to  many.  ALISMACE^I,  436 

Pistil  (ovary)  one,  3-celled,  many  -  several-seeded. 

Styles  1.    Thick  or  scurfy-leaved  epiphytes.  BROMELIACEJS,  458 

Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3.    Leaves  whorled.  TRILLIACHSl,  461 

Pistil  (ovary)  one,  2  -  3-celled ;  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded.  COMMELYNACE^,  485 

Pistil  1 :  ovary  1-celled,  with  parietal  placentae.  XYRIDACE^l,  487 

•«-  i-  •»-  H-  Its  divisions  of  two  kinds,  or  the  inner  (corolla)  rarely  wanting;  the  outer  (calyx) 

mostly  glumaceous  or  chaffy  ;  the  flowers  also  furnished  with  glumaceous  or  chaffy  bracts. 

Rush-like  herbs :  flowers  in  dense  heads. 

Pod  1-celled,  many-seeded,  with  3  parietal  placentae.  XYRIDACILE,  487 

Pod  2  -  3-celled,  2  -  3-seeded.  ERIOCAULONACE^E,  488 

C.    Flowers  destitute  of  any  proper  perianth,  except  sometimes  small  scales  or  bristles,  but  cov- 
ered by  glumes,  i.  e.  husk-like  or  scale-like  bracts. 

Glume  a  single  scale-like  bract  with  a  flower  hi  its  axil.  CYPERACE^S,  490 

Glumes  in  pairs,  of  two  sorts.  GR AMINES, -686 

SERIES     II.       CRYPTOGAMOUS      OR     FLOWERLESS 

PLANTS:  those  destitute  of  stamens  and  pistils,  in  fructification 
producing  spores  instead  of  seeds. 

CLASS  HI.    ACROGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Plants  with  a  stem  containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels,  as  does  the  foliage 
when  there  is  any  (in  the  form  of  veins). 

Fructification  borne  on  the  leaves  (fronds),  commonly  on  their  backs  or  margins.    FILICES,  68T 
Fructification  of  several  spore-cases  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  shield-shaped  stalked 
scales  of  a  terminal  spike  or  cone.    Leaves  none,  except  a  whorl  of  teeth  at  each 
joint  of  the  stem.  EQUISETACILE,  586 

Fructification  of  spore-cases  in  the  axil  of  small  simple  leaves  or  bracts.    LYCOPODIACE^!,  602 
Fructification  at  the  base  of  leaves  or  naked  branches.    Aquatics.         HYDROPTERIDES,  605 

CLASS  IV.    ANOPHYTES.    (MOSSES.) 

Plants  consisting  of  cellular  tissue  only,  with  stem  and  foliage  distinct, 
or  sometimes  the  two  confluent  into  a  foliaceous  body  (frond). 

Spore-cases  mostly  opening  by  a  lid.    Leaves  distinct.  MUSCI,  607 

gpore-cases  not  opening  by  a  lid.    Leaves  distinct  or  confluent  itito  a  frond.    UEPATIOJE,  688 


BOTANY 


OP    THB 


NORTHERN   UNITED    STATES, 


SERIES  I. 

PH^NOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  bearing  proper  flowers,  that  is,  having  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds,  which  contain  an 
embryo. 

CLASS     I.     DICOTYLEDONOUS    OR    EXOGE- 
NOUS   PLANTS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith  ;  the  wood  form- 
ing a  layer  between  the  other  two,  increasing,  when  the 
stem  continues  from  year  to  year,  by  the  annual  addition 
of  a  new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the  bark.  Leaves  net- 
ted-veined.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons, 
or  rarely  several  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  having  their  parts 
usually  in  fives  or  fours. 

SUBCLASS  I.     ANGIOSP^RM^E. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary,  which  contains  tie  ovules  and 
forms  the  fruit.  Cotyledons  only  two. 


2  RANUNGULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

DIVISION  I.    POLYP^TALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  double,  that  is,  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  co- 
rolla ;  the  petals  not  united  with  each  other.* 

ORDER  1.  RANUNCULiACE^B.  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.) 
Herbs  (or  woody  vines)  with  a  colorless  acrid  juice,  polypetalous,  or  apeta- 
lous  with  the  calyx  often  colored  like  a  corolla,  hypogynous  ;  the  sepals,  petals, 
numerous  stamens,  and  many  or  few  (rarely  single)  pistils  all  distinct  and 
unconnected.  —  Flowers  regular  or  irregular.  Sepals  3-15.  Petals  3- 
15,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few:  anthers  short  Fruits 
either  dry  pods,  or  seed-like  (achenia),  or  berries,  1  -  several-seeded. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  fleshy  albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  —  Stipules 
none.  Leaves  mostly  dissected,  their  stalks  dilated  at  the  base.  (A  large 
family,  mostly  of  acrid  plants,  some  of  them  acrid-narcotic  poisons.) 

Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

TRIBE  I.  CL.EM  ATIDE.3E.  Sepals  valmte  in  the  bud,  or  with  the  edges  bent  inwards. 
Petals  none,  or  small  and  stamen-like.  Achenia  numerous,  tailed  with  the  feathery  or 
hairy  styles.  Seed  solitary,  suspended.  —  Vinos :  leaves  all  opposite. 

1.  ATRAGENE.    Petals  several,  small,  and  resembling  sterile  stamens- 

2.  CLEMATIS.    Petals  none. 

TRIBE  II.  ANEMONE.33.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  none,  or  very  small 
a.nd  stamen-like.  Achenia  numerous  or  several.  Seed  solitary.  —  Stem-leaves  often  op- 
posite or  whorled,  forming  an  involucre. 

*  Seed  suspended. 

3.  PULSATILLA.    Achenia  bearing  long  plumose  tails.     Petals  resembling  sterile  stamens. 

4.  ANEMONE.    Achenia  merely  pointed,  numerous,  not  ribbed  nor  inflated.     Involucre  re- 

mote from  the  flower,  and  resembling  the  other  leaves. 

5.  HEPATICA.    Achenia  several,  not  ribbed.    Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  of  3  simple  leaves, 

and  resembling  a  calyx. 

6.  THALICTRUM.     Ackenia  4  - 10,  ribbed,  grooved,  or  inflated.    Involucre  none,  or  leaf-like. 

*  *  Seed  erect. 

7.  TRAUTYETTERIA.     Achenia  inflated  and  4-angled.    Involucre  none 

TRIBE  HI.  RANUNCULEJH.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  evident,  orten 
with  a  scale  or  pore  inside.  Achenia  numerous.  Seed  solitary. 

8.  RANUNCULUS.    Sepals  not  appendaged.    Achenia  in  a  head.     Seed  erect. 

9.  MYOSURUS.    Sepals  spurred  at  the  base.     Achenia  in  a  long  spike.    Seed  suspended. 

TRIBE  IV.  HEI.I.EBORINEJE.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous,  rarely 
persistent,  petal-like.  Petals  (nectaries  of  the  earlier  botanists)  tubular,  irregular,  or 
2-lipped,  often  none.  Pods  (follicles)  few,  rarely  single,  few  -  several-seeded. — Leaves 
all  alternate. 

*  Flower  regular.    Pods  several-seeded.    Herbs. 

10.  ISOPYRTJM.    Petals  none  (in  our  species).    Pods  few.    Leaves  compound. 

11.  CALTHA.    Petals  none.    Pods  several.    Leaves  kidney-shaped. 

*  Tn  many  exceptional  cases  some  species  or  some  genera  belonging  to  polypetalous  orders 
are  destitute  of  petals ,  as  Clematis,  Anemone,  our  Isopyn  01,  and  Pther  plants  of  the  Crow- 
foot Family. 


RANUNCULACE.E.      (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  3 

12.  TROLLIUS.    Petals  many,  minute  and  stamen-like,  hollowed  near  the  base.    Pods  8-15, 

sessile.    Leaves  divided. 

13.  C'OPTIS.    Petals  5-8,  small,  hollowed  at  the  apex.    Pods  3-7,  long-stalked.    Sepals  decid- 

uous.   Leaves  divided. 

14.  HELLEBORUS.    Petals  8  - 10,  small,  tubular,  2-lipped.    Pods  several,  sessile.    Sepala  6, 

persistent,  turning  green  with  age. 

15.  AQUILEGIA.    Petals  5,  spur-shaped,  longer  than  the  5  deciduous  sepals.    Pods  5. 

*  *  Flower  unsymmetrical  and  irregular.    Pods  several-seeded. 

16.  DELPHINIUM.    Upper  sepal  spurred.    Petals  4,  of  two  forms ;  the  upper  pair  with  long 

spurs,  enclosed  hi  the  spur  of  the  calyx. 

17.  ACONITUM.    Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  2  long-clawed  petals. 

*  *  *  Flower  symmetrical.    Pods  ripening  only  one  seed.    Shrubby. 

18.  ZANTHORHIZA.    Petals  5,  small,  2-lobed,  with  claws.    Stamens  few.    Flowers  in  droop 

ing  compound  racemes,  polygamous. 

TRIBE  V.  CIMICIPUGEJE.  Sepals  imbricated,  falling  off  as  the  flower  opens.  Petals 
small  and  flat,  or  none.  Pistils  1- several.  Fruit  a  2  -  several-seeded  pod  or  berry. 
Leaves  all  alternate. 

19.  HYDRASTIS.    Flower  solitary.    Pistils  several  in  a  head,  becoming  berries  hi  fruit,  2- 

seeded.    Leaves  simple,  lobed.    Petals  none. 

20.  ACT^EA.    Flowers  in  a  single  short  raceme.    Pistil  single,  forming  a  many-seeded  berry. 

Leaves  2-3-ternately  compound.    Petals  manifest. 

21.  CLMICIFUGA.    Flowers  hi  long  spiked  racemes.    Pistils  1  -  8,  in  fruit  forming  dry  several- 

seeded  pods.    Leaves  2  -  3-ternately  compound. 

1.  ATRAOENE,    L.        ATRAGENE. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  their  valvate  margins  slightly  turned  inwards  in  the  bud. 
Petals  several,  much  smaller  than  the  sepals,  passing  gradually  into  stamens. 
Achenia  numerous  in  a  head,  bearing  the  persistent  styles  in  the  form  of  long 
plumose  tails. — Perennial  vines,  climbing  by  the  leafstalks;  stems  a  little 
woody.  Buds  scaly.  Leaves  opposite,  compound.  Peduncles  1-flowered.  (A 
name  of  obscure  derivation,  given  to  a  climbing  plant  by  Theophrastus.) 

1.  A.  Amcricfiim,  Sims.  (AMERICAN  ATRAGENE.)  Leaflets  stalked, 
ovate,  pointed,  entire  or  a  little  toothed,  sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped.  ( Clem- 
atis verticillaris,  DC.}  —  Shady  rocky  hills,  Maine  and  Western  N.  England  to 
"Wisconsin,  Pennsylvania,  and  mountains  of  Virginia.  April,  May. — From 
each  of  the  opposite  buds  in  spring  arise  two  ternate  leaves  with  long-stalked 
leaflets,  and  a  peduncle  which  bears  a  bluish-purple  flower,  2-3  inches  across. 

2.   CLEMATIS,    L.        VIRGIN'S-BOWER. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  the  valvate  margins  turned  inwards  in  the  bud.  Petals 
none.  Achenia  numerous  in  a  head,  bearing  the  persistent  styles  as  naked, 
hairy,  or  plumose  tails.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  vines,  a  little  woody,  and  climbing 
by  the  twisting  of  the  leafstalks.  Leaves  opposite.  (KX^/iarts,  a  name  of  Di 
oscorides  for  a  climbing  plant  with  long  and  lithe  branches.) 

#  Peduncles  bearing  single  large  nodding  flowers :  calyx  leathery:  anthers  linear. 
•*-  Stem  erect  and  mostly  simple :  calyx  silky  outside. 

1.  €)•  ociiroleuca,  Ait.  Leaves  simple  and  entire,  ovate,  almost  sessile, 
silky  beneath,  reticulated  and  soon  smooth  above ;  tails  of  the  fruit  very  plu- 


4  KANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

mose.  —  Copses  near  Brooklyn,  New  York;  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia:  rare. 
May.  — A  foot  high.     Calyx  yellowish  within. 
•*-  •*-  Stems  climbing :  leaves  pinnate :  calyx  (and  foliage]  glabrous  or  puberulent . 

2.  C.   Vidnia,  L.     (LEATHER-FLOWER.)     Calyx  ovate  and  at  length 
bell-shaped  ;  the  purplish  sqials  very  thick  and  leathery,  with  abrupt  edges,  tipped 
with  short  recurved  points  ;  the  long  tails  of  the  fruit  very  plumose;  leaflets  3-7, 
ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  cordate,  2-3-lobed  or  entire;  uppermost 
leaves  often  simple. — Kich  soil,  Penn.,  Ohio,  and  southward.    May -Aug. 

3.  C.  Pftcheri,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Calyx  bell-shaped;  the  dull  purplish 
sepals  with  narrow  and  slightly  margined  recurved  points ;  tails  of  the  fruit  filiform 
and  barely  pubescent ;  leaflets  3-9,  ovate  or  somewhat  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed, 
much  reticulated;  uppermost  leaves  often  simple. — Illinois,  on  the  Mississippi, 
and  southward.    June. 

4.  C.  cylindrica,  Sims.     Calyx  cylindraceous  below,  the  upper  half  of 
the  bluish-purple  sepals  dilated  and  widely  spreading,  with  broad  and  wavy  thin 
margins;  tails  of  the  fruit  silky;  leaflets  5-9,  thin,  varying  from  oblong-ovate 
to  lanceolate,  entire  or  3-5-parted.  —  Virginia  near  Norfolk,  and  southward. 
May -Aug. 

*  *  Flowers  in  panicled  clusters :  sepals  thin :  anthers  oblong. 

5.  C.  Virgiiiiana,  L.    (COMMON  VIRGIN'S-BOWER.)    Smooth ;  leaves 
oearing  3  ovate  acute  leaflets,  which  are  cut  or  lobed,  and  somewhat  heart-shaped 
at  the  base;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose. — River-banks,  &c.,  common;  climbing 
over  shrubs.     July,  August.  —  The  axillary  peduncles  bear  clusters  of  numerous 
white  flowers  (sepals  obovate,  spreading),  which  are  polygamous  or  dioecious; 
the  fertile  are  succeeded  in  autumn  by  the  conspicuous  feathery  tails  of  the  fruit. 

3.     PUl,SATi:LL,A,     Tourn.        PASQUE-FLOWER. 

Sepals  4-6,  colored.  Petals  none,  or  like  abortive  gland-like  stamens. 
Achenia  with  long  feathery  tails.  Otherwise  as  Anemone ;  from  which  the 
genus  does  not  sufficiently  differ.  (Derivation  obscure.  The  popular  name 
was  given  because  the  plant  is  in  blossom  at  Easter.) 

1.  P.  IVutta.llia.na.  Villous  with  long  silky  hairs  ;  flower  erect,  devel- 
oped before  the  leaves ;  which  are  ternately  divided,  the  lateral  divisions  2-part- 
ed,  the  middle  one  stalked  and  3-parted,  the  segments  deeply  once  or  twice  cleft 
into  narrowly  linear  and  acute  lobes  ;  lobes  of  the  involucre  like  those  of  the 
leaves,  at  the  base  all  united  into  a  shallow  cup ;  sepals  5-7,  purplish,  spread- 
ing. (P.  patens,  ed.  1.  Anemone  patens,  Hook,  frc.  not  of  L.  A.  Nuttalliana, 
DC.  A.  Ludovi'ciana,  Nutt.) — Prairies,  Wisconsin  (Lapham)  and  westward. 
April.  —  A  span  high.  Sepals  l'-l£'  long.  Tails  of  the  fruit  2'  long.  More 
like  P.  vulgaris  than  P.  patens  of  Europe. 

4U     ANEMONE,    L.        ANEMONE.    WIND-FLOWER. 

Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Achenia  ehort-beaked  or  blunt.  Seed 
suspended. — Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves;  those  of  the  stem  2  or  3  to- 


RANUNCULACE^.      (CROWFOOT  FAMILY.)  5 

gether,  opposite  or  whorled,  and  forming  an  involucre  remote  from  the  flower. 
(Name  from  avcpos,  the  wind,  because  the  flower  was  thought  to  open  only  when 
the  wind  blows.) 

#  Pistils  many,  crowded  in  a  very  dense  head,  clothed  with  long  matted  wool  in  fruit : 
sepals  downy  or  silky  underneath. 

1.  A.  parviflora,  Michx.    (SMALL  ANEMONE.)    Somewhat  pubescent ; 
stem  slender  and  simple,  one-flowered ;  leaves  roundish,  3-parted,  their  divisions 
wedge-shaped,  crenate-lobed ;  involucre  of  2  almost  sessile  leaves ;  sepals  6,  oval, 
whitish;  head  of  fruit  globular. — Lake   Superior;  thence  northward.    Plant 
2' -12' high. 

2.  A.  nmltifida,  DC.     (MANY-CLEFT  ANEMONE.)     Silky-hairy;  prin- 
cipal involucre  2-3-leaved,  bearing  one  naked  and  one  or  two  2-leaved  pedun- 
cles ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  short-petioled,  similar  to  the  root-leaves,  twice  or 
thrice  3-parted  and  cleft,  their  divisions  linear;  sepals  5-8,  obtuse,  red,  sometimes 
greenish-yellow  or  whitish;  head  of  fruit  spherical  or  oval.  —  Bocks,  Western 
Vermont  and  Northern  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  &c. :  rare.    June.  —  Plant 
6' -12'  high :  sepals  £'  long. 

3.  A.    cylindrica,    Gray.      (LONG-FRUITED    ANEMONE.)      Slender, 
clothed  with  silky  hairs ;  flowers  2-6,  on  very  long  and  upright  naked  pedun- 
cles ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  long-petioled,  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  the  flower- 
stalks,  3-divided ;  their  divisions  wedge-shaped,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle 
one  3-cleft ;  lobes  cut  and  toothed  at  the  apex ;  sepals  5,  obtuse,  greenish-white ; 
head  of  fruit  cylindrical  (I1  long).  —  Sandy  or  dry  woods,  Massachusetts  and 
Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois.    May. — Plant  l°-2°  high.    Pedun- 
cles 7' -12'  long,  all  appearing  together, from  the  same  involucre,  and  naked 
throughout,  or  sometimes  part  of  them  with  involucels,  as  in  No.  4. 

4.  A.  Virginmna,  L.    (TALL  ANEMONE.)    Hairy;  principal  involucre 
3-leaved ;  the  leaves  long-petioled,  3-parted ;  their  divisions  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
cut-serrate,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle  3-cleft;  peduncles  elongated,  the 
earliest  naked,  the  others  with  a  2-leaved  involucel  at  the  middle ;  sepals  5,  acute, 
greenish  (in  one  variety  white  and  obtuse) ;  head  of  fruit  oval  or  oblong.  —  Woods 
and  meadows ;  common.    June -August.  — Plant  2° -3°  high ;  the  upright  pe- 
duncles 6' -12'  long.    In  this  and  the  next  species  the  first  flower-stalk  is  leaf- 
less ;  but  from  the  same  involucre  soon  proceed  one  or  two  lateral  ones,  which 
are  2-leaved  at  the  middle ;  these  partial  involucres  in  turn  giving  rise  to  similar 
peduncles,  thus  producing  a  succession  of  flowers  through  the  whole  summer. 

*  *  Pistils  fewer,  in  a  rather  loose  head,  hairy  or  pubescent. 

5.  A.  Peimsylvanica,    L.    (PENNSTLVANIAN  ANEMONE.)    Hairy, 
involucres  (or  stem-leaves)  sessile;  the  primary  ones  3-leaved,  bearing  a  naked 
peduncle,  and  soon  a  pair  of  branches  or  peduncles  with  a  2-leaved  involucre 
at  the  middle,  which  branch  similarly  in  turn ;  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3- 
cleft,  cut  and  toothed ;  radical  leaves  5  -  7-parted  or  cleft ;  sepals  obovate,  white ; 
head  of  fruit  spherical;  the  carpels  flat,  orbicular,  hairy. — W.  New  England 
to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin.    June -Aug. — Plant  rather  hairy,  6'  high  when  it  be- 
gins to  blossom,  but  continuing  to  produce  branches,  each  terminated  by  a  naked 
peduncle,  through  the  summer ;  flowers  l£'  broad,  handsome. 


6  RANUKCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

6.  A.  nemordsa,  L.  (WIND-FLOWER.  WOOD  ANEMONE.)  Low, 
smooth ;  stem  perfectly  simple ;  flower  single  on  a  naked  peduncle ;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  3,  long-petioled,  3-divided,  toothed  and  cut ;  the  lateral  divisions  often 
(var.  QUINQUEFOLIA)  2-parted;  radical  leaf  single;  sepals  4-7,  oval,  white, 
sometimes  tinged  with  purple  outside;  carpels  only  15-20,  oblong,  with  a 
hooked  beak.  —  Margin  of  woods.  April,  May. — A  delicate  and  pretty  vernal 
species ;  the  spreading  flower  1'  broad.  (Eu.) 

5.  HEP  A  TIC  A,    Dill.    LIVER-LEAF.    HEPATICA. 

Involucre  simple  and  3-leaved,  very  close  to  the  flower,  so  as  to  resemble  a 
calyx ;  otherwise  as  in  Anemone  (of  which  this  genus  may  be  viewed  as  only  a 
section). — Leaves  all  radical,  heart-shaped  and  3-lobed,  thickish  and  persistent 
through  the  winter,  the  new  ones  appearing  later  than  the  flowers.  Flowers 
single,  on  hairy  scapes.  (Name  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  liver  in  the 
shape  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  H.  trilolm,    Chaix.     (ROUND-LOBED  HEPATICA.)    Leaves  with  3 
ovate  obtuse  or  rounded  lobes  ;  those  of  the  involucre  also  obtuse.  —  Woods; 
common ;  flowering  soon  after  the  snow  leaves  the  ground  in  spring.     Sepals 
6-9,  blue,  purplish,  or  nearly  white.    Achenia  several,  in  a  small  loose  head, 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  hairy.     Lobes  of  the  leaves  usually  very  obtuse,  or 
rounded.    (Eu.) 

2.  H.  acutiloba,  DC.    (SHARP-LOBED  HEPATICA.)    Leaves  with  3 
ovate  and  pointed  lobes,  or  sometimes  5-lobed ;  those  of  the  involucre  acute  or 
acutish. — Woods,  Vermont  and  New  York  to  Wisconsin.    Sepals  7-12,  pale 
purple,  pink,  or  nearly  white.    Perhaps  runs  into  No.  1. 

6.  THAL,iCTRin!I,  Tourn.        MEADOW-RUE. 

Sepals  4  or  more,  petal-like  or  greenish.  Petals  none.  Achenia  4-15,  tipped 
by  the  stigma  or  short  style,  grooved  or  ribbed,  or  else  inflated.  Seed  suspend- 
ed.— Perennials,  with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  divisions  and  the 
leaflets  stalked.  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles,  often  polygamous.  (Deriva- 
tion obscure.) 

*  Stem-leaves  forming  an  involucre  at  the  summit,  as  in  Anemone :  root  tuberous- 

thickened  and  clustered :  flowers  perfect :  fruits  sessile,  grooved. 
1.  T,  sinemoiioi«ies,  Michx.  (RUE-ANEMONE.)  Low;  root-leaves 
twice  or  thrice  3-divided ;  the  leaflets  and  the  long-stalked  leaflets  of  the  invo- 
lucre obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  apex ;  flowers  few  in  a  simple  umbel.  (Anemone 
thalictroides,  L.,  Bigd.)  —  Woods:  common.  April,  May. — A  pretty  plant, 
more  like  Anemone  than  Thalictrum  in  aspect.  The  stem  bears  2  or  3  leaves 
at  the  very  summit,  like  those  from  the  root,  but  without  the  common  petiole, 
so  that  they  seem  like  a  whorl  of  long-stalked  simple  leaves.  Sepals  7-10, 
half  an  inch  long,  not  falling  off  before  the  stamens,  white,  or  tinged  with  pink. 
Pistils  several  in  a  little  head,  tipped  with  a  flat  stigma. 

*  *  Stem-leaves  scattered,  3-4  times  compound:  root  flbrous:  flowers  dioxious  or 


RANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  7 

polygamous  :  sepals  4  —  5,  falling  away  early  :  fruits  sessile,  tipped  with  long  stig 
mas,  ribbed-angled. 

2.  X.  dioicum,  L.     (EARLY  MEADOW  -RuE.)     Leaves  all  with  general 
petioles  ;  leaflets  rounded  and  5  -  7-lobed  ;  flowers  in  compound  panicles,  green- 
ish. —  Rocky  woods  and  hill-sides  ;  common  northward.     April,  May.  —  A  foot 
or  so  high,  with  very  pale  and  delicate  foliage,  arid  slender  yellowish  anthers  on 
capillary  filaments. 

3,  T.  CorilWti,   L.     (MEADOW-RuE.)     Stem-leaves  without  general  peti- 
oles ;  leaflets  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  acutish  ;  flowers  in  very  compound 
large  panicles,  white.  —  Meadows  and  along  streams.    June,  July.  —  Stem 
3°  -  4°  high,  furrowed.    Leaves  whitish  or  downy  beneath.     Filaments  slightly 
club-shaped  ;  anthers  oblong. 

1.    TRAUTVETTERIA,    Fischer  &  Meyer.        FALSE  BUGBANE. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  concave,  petal-like,  very  caducous.  Petals  none.  Achenia 
numerous,  in  a  head,  membranaceous,  compressed-4-angled  and  inflated.  Seed 
erect.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  palmately-lobed  leaves,  all  alternate,  and  corym 
bose  (white)  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Trautvetter,  a  Russian  botanist.) 

1.  T.  palmata,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  (Cimicifuga  palmata,  Michx.) 
Woods,  along  streams,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  along  the  mountains  :  also  spar 
ingly  in  Ohio  and  Illinois.  July,  Aug.  —  Root-leaves  large,  5-9-lobed;  the 
lobes  toothed  and  cut.  Stems  2°  -3°  high. 

8.    RAWIJNCIJI/IJS,    L.        CROWFOOT.    BUTTERCUP. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  flat,  with  a  little  pit  or  scale  at  the  base  inside.  Aehe- 
nia  numerous,  in  a  head,  mostly  flattened,  pointed;  the  seed  erect.  —  Annuals 
or  perennials  :  stem-leaves  alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed, 
yelloAV,  rarely  white.  (Sepals  and  petals  rarely  only  3,  the  latter  often  more 
than  5.  Stamens  occasionally  few  in  number.)  —  (A  Latin  name  for  a  little 
frog  ;  also  applied  by  Pliny  to  these  plants,  the  aquatic  species  growing  where 
those  animals  abound.) 
§  1.  BATRACHIUM,  DC.  —  Petals  with  a  pore  or  naked  pit  at  the  base,  tvhite, 

the  claw  yellow:  achenia  turgid,  transversely  wrinkled:  aquatic  perennials,  with 

the  immersed  foliage  dissected  into  capillary  lobes. 

1.  R.  aquatilis,  L.,  var.  divaricatiis.     (WHITE  WATER-CROW 
FOOT.)    Floating  ;  leaves  all  immersed  and  similar,  compoundly  dissected  into 
many  capillary  lobes,  which  are  rather  rigid,  and  all  widely  spreading  in  a  hori- 
zontal plane,  making  an  orbicular  outline  ;  petals  obovate,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  receptacle  of  fruit  hispid.     (R.  divaricatus,  Schrank.     R.  circinatus. 
Sibthorp.)  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams  :  common.    June-  Aug.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  Petals  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base  (yellow  in  all  our  species). 

*  Achenia  smooth. 
y*  •*-  Aquatic,  perennial  :  immersed  leaves  filiformly  dissected. 

2.  R.    PiirslBii,    Richards.      (YELLOW    WATUB  -CROWFOOT.)      Stem 
floating,  with  the  leaves  all  dissected  into  several  times  forked  capillary  tlivis 


8  BANUNCULACEJE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

ions  ;  or  sometimes  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  the  emersed  leaves  kidney-shaped 
or  round  and  variously  lobed  or  cleft ;  petals  5-8,  much  larger  than  the  calyx ; 
carpels  in  a  spherical  head,  pointed  with  a  straight  beak.  (R.  multifidus,  Pursh, 
Bigel.  R.  lacustris,  Beck.)  —  Stagnant  water ;  most  common  northward.  May  - 
July.  —  Stems  2° -4°  long,  round  and  tubular.  Petals  bright  yellow,  mostly  as 
large  as  in  the  common  Buttercup. 
•*-  •»-  Terrestrial :  perennial,  except  Nos.  6  and  9,  which  are  at  least  sometimes 

annual. 
-  *+  leaves  all  undivided :  plants  glabrous. 

3.  R.    alismaefolius,    Geyer,  Benth.      (WATER-PLANTAIN   SPEAR- 
WORT.)     Stems  hollow,  ascending,  often  rooting |from  the  lower  joints;  leaves 
lanceolate,  mostly  denticulate,  the  lowest  oblong,  all  contracted  into  a  margined 
petiole  with  a  membranaceous  dilated  and  half-sheathing  base ;   petals  5-7, 
much  longer  than  the  calyx,  bright  yellow ;  carpels  flattened,  pointed  with  a  long 
and  straight  subulate  sharp  beak,  collected  in  a  globular  head.     (R.  Flammula  & 
R.  Lingua,  Amer.  authors.)  — Wet  or  inundated  places  ;  common  northward. 
June  -  Aug.     Stems  1  °  -  2°  high.     Leaves  3'  -  5'  long.    Flower  5"  -  6",  in  Ore- 
gon and  California  7" -9",  broad.     Carpels  much  larger  than  in  the  next. 

4.  R.  Flamiiiiila,  L.     (SPEARWORT.)     Stem  reclining  or  ascending, 
rooting  below ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  oblong-lanceolate,  en- 
tire or  nearly  so,  mostly  petioled ;  petals  5-7,  much  longer  than  the  calyx, 
bright  yellow;  carpels  turgid,  mucronate  with  a  very  short  and  usually  curved  blunt 
point,  forming  a  small  globular  head.  —  Shore  of  L.  Ontario  (a  small  form) ; 
thence  northward.     June- Aug.     Corolla  4" - 6"  broad.     (Eu.) 

Var.  IV  p  tails.  (CREEPING  SPEARWORT.)  Much  smaller  and  slenderer ; 
the  filiform  prostrate  stems  rooting  at  all  the  joints.  (R.  reptans,  L.  R.  fili- 
formis,  Michx.)  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  banks  of  streams,  &c.  New  England  and 
Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  northward.  Stems  4' -  6' long.  (Eu.) 

5.  R.  pnSfillus,  Poir.     Stem  slender,  ascending ;  root-leaves  ovate  or  round- 
ish, obtuse,  entire,  often  rather  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles ;  the  lower  stem- 
leaves  similar;  the  uppermost  becoming  linear-lanceolate,  obscurely  toothed, 
scarcely  petioled  ;  petals  1-5,  commonly  3,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  yellowish  ; 
stamens  few  (5-10) ;  carpels  slightly  pointed  or  blunt,  in  a  globular  head.  —  Wet 
places,   S.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  southward  near  the  coast.     July. — 
Stems  5' -12' high. 

6.  R.  Cynibalaria,  Pursh.     (SEA-SIDE  CROWFOOT.)     Stem  sending 
off  long  runners  from  the  base  which  are  rooting  and  leafy  at  the  joints  ;  leaves 
all  roundish,  mostly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  coarsely  crenate-toothed,  rather  fleshy, 
on  long  petioles  ;  flower-stalks  (scapes)  leafless,  1  -  7-flowered ;  petals  5-8,  bright 
yellow ;  carpels  in  oblong  heads,  very  numerous,  short-beaked,  striate-veined  on  the 
sides.  —  Sea-shore,  Maine  to  New  Jersey.     Salt  springs,  Salina,  New  York. 
June  -  Aug.  —  Scapes  3'  -  6'  high. 

•»-*•  -w-  Root-leaves  undivided,  often  cleft,  but  not  to  the  base. 

7.  R.    rllOHllxmlCllS,   Goldie.     Dwarf,  hairy;  root-leaver  roundish,  or 
rhombic-ovate,  rarely  subcordate,  toothed  or  crenate ;  lowest  stem  -leaves  similar 
or  3-5-lobed;  the  upper  3-5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes  linear;  carpels 


RANUXCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  9 

orbicular  with  a  minute  beak,  in  a  spherical  head ;  petals  large,  exceeding  the  calyx. 
(Also  R.  brevicaulis  &  ovalis,  Hook.)  —  Prairies,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 
April,  May.  —  Stems  3' -6'  high,  sometimes  not  longer  than  the  root-leaves. 
Flower  deep  yellow,  as  large  as  in  No.  12. 

8.  R.  abortivus,  L.     (SMALL-FLOWERED  CROWFOOT.)    Glabrous  and 
very  smooth ;  primary  root-leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  barely  crenatc, 
the  succeeding  ones  often  3-lobed  or  3-parted ;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches 
3-5-parted  or  divided,  subsessile;  their  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge- 
form,  mostly  toothed ;  carpels  in  a  globular  head,  mucronate  with  a  minute  curvea 
beak ;  petals  shorter  than  the  refiexed  calyx.  —  Shady  hill-sides  and  along  brooks, 
common.    April -June.  —  Stem  erect,  6' -2°  high,  at  length  branched  above, 
the  pale  yellow  flowers  very  small  in  proportion. 

Var.  micr&iitliiis*  Pubescent;  root-leaves  seldom  at  all  heart-shaped, 
some  of  them  3-parted  or  3-divided ;  divisions  of  the  upper  stem-leaves  more 
linear  and  entire;  peduncles  more  slender.  (B.  micranthus,  Nutt.) — Massa- 
chusetts (near  Boston,  C.  J.  Sprague),  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  westward. 

9.  R.  sceleratus,  L.     (CURSED  CROWFOOT.)     Smooth  and  glabrous ; 
root-leaves  3-lobed,  rounded ;  lower  stem-leaves  3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut 
and  toothed,  the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  near- 
ly entire ;  carpels  barely  mucronulate,  very  numerous,  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads ; 
petals  scarcely^  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Wet  ditches :  appearing  as  if  introduced. 
June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  thick  and  hollow,  1  °  high.    Leaves  thickish.    Juice  acrid 
and  blistering.    Flowers  small,  pale  yellow.     (Eu.) 

10.  R.    rccurvatus,    Poir.     (HOOKED    CROWFOOT.)    Hirsute;   leaves 
of  the  root  and  stem  nearly  alike,  long-petioled,  deeply  3-cleft,  large,  the  lobes  broad- 
ly wedge-shaped,  2  -  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed  towards  the  apex ;  carpels  in  a  glob- 
ular head,  flat  and  margined,  conspicuously  beaked  by  the  long  and  recurved  hooked 
styles;  petals  shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx,  pale.  — Woods,  common.    May,  June. 
—  Stem  l°-2°high. 

•M.  *+  +•«•  Leaves  all  ternately  parted,  or  compound,  the  divisions  cleft :  achenia  fiat. 
a.  Head  of  carpels  oblong :  petals  pale,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

11.  R.  Peimsylv&niciis,   L.   (BRISTLY  CROWFOOT.)    Hirsute  with 
rough  spreading  bristly  hairs ;  stem  stout,  erect ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  stalked, 
somewhat  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  acute ;   carpels 
pointed  \vith  a  sharp  straight  beak.  — Wet  places,  common.    June -Aug.  — A 
coarse  plant,  2° -3°  high,  with  inconspicuous  flowers. 

b.  Head  of  carpels  globular :  petals  bright  yellow,  much  larger  than  the  calyx. 

12.  R.    fascicularis,   Muhl.     (EARLY  CROWFOOT.)    Low,  pubescent 
with  close-pressed  silky  hairs ;  root  a  cluster  of  thickened  fleshy  fibres ;  radical 
leaves  appearing  pinnate,  the  long-stalked  terminal  division  remote  from  the  ses- 
sile lateral  ones,  itself  3  -  5-divided  or  parted  and  3  -  5-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or 
linear ;  stems  ascending ;  petals  spatulate-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  spread- 
ing calyx ;  carpels  scarcely  margined,  tipped  with  a  slender  straight  or  rather 
curved  beak.  —  Eocky  hills.     April,  May. — Plant  5' -9'  high;  the  bright  yel- 
low flower  1'  broad;  petals  rather  distant,  the  base  scarcely  broader  than  the 
icale. 


10  RANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

13.  R.    repens,    L.     (CREEPING    CROWFOOT.)    Low,  hairy  or  nearly 
glabrous ;  stems  ascending,  and  some  of  them  forming  long  runners ;  leaves  3-divid- 
ed  ;  the  divisions  all  stalked  (or  at  least  the  terminal  one),  broadly  wedge-shaped 
or  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft  or  parted  and  variously  cut ;  peduncles  furrowed ; 
petals  obovate,  much  larger  than  the  spreading  calyx ;  carpels  strongly  margined, 
pointed  by  a  stout  straightish  beak.  —  Moist  or  shady  places,  wet  meadows,  &c., 
May -Aug.  —  Extremely  variable  in  size  and  foliage,  commencing  to  flower  by 
upright  stems  in  spring  before  the  long  runners  are  formed.    Flowers  as  large 
as  those  of  No.  12,  or  often  larger.     (Eu.) 

14.  B.    BULB6sus,   L.     (BULBOUS   CROWFOOT,  BUTTERCUPS.)     Hairy; 
stem  erect  from  a  bulb-like  base ;  radical  leaves  3-divided ;  the  lateral  divisions  ses- 
sile, tlie  terminal  stalked  and  3-parted,  all  wedge-shaped,  cleft  and  toothed ;  pedun- 
cles furrowed ;  petals  round,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the 
reflexed  calyx;  carpels  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak.  —  Meadows  and  pas- 
tures; very  abundant  only  in  E.  New  England;  seldom  found  in  the  interior. 
May- July. — A  foot  high.    Leaves  appearing  as  if  pinnate.    Petals  often  6  or 
7,  deep  glossy  yellow,  the  corolla  more  than  an  inch  broad.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

15.  B*    ACRIS,    L.      (TALL    CROWFOOT,   BUTTERCUPS.)      Hairy;  stem 
erect ;  leaves  3-divided ;  the  divisions  all  sessile  and  3-cleft  or  parted,  their  seg- 
ments cut  into  lanceolate  or  linear  crowded  lobes;  peduncles  not  furrowed; 
petals  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  spreading  calyx.  —  Meadows  and  fields. 
June -Aug. — Plant  twice  the  height  of  No.  14,  the  flower  nearly  as  large,  but 
not  so  deep  yellow.  —  The  Buttercups  are  avoided  by  cattle,  on  account  of  their 
very  acrid  juice,  :which,  however,  being  volatile,  is  dissipated  in  drying,  when 
these  plants  are  cut  with  hay.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Achenia  beset  v»th  rough  points  or  smatt  prickles :  annuals. 

16.  B*  MURIOATUS,  L.    Nearly  glabrous;  lower  leaves  roundish  or  reni- 
form,  3-lobed,  coarsely  crenate ;  the  upper  3-cleft,  wedge-form  at  the  base ; 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  carpels  flat,  spiny-tuberculate  on  the  sides,  strongly 
beaked,  surrounded  with  a  wide  and  sharp  smooth  margin. — Eastern  Virginia 
and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.  B.  PARVIFL6RUS,  L.    Hairy,  slender,  and  diffuse;  lower  leaves  round- 
ish-cordate, 3-cleft,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut ;  the  upper  3  -  5-parted ;  petals  not 
longer  than  the  calyx ;  carpels  minutely  hispid  and  rough,  beaked,  narrowly  mar- 
gined.—  Norfolk,  Virginia,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.    MYOStTBUS,    Dill.        MOUSE-TAIL. 

Sepals  5,  spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  small  and  narrow,  raised  on  a  slen- 
ler  claw,  at  the  summit  of  which  is  a  nectariferous  hollow.  Stamens  5  -  20. 
A.chcnia  numerous,  somewhat  3-sided,  crowded  on  a  very  long  and  slender 
spike-like  receptacle  (whence  the  name,  from  fius,  a  mouse,  and  oi>pa,  a  tail) , 
ihe  seed  suspended.  —  Little  annuals,  with  tufted  narrowly  linear-spatulate  root- 
leaves,  and  naked  1 -flowered  scapes.  Flowers  small,  greenish. 

1.  M.  minimus,  L.  Carpels  blunt. — Alluvial  ground,  Illinois  and 
"Kentucky,  thence  south  and  west.  (Eu.) 


KANUNCULACE^E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.)  11 

1O.    ISOP^RUM,    L.        (ENEMION,  Kaf.) 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  minute,  wanting  in  the  American 
species.  Stamens  10-40.  Pistils  3  -  6  or  more,  pointed  with  the  styles.  Pods 
ovate  or  oblong,  2  -  several-seeded.  —  Slender  smooth  herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately 
compound  leaves  ;  the  leaflets  2-3-lobed.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
white.  (Name  from  tcros,  equal,  and  irvpos,  wheat;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  I.  biternatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Petals  none;  pistils  3-6  (com 
monly  4),  divaricate  in  fruit,  2-3-seeded ;  seeds  even.  1J.  — Moist  shady  pla 
ces,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  westward.  May.  —  Fibres  of  the  root  thickened  here 
and  there  into  little  tubers.  Aspect  and  size  of  the  plant  much  like  Thalictrum 
anemonoides. 

11.  C  ALT  II  A,    L.        MARSH  MARIGOLD. 

Sepals  6-9,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Pistils  5-10,  with  scarcely  any  styles. 
Pods  (follicles)  compressed,  spreading,  many-seeded.  Glabrous  perennials,  with 
round  and  heart-shaped,  or  kidney-form,  large,  undivided  leaves.  (Jfeme  from 
*aXa$os,  a  goblet,  in  allusion  to  the  golden  flower-cup  or  calyx.) 

1.  C.  palustris,  L.  {MARSH  MARIGOLD.)  Stem  hollow,  furrowed; 
leaves  round  or  kidney-shaped,  either  crenate  or  nearly  entire ;  sepals  about  6, 
broadly  oval  (bright  yellow).  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  common  north- 
ward. April,  May.  —  This  well-known  plant  is  used  as  a  pot-herb  in  spring, 
when  coming  into  flower,  under  the  name  of  COWSLIPS  ;  but  the  Cowslip  is  a 
totally  different  plant,  namely,  a  species  of  Primrose.  The  Caltha  should  bear 
with  us,  as  in  England,  the  popular  name  of  Marsh  Marigold.  (Eu.) 

12.  TROLLIUS,    L.        GLOBE-FLOWER. 

Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals  numerous,  small,  1 -lipped,  the  concavity 
near  the  base.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Pods  9  or  more,  sessile,  many- 
seeded.  —  Smooth  perennials  with  palmately  parted  and  cut  leaves,  like  Ranun- 
culus, and  large  solitary  terminal  flowers.  (Name  thought  to  be  derived  from 
the  old  German  word  troll,  a  globe,  or  something  round.) 

1.  T.  laxns,  Salisb.  (SPREADING  GLOBE-FLOWER.)  Sepals  5-6, 
spreading ;  petals  1 5  -  25,  inconspicuous,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens.  — 
Deep  swamps,  New  Hampshire  to  Delaware  and  Michigan.  May.  —  Flowers 
twice  the  size  of  the  common  Buttercup  ;  the  sepals  spreading,  so  that  the  name 
is  not  appropriate,  as  it  is  to  the  European  Globe-flower  of  the  gardens,  nor  is  the 
blossom  showy,  being  pale  greenish-yellow. 

13.    COPTIS,     Salisb.        GOLDTHREAD. 

Sepals  5-7,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5-7,  small,  club-shaped,  hollow  at 
the  apex.  Stamens  15-25.  Pistils  3-7,  on  slender  stalks.  Pods  divergent, 
membranaceous,  pointed  with  the  style,  4-8-sceded.  — Low  smooth  perennials, 
with  ternately  divided  root-leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  on  soapes.  (Name 
from  KOTrro),  to  cut,  alluding  to  the  divided  leaves.) 


12  RANUNCULACE.E.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  ti'ifolia,  Salisb.  (THREE-LEAVED  GOLDTHREAD.^  Leaflets  8, 
obovate- wedge-form,  sharply  toothed,  obscurely  3-lobed;  scape  I -flowered. — 
Bogs,  abundant  northward;  extending  south  to  Maryland  along  the  mountains. 
May.  —  Root  of  long,  bright  yellow,  bitter  fibres.  Leaves  evergreen,  shining. 
Scape  naked,  slender,  3' -5'  high.  (Eu.) 

14.  HE1,:LEBORUS,    L.        HELLEBORE 

Sepals  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  persistent.  Petals  8-10,  very  small,  tubu- 
lar, 2-lipped.  Pistils  3-10,  sessile,  forming  coriaceous  many-seeded  pods. — • 
Perennial  herbs  of  the  Old  World,  with  ample  palmate  or  pedate  leaves,  and 
large,  solitary,  nodding,  early  vernal  flowers.  (Name  from  eXelv,  to  injure,  and 
/3opa,  food,  from  their  well-known  poisonous  properties.) 

1.  H.  vfRiDis,  L.  (GREEN  HELLEBORE.)  Root-leaves  glabrous,  pedate ; 
calyx  spreading,  greenish.  —  Near  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica,  Long  Island.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

15.  AQUILEGIA,    Tourn.        COLUMBINE. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  with  a  short 
spreading  lip,  produced  backwards  into  large  hollow  spurs,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Pistils,  5,  with  slender  styles.  Pods  erect,  many-seeded.  —  Peren- 
nials, with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers  large 
and  showy,  terminating  the  branches.  (Name  from  aquila,  an  eagle,  from  some 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  spurs  to  talons.) 

1.  A.  CanadensiS,  L.  (WILD  COLUMBINE.)  Spurs  inflated,  sud- 
denly contracted  towards  the  tip,  nearly  straight ;  stamens  and  styles  longer 
than  the  ovate  sepals. — Rocks,  common.  April -June.  —  Flowers  2'  long, 
scarlet,  yellow  inside,  nodding,  so  that  the  spurs  turn  upward,  but  the  stalk  be- 
comes upright  in  fruit.  —  More  delicate  and  graceful  than  the 

A.  VULGARIS,  L.,  the  common  GARDEN  COLUMBINE,  from  the  Old  World, 
which  is  beginning  to  escape  from  cultivation  in  some  places. 

16.     DELPHINIUM,    Tourn.        LARKSPUR. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  petal-like;  the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur  at  the 
base.  Petals  4,  irregular,  the  upper  pair  continued  backwards  into  long  spurs 
which  are  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx ;  the  lower  pair  with  short  claws : 
rarely  all  four  are  united  into  one.  Pistils  1-5,  forming  many-seeded  pods  in 
fruit.  —  Leaves  palmately  divided  or  cut.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  (Name 
from  Delphin,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  flower,  which  is  sometimes  not  un- 
like the  classical  figures  of  the  dolphin.) 
\ 

1.  I>.    exalt fitnm,   Ait.     (TALL  LARKSPUR.)     Leaves  deeply  3--5- 

cleft;  the  divisions  narrow  wedge-form,  diverging,  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  acute; 
racemes  wand-like,  panicled,  many-flowered;  spur  straight;  pods  3,  erect.  T\.  — 
Rich  soil,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  hi^h.  Low. 
er  leaves  4'  -  5 '  broad.  Flowers  purplish-blue,  downy. 


BANUNCULACE^l.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  15 

2  D.  tricdrne,  Michx.  (DWARF  LARKSPUR.)  Leaves  deeply  5-part 
9<i,  their  divisions  unequally  3  -  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  linear,  acutish ;  raceme  few 
flowered,  loose ;  spur  straightish,  ascending ;  pods  strongly  diverging.  1J.  —  W. 
Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.  April,  May.  —  Root  a  tuberous  cluster.  Stem 
simple,  6'  - 1 2'  high.  Flowers  bright  blue,  sometimes  white. 

3.  D.  azureum,  Michx.     (AZURE  LARKSPUR.)    Leaves  deeply  3-5- 
parted,  the  divisions  2-3  times  cleft ;  the  lobes  all  narrowly  linear ;  raceme 
strict ;  spur  ascending,  usually  curved  upwards ;  pods  3-5,  erect.     1J.  —  Wiscon- 
sin, Illinois,  and  southward.     May,  June.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  slender,  often 
softly  pubescent.     Flowers  sky-blue  or  whitish. 

4.  I>.  CONSOLIDA,  L.     (FIELD   LARKSPUR.)     Leaves  dissected  into  nar- 
row linear  lobes ;  racemes  rather  few-flowered,  loose ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
bracts;  petals  all  combined  into  one  body;  pod  one,  glabrous.     (I)  — Penn.  (Mer- 
cersburg,  Porter)  and  Virginia,  escaped  from  gram-fields  :  and  sparingly  along 
road-sides  farther  north.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.  ACON1TUM,  Tourn.    ACONITE.    MONKSHOOD.    WOLFSBANE. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  very  irregular;  the  upper  one  (helmet)  hooded  or  helmet- 
shaped,  larger  than  the  others.  Petals  2  (the  3  lower  wanting  entirely,  or  very 
minute  rudiments  among  the  stamens),  consisting  of  small  spur-shaped  bodies 
raised  on  long  claws  and  concealed  under  the  helmet.  Pistils  3-5.  Pods  sev- 
eral-seeded. Seed-coat  usually  wrinkled  or  scaly.  — Perennials,  with  palmately 
cleft  or  dissected  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles.  (The  an- 
cient Greek  and  Latin  name,  said  to  be  derived  from  Acone,  in  Bithynia.) 

1.  A.  nncimttiliii,   L.     (WILD  MONKSHOOD.)     Glabrous;   stem  slen- 
der, erect,  but  weak  and  disposed  to  climb ;  leaves  deeply  3  -  5-lobed,  petioled ;  the 
lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed ;  flowers  blue;  helmet  erect,  obtusely  conical, 
compressed,  slightly  pointed  or  beaked  in  front.  —  Rich  shady  soil  along  streams, 
S.  W.  New  York,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     June -Aug. 

2.  A.    reclinatum,    Gray.      (TRAILING    WOLFSBANE.)      Glabrous; 
stems  trailing  (3° -8°  long) ;  leaves  deeply  3-7-cleft,  petioled,  the  lower  orbicu- 
lar in  outline ;  the  divisions  wedge-form,  incised,  often  2  -  3-lobed ;  flowers  white, 
in  very  loose  panicles ;  helmet  soon  horizontal,  elongated-conical,  with  a  straight 
beak  in  front.  —  Cheat  Mountain,  Virginia,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies. 
Aug.  —  Lower  leayes  5' -6'  wide.     Flowers  9"  long,  nearly  glabrous. 

18.     ZAIVTHORHIZA,    Marshall.  -      SHRUB  YELLOW-ROOT. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  much  smaller  than  the 
sepals,  concave  and  obscurely  2-lobed,  raised  on  a  claw.  Stamens  5  or  10. 
Pistils  5-15,  bearing  2  or  3  pendulous  ovules.  Pods  1 -seeded,  oblong,  the 
short  style  becoming  dorsal  in  its  growth. — A  low  shrubby  plant;  the  bark 
and  the  long  roots  deep  yellow  and  bitter.  Flowers  polygamous,  dull  purple, 
in  compound  drooping  racemes,  appearing,  along  with  the  1  -  2-pinnate  leaves, 
from  large  terminal  buds  in  early  spring.  (Name  compounded  of  gavtifo,  yellow, 
and  pi'£a,  root.) 


14  jiANUNCUl  ACE.<£.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

1 .  Z.  a.piifolia,  L'Her.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  in  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania  and  southward.  Sherburne,  New  York,  Dr.  Douglass.  Stems 
clustered,  1°  -  2°  high.  Leaflets  cleft  and  toothed.  —  The  roots  of  this,  and  also 
of  the  next  plant,  were  used  as  a  yellow  dye  by  the  aborigines. 

19.    HYDRASTIS,  L.     ORANGE-ROOT.    YELLOW  PUCCOON. 

Sepals  3,  petal-like,  falling  away  when  the  flower  opens.  Petals  none.  Pistils 
12  or  more  in  a  head,  2-ovuled :  stigma  flat,  2-lipped.  Ovaries  becoming  a  head 
»f  crimson  1  -  2-seeded  berries  in  fruit.  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  sending  up  in 
early  spring,  from  a  thick  and  knotted  yellow  rootstock,  a  single  radical  leaf, 
and  a  simple  hairy  stem,  which  is  2-leaved  near  the  summit,  and  terminated  by 
a  single  greenish-white  flower.  (Name  perhaps  from  v8o>p,  water,  and  Spaoo, 
to  act,  alluding  to  the  active  properties  of  the  juice.) 

1.  H.  Canadensis,  L. — Rich  woods,  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  —  Leaves  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  5-7-lobed,  doubly 
serrate,  veiny,  when  full  grown  in  summer  4' -9'  wide. 

2O.    ACTjfcA,    L.        BANEBERRT.    COHOSH. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  when  the  flower  expands.  Petals  4-10,  small,  flat, 
apatulate,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  numerous,  with  slender  white  filaments. 
Pistil  single :  stigma  sessile,  depressed,  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 
Seeds  smooth,  flattened  and  packed  horizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennials,  with 
ample  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  ovate  leaflets  sharply  cleft  and 
toothed,  and  a  short  and  thick  terminal  raceme  of  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
a/crjj,  the  Elder,  from  some  resemblance  in  the  leaves.) 

1.  A.  spicata,  L.  (A.  Americana,  Pursh.  A.  brachypfetala,  DC.) 
Called  HERB  CHRISTOPHER  in  Europe. 

Var.  rubra,  Michx.  (RED  BANEBERRT.)  Petals  about  half  the  length 
of  the  stamens ;  pedicels  slender ;  berries  cherry-red,  oval.  (A.  rubra,  Willd., 
Bigel,  Sfc.  Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
April,  May.  Plant  2°  high.  (Eu.) 

Var.  filial,  Michx.  (WHITE  BANEBERRT  or  COHOSH.)  Petals  rather 
longer  and  narrower;  pedicels  thickened  both  in  flower  and  fruit;  beiries  milk- 
white,  short-oval  or  globular.  (A.  alba,  Bigel.  A.  pachypoda,  EU.) — Rich 
woods,  more  common  southward,,  extending  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  May.  — 
Plant  2°  -  3°  high.  Pedicels  in  fruit  often  almost  as  thick  as  the  main  peduncle. 
Berries  sometimes  tinged  with  red  or  purple,  very  rarely  deep  red  (Dr.  Knies- 
kern) ;  while  in  some  districts  white  berries  occur  abundantly  on  slender  pedi- 
cels ( Mr.  Oakes,  Prof.  Chadbourne) ;  also  in  Siberia.  Nor  does  the  length  of  the 
petals  afford  marked  distinctions.  So  that  all  probably  belong  to  one  species. 

91.    CIMICIFUGA,    L.        BUGBANE. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  soon  after  the  flower  expands.  Petals,  or  rather 
transformed  stamens,  1-8,  small,  on  claws,  2-horned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  as 


MAGNOLIACE^E.       (MAGNOLIA   FAMILY.)  15 

in  Actaea.  Pistils  1-8,  forming  dry  dehiscent  pods  in  fruit.  —  Perennials,  with 
2  -  3-ternately-divided  leaves,  the  leaflets  cut-serrate,  and  white  flowers  in  elon- 
gated wand-like  racemes.  (Name  from  cimex,  a  bug,  &n&fugo,  to  drive  away; 
the  Siberian  species  being  used  as  a  bugbane.) 

$  1.  MACR6TYS,  Raf. —  Pistil  1,  sometimes  2-3:  seeds  smooth,  flattened  and 
packed  horizontally  in  the  pod  in  two  rows,  as  in  Actsea :  stigma  broad  and  flat. 

1.  C.  I'liceniosa,   Ell.     (BLACK    SNAKEROOT.)     Racemes  very  long; 
pods  ovoid,  sessile.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  Michigan,  and  south- 
ward.   July.  —  Plant  3°  -  8°  high,  from  a  thick  knotted  root-stock :  the  racemes 
in  fruit  becoming  l°-2°  long. 

$2.  CIMICIFUGA,  L.  —  Pistils  3-8:  seeds  flattened  laterally,  covered  with 
chaffy  scales,  and  occupying  one  row  in  the  membranaceous  pods :  style  awl-shaped: 
stigma  minute. 

2.  C.  Americana,  Michx.     (AMERICAN  BUGBANE.)    Racemes  slen- 
der, panicled ;  ovaries  mostly  5,  glabrous ;  pods  stalked,  flattened,  veiny,  6-8- 
seeded.  —  Mountains  of  S.  Pennsylvania  and  southward  throughout  the  Alle- 
ghanies.    Aug. — Plant  2° -4°  high,  more  slender  than  No.  1. 

ADONIS  AUTUMNALIS,  L.,  the  PHEASANT'S  EYE  of  Europe,  has  been  found 
growing  spontaneously  in  Western  New  York,  and  in  Kentucky,  but  barely  es- 
caped from  gardens. 

NIGELLA  DAHASCENA,  L.,  the  FENNEL-FLOWER,  which  offers  a  remark- 
able exception,  in  having  the  pistils  partly  united  into  a  compound  ovary,  so  as 
to  form  a  several-celled  pod,  grows  nearly  spontaneously  around  gardens. 

P^EONIA,  the  P^EONY,  of  which  P.  OFFICINALIS  is  familiar  in  gardens,  forms 
a  sixth  tribe  of  this  order,  distinguished  by  a  leafy  persistent  calyx,  and  a  fleshy 
disk  surrounding  the  base  of  the  follicular  pistils. 

ORDER  2.    MAGNOLIACE^G.     (MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  loith  the  leaf-buds  slieatlied  by  membranous  stipules,  poly- 
petalous,  hypogy  nous,  poly  androus,  poly gy  nous  ;  the  calyx  and  corolla  colored 
alike,  in  three  or  more  rows  of  three,  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Sepals 
and  petals  deciduous.  Stamens  in  several  rows  at  the  base  of  the  recep- 
tacle :  anthers  adnate.  Pistils  many,  mostly  packed  together  and  covering 
the  prolonged  receptacle,  cohering  with  each  other,  and  in  fruit  forming  a 
sort  of  fleshy  or  dry  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  anatropous  :  albu- 
men fleshy  :  embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  alternate,  not  toothed,  marked  with 
minute  transparent  dots,  feather-veined.  Flowers  single,  large.  Bark 
aromatic  and  bitter.  —  There  are  only  two  Northern  genera,  Magnolia  and 
Liriodendron. 

1.    Itf  AON  6  L,  I  A,    L.        MAGNOLIA. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6-9.  Stamens  with  very  short  filaments,  and  long  anthers 
opening  inwards.  Pistils  aggregated  on  the  long  receptacle  and  coherent  in  a 
mass,  together  forming  a  fleshy  and  rather  woody  cone-like  red  fruit ;  each  car 


16  MAGNOLIACE^E.       (MAGNOLIA    FAMILY.) 

pel  at  maturity  opening  on  the  back,  from  which  the  1  or  2  berry-like  seeds  hang 
by  an  extensile  thread  composed  of  unrolled  spiral  vessels.  Inner  seed-coat 
bony. — Buds  conical,  the  coverings  formed  of  the  successive  pairs  of  stipules, 
each  pair  enveloping  the  leaf  next  above,  which  is  folded  lengthwise,  and  ap- 
plied straight  against  the  side  of  the  next  stipular  sheath,  and  so  on.  (Named 
after  Magnol,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Montpellier  in  the  17th  century.) 
*  Leaves  all  scattered  along  the  branches :  buds  silky. 

1.  !?!•  glttiica,  L.     (SMALL  or  LAUREL  MAGNOLIA.      SWEET  BAY.) 
Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  white  beneath  ;  petals  white,  rounded-obovate ;  cone 
of  fruit  small,  oblong.  —  Swamps,  from  near  Cape  Ann  and  New  York  south- 
ward, near  the  coast ;  in  Pennsylvania  as  far  west  as  Cumberland  Co.    June- 
Aug.  —  Shrub  4°  -  20°  high,  Avith  thickish  leaves,  Avhich  farther  south  are  ever 
green,  and  sometimes  oblong-lanceolate.     Flower  very  fragrant,  2'  -  3'  broad. 

2.  M.    acuminata,    L.     (CUCUMBER-TREE.)     Leaves  oblong,  pointed, 
green  and  a  little  pubescent  beneath ;  petals  glaucous-green  tinged  with  yellow, 
oblong;  cone  of  fruit  small,  cylindrical.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  York,  Penn., 
Ohio,  and  southward.     May,  June.  —  Tree  60  -  90  feet  high.    Leaves  thin,  5'  - 
10'  long.    Flower  3'  broad.    Fruit  2' -3'  long,  when  young  slightly  resembling 
a  small  cucumber,  whence  the  common  name. 

3.  M.  macropbylla,  Michx.     ( GREAT-LEA YED  MAGNOLIA.)    Leaves 
obovate-oblong ,  cordate  at  the  narrowed  base,  pubescent  and  white  beneath ;  petals 
white,  with  a  purple  spot  inside  at  the  base,  ovate ;  cone  of  fruit  ovoid.  —  Rock- 
castle  and  Kentucky  Rivers,  S.  E.  Kentucky.     Occasionally  planted  farther 
north.     May,  June.  —  Tree  20° -40°  high.     Leaves  2|°-3°  long.     Flower 
8' -10'  broad  when  outspread. 

*  *  Leaves  crowded  on  the  summit  of  the  flowering  branches  in  an  umbrella-like 
circle :  buds  glabrous. 

4.  Ifl.  Umbrella,  Lam.     (UMBRELLA-TREE.)     Leaves  obovate-lanceolatc, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  soon  glabrous,  petals  obovate-oblong.     (M.  tripetala,  L.) 
—  Mountains  of  Penn.  (and  W.  New  York?)  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky  along 
the  Alleghanies.     May.  —  A  small  tree.    Leaves  1°- 2°  long.     Flowers  white, 
7' -8'  broad.     Fruit  rose-color,  4' -5'  long,  ovoid-oblong. 

5.  M.   Fraseri,   Walt.     (EAR-LEAVED    UMBRELLA-TREE.)     Leaves  ob- 
loncj-obovate  or  spatulate,  auriculate  at  the  base,  glabrous  ;  petals  obovate-spatulate, 
with  narrow  claws.     (M.  auricula ta,  Lam.)  —  Virginia  and  Kentucky  along  the 
Alleghanies,  and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Tree,30°-50°  high.     Leaves  8'- 
12'  long.     Flower  (white)  and  fruit  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

M.  CORDATA,  Michx.,  the  YELLOW  CUCUMBER-TREE,  of  Georgia,  and 
M.  GRANDiFLdRA,  L.,  the  GREAT  LAUREL  MAGNOLIA,  of  the  Southern 
States  (a  noble  tree,  remarkable  for  its  deliciously  fragrant  flowers,  and  thick 
evergreen  leaves,  which  are  shining  and  deep  green  above  and  rusty-cojored  be- 
neath), are  the  only  remaining  North  American  species.  The  former  is  hardy 
as  far  north  as  Cambridge.  One  tree  of  the  latter  bears  the  winter  and  blos- 
soms near  Philadelphia.  The  Umbrella-tree  attains  only  a  s  nail  fize  in  New 
England,  where  M.  macrophylla  is  precarious. 


ANONACEJE.       (CUSTARD-APPLE   FAMILY.)  17 

2.    :HRIODtN3>RON,    L.        TULIP-TREE. 

Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  6,  in  two  rows,  making  a  bell-shaped  corolla.  An- 
thers linear,  opening  outwards.  Pistils  flat  and  scale-form,  long  and  narrow, 
imbricated  and  cohering  together  in  an  elongated  cone,  dry,  separating  from 
each  other  and  from  the  long  and  slender  axis  in  fruit,  and  falling  away  whole, 
like  a  samara  or  key,  indehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded  in  the  small  cavity  at  the  base. 
Buds  flat,  sheathed  by  the  successive  pairs  of  flat  and  broad  stipules  joined 
at  their  edges,  the  folded  leaves  bent  down  on  the  petiole  so  that  their  apex 
points  to  the  base  of  the  bud.  (Name  from  \Lpiov,  lily  or  tulip,  and  SeVSpoj/, 
tree.) 

1.  JL.  Tulipifera,  L.  —  Bich  soil,  S.  New  England  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.  May,  June. — A  most  beautiful  tree,  sometimes  140° 
high  and  8°  -  9°  in  diameter  in  the  Western  States,  where  it  is  called  wrongly 
POPLAR.  Leaves  very  smooth,  with  2  lateral  lobes*  near  the  base,  and  2  at  the 
apex,  which  appears  as  if  cut  off  abruptly  by  a  broad  shallow  notch.  Corolla 
2'  broad,  greenish-yellow  marked  with  orange. 

ORDER  3.     ANONACE^E.     (CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY.) 

'*  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds  and  no  stipules,  a  calyx  of  3  sepals,  and 
a  corolla  of  6  petals  in  two  rows,  valvate  in  the  bud,  liypogynous,  polyandrous. 
—  Petals  thickish.  Anthers  adnate,  opening  outwards :  filaments  very 
short.  Pistils  several  or  many,  separate  or  cohering  in  a  mass,  fleshy  or 
pulpy  in  fruit.  Seeds  anatropous,  large,  with  a  crustaceous  seed-coat,  and 
a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  ruminated  albumen.  —  Leaves  alter- 
nate, entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.'  Bark,  &c.  acrid- 
aromatic  or  fetid. — A  tropical  family,  except  one  genus  in  the  United 
States,  viz. : 

1.    A  SIM  IN  A,    Adans.        NORTH  AMERICAN  PAPAW. 

Petals  6,  increasing  after  the  bud  opens ;  the  outer  set  larger  than  the  inner. 
Stamens  numerous  in  a  globular  mass.  Pistils  few,  ripening  1-3  large  and 
oblong  pulpy  several-seeded  fruits.  Seeds  horizontal,  flat,  enclosed  in  a  fleshy 
aril.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised ;  the  lurid 
flowers  axillary  and  solitary.  (Name  from  Asiminier,  of  the  French  colo- 
nists.) 

1.  A.  trflolm,  Dunal.  ( COMMON**  PAPAW.)  Leaves  thin,  obovate-lan- 
ceolate,  pointed ;  petals  dull-purple,  veiny,  round-ovate,  the  outer  ones  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  (Uvaria,  A.  DC.,  Torr.  $  Gray.) — Banks  of 
streams  in  rich  soil,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Ohio  and  southward.  April, 
May.  —  Tree  10° -20°  high;  the  young  shoots  and  expanding  leaves  clothed 
with  a  rusty  down,  soon  glabrous.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  l£'  wide. 
Fruits  2'  -  3'  long,  yellowish,  sweet  and  edible  in  autumn. 

A.  PARVIFL6RA,  a  smaller-flowered  and  small-fruited  low  species,  probably 
does  not  grow  so  :ar  north  as  Virginia. 
2* 


18  MENISPERMACE^.      (MOONSEED    FAMILY.) 

ORDJCR  4.    MENISPERMACE^E.     (MOONSEED  FAMILY.) 

Woody  climbers,  with  palmate  or  peltate  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules  ;  the 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  in  three  or  more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  hypo- 
gynous,  dioecious,  3  -  G-gynous ;  fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  large  or  long 
curved  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  —  Flowers  small.  Stamens  several. 
Ovaries  nearly  straight,  with  the  stigma  at  the  apex,  but  often  incurved 
in  fruiting,  so  that  the  seed  and  embryo  are  bent  into  a  crescent  or  ring. 
Properties  bitter-tonic  and  narcotic.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family :  there  are 
only  three  species,  belonging  to  as  many  genera,  in  the  United  States. 

Synopsis. 

1    COCCULUS.    Stamens,  petals,  and  sepals  each  6.    Anthers  4-celled. 

2.  MENISPERMUM.    Stamens  12-24,  slender.    Petals  6 -8.    Sepals  4 -8.    Anthers  4-celled. 

3.  CALYCOCARPUM.    Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  12,  short ;  in  the  fertile  flowers  6,  abor 

tire.    Petals  none.    Anthers  2-celled. 

1.    COCCUJLUS,    DC.        Coccus, 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  6,  the  two  latter  short.  Anthers  4-celled.  Pistils 
3  -  6  in  the  fertile  flowers  :  style  pointed.  Drupe  and  seed  as  in  Moonseect 
Cotyledons  narrowly  linear  and  flat. — Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles. 
\ An  old  name,  from  coccum,  a  berry.) 

1.  C.   Carolines,   DC.    Minutely  pubescent;   leaves  downy  beneath, 
ovate  or  cordate,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed,  variable  in  shape ;  flowers  greenish 
the  petals  in  the  sterile  ones  auriculate-inflexed  below  around  the  filaments 
drupe  red  (as  large  as  a  small  pea).  —  Eiver-banks,  S.    Illinois,  Virginia,  and 
southward.    July. 

2.    MEJVISPERMUM,    L.        MOONSEED. 

Sepals  4-8.  Petals  6-8,  short.  Stamens  12-20  in  the  sterile  flowers,  as 
long  as  the  sepals  :  anthers  4-celled.  Pistils  2  -  4  in  the  fertile  flowers,  raised 
on  a  short  common  receptacle :  stigma  broad  and  flat.  Drupe  globular,  the 
mark  of  the  stigma  near  the  base,  the  ovaiy  in  its  growth  after  flowering  being 
strongly  incurved,  so  that  the  (wrinkled  and  grooved)  laterally  flattened  stone 
(putamen)  takes  the  form  of  a  large  crescent  or  a  ring.  The  slender  embiyo 
therefore  is  horseshoe-shaped :  cotyledons  filiform.  —  Flowers  white,  in  axillary 
panicles.  (Name  from  prjvr),  moon,  and  <r7rep/*a,  seed.} 

_.  M.  Caiaadeiise,  L.  (CANADIAN  MOONSEED.)  Leaves  peltate  near 
the  edge,  3  -  7-angled  or  lobed.  —  Banks  of  streams  ;  common.  June,  July. 
Drapes  black  with  a  bloom,  ripe  in  September,  looking  like  frost  grapes. 

3.    CAL.YCOCARPUM,    Nutt.        CUPSEED. 

Sepals  6.  Petals  none.  Stamens  12  in  the  sterile  flowers,  short :  anthers 
2-celled.  Pistils  3,  spindle-shaped,  tipped  with  a  radiate  many-cleft  stigma. 
Drupe  not  incurved ;  but  the  thin  crustaceous  putamen  hollowed  out  like  a  cup 


BERBERIDACE^E.       (BARBERRY   FAMILY.)  19 

on  one  side.  Embryo  foliaceous,  heart-shaped.  —  Flowers  greenish-white,  in 
long  racemose  panicles.  (Name  composed  of  /caAv£,  a  cup,  and  Kapiros,  fruit, 
from  the  shape  of  the  shell.) 

1.  C.  JLyoni,  Nutt.  (Menispermum  Lyoni,  Pursh.) — Kich  soil,  S.  Ken- 
tucky. May.  —  Stems  climbing  to  the  tops  of  trees.  Leaves  large,  thin,  deeply 
3  -  5-lobed,  cordate  at  the  base ;  the  lobes  acuminate.  Drupe  an  inch  long, 
globular,  greenish ;  the  shell  crested-toothed  on  the  edge  of  the  cavity. 

ORDER  5.     BERBERIDACEJE.     (BARBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  the  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud  in  2 
or  more  rows  of  2  -  4  each  ;  the  hypogynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals 
and  opposite  them:,  anthers  opening  by  2  valves  or  lids  hinged  at  the  top. 
(Podophyllum  is  an  exception,  and  Jeflersonia  as  respects  the  sepals  in  one 
row.)  P'istil  single.  Filaments  short.  Style  short  or  none.  Fruit  a  ber- 
ry or  a  pod.  Seeds  few  or  several,  anatropous,  with  albumen.  Leaves 
alternate. 

Synopsis.  / 

TEIBE  I.    HERBERIDE.7E.     Shrubs.    Embryo  large :  cotyledons  flat.    (Berries  acid 
and  innocent.    Bark  astringent ;  the  wood  yellow.) 

1.  BEEBKRIS.    Petals  6,  each  2-glandular  at  the  base. 

TEIBB  II.    STANDEE EJE.    Herbs.    Embryo  short  or  minute.    (Roots  and  foliage  some- 
times drastic  or  poisonous.) 

*  Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

2.  CAULOPHYLLUM.    Petals  6,  thick  and  gland-like,  short.    Ovules  2,  soon  naked 
8.  DIPHYLLEIA.    Petals  6,  flat,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.    Berry  2  -4-seeded. 
4.  JEFFERSONIA.    Petals  8.    Pod  many-seeded,  opening  on  one  side  by  a  lid. 

*  *  Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves, 
i.  PODOPHYLLUM.    Petals  6-9.    Stamens  6  - 18 !    Fruit  pulpy,  many-seeded. 

1.     BERBERIS,     L.        BARBERRY. 

Sepals  6,  roundish,  with  2  or  6  bractlets  outside.  Petals  6,  obovate,  concave, 
with  2  glandular  spots  inside  above  the  short  claw.  Stamens  6.  Stigma  cir- 
cular, depressed.  Fruit  a  1  -few-seeded  berry.  Seeds  erect,  with  a  crustaceous 
integument.  —  Shrubs,  with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  yellow  flowers  in 
drooping  racemes,  and  sour  berries  and  leaves.  Stamens  irritable.  (Derived 
from  Berberys,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  B.   VULGARIS,   L.     (COMMON  BARBERRY.)    Leaves  scattered  on  the 
fresh  shoots  of  the  season,  mostly  small  and  with  sharp-lobed  margins,  or  re- 
duced to  sharp  triple  or  branched  spines  ;  from  which  the  next  season  proceed 
rosettes  or  fascicles  of  obovate-oblong  closely  bristly-toothed  leaves,  and  droop- 
ing many-flowered  racemes ;  petals  entire ;  berries  oblong,  scarlet.  —  Thickets  and 
waste  grounds,  in  E.  New  England,  where  it  has  become  thoroughly  wild :  else- 
where rarely  spontaneous.    May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.    Canadensis,    Pursh.     (AMERICAN  BARBERRY.)    Leaves  re- 
pandly-toothed,  the  teeth  less  bristly-pointed  ;    racemes  few-jfloivered ;    petals 


20  BERBERIDACEJE.       (BARBERRY   FAMILY.) 

notched  at  the  apex ;  berries  oval  (otherwise  as  in  No.  1,  of  which  Dr.  Hooker 
deems  it  a  variety,  perhaps  with  reason).  —  Alleghanies  of  Virginia  and  south- 
ward :  not  in  Canada.  June.  —  Shrub  1°  -  3°  high. 

B.  (MAH6NIA)  AQUIF6LIDM,  Pursh,  of  Western  N.  America, — belonging 
to  a  section  of  the  genus  with  mostly  evergreen  pinnate  leaves  and  blue  ber- 
ries>  —  is  not  rare  in  cultivation,  as  an  ornamental  shrub. 

2.    CAUL,OPHYL,L,UM,    Michx.        BLUE  COHOSH. 

Sepals  6,  with  3  small  bractlets  at  the  base,  ovate-oblong.  Petals  6  thick  and 
gland-like  somewhat  kidney-shaped  or  hooded  bodies,  with  short  claws,  much 
smaller  than  the  sepals,  one  at  the  base  of  each  of  them.  Stamens  6  :  anthers 
Oblong.  Pistil  gibbous  :  style  short :  stigma  minute  and  unilateral :  ovary 
bursting  soon  after  flowering  by  the  pressure  of  the  2  erect,  enlarging  seeds, 
and  withering  away ;  the  spherical  seeds  naked  on  their  thick  seed-stalks,  look- 
ing like  drupes  ;  the  fleshy  integument  turning  blue  :  albumen  of  the  texture  of 
horn.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  knotty  rootstocks,  sending  up 
in  early  spring. a  simple  and  naked  stem,  terminated  by  a  small  raceme  or  pani- 
cle of  yellowish-green  flowers,  and  a  little  below  bearing  a  large  triternately 
compound  leaf  without  any  common  petiole  (whence  the  name,  from  KctvAor, 
stem,  and  (£vXAoi>,  leaf;  the  stem  seeming  to  form  a  stalk  for  the  great  leaf). 
Leaflets  obovate-wedge-form,  2-3-lobed. 

1.  C.  thalictroides,  Michx.  (Also  called  PAPPOOSE-ROOT.)  Leoo- 
tice  thalictroides,  L.  —  Deep  rich  woods.  April,  May.  —  Stems  1°-2|°  high. 
Flowers  appearing  while  the  leaf  is  yet  small.  A  smaller  biternate  leaf  often 
at  the  base  of  the  panicle.  Whole  plant  glaucous  when  young,  also  the  seeds, 
which  are  of  the  size  of  large  peas. 

3.    DIPHYI^EIA,    Michx.        UMBRELLA-LEAF. 

Sepals  6,  fugacious.  Petals  6,  oval,  flat,  larger  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  6 : 
anthers  oblong.  Ovary  oblong  :  style  hardly  any :  stigma  depressed.  Ovules  5 
or  6,  attached  to  one  side  of  the  cell  below  the  middle.  Berry  few-seeded. 
Seeds  oblong,  with  no  aril. — A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  thick  horizontal 
rootstocks,  sending  up  each  year  either  a  huge,  centrally  peltate  and  cut-lobed, 
rounded,  umbrella-like  radical  leaf  on  a  stout  stalk,  or  a  flowering  stem  bearing 
two  similar  (but  smaller  and  more  2-cleft)  alternate  leaves  which  are  peltate  near 
one  margin,  and  terminated  by  a  cyme  of  white  flowers.  (Name  composed  of 
dls,  twice,  and  $v\\ov,  leaf.) 

1.  I>.  cymosa,  Michx.  Wet  or  springy  places,  mountains  of  Virginia 
and  southward.  May.  —  Boot-leaves  l°-2°  in  diameter,  2-cleft,  each  division 
5  -  7-lobed ;  lobes  toothed.  Berries  blue. 

4.    JEFFERS6N1A,    Barton         TWIN-LEAP 

Sepals  4,  fugacious.  Petals  8,  oblong,  flat.  Stamens  8 :  anthers  oblong- 
linear,  on  slender  filaments.  Ovary  ovoid,  soon  gibbous,  pointed :  stigma  2- 
lobed.  Pod  pear-shaped,  opening  half-way  round  horizontally,  the  upper  part 


NELUMBIACE^:.       (NELUMBO   FAMILY.)  21 

making  a  lid.  Seeds  many  in  several  rows  on  the  lateral  placenta,  with  a  fleshy 
lacerate  aril  on  one  side.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  fibrous  roots, 
long-petioled  root-leaves,  parted  into  2  half-ovate  leaflets,  and  simple  naked  1- 
flowered  scapes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson.) 

1.  J.  diptiylla,  Pcrs.  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward. April,  May.  — Low.  Flower  white,  1'  broad :  the  parts  rarely  in  threes 
or  fives.  —  Called  Rheumatism-root  in  some  places. 

5.    PODOPHY1.L,UM,    L.       MAT-APPLE.    MANDRAKE. 

Flower-bud  with  3  green  bractlets,  which  early  fall  away.  Sepals  6,  fuga- 
cious. Petals  6  or  9,  obovate.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  in  the  Hima- 
layan species,  twice  as  many  in  ours :  anthers  lineai-oblong,  not  opening  by  up- 
lifted valves.  Ovary  ovoid :  stigma  sessile,  large,  thick,  and  undulate.  Fruit  a 
large  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  covering  the  very  large  lateral  placenta,  in  many  rows, 
sach  seed  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril,  all  forming  a  mass  which  fills  the  cavity  of 
the  fruit.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  thick  fibrous  roots. 
Stems  2-leaved,  1 -flowered.  (Name  from  TTOUS,  a  foot,  and  <£vXAoi/,  a  leaf,  from 
a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  5  -  7-parted  leaf  to  the  foot  of  some  web-footed 
animal.) 

1.  P.  peltatnm,  L.  Stamens  12-18;  leaves  5-9-parted;  the  lobes 
oblong,  rather  wedge-shaped,  somewhat  lobed  and  toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Rich 
woods,  common.  May.  — Flowerless  stems  terminated  by  a  large,  round,  7-9- 
lobed  leaf,  peltate  in  the  middle,  like  an  umbrella.  Flowering  stems  bearing  2 
one-sided  leaves,  with  the  stalk  fixed  near  the  inner  edge ;  the  nodding  white 
flower  from  the  fork,  nearly  2'  broad.  Fruit  ovoid,  l'-2'  long,  ripe  in  July, 
slightly  acid,  mawkish,  eaten  by  pigs  and  boys.  Leaves  and  roots  drastic  and 
poisonous ! 

ORDER  6.     NELUMBIACE^E.     (NELUMBO  FAMILY.) 

Huge  aquatics,  like  Water-Lilies,  but  the  pistils  distinct,  forming  acorn- 
shaped  nuts,  and  separately  imbedded  in  cavities  of  the  enlarged  top-shaped 
receptacle.  Seeds  solitary,  fitted  with  the  large  and  highly  developed  embryo  : 
albumen  none.  —  Sepals  and  petals  colored  alike,  in  several  rows,  hypogy- 
nous,  as  well  as  the  numerous  stamens,  and  deciduous.  Leaves  orbicular, 
centrally  peltate  and  cup-shaped.  —  Embraces  only  the  singular  genus 

1.    BTELiinJIBIUM,    Juss.        NELDMBO.     SACRED  BEAN. 

Character  same  as  of  the  order.  (Name  Latinized  from  Nelumbo,  the  Ce  y- 
lonese  name  of  the  East  Indian  species.) 

1.  IV.  lutcum,  Willd.  (YELLOW  NELUMBO,  or  WATER  CHINQUEPIN.) 
Corolla  pale  yellow  :  anthers  tipped  with  a  slender  hooked  appendage.  —  Wa- 
ters of  the  Western  and  Southern  States ;  rare  in  the  Middle  States  :  introduced 
into  the  Delaware  below  Philadelphia.  Big  Sodus  Bay,  L.  Ontario,  and  in  the 
Connecticut  near  Lyme ;  perhaps  introduced  by  the  aborigines.  June,  July 


22  NYMPH^EACE^E.       (WATER-LILY   FAMILY.) 

—  Leaves  l°-2°  broad.  Flower  5' -8'  in  diameter.  Tubers  farinaceous. 
Seeds  also  eatable.  Embryo  like  tbat  of  Nymphsea  on  a  large  scale.  Cotyle- 
dons thick  and  fleshy,  enclosing  a  plumule  of  1  or  2  well-formed  young  leaves, 
enclosed  in  a  delicate  stipule-like  sheath. 

ORDER  7.     CABOMBACE^E.     (WATER-SHIELD  FAMILY.) 

Aquatics,  like  Water-Lilies ;  but  the  hypogynous  sepals,  petals,  stamens  (in 
threes,  persistent),  and  pistils  much  fewer  (definite)  in  number,  all  distinct 
and  separate.  Seeds  very  few.  —  Really  no  more  than  a  simple  state  of 
Nymphaeaceae :  embraces  Cabomba,  of  the  Southern  States,  and  the  follow- 
ing genus. 

1.    BRASEWIA,    Schreber.        WATER-SHIELD. 

Sepals  3  or  4.  Petals  3-4,  linear,  sessile.  Stamens  12-18  :  filaments  fili- 
form :  anthers  innate.  Pistils  4-18,  forming  little  club-shaped  indehiscent 
pods.  Seeds  1-2,  pendulous  on  the  dorsal  suture!  Embryo  enclosed  in  a 
peculiar  bag,  at  the  end  of  the  albumen  next  the  hilum.  —  Rootstock  creeping. 
Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  centrally  peltate,  oval,  floating  on  the  water. 
Flowers  axillary,  small,  dull-purple.  (Name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  B.  peltata,  Pursh.  (Hydropeltis  purpurea,  Michx.) — Ponds  and 
slow  streams.  June -Aug.  —  Stalks  coated  with  clear  jelly.  Leaves  entire, 
2' -3'  across.  (Also  a  native  of  Australia  and  Eastern  India !) 

ORDER  8.     NYMPHJEACE^E.    -(WATER-LILY  FAMILY.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  round  or  peltate  floating  leaves,  and  solitary  showy 
flowers  from  a  prostrate  rootstock ;  the  partly  colored  sepals  and  numerous 
petals  and  stamens  imbricated  in  several  rows  ;  the  numerous  pistils  combined 
into  a  many-celled  compound  ovary.  Embryo  small,  enclosed  in  a  little  bag 
at  the  end  of  the  albumen,  next  the  hilum,  with  a  distinct  plumule,  en- 
closed by  the  2  fleshy  cotyledons.  —  Sepals  and  petals  persistent,  hypogy- 
nous or  perigynous ;  the  latter  passing  into  stamens :  anthers  adnate, 
opening  inwards.  Fruit  a  pod-like  berry,  ripening  under  water,  crowned 
with  the  radiate  stigmas,  14-30-celled ;  the  many  anatropous  seeds  at- 
tached to  the  sides  and  back  of  the  cells.  —  Rootstocks  imitating  the  endo- 
genous structure  (astringent,  with  some  milky  juice,  often  farinaceous). 

1.     NYUIPHJEA,    Touru.        WATER-NYMPH.    WATER-LILT. 

Sepals  4,  green  outside.  Petals  numerous,  in  many  rows,  the  inner  narrower 
and  gradually  passing  into  stamens,  imbricately  inserted  all  over  the  surface  of 
the  ovary.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  receptacle,  the  outer  with  petal- 
like  filaments.  Fruit  depressed-globular,  covered  with  the  bases  of  the  decayed 
petals.  Seeds  enveloped  by  a  sac-like  aril.  —  Flowers  white  rose-color,  or  blue, 
very  showy.  (Dedicated  by  the  Greeks  to  the  Water-Nymphs. } 


SARRACENIACE.ZE.       (PITCHER-PLANTS.)  23 

1.  N.  odorata,  Ait.  (SWEET-SCENTED  WATER-LILT.)  Leave*  orbic 
nlar,  sometimes  almost  kidney-shaped,  cordate-cleft  at  the  base  to  the  petiole, 
the  margin  entire  ;  flower  white,  fragrant ;  petals  obtuse ;  anthers  blunt.  — Va- 
ries occasionally  with  the  flowers  rose-color.  —  Ponds,  common ;  the  trunks  im- 
bedded in  the  mud  at  the  bottom,  often  as  large  as  a  man's  arm.  June  -  Sept. 

—  Flower  closing  in  the  afternoon. 

2.    IVilPHAR,    Smith.        YELLOW  POND-LILY.    SPATTER-DOCK. 

Sepals  5  or  6,  partly  colored,  roundish.  Petals  numerous,  small  and  glandu- 
lar, inserted  with  the  stamens  into  an  enlargement  of  the  receptacle  under  tho 
ovary,  shorter  than  the  circular  and  sessile  many-rayed  peltate  stigma.  Fruit 
ovoid,  naked.  Aril  none. — Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  roundish,  sagittate-cor- 
date. (Name  from  Neufar,  the  Arabic  name  for  the  Pond-Lily.) 

1.  N.  ad  vena,  Ait.    Leaves  floating,  or  offcener  emersed  and  erect,  on 
stout  half-cylindrical  petioles ;  sepals  mostly  6,  very  unequal ;  petals  narrowly 
oblong,  very  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate,  resembling  the  very  numerous  stamens 
and  shorter  than  they;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  jilaments ;  stigma  12-24- 
rayed;  the  margin  entire  or  repand ;  fruit  strongly  furrowed,  ovoid-oblong,  trun- 
cate, its  summit  not  contracted  into  a  beak. — In  still  or  stagnant  water;  com- 
mon.   May -Sept. — Leaves  8' -12'  long,  thick,  rounded  or  oblong-ovate  in 
outline.     Flower  2'  broad. 

2.  N.  Kalmiana,  Pursh.    Leaves  floating,  on  slender  or  filiform  peti- 
oles ;  sepals  5  ;  petals  spatulate,  as  long  as  the  moderately  numerous  stamens  ; 
anthers  shorted  than  the  Jilaments ;  stigma  8-14-rayed,  the  margin  crenate ;  fruit 
not  furrowed,  ovoid-globose,  contracted  under  the  stigma  into  a  narrow  and  angled 
beak.     (N.  lutca,  var.  Kalmiana,  Torr.  $•  Gray,  and  ed.  1.     N.  intermedium, 
Ledeb.  ?)  —  Ponds,  &c.,  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.     July,  Aug. 

—  Leaves  l^'-4'  long,  roundish,  the  veins  beneath  much  fewer  and  more 
branched  than  in  the  last.    Flower  1'  - 1|  broad.     (Eu.  ?) 

N.  LtiTEA,  Smith,  I  have  not  seen  anywhere  in  the  United  States. 

ORDER  9.     SARRACENIACEJE.     (PITCHER-PLANTS.) 

Polyandrous  and  hypogynous  bog-plants,  with  hollow  pitcher-form  or  trum- 
pet-shaped leaves,  —  comprising  one  plant  in  the  mountains  of  Guiana,  an- 
other (Darlingtonia,  Torr.~)  in  those  of  California,  and  the  following  genus 
in  the  Atlantic  United  States 

1.    SARRACENIA,    Tourn.        SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER. 

Sepals  5,  with  3  bractlets  at  the  base,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5,  oblong 
or  obovate,  incurved,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
compound,  5-celled,  globose,  crowned  with  a  short  style,  which  is  expanded  at 
the  summit  into  a  very  broad  and  petal-like  5-angled,  5-rayed,  umbrella-shaped 
body ;  the  5  delicate  rays  terminating  under  the  angles  in  as  many  little  hooked 
stigmas.  Capsule  with  a  granular  surface,  5-celled,  with  many-seeded  placentae 


24  PAPAVEKACE^E.       (POPPY   FAMILY.) 

in  the  axis,  5-valved.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  at  the  base  of 
fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennials,  yellowish-green  and  purplish;  the  hollow  leaves 
all  radical,  with  a  wing  on  one  side,  and  a  rounded  arching  hood  at  the  apex. 
Scape  naked,  1-flowered :  flower  nodding.  (Named  by  Tournefort  in  honor 
of  Dr.  Sarrazin  of  Quebec,  who  first  sent  our  Northern  species,  and  a  botanical 
account  of  it,  to  Europe.) 

1.  S.    purpurea,    L.     (SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER.     PITCHER-PLANT. 

HUNTSMAN'S  CUP.)  Leaves  pitcher-shaped,  ascending,  curved,  broadly  winged, 
the  hood  erect,  open,  round  heart-shaped ;  flower  deep  purple ;  the  fiddle-shaped 
petals  arched  over  the  (greenish-yellow)  style.  —  Varies  rarely  with  greenish- 
yellow  flowers,  and  without  purple  veins  in  the  foliage.  (S.  heterophylla, 
Eaton.) — Peat-bogs  ;  common  from  N.  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward 
east  of  the  Alleghanies.  June.  —  The  curious  leaves  are  usually  half  filled 
with  water  and  drowned  insects  :  the  inner  face  of  the  hood  is  clothed  with  stiff 
bristles  pointing  downward.  Flower  globose,  nodding  on  a  scape  a  foot  high  : 
it  is  difficult  to  fancy  any  resemblance  between  its  shape  and  a  side-saddle,  but 
it  is  not  very  unlike  a  pillion. 

2.  S.  flava,  L.     (TRUMPETS.)     Leaves  long  (l°-3°)  and  trumpet-shaped, 
erect,  with  an  open  mouth,  the  erect  hood  rounded,  narrow  at  the  base ;  wing 
almost  none  ;  flower  yellow,  the  petals  becoming  long  and -drooping. — Bogs, 
Virginia  and  southward.    April. 

ORDER  10.     PAP  AVERAGES.     (POPPY  FAMILY.) 

.Herbs  with  milky  or  colored  juice,  regular  flowers  with  the  parts  in  tivos  or 
fours,  fugacious  sepals,  polyandrous,  hypogynous,  the  ovary  1-celled  with  2  or 
more  parietal  placentae. —  Sepals  2,  sometimes  3,  falling  when  the  flower 
expands.  Petals  4-12,  spreading,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  early  deciduous. 
Stamens  16 -many,  distinct.  Fruit  a  dry  1-celled  pod  (in  the  Poppy  im- 
perfectly many-celled,  in  Glaucium  2-celled).  Seeds  numerous,  anatro- 
pous, often  crested,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  fleshy  and  oily 
albumen.  —  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.  Peduncles  mostly  1-flow- 
ered. Juice  narcotic  or  acrid. 

Synopsis. 

*  Petals  more  or  less  crumpled  or  corrugate  in  the  bud. 
•»-  Pod  partly  many-celled  by  the  projecting  placentae,  not  valved. 

1.  PAP  AVER.    Stigmas  united  in  a  radiate  crown :  style  none. 

*-  ••-  P6d  strictly  1-celled,  2-6-valved ;  the  valves  separating  by  their  edges  from  the  thread- 
like placentae,  which  remain  as  a  framewdrk. 

2.  ARGEMONE.    Stigmas  (sessile)  and  placentae  4-6.    Pod  and  leaves  prickly. 

3.  STYLOPHORUM.    Stigmas  and  placentae  3-4.    Style  distinct,  columnar.    Pod  bristly 

4.  CHELIDONIUM.    Stigmas  and  placentae  2.    Pod  linear,  smooth.    Petals  4. 

•t-  H-  H-  Pod  2-celled  by  a  spongy  partition  between  the  placentae,  2-valved. 
6.  GLAUCIUM.    Stigma  2-lobed.    Pod  linear.    Petals  4. 

*  *  Petals  not  crumpled  in  the  bud. 
6   SANGUINARIA.    Petals  8 -12.    Pod  oblong,  turgid,  1-celled,  2-valved. 


PAPAVERACE.E.       (POPPY   FAMILY.)  25 

1.     PA  PAVER,    L.        POPPY. 

Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  mostly  4.  Stigmas  united  in  a  flat  4-20-rayed 
crown,  resting  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary  and  capsule ;  the  latter  short  and 
turgid,  with  4-20  many-seeded  placentas  projecting  like  imperfect  partitions, 
opening  by  as  many  pores  or  chinks  under  the  edge  of  the  stigma.  —  Herbs 
with  a  white  juice ;  the  flower-buds  nodding.  (Derivation  obscure.)  —  Two 
species  of  the  Old  World  are  sparingly  adventive ;  viz. 

1.  P.  SOMNIFERTTM,  L.     (COMMON  POPPY.)     ®  Smooth,  glaucous ;  leaves 
clasping,  wavy,  incised  and  toothed ;  pod  globose ;  corolla  mostly  white  or  pur- 
ple.—  Near  dwellings  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  DtrBiUM,  L.    (SMOOTH-FRUITED  CORN-POPPY.)    (5)  Pinnatifid  leaves 
and  the  long  stalks  bristly ;  pods  club-shaped,  smooth ;  corolla  light  scarlet.  — 
Cult,  grounds,  Westchester,  Penn.  and  southward  :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    ARGEMONE,    L.        PRICKLY  POPPY. 

Sepals  2  or  3.  Petals  4-6.  Style  almost  none :  stigmas  3-6,  radiate.  .Pod 
oblong,  prickly,  opening  by  3  -  6  valves  at  the  top  Seeds  crested.  —  Herbs, 
with  prickly  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Leaves  sessile,  sinuate-lobed,  and  with 
prickly  teeth,  blotched  with  white.  Flower-buds  erect,  short-peduncled.  (Name 
from,  dpye'/xa,  a  disease  of  the  eye,  for  which  the  juice  was  a  supposed  remedy.) 

1.  A.  MEXICANA,  L.  (MEXICAN  PRICKLY  POPPY.)  (D  (D  Flowers  so' 
itary  (pale  yellow  or  white);  calyx  prickly.  —  Waste  places;  not  common.* 
July -Oct.  (Adv.  from  trop.  Amer.) 

3.    STY  I,  OP  HO  RUM,    Nutt.        CELANDINE  POPPY. 

Sepals  2,  hairy.  Petals  4.  Style  distinct,  columnar:  stigma  3-4-lobed. 
Pod  ovoid,  bristly,  3-4-valved  to  the  base.  Seeds  conspicuously  crested. — 
Perennial  herb,  with  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  leaves  like  Celandine,  the 
uppermost  in  pairs,  subtending  one  or  more  slender  1 -flowered  peduncles ;  the 
buds  and  pods  nodding.  Juice  yellow.  Corolla  yellow.  (Name  from  orvXoj, 
a  style,  and  <^>ep<a,  to  bear ;  indicating  one  of  its  characters.) 

1.  S.  dipliyllami,  Nutt.  (Meconopsis  diphylla,  D C.)  —Woods,  W. 
Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  May.  —  Divisions  of  the  leaves  5-7,  sinu- 
ate-lobed. Flower  2'  broad. 

4.    CMELIBONHJM,    L.        CELANDINE. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  16-24.  Style  nearly  none  :  stigma  2-lobed. 
Pod  linear,  slender,  smooth,  2-valved,  the  valves  opening  from  the  bottom  up 
wards.  Seeds  crested.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  brittle  stems,  saffron-colored  acrid 
juice,  pinnately  divided  or  2-pinnatifid  and  toothed  or  cut  leaves,  and  small  yel- 
low flowers.  (Name  from  xeXtft&i',  the  Swallow,  because,  according  to  Dios- 
corides,  it  begins  to  flower  at  the  time  the  swallows  appear.) 

1.  C.  MAJUS,  L.    (CELANDINE.)    Flowers  several,  in  umbel-like  clusters.  — 
Waste  grounds  near  dwellings.    May- Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 
3 


26  FUMARIACE^E.       (FUMITORY    FAMILY.) 

I 

5.    GliAtrCIUXII,    Tourn.        HoRN-PorrY. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  indefinite.  Style  none  :  stigma  2-lobed  or  2- 
horned.  Pod  veiy  long  and  linear,  completely  2-celled  by  a  spongy  false  par 
tition,  in  which  the  crestless  seeds  are  partly  immersed. — Annuals  or  biennials, 
with  saffron-colored  juice,  clasping  leaves,  and  solitary  yellow  flowers.  (The 
Greek  name,  yXavKiov,  from  the  glaucous  foliage.) 

1.  €r.  LtiTEUM,  Scop.  Glaucous  ;  lower  leaves  pinnatifid  ;  upper  ones  sin- 
uate-lobed  and  toothed,  cordate-clasping;  pods  rough  (6' -10'  long).  —  Waste 
places,  Maryland  and  Virginia ;  not  common.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    SANGUINARIA,    Dill.        BLOOD-ROOT. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12,  spatulate-oblong,  the  inner  narrower.  Stamens 
about  24.  Style  short :  stigma  2-grooved.  Pod  oblong,  turgid,  1 -celled,  2- 
valved.  Seeds  with  a  large  crest.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  thick  prostrate  root- 
stocks,  surcharged  with  red-orange  acrid  juice,  sending  up  in  earliest  spring  a 
rounded  palmate-lobed  leaf,  and  a  1 -flowered  naked  scape.  Flower  white,  hand- 
some. (Name  from  the  color  of  the  juice.) 

1.  S.  CanadensiS,  L.  —  Open  rich  woods  ;  common.    April,  May. 

ESCHSCHOLTZIA  CALIFORNIA,  and  E.  DOUGLASII,  now  common  orna- 
mental annuals  in  the  gardens,  are  curious  Papaveraceous  plants  from  Califor- 
nia and  Oregon.  Their  juice  is  colorless,  but  with  the  odor  of  muriatic  acid. 


ORDER  11.    FUMARIACE^E.     (FUMITORY  FAMILY.) 

Delicate  smooth  herbs,  with  watery  juice,  compound  dissected  leaves,  irregu- 
lar flowers,  with  4  somewhat  united  petals,  6  diadelphous  stamens,  and  pods 
and  seeds  like  those  of  the  Poppy  Family.  —  Sepals  2,  small  and  scale-like. 
Corolla  flattened,  closed ;  the  4  petals  in  two  pairs  ;  the  outer  with  spread- 
ing tips,  and  one  or  both  of  them  spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base  ;  the  inner 
pair  narrower,  and  with  their  callous  crested  tips  united  over  the  stigma. 
Stamens  in  two  sets  of  3  each,  placed  opposite  the  larger  petals,  hypogy- 
nous ;  their  filaments  often  united ;  the  middle  anther  of  each  set  2-celled, 
the  lateral  ones  1-celled.  Stigma  flattened  at  right  angles  with  the  ovary. 
Pod  1-celled,  either  1  seeded  and  indehiscent,  or  several-seeded  with  2  pa- 
rietal placentse.  —  Leaves  usually  alternate,  without  stipules.  (Slighily 
bitter,  innocent  plants.) 

Synopsis. 

*  Pod  slender  :  the  2  valves  separating  from  the  persistent  filiform  placentae, 

1.  ADLUMIA.    Corolla  heart-shaped,  persistent ;  petals  united.    Seeds  crestless. 

2.  DICENTBA.    Corolla  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  at  the  base.    Seeds  crested. 
8.   CORYDALIS.    Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base.    Seeds  crested. . 

*  *  Pod  fleshy,  indehiscent,  globular,  1-seeded. 
4.  FUMARIA.    Corolla  1-spnrred  at  the  base     Seed  creBtless. 


FTJMARIACEjE.      (FUMITORY   FAMILY.)  27 

1.    A  I>  LIT  MI  A,    Kaf.        CLIMBING  FUMITOBT. 

Petals  all  permanently  united  in  an  ovate  corolla,  2-saccate  at  the  base,  be* 
coming  dry  and  persistent,  enclosing  the  small  few-seeded  pod.  Seeds  not 
crested.  Stigma  2-crested.  Stamens  diadelphous. — A  climbing  biennial  vine, 
with  thrice-pinnate  leaves,  cut-lobed  delicate  leaflets,  and  ample  panicles  of 
drooping  whitish  flowers.  (Dedicated  by  Rafinesque  to  Major  Adlum.) 

1.  A.  cirrliosa,  Raf.  (Corydalis  fungosa,  Vent.)  —  Wet  woods;  com- 
mon westward.  July-  Oct.  — A  handsome  vine,  with  delicate  foliage  and  pale 
flesh-colored  blossoms,  climbing  by  the  tendril-like  young  leafstalks  over  high 
bushes  ;  cultivated  for  festoons  and  bowers  in  shaded  places. 

2.    I>ICENTRA,    Bork.        DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES. 

Petals  slightly  united  into  a  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  corolla,  either  decidu- 
ous or  withering.  Stigma  2-crested  and  sometimes  2-horned.  Filaments  slightly 
united  in  two  sets.  Pod  10-20-seeded.  Seeds  crested. — Low,  mostly  stem- 
less  perennials,  with  ternately  compound  and  dissected  leaves,  and  racemose 
nodding  flowers.  Pedicels  2-bracted.  (Name  from  Si's,  twice,  and  Kevrpov,  a 
spur.) 

1.  I>.  Cucullaria,  DC.    (DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.)    Granulate-bulbous; 
lobes  of  the  leaves  linear ;  raceme  simple,  few-flowered ;  corolla  urith  2  divergent 
spurs  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  minute.  —  Rich  woods,  es- 
pecially westward.    April,  May. — A  very  delicate  plant,  sending  up  in  early 
spring,  from  the  cluster  of  little  grain-like  tubers  crowded  together  in  the  form 
of  a  scaly  bulb,  the  finely  cut  long-stalked  leaves  and  slender  scape,  the  latter 
bearing  4-10  pretty,  but  odd,  white  flowers  tipped  with  cream-color. 

2.  D.  Canadcnsis,   DC.     (SQUIRREL-CORN.)     Subterranean  shoots 
tuberiferous ;  leaves  and  raceme  as  in  No.  1 ;  corolla  merely  heart-shaped,  the 
spurs  very  short  and  rounded ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  conspicuous,  projecting.  — • 
Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky,  especially  northward.    April, 
May.  —  Tubers  scattered,  round,  flattened,  as  large  as  peas  or  grains  of  Indian 
Corn,  yellow.     Calyx  minute.    Flowers  greenish-white  tinged  with  red,  with  the 
fragrance  of  Hyacinths. 

3.  D.  eximia,  DC.     Subterranean  shoots  scaly;  divisions  and  lobes  of 
the  leaves  broadly  oblong;  raceme  compound,  clustered;  corolla  oblong,  2-saccate 
at  the  base ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  projecting.  —  Rocks,  W.  New  York,  rare 
( Thomas,  Sartwell) ,  and  Alleghanies  of  Virginia.    May  -  Aug.  —  A  larger  plant 
than  the  others.    Flowers  reddish-purple. 

3.    CORITDALIS,    Vent.        CORYDALIS. 

Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base  (on  the  upper  side),  deciduous.  Style  persist- 
ent. Pod  many-seeded.  Seeds  crested.  Flowers  in  racemes.  Our  species 
are  biennial  and  leafy-stemmed.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Fumitory.) 

1.  C.  aurea,  Willd.  (GOLDEN  CORYDALIS.)  Stems  low,  spreading ;  ra- 
cemes simple ;  spur  incurved ;  pods  pendent ;  seeds  with  a  scalloped  crest.  — 


28  CRUCIFERE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

Rocks  by  streams,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  April  -  July.  —  Glau- 
cous :  flowers  golden-yellow  and  showy,  or  paler  and  less  handsome.  Pods 
1'  long,  uneven. 

2.  C.  glauca,  Pursh.  (PALE  CORYDALIS.)  Stem  upright}  racemes 
panicled ;  spur  short  and  rounded ;  pods  erect,  slender,  elongated ;  seeds  with  a 
small  entire  crest.  —  Rocky  places;  common.  May -July.  —  Corolla  whitish, 
shaded  with  yellow  and  reddish. 

4.    FUMlRIA,    L.        FUMITORY. 

Corolla  1 -spurred  at  the  base.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  indehiscent,  small, 
globular,  1 -seeded.  Seeds  crestless.  —  Branched  annuals,  with  finely  dissected 
compound  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  racemes  or  spikes.  (Name  from 
fumus,  smoke.) 

1.  F.  OFFiciNlLis,  L.  (COMMON  FUMITORY.)  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  sharply  toothed,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  corolla  (which  is  flesh- 
color  tipped  with  crimson) ;  fruit  slightly  notched.  —  Waste  places,  about  dwell- 
ings. (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  12.     CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  with  a  pungent  watery  juice  and  cruciform  tetradynamous  flowers: 
fruit  a  silique  or  silicle.  —  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  reg- 
ular, placed  opposite  each  other  in  pairs,  their  spreading  limbs  forming  a 
cross.  Stamens  6,  two  of  them  inserted  lower  down  and  shorter.  Pod 
2-celled  by  a  thin  partition  stretched  between  the  2  marginal  placentae, 
from  which  when  ripe  the  valves  separate,  either  much  longer  than  broad 
(a  silique},  or  short  (a  silicle  or  pouch),  sometimes  indehiscent  and  nut-like 
(nucumentaceous),  or  separating  across  into  1-seeded  joints  (lomentaceous). 
Seeds  campylotropous,  without  albumen,  filled  Ipy  the  large  embryo,  which 
is  curved  or  folded  in  various  ways :  i.  e.  the  cotyledons  accumbent,  viz. 
their  margins  on  one  side  applied  to  the  radicle,  so  that  the  cross-section  of 
the  seed  appears  thus  oQ  ;  or  else  incumbent,  viz.  the  back  of  one  cotyle- 
don applied  to  the  radicle,  thus  o(J).  In  these  cases  the  cotyledons  are 
plane ;  but  they  may  be  folded  upon  themselves,  as  in  Mustard,  where  they 
are  conduplicate,  thus  o^>.  In  Leavenworthia  alone  the  whole  embryo  is 
straight.  —  Leaves  alternate,  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or 
corymbs:  pedicels  not  bracted.  —  A  large  and  very  natural  family,  of 
pungent  or  acrid,  but  not  poisonous  plants.  (Characters  taken  from  the 
pods  and  seeds ;  the  flowers  being  nearly  alike  in  all.) 

Synopsis. 

I.   SILIQUOS.33.    Pod  long,  a  silique,  opening  by  valves. 

TUBE  I.    ARABIDE.flE.    Pod  elongated  (except  in  Nasturtium)     Seeds  flattered.    Go 
tyledons  accumbent,  plane. 


CRUCIFERJE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  29 

*  Pod  terete,  or  slightly  flattened ;  the  valves  nerveless. 

1   N  A.STURTIUM.    Pod  linear,  oblong,  or  even  globular,  turgid.    Seeds  irregularly  in  tw* 
rows  in  each  cell,  small. 

2.  IODANTHUS.    Pod  linear,  elongated.    Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

*  Pod  flat ;  the  valves  nerveless.    Seeds  hi  one  row  hi  each  cell. 

3.  LEAVENWORTHIA.    Pod  oblong.    Seeds  winged.    Embryo  straight !    Leaves  all  radical. 

4.  DENTARIA.    Pod  lanceolate.    Seeds  wingless,  on  broad  seed-stalks.    Stem  few-leaved. 

6.  CARDAMINE.    Pod  linear  or  linear-lanceolate.    Seeds  wingless,  on  slender  seed-stalk*. 

Stems  leafy  below. 
*  *  *  Pod  flattened  or  4-angled,  linear ;  the  valves  one-nerved  hi  the  middle,  or  veiny. 

6.  ARABIS.    Pods  flat  or  flattish.    Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell.    Flowers  white  or  purple. 

7.  TURRITIS.    Pods  and  flowers  as  in  Arabis,  but  the  seeds  occupying  two  rows  hi  eaeh  celL 

8.  BARBAREA..    Pod  somewhat  4-sided.    Seeds  hi  one  row  in  each  cell.    Flowers  yellow- 

TEIBE  H.  SISYMBRIE JB.  Pod  elongated.  Seeds  thickish.  Cotyledons  incumbent, 
narrow,  plane. 

9.  ERYSIMUM.    Pod  sharply  4-angled,  linear.    Flowers  yellow. 

10.  SISYMBRIUM.    Pods  terete,  or  obtusely  4  -  6-angled,  or  flattish.   Flowers  white  or  yellow. 

TRIBE  III.  BRASSICEJE.  Pod  elongated.  Seeds  globular.  Cotyledons  incumbent 
and  conduplicate,  folded  round  the  radicle. 

11.  SINAPIS.    Pod  terete ;  the  valves  3  -5-nerved.    Calyx  spreading. 

II.  SILICULOS^E.     Pod  short,  a  silicle  or  pouch,  opening  by  valves. 

TRIBE  IT.  ALYSSINEJE.  Pod  oval  or  oblong,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  parti- 
tion, if  at  all.  Cotyledons  accumbent,  plane. 

12.  DRABA.    Pod  flat,  many-seeded  :  valves  1  -  3-nerved. 

13.  VESICARIA.    Pod  globular,  inflated,  4  -  several-seeded :  valves  nerveless. 
1.  NASTURTIUM.    Pod  turgid,  many-seeded :  valves  nerveless. 

TRIBE  V.  C  AMELINE^.  Pod  ovoid  or  oblong,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  parti- 
tion. Cotyledons  incumbent,  plane. 

14.  CAMELINA.    Pod  obovoid,  turgid :  valves  1-nerved.    Style  slender. 

TRIBE  VI.  iLEPIDIXEJE.  Pod  short,  the  boat-shaped  valves  flattened  contrary  to 
the  narrow  partition.  Cotyledons  incumbent  (accumbent  in  one  instance),  plane. 

15.  LEPIDIUM.    Pod  two-seeded. 

16.  CAPSELLA.    Pod  many-seeded,  inversely  heart-shaped-triangular. 

TRIBE  Til.  SUBUL  ARIEJE.  Pod  oval,  turgid,  somewhat  flattened  contrary  to  the 
broad  partition.  Cotyledons  long  and  narrow,  transversely  folded  on  themselves  and 
incumbent. 

17.  SUBULARIA.    Pod  several-seeded :  the  valves  convex-boat-shaped. 

TRIBE  "vTU.  SENEBIERE.aE.  Pod  compressed  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  parti- 
tion ;  the  cells  separating  from  the  partition  at  maturity  as  two  closed  one-seeded  nut- 
lets. Cotyledons  as  hi  Tribe  7. 

18.  SENEBIERA.    Nutlets  or  closed  cells  roundish,  reticulated. 

HI.  LOMENTACEJE.    Pod  articulated,  i.  e.  separating  across  into  two 
or  more  closed  joints. 

TRIBE  IX.    C  AKILIIVE  JE.     Cotyledons  plane  and  accumbent,  as  hi  Tribe  1. 

19.  CAKILE.    Pod  short,  2-jointed :  the  joints  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

TRIBE  X.    RAPHANK IE.    Cotyledons  conduplicate  and  incumbent,  as  hi  Tribe  & 

20.  EAPHANTJS.    Pod  elongated  several-seeded,  transversely  intercepted. 


30  CRUCIPEKJE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

1.    NASTURTIUM,    K.  Br.    WATER-CRESS. 

Pod  a  short  silique  or  a  silicle,  varying  from  oblong-linear  to  globular,  terete 
or  nearly  so,  often  curved  upwards :  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  small,  turgid, 
marginless,  in  2  irregular  rows  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Aquat- 
ic or  marsh  plants,  with  yellow  or  white  flowers,  and  pinnate  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  usually  glabrous.  (Name  from  Nasus  tortus,  a  convulsed  nose,  alluding 
to  the  effect  of  its  pungent  qualities.) 

§  1.  Petals  white,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  pods  linear :  leaves  pinnate. 

1.  N.  OFFICINALE,  E.  Br.    (WATER-CRESS.)     Stems  spreading  and  root- 
ing; leaflets  3 -11,  roundish  or  oblong,  nearly  entire;  pods  (6" -8"  long)  on 
slender  widely  spreading  pedicels.     1|. — Brooks  and  ditches;  rare:  escaped 
from  cultivation.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Petals  yellow  or  yellowish,  seldom  much  exceeding  the  calyx :  pods  linear,  oblong, 
ovoid,  or  globular:  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid. 

#  Perennial  from  creeping  or  subterranean  shoots:  Jlowers  rather  large,  bright  yellow. 

2.  N.  SYLVESTRE.    K.  Br.    (YELLOW  CRESS.)     Stems  ascending;  leaves 
pinnately parted,  the  divisions  toothed  or  cut,  lanceolate  or  linear;  pods  linear 
(4»_6"  long),  on  slender  pedicels;  style  very  short.  —  Wet  meadows,  near  Phila- 
delphia ;  and  Newton,  Massachusetts,  C.  J.  Sprague.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  N.  Simiatum,  'Nutt.     Stems  low,  diffuse;  leaves  pinnately  cleft,  the 
short  lobes  nearly  entire,  linear-oblong ;  pods  linear-oblong  (4"  -6"  long),  on 
slender  pedicels ;  style  slender. — Banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  westward.    June. 

#  *  Annual  or  biennial,  rarely  perennial?  with  simpk  fibrous  roots :  Jlowers  small 

or  minute,  greenish  or  yellowish :  leaves  somewhat  lyrate. 

4.  W.  sessiliflonim,  Nutt.    Stems  erect,  rather  simple ;  leaves  obtusely 
incised  or  toothed,  obovate  or  oblong;  flowers  minute,  nearly  sessile;  pods  elon- 
gated-oblong (5" -6"  long),  thick;  style  very  short.  — With  No.  3  and  south- 
ward.   April  -  June. 

5.  HT«   obtHsum,   Nutt.    Stems  much  branched,  diffusely  spreading; 
leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  the  divisions  roundish  and  obtusely  toothed  or 
repand ;  Jlowers  minute,  short-pedicetted ;  pods  longer  than  the  pedicels,  varying 
from  linear-oblong  to  short-oval;  style  short.  —  With  No.  3  and  4. 

6.  TV.  palustre,  DC.     (MARSH  CRESS.)     Stem  erect ;  leaves  pinnately 
cleft  or  parted,  or  the  upper  laciniate ;  the  lobes  oblong,  cut-toothed ;  pedicels 
about  as  long  as  the  small  Jlowers  and  mostly  longer  than  the  oblong,  ellipsoid,  or 
ovoid  pods ;  style  short.  —  Wet  ditches  and  borders  of  streams,  common.    June 
-Sept. — Flowers  only  l"-l£"  long.     Stems  l°-3°  high.  —  The  typical  form 
with  oblong  pods  is  rare  (W.  New  York,  Dr.  Sartwell).     Short  pods  and  hirsute 
stems  and  leaves  are  common.    Var.  HISP!DTJM  (N.  hispidum,  DC.)  is  this, 
with  ovoid  or  globular  pods.     (Eu.) 

$  3.  Petals  white,  much  longer  than  the  calyx :  pods  ovoid  or  globular :  leaves  undi- 
vided, or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid.     (Armoracia.) 

7.  N.  lacustre,  Gray,  Gen.  HI.  1,  p.  132.     (LAKE  CRESS.)    Aquatic; 
immersed  leaves  1  -  3-pinnately  dissected  into  numerous  capillary  divisions ; 
emersed  leaves  oblong,  entire,  serrate,  or  pinnatifid ;  pedicels  widely  spreading ; 


«RUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  31 

pods  ovoid,  one-celled,  a  little  longer  than  the  style.  }\.  (N.  natans,  ed.  1 .  N.  natans, 
var.  Americanum,  Gray.  Armoracia  Americana,  Am,} — Lakes  and  rivers, 
N.  New  Fork  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  July. 

8.  N.  ARMORACIA,  Fries.  (HORSERADISH.)  Root-leaves  very  large,  ob- 
long, crenate,  rarely  pinnatifid ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate ;  fruiting  pedicels 
ascending;  pods  globular  (seldom  formed);  style  very  short.  1J.  (Cochlearia 
Armoracia,  L.)  — Boots  large  and  long;  —  a  well-known  condiment.  Escaped 
from  cultivation  into  moist  ground.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    IODAWTHUS,    Torr.  &  Gray.        FALSE  ROCKET. 

Pod  linear,  elongated,  terete ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in 
each  cell,  not  margined.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Claws  of  the  violet-purple 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx.  — A  smooth  perennial,  with  ovate-oblong  pointed 
and  toothed  leaves,  the  lowest  sometimes  lyrate-pinnatifid,  and  showy  flowers  in 
panicled  racemes.  (Name  from  uoSqs,  violet-colored,  and  avdos,  /lower.) 

1.  I.  hespeiidoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Hesperis  pinnatifida,  Michx.)  — 
Banks  of  rivers,  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  May,  June.  —  Stem  l°-3°  high. 
Petals  5"  long,  spatulate.  Pods  1'  to'nearly  2'  long,  somewhat  curved  upwards. 

3.    L.EAVENWORTH1A,    Torr.        LEAVENWORTHIA. 

Pod  linear  or  oblong,  flat;  the  valves  nerveless,  but  minutely  reticulate- 
veined.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  flat,  surrounded  by  a  wing.  Em- 
bryo straight !  or  the  short  radicle  only  slightly  bent  in  the  direction  which  if 
continued  would  make  the  orbicular  cotyledons  accumbent. — Little  biennials  or 
hyemal  annuals,  glabrous  and  stemless,  with  lyrate  root-leaves  and  short  one  - 
few-flowered  scapes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  M.  C.  Leavenworth,  the  discoverer 
of  one  species.) 

1.  It.  IVIicliaitxii,  Torr.     Scapes  one-flowered;  petals  white  or  purplish, 
yellowish  towards  the  base.     (Cardamine  uniflora,  Michx.}  —  On  flat  rocks, 
Southeastern  Kentucky  (also  Tennessee  and  Alabama,  whence  Prof.  Hatch  sends 
it  with  purple  flowers).    March,  April. 

2.  It.  aiirea,  Torr.     Scapes  1  -8-flowered;  petals  yellow,  larger  than  in  the 
other  (perhaps  not  distinct).  —  With  No.  1,  and  southwestward. 

4.    I>ENTAItIA,    L.        TOOTHWORT.    PEPPER-ROOT. 

Pod  lanceolate,  flat,  as  in  Cardamine,  but  broader.  Seed-stalks  broad  and 
flat. — Perennials,  with  long,  horizontal,  fleshy,  sometimes  interrupted,  toothed 
rootstocks  of  a  pleasant  pungent  taste ;  the  low  simple  stems  bearing  2  or  3 
petioled  compound  leaves  about  the  middle,  and  terminated  by  a  single  raceme 
of  large  white  or  purple  flowers.  (Name  from  dens,  a  tooth.) 

1.  D.  diphylla,  L.  RootstocJc  long  and  continuous,  toothed;  stem-leaves  2, 
similar  to  the  radical  ones,  close  together,  of  3  rhombic-ovate  coarsely  toothed 
leaflets.  —  Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Kentucky.  May.  —  Rootstocks  5'  - 1 0'  long, 
crisp,  tasting  like  Water-Cress.  Flowers  white. 


o2  CRTJCIFEILE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

2.  D.  maxima,  Nutt.     Rootstock  interrupted,  forming  a  string  of  toothed 
tubers ;  stem-leaves  (2-7)  mostly  3  and  alternate  ;  leaflets  3,  ovate,  obtuse>  coarsely 
toothed  and  incised,  often  2-3-cleft.     (D.  laciniata,  var.  <?.,  Torr.  $-  Gr.)  —  W. 
New  York,  and  Penn.,  Nuttall !    Watertown,  New  York,  Dr.  Crawe  !    May.  — 
Stem  10' -2°  (Nutt.)  high:  raceme  elongated.     Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  1, 
purple.    Joints  of  the  rootstock  l'-2'  long,  £'  thick,  starchy.     The  leaves  are 
intermediate  between  No.  1  and  No.  3. 

3.  I>.  laciiliata,    Muhl.     Rootstock  necklace-form,  consisting  of  a  chain 
of  3  or  4  nearly  toothless  oblong  tubers ;  stem-leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  3-parted ;  the 
leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  irregularly  cut  or  cleft  into  narrow  teeth,  the 
lateral  ones  deeply  2-lobed.  —  Eich  soil  along  streams,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     May. — A  span  high:  raceme  scarcely  longer  than 
the  leaves.     Flowers  pale  purple.     Root-leaves  much  dissected. 

4.  I>.  lieteropliylla,  Nutt.    Rootstock  necklace-form,  obscurely  toothed ; 
stem-leaves  2  or  3,  small,  alternate,  3-parted,  the  leaflets  lanceolate  and  nearly  entire, 
root-leaves  of  3  round-ovate  obtuse  somewhat  toothed  and  lobed  leaflets. — West- 
ern Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  Kentucky.    May. — A  span  high,  slender: 
stem-leaves  1'  long.    Flowers  few,  purple. 

5.    CARDAMINE,    L.       BITTER  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  flattened,  usually  opening  elastically  from  the  base ;  the  valves 
nerveless  and  veinless,  or  nearly  so.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  wing- 
less; their  stalks  slender.  Cotyledons  accumbent. — Flowers  white  or  purple. 
(From  Kapdapov,  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  Cress.) — Runs  into  Dentaria  on 
the  one  hand,  into  Arabis  on  the  other.  , 

*  Root  perennial :  leaves  simple  or  3-foliolate. 

1.  C.  liiomboidea,  DC.     (SPRING  CRESS.)     Stems  upright,  tuberifer- 
ous  at  the  base ;  stems  simple ;  root-leaves  round  and  rather  heart-shaped ;  lower 
stem-leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-oblong,  somewhat  petioled,  the  upper  almost  lan- 
ceolate, all  somewhat  angled  or  sparingly  toothed ;  pods  linear-lanceolate,  point- 
ed with  a  slender  style  tipped  with  a  conspicuous  stigma ;  seeds  round-oval.  — 
Wet  meadows  and  springs;  common.    Flowers  large,  white.     April- June. 

Var.  purpurea,  Torr.  '  Lower  (4' -6'  high)  and  slightly  pubescent; 
leaves  rounder;  flowers  rose-purple,  appearing  earlier.  —  Along  streams  in  rich 
soil,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 

2.  C.  rotimdifolia,   Michx.      (AMERICAN   WATER-CRESS.)     Stem* 
branching,  weak  or  decumbent,  with  creeping  runners ;  root  fibrous  ;  leaves  all  much 
alike,  roundish,  somewhat  angled,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  petioled,  the 
lowest  frequently  3-lobed  or  of  3  leaflets ;  pods  linear-awl-shaped,  pointed  with 
the  style;  stigma  minute;  seeds  oval-oblong.     (Sill.  Journal,  42.  p.  30.)  —  Cool, 
shaded  springs,  Penn.,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     May,  June. — 
Leaves  with  just  the  taste  of  the  English  Water-Cress.    Runners  in  summer 
l°-3°  long.     Flowers  white,  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  C.  bellidifolia,    L.     Dwarf  (2' -3'  high),  tufted;  leaves  ovate,  en 
tire,  or  sometimes  3-lobed  (4"  long),  on  long  petioles ;  pods  upright,  linear ;  styl* 


CRUCIFERJE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  83» 

nearly  none.  —  Alpine  summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.  July. 
— Flowers  1-5,  white.  Pods  1'  long,  turgid,  the  convex  valves  1 -nerved:  so 
that  the  plant  might  as  well  be  an  Arabis  !  (Eu.) 

*  #  Root  perennial :  leaves  pinnate :  flowers  showy. 

4.  C.  prateiisis,  L.     (CUCKOO-FLOWER.)    Stem  ascending ;  leaflets  7- 
13,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  rounded  and  stalked;  of  the  upper  ones  oblong  or 
linear,  entire,  or  slightly  angled-toothed ;  petals  (white  or  rose-color)  thrice  the 
length  of  the  calyx ;  style  short  but  distinct.  —  Wet  places  and  bogs,  Vermont 
to  Wisconsin  northward ;  rare.    May.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Root  biennial  or  annual :  leaves  pinnate :  Jlowers  small. 

5.  C.  liirsutii,  L.     (COMMON  BITTER  CRESS.)     Mostly  smooth  in  the 
United  States,  sometimes  hairy ;  leaves  pinnate  with  5-13  leaflets,  or  lyrate- 
pinnatifid ;  leaflets  of  the  lower  leaves  rounded,  angled  or  toothed ;  of  the  upper 
oblong  or  linear,  often  entire ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  (white) ;  the 
narrow  pods  and  the  pedicels  upright :  style  shorter  than  the  width  of  the  pod. 
(C.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.)  —  Moist  places,  everywhere :  a  small  delicate  variety, 
with  narrow  leaflets,  growing  on  dry  rocks,  is  C.  VIRGINICA,  Michx.  (not  of 
Hb.Linn.)     May -July.     (Eu.) 

6.    ARABIS,    L.        ROCK  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  flattened ;  the  valves  plane  or  convex,  1-nerved  in  the  middle,  or 
longitudinally  veiny.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  usually  margined  or 
winged.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Elowers  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from 
the  country,  Arabia.  See  Linn.  Phil.  Bot.,  §  235.) 

*  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted:  root  annual  or  biennial.     (Aspect  of  Cardamine.) 
1.   A»    lAicloviciaiia,    Meyer.     Nearly   glabrous,    diffusely   branched 

from  the  base  (5' -10'  high) ;  divisions  of  the  almost  pinnate  leaves  numerous, 
oblong  or  linear,  few-toothed  or  incised ;  flowers  very  small ;  pods  erect-spread- 
ing, flat  (9" -12"  long,  1"  wide),  the  valves  longitudinally  veiny  (not  elastic) ; 
seeds  wing-margined.  (Cardamine  Ludoviciana,  Hook.  Sisymbrium,  Nutt.)  — 
Open  fields,  &c.,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  April. 

*  *  Stem-leaves,  if  not  the  root-leaves,  undivided :  annuals  or  doubtful  perennials. 

•»—  Seeds  wingless  or  slightly  margined. 

•2.  A.  lyrata,  L.  Diffusely  branched,  low  (4' -10'  high),  glabrous  ex- 
cept the  lyrate-pinnatiftd  radical  leaves ;  stem-leaves  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  tapering 
to  the  base,  the  upper  entire ;  petals  (white)  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  pods 
spreading,  long  and  slender,  pointed  with  a  short  style.  —  Rocks.  April  -  June.  — 
Radicle  sometimes  oblique.  — A  variety  ?  from  Upper  Michigan  and  northward, 
(Sisymbrium  arabidoides,  Hook.)  has  erect  pods,  and  the  cotyledons  often  whol- 
ly incumbent. 

3.  A.  dentata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Roughish-pubescent,  diffusely  branched 
(l°-2°  high),  leaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  unequally  and  sharply  toothed  ;  those 
of  the  stem  half-clasping  and  eared  at  the  base,  of  the  root  broader  and  tapering 
into  a  short  petiole ;  petals  (whitish)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx,  pods  spread- 
ing, straight,  short-stalked ;  style  scarcely  any.  —  New  York  and  Illinois  to  Virgin- 


84  CRUCIFERE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

ia  and  Kentucky.    May.  —  About  1°  high,  slender.    Pods  1'  long,  almost  fib- 
form  ;  the  valves  obscurely  nerved. 

4.  A.  patens,  Sulliv.    Downy  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ; 
item-leaves  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  coarsely  toothed  or  the  uppermost  entire,  half- 
clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base ;  petals  (bright  white)  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading ;  pods  spreading  and  curving  upwards,  tipped 
with  a  distinct  style.  —  Kocky  banks  of  the  Scioto,  Ohio,  Suttivant.     (Also  Ten- 
nessee.)    May.  —  Flowers  thrice  as  large  as  in  No.  5.    Pods  l£'  -2'  long. 

5.  A.  liirsuta,  Scop.    Rough-hairy,  sometimes  smoothish,  strictly  erect 
(l°-2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  partly  clasp- 
ing by  a  somewhat  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped  base ;  petals  (greenish-white) 
small,  but  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pedicels  and  pods  strictly  upright ;  style  scarcely 
any.  —  Kocks,  common,  especially  northward.    May,  June.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high, 
simple  or  branched  from  the  base.    Boot-leaves  spatulate-oblong,  sessile  or  near- 
ly so.    Flowers  small.     (Eu.) 

••-  •«-  Seeds  winged;  their  stalks  adherent  to  the  partition :  petals  narrow,  whitish. 

6.  A.  laevigata,  DC.     Smooth  and  glaucous,  upright;  stem-leaves  partly 
clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base,  lanceolate  or  linear,  sparingly  cut-toothed  or 
entire ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  long  and  narrow,  recurved- 
spreading.  —  Rocky  places,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     May.  —  Stem 
l°-3°  high.    Pods  3'  long,  on  short  merely  spreading  pedicels.     (This  is  also 
A.  heterophylla,  Nutt.) 

7.  A.  CanadensiS,  L.     (SICKLE-POD.)     Stem  upright,  smooth  above ; 
stem-leaves  pubescent,  pointed  at  both  ends,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower 
toothed;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  oblong-linear;  pods  drooping,  fiat , 
scythe-sJiaped.    (A.  falcata,  Michx. )  — Woods.    June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 
Pods  3'  long  and  2"  broad,  veiny,  hanging  on  rough-hairy  pedicels,  curved  like 
a  scymitar. 

7.    TURRITIS,    Dill.        TOWER  MUSTAED. 

Pod  and  flowers,  &c.,  as  in  Arabis ;  but  the  seeds  occupying  2  longitudinal 
rows  in  each  cell.  — Biennials  or  rarely  annuals.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color 
(Name  from  turris,  a  tower.) 

1.  T.  glabra,  L.     Stem-leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous, entire,  half-clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base;  the  yellowish  white  petals 
little  longer  than  the  calyx ;  flowers  and  the  long  and  narrow  (3'  long)  straight 
pods  strictly  erect.  —  Rocks  and  fields  ;  common  northward.    June.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  Stricta,  Graham.     Smooth  (l°-2°  high);  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear,  half-clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  petals  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx ;  pedicels  erect  in  flower ;  the  linear  elongated  flat  pods  up- 
right or  spreading  at  maturity.    Jefferson  and  Chenango  Counties,  New  York. 
Lake   Superior,   and  noithward.     May. — Root-leaves  small.     Petals  white, 
tinged  with  purple.     Ripa  pods  2^'  -  4'  long,  1 "  wide. 

3.  T.  l>racltyc«ir  j>a,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth  and  glaucous ;  stem-leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  arrow-shaped;  pedicels  of  the  flowers  nodding,  of  the  short 


CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  35 

and  broadish  pods  spreading  or  ascending.  —  Fort  Gratiot,  &c.,  Michigan.— 
Boot-leaves  hairy.    Pod  1'  long.    Flowers  pale  purple. 

§.    BARBARA  A,    R.  Br.        WINTER  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided ;  the  valves  being  keeled  by  a  mid- 
nerve.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

—  Mostly  biennials :  flowers  yellow.     (Anciently  called  The  Herb  of  St.  Bar- 
bara.) 

1.  B.  vialsfaris,  R.  Br.  (COMMON  WINTER  CRESS.  YELLOW  ROCK- 
ET.) Smooth;  lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  division  round;  upper  leaves 
obovate,  cut-toothed,  or  pinnatifid  at  the  base;  pods  convex-4-angled,  much 
thicker  than  the  pedicel,  erect,  pointed  with  a  manifest  style ;  —  or,  in  the  var. 
STRATA,  rather  flatter,  tipped  with  a  thicker  and  very  short  style  (B.  prsecox, 
Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.,  &c.) ;  — or,  in  var.  ARCUATA,  ascending  on  spreading  ped- 
icels when  young.  —  Low  grounds  and  road-sides.  May.  —  Probably  naturalized 
from  Europe.  But  the  varieties  here  indicated  are  indigenous  from  Lake  Supe- 
rior northward  and  westward.  (Eu.) 

B.  PRJECOX,  R.  Br.  (B.  patula,  Fries),  —  occasionally  cultivated  for  salad 
in  the  Middle  States,  under  the  name  of  Scurvy-Grass,  —  is  becoming  spon- 
taneous farther  south.  It  is  readily  known  by  its  longer  and  less  erect  pods, 
scarcely  thicker  than  their  pedicels,  and  by  the  linear-oblong  lobes  of  most  of 
the  stem-leaves. 

9.    ERYSIMUM,    L.        TREACLE  MUSTARD. 

Pod  linear,  4-sided ;  the  valves  keeled  with  a  strong  midrib.  Seeds  in  a  single 
row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledons  (often  obliquely)  incumbent. 
Calyx  erect.  —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  not  clasping. 
(Name  from  epvo>,  to  draw  blisters.) 

1.  E.   clieirantlioides,    L.      (WORM-SEED    MUSTARD.)     Minutely 
roughish,  branching,  slender ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  toothed ;  flowers  small ; 
pods  small  and  short  (7" -12"  long),  very  obtusely  angled,  ascending  on  slender 
divergent  pedicels. — Banks  of  streams,  New  York,  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  north- 
ward:  apparently  truly  indigenous.    July.     (Eu.) 

2.  E.  Arkansaiium,  Nutt.     (WESTERN  WALL-FLOWER.)    Minutely 
roughish-hoary ;  stem  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed ;  pods  nearly 
erect  on  very  short  pedicels,  elongated '  (3'  -  4'  long),  exactly  4-sided ;  stigma  2-lobed. 

—  Ohio  (on  limestone  cliffs)  to  Illinois,  and  southwestward.    June,  July. — 
Plant  stout,  l°-2°  high;  the  crowded  bright  orange-yellow  flowers  as  large  as 
those  of  the  Wall-flower, 

1O.    SISYMBRIUM,    L.        HEDGE  MUSTARD. 

Pod  terete,  flattish,  or  4-6-sided;  the  valves  1-3-nerved.  Seeds  oblong, 
marginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  Calyx  open.  —  Flowers  small,  white  or 
yellow.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  plant  of  this  family. ) 


36  CRUCIFEB^:.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  OFFICIN\LE,  Scop.      (HEDGE  MUSTARD.)     Leaves  runcinate; 

ers  very  small,  pale  yellow  ;  pods  close  pressed  to  the  stem,  awl  shaped,  scarcely 
stalked.  ®  —  Waste  places.  May -Sept.  —  An  unsightly,  branched  weed, 
2°  -3°  high.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  THALIANUM,  Gaud.     (MOUSE-EAR  CRESS.)     Leaves  obovate  or  &long, 
entire  or  barely  toothed ;  flowers  white ;  pods  linear,  somewhat  4-sided,  longer 
than  the  slender  spreading  pedicels.     @  —  Old  fields  and  rocks,  New  York 
to  Kentucky,  &c.     April,  May. — A  span  high,  slender,  branched,  hairy  at  the 
base.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  8.  canescens,  Nutt.     (TANSY  MUSTARD.)     Leaves  2-pinnatifid,  the 
divisions  small  and  toothed ;  flowers  whitish  or  yellowish,  very  small ;  pods  in 
long  racemes,  oblong  or  rather  club-shaped,  not  longer  than  the  spreading  pedi- 
cels ;  seeds  irregularly  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.     (4)  — Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Wiscon- 
sin, and  southward  and  westward.  —  Slender,  1°  high,  often  hoary-pubescent. 

11.     SIN  APIS,    Tourn.        MUSTARD. 

Pod  nearly  terete,  with  a  short  beak  (which  is  either  empty  or  1-seeded) ;  the 
valves  3-5-  (rarely  1-)  nerved.  Seeds  globose,  one-rowed.  Cotyledons  incum- 
bent, folded  around  the  radicle.  Calyx  open.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  yel- 
low flowers.  Lower  leaves  lyrate,  incised,  or  pinnatifid.  (Greek  name  StVaTrt, 
which  is  said  to  come  from  the  Celtic  nap,  a  turnip.) 

1.  S.  ALBA,  L.     (WHITE  MUSTARD.)     Pods  bristly,  turgid,  on  spreading 
pedicels,  shorter  than  the  sword-shaped  one-seeded  beak ;  leaves  all  pinnatifid.  — 
(Cult,  and  adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (FIELD  MUSTARD.     CHARLOCK.)     Pods  smooth,  knot- 
ty, about  thrice  the  length  of  the  conical  Z-edged  usually  empty  beak ;  upper  leaves 
merely  toothed.  —  A  noxious  weed  in  cultivated  fields,  New  York  and  Wiscon- 
sin.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  NIGRA,  L.     (BLACK  MUSTARD.)     Pods  smooth,  4-cornered  (the  valves 
l-nerved  only),  appressed,  tipped  with  a  slender  persistent  style  (rather  than  beak) ; 
leaves  lyrate  or  lobed,  the  upper  narrow  and  entire.  —  Fields  and  waste  places. 
The  acrid  seeds  furnish  the  mustard  of  our  tables,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.    DRAB  A,    L.        WHITLOW-GRASS. 

Pouch  oval,  oblong,  or  even  linear,  flat;  the  valves  plane  or  slightly  convex, 
1  -  3-nerved :  partition  broad.  Seeds  several  or  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each 
cell,  marginless.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Calyx  equal.  Filaments  not^toothed. 
—  Low  herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers.  Pu- 
bescence mostly  stellate.  (Name  from  Spa/3;/,  acrid,  in  allusion  to  the  pungency 
of  the  leaves.) 

§  1.  DRAB  A,  DC.  —  Petals  undivided. 
#  Perennial,  tufted,  leafy-stemmed:  flowers  white  :  pods  twisted  when  ripe. 

1.  I>.  ramosissima,  Desv.  Diffusely  much  branched  (5'-Sr  high), 
pubescent ;  leaves  laciniate-toothed,  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  oblanceolatt ;  ra- 


(MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  37 

cemes  corymbose-branched ;  pods  hairy,  oval-oblong  or  lanceolate  (2"  -  5"  long), 
on  slender  pedicels,  tipped  with  a  long  style.  —  Cliffs,  Harper's  Ferry,  Natural 
Bridge,  &c.,  Virginia,  to  Kentucky  River,  and  southward.'  April,  May. 

2.  D.  ardbisans,  Michx.     Slightly  pubescent ;  flowering  stems  (6' -10 
high)  erect  and  mostly  simple;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  linear,  or  the  lower  spatu- 
late,  sparingly  toothed;  racemes  short,  usually  simple;  pods  glabrous,  oblong- 
lanceolate  (5" -6"  long),  on  rather  short  pedicels,  tipped  with  a  very  short  style. 
—  Rocky  banks,  Vermont,  Northern  New  York,  Upper  Michigan,  and  north- 
ward.   May,  June. — Petals  large. 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial :  leafy  stems  short :  /lowers  white  or  in  No.  4  yellow :  style 
none.     (Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  hairy,  sessile.) 

3.  D.  bracliycarpa,  Nutt.    Low  (2' -4'  high),  minutely  pubescent, 
stems  leafy  to  the  base  of  the  dense,  at  length  elongated  raceme ;  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  or  the  lowest  ovate  (2^" -4"  long),  few-toothed  or  entire ;  flowers  small ; 
pods  smooth,  narrowly  oblong,  acutish  (2"  long),  about  the  length  of  the  ascending 
pedicels.  —  Dry  lulls,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     April. 

4.  D.   iiemorosa,    L.     Leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  more 
or  less  toothed ;  racemes  elongated  (4'  -  8'  long  in  fruit) ;  petals  emarginate,  small ; 
pods  elliptical-oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  horizontally  spreading  pedicels,  pubescent 
(D.  nemoralis,  Ehrh.),  or  smooth  (D.  lutea,  DC.}. — Fort  Gratiot,  Michigan, 
and  northward.     (Eu.) 

5.  D.  cimeifolia,  Nutt.    Leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
spatulate,  toothed;  raceme  somewhat  elongated  in  fruit  (l'-3'),  at  length  equal- 
ling the  naked  peduncle ;  petals  emarginate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods 
oblong-linear,  minutely  hairy,  longer  than  the  horizontal  pedicels.  —  Grassy  places, 
Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     March,  April. 

6.  D.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Small  (l'-4"  high) ;  leaves  obovate,  most- 
ly entire;  peduncles  scape-like;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  raceme 
short  or  corymbose  in  fruit  (£'  —  1'  long) ;  pods  broadly  linear,  smooth,  much  longer 
than  the  ascending  pedicels.  —  Sandy  fields,  Rhode  Island  to   Illinois,  and 
southward .     March  -  June . 

7.  D.  micrantlia,  Nutt.     Pods  minutely  hairy ;  flowers  small  or  minute; 
raceme  sometimes  elongated;  otherwise  as  in  No.  6. — From  Wisconsin  south- 
westward. 

$  2.  ER6PHILA,  DC.  —  Petals  2-cleft.     (Annual  or  biennial :  flowers  white.) 

8.  1>.  Vi'.i'fiia,  L.    (WHITLOW-GRASS.)    Small  (scapes  l'-3'high) ;  leaves 
all  radical,  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  racemes  elongated  in  fruit ;  pods  varying  from 
round-oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  —  Sandy 
waste  places  and  road-sides  :  not  common.     April,  May. — Not  found  north  of 
Lower  Canada.     The  same  as  the  plant  of  Europe,  and  perhaps  introduced. 
(Eu.) 

13.     VJESICARIA,    Lam.        BLADDER-POD. 

Pouch  globular  and  inflated,  or  more  or  less  flattened  parallel  to  the  orbiculai 
partition ;  the  hemispherical  or  convex  thin  valves  nerveless.     Seeds  few  or  ser« 


38  CRUCIFERJE.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.) 

eral,  fla>.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Filaments  toothless.  —  Low  herbs,  pubes- 
cent or  hoary  with  stellate  hairs.  Flowers  mostly  yellow.  (Name  from  vesica, 
a  bladder,  from  the  inflated  pods.) 

1.  V.  Sh6rtii,  Torn  &  Gray.    Annual,  decumbent,  slender,  somewhat 
hoary ;  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  repand ;  raceme  loose ;  style  filiform,  longer  than 
the  (immature)  small  and  canescent  spherical  pod;  seeds  not  margined,  1  -2  in  each 
cell.  —  Rocky  banks  of  Elkhorn  Creek,  near  Lexington,  Kentucky,  Short. 

2.  V.  I  Lesciirii,  n.  sp.  Somewhat  pubescent,  but  green ;  stems  diffusely 
ascending  from  a  biennial  root :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  sparingly  toothed,  those 
of  the  stem  half-clasping  by  a  sagittate  base ;  racemes  elongated,  many-flowered  ; 
pedicels  ascending ;  filaments  inflated  at  the  base ;  style  half  the  length  of  the  his- 
pid orbicular  or  broadly  oval  flattened  pod;  seeds  wing-margined,  1-4  in  each 
cell.  —  Hills  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  Leo  Lesquereux.    April,  May.  —  Flow- 
ers golden  yellow.    Pods  so  flat  that,  as  far  as  they  are  concerned,  the  species 
should  rather  belong  to  Alyssum.    Plant  to  be  sought  in  Southern  Kentucky. 

14.    CAMEL, tN A,    Crantz.        FALSE  FLAX. 

Pouch  obovoid  or  pear-shaped,  pointed,  turgid,  flattish  parallel  to  the  broad 
partition :  valves  1 -nerved.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong.  Cotyledons  incumbent. 
Style  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  (Name  from  xa^a'^  dwarf,  and  XiW, 
flax.  It  has  been  fancied  to  be  a  sort  of  degenerate  flax.) 

1.  C.  SATIVA,  Crantz.  Leaves  lanceolate,  arrow-shaped;  pods  margined, 
large.  ® — Flax-fields,  &c.  A  noxious  weed.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.    L.EPIDIUM,    L.        PEPPERWORT.    PEPPERGRASS. 

Pouch  roundish,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition,  usually 
notched  at  the  apex ;  the  valves  boat-shaped  and  keeled.  Seeds  1  in  each  cell, 
pendulous.  Cotyledons  incumbent  or  in  No.  1  accumbent!  Flowers  small, 
white.  Stamens  often  only  two !  (Name  from  Xerrt'&oi',  a  little  scale,  alluding 
to  the  small  flat  pods.)  Ours  are  annuals  or  biennials. 

1.  It.  VirginiClim,  L.     (WILD  PEPPERGRASS.)     Pods  orbicular,  wing- 
less, notched ;  cotyledons  accumbent ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  toothed  or  incised ; 
the  lowest  pinnatifid;  petals  4;   stamens   2.     Road-sides.    June -Sept.  —  A 
weed  which  has  immigrated  from  farther  South. 

2.  L,.  intermedium,  Gray.     Cotyledons  incumbent ;  upper  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  entire:  otherwise  like  No.  1. — From  Michigan  northward  and 
eouthwestward.  —  Petals  often  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

3.  Li.  RUDERA.LE,  L.     Pods  oval  and  smaller ;   cotyledons  incumbent ;  petals 
none;  stems  diffusely  much  branched:  otherwise  much  as  in  No.  1.  —  Road- 
sides, near  towns ;  sparingly.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  L<.  CAMPESTRE,  L.    Pods  ovate,  winged,  rough  with  minute  scales,  notched  ; 
leaves  arrow-shaped,  toothed,  downy ;  stamens  6.    Fields,  sparing  from  Massa- 
chusetts to  Delaware.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CRUCIFER^E.     (MUSTARD  FAMILY.)  39 

16.     CAPSELLA,    Vent.        SHEPHERD'S  PUBSE. 

Pouch  inversely  heart-shaped-triangular,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  par- 
tition ;  the  valves  boat-shaped,  wingless.  Seeds  numerous.  Cotyledons  incum- 
bent. —  Annuals  :  flowers  small,  white.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  capsida,  a  pod.) 

1.  C«  BURSA-PASTORIS,  Mcench.  Boot-leaves  clustered,  pinnatifid  or 
toothed ;  stem-leaves  arrow-shaped,  sessile.  —  Waste  places ;  the  commonest  of 
weeds.  April -Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

17.    SUBULARIA,    L.        AWLWORT. 

Pouch  oval,  turgid,  somewhat  flattened  contrary  to  the  broad  partition.  Seeds 
several.  Cotyledons  long  and  narrow,  incumbently  folded  transversely,  i.  e. 
the  cleft  extending  to  the  radicular  side  of  the  curvature.  Style  none. — A 
dwarf  stemless  perennial,  aquatic ;  the  tufted  leaves  awl-shaped  (whence  the 
name).  Scape  naked,  few-flowered,  l'-3'  high.  Flowers  minute,  white. 

1.  S.  aquatica,  L.  —  Margin  of  lakes  in  Maine. v  June,  July.     (Eu.) 

18.    SE1VEBIERA,    DC.        WART-CRESS.    SWINE-CRESS. 

Pouch  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition ;  the  two  cells  indehiscent, 
but  falling  away  at  maturity  from  the  partition  as  closed  nutlets,  strongly  wrin 
kled  or  tuberculate,  1 -seeded.  Cotyledons  as  in  the  last,  -r-  Low  and  diffuse  or 
prostrate  annuals  or  biennials,  with  minute  whitish  flowers.  Stamens  often  only 
2.  (Dedicated  to  Senebier,  a  distinguished  vegetable  physiologist.) 

1.  S.  didyma,  Pers.    Leaves  1  - 2-pinnately  parted;  pods  notched  at  the 
apex,  rough-wrinkled.     (S.  pinnatifida,  DC.    Lepidium  didymum,  L.)  — Waste 
places,  at  ports,  &c.,  Virginia  and  Carolina :  an  immigrant  from  farther  South. 

2.  S.  CoRON6pus,  DC.    Leaves  less  divided,  with  narrower  lobes ;  pods  not 
notched  at  the  apex,  tubercled.     Virginia,  Pursh.     Rhode  Island,  Robbins.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

19.     C  A  KILE,    Tourn.        SEA-ROCKET. 

Pod  short,  2-jointed  across,  angular,  fleshy,  the  upper  joint  flattened  at  the 
apex,  separating  at  maturity;  each  indehiscent  and  1 -celled,  1 -seeded;  the  lower 
sometimes  seedless.  Seed  erect  in  the  upper,  suspended  in  the  lower  joint. 
Cotyledons  rather  obliquely  accumbent.  —  Sea-side,  branching,  fleshy  annuals. 
Flowers  purplish.  (An  old  Arabic  name.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Nutt.  (AMERICAN  SEA-ROCKET.)  Leaves  obo 
vate,  sinuate  and  toothed ;  lower  joint  of  the  fruit  obovoid,  emarginate ;  the 
upper  ovate,  flattish  at  the  apex.  —  Coast  of  the  Northern  States  and  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  July  -  Sept.  —  Joints  nearly  even  and  fleshy  when  fresh ;  the 
upper  one  4-angled  and  appearing  more  beaked  when  dry. 

20.    RAPHANUS,    L.        RADISH. 

Pods  linear  or  obleng,  tapering  upwards,  2-jointed ;  the  lower  joint  often  seed 
less  and  stalk-like ;  the  upper  necklace-form  by  constriction  between  the  seeds, 


40  CAPPARIDACE^E.       (CAPER    FAMILY.) 

with  no  proper  partition.  Style  long.  Seeds  as  in  the  Mustard  Tribe.  —  An- 
nuals or  biennials.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  from  pa,  quickly,  and  (f)aiva>,  to 
appear,  alluding  to  the  rapid  germination. ) 

1.    R.    RAPHANf  STRUM,  L.      (WlLD  RADISH.     JOINTED  CHARLOCK.)     Pods 

necklace-form,  long-beaked ;  leaves  lyre-shaped,  rough ;  petals  yellow,  turning 
whitish  or  purplish,  veiny.  —  A  troublesome  weed  in  fields,  in  E.  New  England 
and  New  York.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

The  most  familiar  representatives  of  this  order  in  cultivation,  not  already 
mentioned,  are 

CHEIRANTHUS  CHEIRI,  the  well-known  WALL-FLOWER. 

MATTHIOLA  ANNUA,  and  other  sorts  of  STOCK. 

HESPERIS  MATRONALIS,  the  ROCKET,  which  begins  to  escape  from  gardens. 

BRASSICA  OLERACEA,  of  which  the  CABBAGE,  KOHL-RABI,  CAULIFLOWER, 
and  BROCCOLI  are  forms  :  B.  CAMPESTRIS,  which  furnishes  the  SWEDISH  TUR- 
NIP or  RUTABAGA  :  and  B.  RA.PA,  the  COMMON  TURNIP.  The  latter  becomes 
spontaneous  for  a  year  or  two  in  fields  where  it  has  been  raised. 

RAPHANUS  SATIVUS,  the  RADISH  ;  inclines  sometimes  to  be  spontaneous. 

LUNARIA  REDIVIVA,  the  MOONWORT  or  HONESTY,  with  its  broad  flat  pods. 

IBERIS  UMBELLATA,  the  CANDY-TUFT,  and  ALYSSUM  MARITIMUM,  the 
SWEET  ALYSSUM. 

I/EpfDiUM  SATIVUM,  the  cultivated  PEPPERGRASS. 

ISATIS  TINCT6RIA,  the  WoAD,  of  the  division  Nucumentacece,  having  inde- 
hiscent  1 -celled  fruit. 


ORDER  13.     CAPPARIDACE^.     (CAPER  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (when  in  northern  regions),  with  cruciform  flowers,  but  6  or  more 
not  tetradynamous  stamens,  a  l-celled  pod  with  2  parietal  placentce,  and  kid- 
ney-shaped seeds.  —  Pod  as  in  Cruciferse,  but  with  no  partition,  often 
stalked  :  seeds  similar,  but  the  embryo  coiled  rather  than  folded.  —  Leaves 
alternate,  mostly  palmately  compound.  —  Often  with  the  acrid  or  pungent 
qualities  of  Cruciferse  (as  is  familiar  in  capers,  the  flower-buds  of  Cappa- 
ris  spinosa)  ;  also  commonly  bitter  and  nauseous.  Represented  within  our 
limits  only  by  the  following  plant. 

1.     POI.ANISIA,    Raf.        POLANISIA. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  with  claws,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  8  -  32,  une- 
qual. Receptacle  not  elongated,  bearing  a  gland  behind  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
Pod  stalkless  or  nearly  so,  linear  or  oblong,  veiny,  turgid,  many-seede'd. — 
Fetid  annuals,  with  glandular  or  clammy  hairs.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes. 
(Name  from  iro\vs,  many,  and  cw<ros,  unequal,  points  in  whi<  li  the  genus  differs 
in  its  stamens  from  Cleome.) 

1.  P.  gfraveolens,  Raf.  Leaves  with  3  oblong  leaflets ;  stamens  about 
11,  scarcely  exceeding  the  petals;  style  short;  pod  slightly  stalked.  —  Gravelly 


viOLACE.fi.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.)  41 

banks  from  Lake  Champlain  and  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky. 
June -Aug.  —  Flowers  small:  calyx  and  filaments  purplish:  petals  yellowish- 

white. 

ORDER  14.     RESEDACE^E.     (MIGNONETTE  FAMILY.)  , 

Herbs,  with  unsymmetrical  4  -  7-merous  small  flowers,  with  a  fleshy  one- 
sided Jiypogynous  disk  between  the  petals  and  the  (3-40)  stamens,  bearing 
the  latter.  Calyx  not  closed  in  the  bud.  Pod  3  -  Globed,  3  -  6-horned,  1- 
cetted  with  3-6  parietal  placentce,  opening  at  the  top  before  the  seeds  (which 
are  as  in  Order  13)  are  full  grown.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal spikes  or  racemes.  —  A  small  and  unimportant  family,  of  the  Old 
World,  represented  by  the  Mignonette  (Reseda  odorata)  and  the  Dyer's 
Weed. 

1.    RESEDA,    L.        MIGNONETTE.    DYER'S  KOCKET. 

Petals  4-7,  often  cleft,  unequal.  Stamens  10-40,  turned  to  one  side.  (De- 
riv.  from  resedo,  to  calm  or  assuage,  in  allusion  to  supposed  sedative  properties.) 

1.  R.  LUTEOLA,  L.  (DYER'S  WEED  or  WELD.)  Leaves  lanceolate;  ca- 
lyx 4-parted ;  petals  4,  greenish-yellow ;  the  upper  one  3  -  5-cleft,  the  two  lateral 
3-cleft,  the  lower  one  linear  and  entire ;  pods  depressed.  ©  —  Road-sides  in  W 
New  York,  &c.  — Plant  2°  high.  Used  for  dyeing  yellow.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


ORDER  15.     VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,,  with  «  somewhat  irregular  l-spurred  corolla  of  5  petals,  5  Jiypogy- 
nous stamens  with  adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  and  a  1- 
celled  3-valved  pod  with  3  parietal  placentce.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  with  their  short  and  broad  filaments  con- 
tinued beyond  the  anther-cells,  and  often  coherent  with  each  other.  Style 
usually  club-shaped,  with  the  simple  stigma  turned  to  one  side  and  hol- 
low. Valves  of  the  capsule  bearing  the  several-seeded  placentae  on  their 
middle.  Seeds  anatropous,  rather  large,  with  a  hard  seed-coat,  and  a  large 
and  straight  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albumen:  cotyledons  flat. — 
Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  axillary,  nodding.  (Roots  slight- 
ly acrid,  or  emetic.)  —  Two  genera  in  the  Northern  United  States. 

1.    SOL.EA,    Ging.,  DC.        GREEN  VIOLET. 

Sepals  not  prolonged  at  the  base.  Petals  nearly  equal  in  length,  hut  the  low- 
er one  larger  and  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base,  more  notched  than  the  others 
at  the  apex.  Stamens  completely  united  into  a  sheath  enclosing  the  ovary,  and 
bearing  a  broad  gland  on  the  lower  side.  Style  hooked  at  the  summit.  —  A 
homely  perennial  herb,  with  stems  leafy  to  the  top,  and  1-3  small  greenish- 
white  flowers  in  the  axils,  on  short  recurved  pedicels.  (Named  hi  honor  of  W 
author  of  an  essay  on  the  British  Mints.) 
4* 


42  VIOLACE^E.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

1.  S.  C6ncolor,  Ging.  (Viola  concolor,  Pursh,  &c.)  —  Woods,  New 
York  to  Illinois  and  southward.  June.  —  Plant  1°- 2°  high.  Leaves  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  entire.  Pod  1'  long :  after  opening,  each  valve  as  it  driei 
folds  together  lengthwise  firmly,  projecting  the  large  round  seeds  to  a  consider- 
able distance.  The  same  thing  occurs  in  many  Violets. 

2.    VtOLiA,    L.        VIOLET.    HEART'S-EASE. 

Sepals  extended  or  eared  at  the  base.    Petals  somewhat  unequal,  the  lower 
one  spurred  at  the  base.     Stamens  closely  surrounding  the  ovary,  often  slightly 
cohering  with  each  other ;  the  two  lower  ones  bearing  spurs  which  project  into 
the  spur  of  the  corolla.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 
*  Stemless ;  the  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  subterranean  or  prostrate  rootstocks ;  peren- 
nial.   ( Commonly  producing  apetahus  flowers  all  summer  long,  on  shorter  peduncles 
concealed  under  the  leaves,  or  on  runners :  these  ripen  seed  much  more  freely  than 
the  ordinary  blossoms.) 

•*-  Flowers  light  yellow  (small;  spur  very  short). 

1.  T.    rotkmdiiolia,    Michx.      (ROUND-LEAVED  VIOLET.)     Leaves 
round-ovate,  heart-shaped,  slightly  crenate ;  lateral  petals  bearded  and  marked 
with  brown  lines.  —  Cold  woods,  Maine  to  Michigan,  and  south  along  the  Alle- 
ghanies.    April,  May.  —  Smoothish :  leaves  1'  broad  at  flowering,  increasing  to 
3'  or  4'  in  the  summer,  then  close  pressed  to  the  ground,  shining  above. 

•«—  •»—  Flowers  white ;  the  lower  petals  veined  with  lilac :  spur  short, 

2.  V.  lanceolata,    L.     (LANCE-LEAVED   VIOLET.)      Smooth;   leaves 
lanceolate,  erect,  blunt,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole,  almost  entire  ;  petals  beardless. 
— Damp  soil,  Maine  to  Michigan,  Kentucky,  and  southward ;  common  near  the 
coast.    May. 

3.  V.  primulae  folia,  L.    (PRIMROSE-LEAVED  VIOLET.)    Smooth  or 
a  little  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  abrupt  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base ;  petals  often  acute,  the  lateral  ones  usually  sparingly  bearded.     (V.  acuta, 
Bigelow.)  — Damp  soil ;  with  No.  2  :  intermediate  between  it  and  No.  4. 

4.  V.  blanda,  Willd.     (SWEET  WHITE  VIOLET.)     Leaves  round-heart- 
shaped  or  kidney-form,  minutely  pubescent;  petals  beardless.  —  Damp  places, 
Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     April,  May.  —  Flowers  small,  faintly 
sweet-scented. 

•«-  •«-  H-  Flowers  violet  or  blue. 

5.  T.  palustris,  L.     (MARSH  VIOLET.)     Smooth;  leaves  round-heart- 
shaped  and  kidney-form,  slightly  crenate ;  flowers  (small)  pale  lilac  with  purple 
streaks,  nearly  beardless ;  spur  very  short  and  obtuse.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire;  June.     (Eu.) 

6.  V.  Selkirk!!,  Goldie.     (GREAT-SPURRED  VIOLET.)    Leaves  round- 
heart-shaped  with  a  deep  narrowed  sinus,  hairy  above,  lying  flat  on  the  ground ; 
spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  beardless  petals,  thickened  at  the  end;  anther-spurs  very 

long. Shaded  hills,  W.  Massachusetts  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  New  York, 

thence  northward.    May,  — A  rare  and  delicate  species,  2'  high;  the  flowers 
large  in  proportion. 


VIOLACEJE.       (VIOLET   FAMILY.)  ,        43 

7.  V.  Clicullata,   Ait.     (COMMON  BLUB  VIOLET.)    Leaves  all  long- 
petioled  and  upright,  heart-shaped  with  a  broad  sinus,  varying  to  kidney-shaped  and 
dilated-triangular,  smooth,  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  sides  at  the  base  rolled 
inwards  when  young,  obtusely  serrate ;  lateral,  and  often  the  lower  petals  bearded-, 
spur  short  and  thick;  stigma  obscurely  beaked  or  beakless.  —  Low  grounds, 
common  everywhere.    April -June.  —  Very  variable  in  size,  &c.  and  in  the 
color  and  size  of  the  (usually  large)  flowers,  which  are  deep  or  pale  violet-blue 
or  purple,  sometimes  nearly  white,  of  variegated  with  white.     Scapes  3' -10' 
high.    Passes  by  intermediate  forms  of  all  sorts  into 

Var.  palmafa.  (HAND-LEAP  VIOLET.)  Leaves  variously  3-7-cleft  or 
parted,  or  the  earlier  ones  entire  on  the  same  individual.  (V.  palmata,  L.)  — 
Common,  especially  southward. 

8.  V.   villosa,   Walt.,  Nutt.     (HAIRY  VIOLET.)     Leaves  mostly  short- 
petioled  and  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  orbicular  or  round-heart-shaped  with  a  narrow 
or  closed  sinus,  hairy  especially  above,  or  nearly  smooth,  thickish;  lateral  and 
mostly  the  lower  petals  bearded ;  spur  short  and  thick ;  stigma  beaked.     (V. 
cordifolia,  Schwein.     V.  sororia,  Le  Conte,  &c.,  scarcely  of  Willd.} — Dry  hills 
and  woods,  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    April,  May.  —  Smaller 
than  the  last,  2' -4'  high:  "corolla  reddish-blue."    Probably  only  a  round 
leaved  variety  of  the  next. 

9.  V,    sagittata,    Ait.     (ARROW-LEAVED    VIOLET.)     Smoothish  or 
hairy ;  leaves  on  short  and  margined,  or  the  later  often  on  long  and  naked  petioles, 
varying  from  oblong-heart-shaped  to  halberd-shaped,  arrow-shaped,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  ovate,  denticulate,  sometimes  cut-toothed  near  the  base,  the  lateral  or  occasion- 
ally all  the  (purple-blue)  petals  bearded ;  spur  short  and  thick ;  stigma  beaked. 
(V.  ovata,  Nutt.,  &  V.  emarginata,  Le  Conte,  are  states  of  this  variable  species.) 
— Dry  or  moist  open  places,  New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward.    April, 
May.  —  Flowers  rather  large. 

10.  V.  delplunifdlia,   Nutt.     (LARKSPUR  VIOLET.)    Leaves  all  pal- 
mately  or  pedately  5  -  7 '-parted,  the  divisions  2  -  3-cleft ;  lobes  linear ;  lateral  petals 
bearded;  stigma  short-beaked.  — Rich  prairie  soil,  Illinois  and  westward.    April. 
—  Much  resembles  the  next. 

11.  V.  pedata,  L.     (BIRD-FOOT  VIOLET.)    Nearly  smooth;  leaves 
3-5-divided,  or  the  earliest  only  parted,  the  lateral  divisions  2-3-parted,  all 
linear  or  narrowly  spatulate,  sometimes  2  -  3-toothed  or  cut  at  the  apex ;  petals 
beardless;  stigma  nearly  beakless.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  New  England  to 
Dlmois  and  southward.    May.  —  Flower  large  and  handsome,  1'  broad,  pale  or 
deep  lilac-purple  or  blue ;  the  two  upper  petals  sometimes  deep  violet  and  vel- 
vety like  a  Pansy. 

*  #  Leafy-stemmed,  from  subterranean  perennial  rootstocks. 

-t-  Stems  leafy  from  the  base  to  the  summit,  branching  •  flowers  not  yellow,  sometimes 
produced  all  summer  long. 

12.  T.  rostrata,  Pursh.     (LONG-SPURRED  VIOLET.)     Stems  ascending 
(3' -6' high);  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  serrate,  the  upper  acute;  stipules 
lanceolate,  fringe-toothed,  large ;  spur  slender,  longer  than  the  pale  violet  beardless 
petals;  style  straight  and  slender;  stigma  terminal,  beakless.  —  Shaded  hill- 


44  VIOLACEJE.     (VIOLET  FAMILY.) 

sides,  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky ;  rare.    June,  July.  —  Spur  £'  long.    An- 
ther-spurs also  very  long. 

13.  V.   Miiltlenbergii,   Torr.     (AMERICAN  DOG  VIOLET.)     Stems 
ascending  (3' -7' long),  at  length  with  creeping  branches;  leaves  round-heart- 
shaped, 'or  the  lowest  kidney-form,  crenate,  the  uppermost  slightly  pointed; 
stipules  lanceolate,  fringe-toothed ;  spur  cylindrical,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
pale  violet  petals,  the  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded ;  stigma  beaked.  —  Shaded  wet 
places ;  common.    May,  June. 

14.  V.   striata,    Ait.      (PALE  VIOLET.)      Stems  angular,   ascending, 
branching  ( 6' -10' high) ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  finely  serrate,  often  acute;  sti- 
pules oblong-lanceolate,  large,  strongly  fringe-toothed ;  spur  thickish,  much  shorter 
than  the  cream-colored  petals,  the  lateral  ones  bearded,  the  lower  striped  with 
purplish  lines ;  stigma  beaked.  —  Low  grounds  ;  common,  especially  westward. 
April -Oct. 

15.  V.  Canadensis,  L.     (CANADA  VIOLET.)    Upright  (1°- 2°  high); 
leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  entire ;  petals  white 
or  whitish  inside,  the  upper  ones  tinged  with  violet  beneath,  the  lateral  bearded ; 
spur  very  short;  stigma  beakless,  hairy  on  each  side.  —  Rich  woods;  common 
northward  and  along  the  Alleghanies.     May  -  Aug. 

«-  •»-  Stems  mostly  simple,  erect,  naked  below,  and  2  -  4-leaved  above :  stipules  nearly 
entire :  flowers  yellow :  stigma  not  beaked,  but  bearded  on  each  side. 

16.  V.  piibescens,  Ait.     (DOWNY  YELLOW  VIOLET.)     Softly  pubes- 
cent (6'  - 12'  high) ;  leaves  very  broadly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  somewhat  pointed ; 
stipules  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  large ;  spur  extremely  short ;  lower  petals 
veined  with  purple.  —  Woods ;  common.    May  -  Aug. 

Var.  eriocarpa,  Nutt.  More  pubescent,  stout,  l°-2°  high;  pods  wool- 
ly. (V.  eriocarpa,  Schwein.}  —  Common  westward. 

Var.  scabriuscula,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smaller  and  greener,  slightly 
pubescent;  stems  often  decumbent  (4' -10'  high).  —  Khode  Island  to  Ohio  and 
Kentucky. 

17.  V.   Imstata,    Michx.     (HALBERD-LEAVED  VIOLET.)    Nearly  gla 
brous,  slender  (4' -10'  high);  stem-leaves  halberd-shaped,  slightly  serrate,  acute; 
stipules  ovate,  small;  spur  very  short.  —  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  south- 
ward.   June. 

#  *=  *  Leafy-stemmed  annuals  or  biennials :  the  4  upper  petals  ascending. 

18.  T.    TRICOLOR,    L.      (PANSY.     HEART'S-EASE.)      Stem    angled   and 
branched ;  leaves  roundish,  or  the  upper  oval  and  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  cre- 
nate or  entire ;  stipules  very  large  and  leaf-like,  lyrate-pinnatifid ;  petals  vari- 
able in  color  or  variegated  (yellow,  whitish,  violet-blue  and  purple) ;  —  in  var. 
ARTENSIS  shorter  or  rather  longer  than  the  calyx. — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New 
York  to  Kentucky  and  southward :  doubtless  only  a  small  state  of  the  Garden 
Pansy  run  wild.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

V.  ODORATA,  the  SWEET  VIOLET  of  Europe,  which  far  excels  all  the  Amer 
ican  species  in  fragrance,  sometimes  grows  spontaneously  near  dwellings. 


CISTACE2E.     (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.)  45 

ORDER  16.     CISTACE-ZE.     (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Low  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  distinct  and  hypogynous  mostly 
indefinite  stamens,  a  persistent  calyx,  a  1-celled  3-5-valvedpod  with  as  many 
parietal  placenta;  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  valves,  and  orthotropous  albu- 
minous seech.  —  Sepals  5  ;  the  two  external  small,  like  bracts,  or  sometimes 
wanting ;  the  three  others  a  little  twisted  in  the  bud.  Petals  3  or  5,  usu- 
ally fugacious,  convolute  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  calyx  in  the 
bud.  Anthers  short,  innate,  on  slender  filaments.  Style  single  or  none. 
Ovules  few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  with  the  orifice  at  their  apex.  Em- 
bryo long  and  slender,  straightish  or  curved,  in  mealy  albumen :  cotyledons 
narrow.  —  Leaves  simple  and  mostly  entire,  the  lower  usually  opposite,  and 
the  upper  alternate.  (Inert  plants.  A  small  family :  mostly  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region.) 

Synopsis.  % 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM.    Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious.    Stamens  and  ovules  nu- 

merous in  the  petal-bearing  flowers.    Style  none. 

2.  HUDSONIA.    Petals  5,  fugacious.    Stamens  9-30.    Style  long  and  slender.    Pod  strictly 

1-celled,  2- 6-eeeded. 

8.  LECHEA.    Petals  3,  persistent.    Stamens  3-12.    Style  none.    Pod  partly  3-celled,  the 
imperfect  partitions  bearing  broad  2-seeded  placentae. 

1.    HEI.IANTHEMUM,    Tourn.        KOCK-ROSE. 

Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious.  Style  short  or  none  :  stigma  3- 
lobed.  Capsule  strictly  1-celled.  Embryo  curved  in  the  form  of  a  hook  or 
ring.  —  Flowers  in  most  N.  American  species  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  1.  the  primary, 
or  earliest  ones,  with  large  petals,  indefinitely  numerous  stamens,  and  many- 
seeded  pods :  2.  secondary,  or  later  ones,  which  are  much  smaller  and  in  clus- 
ters, with  small  petals  or  none,  3-10  stamens,  and  much  smaller  3 -few-seeded 
pods.  The  yellow  flowers  open  only  once,  in  sunshine,  and  cast  their  petals  by 
the  next  day.  (Name  from  fj\ios,  the  sun,  and  av6€p.ov,  flower.} 

1.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.     (FROST-WEED.)     Petal-bearing  flowers  soli- 
tary; the  small  secondary  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  nearly  sessile  ; 
calyx  of  the  large  flowers  hairy-pubescent;  of  the  small  ones  hoary,  like  the  stem 
and  lower  side  of  the  lanceolate-oblong  leaves.  —  A  variety  is  more  hoary,  and 
with  a  stronger  tendency  to  multiply  the  minute  clustered  flowers.  —  Sandy  or 
gravelly  dry  soil,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  but  rare  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies.     June -Aug.  —  Stems  at  first  simple.     Corolla  of  the  large  flowers  1' 
wide,  producing  pods  3"  long :  pods  of  the  smaller  flowers  not  larger  than  a 
pin's  head.  —  Late  in  autumn,  crystals  of  ice  shoot  from  the  cracked  bark  at  the 
root,  whence  the  popular  name. 

2.  H.  COrynafoosilHl,  Michx.     Flowers  all  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  or  branches,  the  petal-bearing  ones  at  length  on  slender  stalks;  calyx 
woolly.  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward  along  the  coast. 


46  CISTACEJS.     (ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.) 

2.    HUDSdNIA,    L.        HUDSONIA. 

Petals  5,  fugacious  (lasting  but  a  day),  much  larger  than  the  calyx  Stamens 
9-30.  Style  long  and  slender:  stigma  minute.  Pod  oblong,  enclosed  in  the 
calyx,  strictly  1 -celled,  with  1  or  2  seeds  attached  near  the  base  of  each  nerve- 
like  placenta.  Embryo  coiled  into  the  form  of  a  closed  hook.  —  Bushy  heatk- 
like  little  shrubs  (seldom  a  foot  high),  covered  all  over  with  the  small  awl- 
shaped  or  scale-like  persistent  downy  leaves,  producing  numerous  (small  but 
showy)  bright  yellow  flowers  crowded  along  the  upper  part  of  the  branches 
(Named  in  honor  of  Hudson,  an  English  botanist  contemporary  with  Lin- 
naeus.) 

1.  H.  ericoides,  L.    Downy  but  greenish;  leaves  awl-shaped,  loose; 
flowers  on  slender  naked  stalks.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Maine  to  Vir- 
ginia :  extending  interior  as  far  as  Conway,  New  Hampshire.    May. 

2.  H.  tomentosa,  Nutt.    Hoary  with  down;  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
close-pressed  and  imbricated ;  flowers  sessile.  —  Sandy  coasts  from  Maine  to 
Maryland,  and  on  the  Great  Lakes  from  Champlain  to  Superior.    May,  June. 
— Flowers  5"  broad. 

3.    JLECHEA,    L.        PINWEED. 

Petals  3,  narrow,  flat  in  the  bud :  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering-persist- 
ent. Stamens  3  - 12.  Style  scarcely  any  :  stigmas  3,  plumose.  Pod  globular, 
appearing  partly  3-celled ;  the  3  broad  and  thin  placentas  borne  on  imperfect 
partitions,  each  bearing  2  seeds  on  the  face  towards  the  valve :  in  our  species, 
the  placentae  curve  backwards  and  partly  enclose  the  seeds.  Embryo  straight- 
ish.  —  Homely  perennial  herbs,  with  very  small  greenish  or  purplish  flowers. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist.) 

1.  !L.  major,  Michx.     Hairy;  stem  upright,  simple,  producing  slender 
prostrate  branches  from  the  base ;  leaves  elliptical,  mucronate-pointed,  alternate 
and  opposite  or  sometimes  whorled ;  flowers  densely  crowded  in  panicled  clusters ; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  globose-depressed  (very  small)  pods.  —  Sterile  wood- 
lands ;  Maine  to  Kentucky  and  southward,  chiefly  eastward.    July  -  Sept.  — 
Plant  l°-2°  high,  stout. 

2.  "L.  thyillifolia,  Pursh.     Hoary   with  oppressed  hairs,  especially  the 
decumbent  stout   leafy   shoots    from    the   base ;    flowering  stems   ascending, 
loosely  branched,  with  the  leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate  ;  those  of  the  shoots  ellip' 
tical,  whorled,  crowded ;  floicers  scattered  in  small  and  loose  clusters ;  pedicels 
as  long  as  the  globose  pods.  —  Sandy  coast,  Maine  to  New  Jersey  and  south- 
ward.   July  -  Sept.  —  Scarcely  a  foot  high,  tufted,  rigid ;  the  pods  larger  than 
in  No.  1. 

3.  It,  minor,  Lam.     Minutely  hairy;  stems  slender,  upright  or  diffuse; 
leafy  shoots  densely  tufted  at  the  base ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  loosely  racemed  on 
the  slender  branchlets ;  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  globose  pods.  —  Dry 
open  soil;  common.     June -Sept. — Plant  5' -15'  high,  slender,  running  into 
numberless  variations  according  to  the  soil,  season,  and  exposure,     Pods  small« 
er  than  in  No.  2. 


DROSERACE.&.       (SUNDEW   FAMILY.)  47 

ORDER  17.     DROSERACE^E.     (SUNDEW  FAMILY.) 

Bog-herbs,  mostly  glandular-haired,  with  regular  Jiypogynous  flowers,  pen- 
tamerous  and  withering-persistent  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  the  anthers 
fxed  by  their  middle  and  turned  outwards,  and  a  l-celled  pod  with  twice  as 
many  separate  styles  or  stigmas  as  there  are  parietal  placentae.  —  Calyx  im- 
bricated. Petals  convolute.  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  short 
and  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen.  —  Leaves  circinate  in  the 
bud,  i.  e.  rolled  up  from  the  apex  to  the  base  as  in  Ferns.  (A  small  fam- 
ily, of  no  known  qualities,  except  a  slight  bitterness,  &c. ;  the  Sundews 
impart  a  purple  stain  to'paper  in  which  they  are  dried.)  Only  one  genus 
within  our  limits,  viz. 

1.    DROSERA,    L.        SUNDEW. 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  or  sometimes  5,  deeply  2-parted  so  that  they  are  taken 
for  6  or  10,  slender;  stigmatose  above  on  the  inner  face.  Pod  globular  or  ob- 
long, 3-  (rarely  5-)  valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  numerous  seeds  on  their  mid- 
dle for  the  whole  length.  —  Low  perennials;  the  leaves  clothed  with  i  eddish 
gland-bearing  bristles,  in  our  species  all  in  a  tuft  at  the  base ;  the  naked  scape 
bearing  the  flowers  in  a  1 -sided  raceme-like  inflorescence,  which  nods  at  the  un- 
developed apex,  so  that  the  fresh-blown  flower  (which  opens  only  in  sunshine) 
is  always  highest.  (The  glands  of  the  leaves  exude  drops  of  a  clear  fluid,  glit- 
tering like  dew-drops,  whence  the  name,  from  8poo-fp6s,  dewy.) 

1.  D.  rotundifolia,  L.     (ROUND-LEAVED  SUNDEW.)     Leaves  orbicu- 
lar, abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spreading  hairy  petioles;  seeds  spindle-shaped, 
the  coat  loose  and  chaff-like ;  flowers  white,  the  parts  sometimes  in  sixes.  — 
Peat-bogs,  common,  especially  northward.    July -Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  D.  longifolici,  L.    Leaves  spatulate-oblong,  tapering  into  the  long  rather 
erect  naked  petioles ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  rough  close  coat ;  flowers  white. 
(D.  intermedia,  Hayne.)  — Bogs,  chiefly  northward  and  eastward.    June- Aug. 
—  Plant  raised  on  its  prolonged  caudex  when  growing  in  water.     (Eu.) 

3.  D.  linearis,  Goldie.     (SLENDER  SUNDEW.)    Leaves  linear,  obtuse, 
the  blade  (2' -3'  long,  scarcely  2"  wide)  on  naked  erect. petioles  about  the  same 
length  ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  smooth  and  perfectly  close  coat ;  flowers  white.  — 
Shore  of  Lake  Superior.    July. 

4.  D.  filiformis,  Raf.     (THREAD-LEAVED  SUNDEW.)     Leaves  very  long 
and  filiform,  erect,  with  no  distinction  between  the  blade  and  the  stalk ;  seeds 
spindle-shaped;  flowers  numerous,  purple  rose-color  (£'  broad).  —  Wet  sand, 
near  the  coast,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  to  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  south- 
ward.   Aug.  —  Scapes  6'  - 12'  high ;  and  the  singular  leaves  nearly  as  long. 

DION^JA  MuscfpuLA,  Ellis,  the  VENUS'S  FLY-TRAP,  —  so  noted  for  the  ex- 
traordinary irritability  of  its  leaves,  closing  forcibly  at  the  touch, — is  a  native 
of  the  sandy  savannas  of  the  eastern  part  of  North  Carolina.  It  differs  in  sev- 
eral respects  from  the  character  of  the  order  given  above ;  the  stamens  being  15, 
the  styles  united  into  one,  and  the  seeds  all  at  the  base  of  the  pod 


48  HYPERICACEuE.       (ST.   JOHN'S-WORT   FAMILY.) 

ORDER  18.     PARNASSIACE^E.     (PARNASSIA  FAMILY.) 

Character  that  of  the  single  genus  Parnassia,  technically  most  like 
Hypericaceae,  but  the  leaves  alternate  and  dotless,  —  sometimes  clearly 
perigynous,  and  therefore  perhaps  nearer  Saxifragaceae,  —  the  4  sessile 
stigmas  situated  directly  over  the  parietal  placentae  ! 

1.    PARNASSIA,    Tourn.        GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS. 

Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  5,  veiny,  spreading,  at 
length  deciduous,  imbricated  in  the  bud :  a  cluster  of  somewhat  united  gland- 
tipped  sterile  filaments  at  the  base  of  each.  Proper  stamens  5,  alternate  with 
the  petals  :  filaments  persistent :  anthers  opening  inwards.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with 
4  projecting  parietal  placentae :  stigmas  4,  sessile,  directly  over  the  placentae. 
Pod  4-valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  placentae  on  their  middle.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, anatropous,  with  a  thick  wing-like  seed-coat  and  no  albumen.  Embryo 
straight :  cotyledons  very  short.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  the  entire  leaves 
chiefly  radical,  and  the  solitary  flowers  terminating  the  long  naked  stems. 
Petals  white,  with  greenish  or  yellowish  veins.  (Named  from  Mount  Parnassus  : 
called  Grass  of  Parnassus  by  Dioscorides.) 

1.  P.   palustliS,  L.    Petals  sessile;  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  few- 
veined;  sterile  filaments  9-15  in  each  set,  slender.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
Upper  Michigan,  and  northward.     Aug.  —  Stalks  3' -10'  high.      Leaves  all 
heart-shaped.    Flower  nearly  1'  broad.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  Cm'Oiiilifiiia,  Michx.     Petals  sessile,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  many-veined ;  sterile  filaments  3  in  each  set,  stout,  distinct  almost  to 
the  base.  —  Wet  banks,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward,  especially 
along  the  mountains.     July -Sept.  —  Leaves  thickish,  ovate  or  rounded,  often 
heart-shaped,  usually  but  one  on  the  stalk,  and  that  low  down  and  clasping 
Stalk  1  °  -  2°  high.     Flower  1 '  - 1  £'  broad. 

3.  P.  asarifdlia,  Vent.    Petals  abruptly  contracted  into  a  claw  at  the 
base ;  sterile  filaments  3  in  each  set ;  leaves  rounded  kidney-shaped :  otherwise  as  in 
No.  2.  —  High  Alleghanies  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 

ORDER  19.    HYPERICACEAE.    (Si.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  dotted  leaves  and  no  stipules,  regular 
hypogynous  flowers,  the,  petals  mostly  oblique  and  convolute  in  the  bud,  and 
many  or  few  stamens  commonly  collected  in  3  or  more  clusters  or  bundles. 
Pod  1-celled  with  2-5  parietal  placentae,  and  as  many  styles,  or  3-  5-celled 
by  the  union  of  the  placentae  in  the  centre :  dehiscence  septicidal.  —  Sepals  4 
or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5,  mostly 
deciduous.  Pod  2-5-  (rarely  6  -  7-)  lobed,  with  as  many  persistent 
styles,  which  are  at  first  sometimes  united.  Seeds  very  numerous,  small, 
anatropous,  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  cylindrical :  the  cotyledons  very 


HYPERICACE^:.       (ST.   JOHN'S-WORT   FAMILY.)  49 

short.  —  Plants  with  a  resinous  juice  (of  acrid  and  balsamic  qualities), 
dotted  with  pellucid  or  dark  glands,  usually  smooth.  Leaves  mostly  ses- 
sile. Flowers  solitary  or  cymose. 

Synopsis* 

1.  ASCYRUM.    Sepals  4,  very  unequal.    Petals  4,  oblique,  convolute,  yellow. 

2.  HYPERICUM.    Sepals  5.    Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute,  yellow. 

3.  ELODEA.    Sepals  5.    Petals  5,  equal-sided,  imbricated,  naked,  purplish.    Glands  3. 

1.    ASCYRUM,    L.        ST.  PETER'S-WORT. 

Sepals  4 ;  the  2  outer  very  broad  and  leaf-like ;  the  inner  much  smaller.  Pet- 
als 4,  oblique,  very  deciduous,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous ;  the 
filaments  distinct  and  scarcely  in  clusters.  Pod  strictly  1-cellcd,  2-4-valved. — 
Low,  rather  shrubby  plants,  with  pale  black-dotted  leaves,  and  nearly  solitary 
pale  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  a,  without,  and  anvpos,  roughness,  being  very 
smooth  plants.) 

1.  A.  stitns,   Michx.     (ST.  PETER'S-WORT.)     Stem  simple  or  branched 
above,  2-edged,  l°-2°  high,  stout;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  somewhat  clasping,  thick- 
ish ;  petals  obovate ;  styles  3-4.  —  Pine'  barrens,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and 
southward.    July,  Aug. — Flowers  showy,  almost  sessile:  outer  sepals  round- 
heart-shaped. 

2.  A.   Crnx-Andreae,    L.    (Si.    ANDREW'S    CROSS.)    Low,  much 
branched  and  decumbent ;  leaves  narrowly  obovate-oblong,  contracted  at  the  base, 
thin;  petals  linear-oblong;  styles  2,  very  short;  pod  flat. — Pine  barrens,  New1 
Jersey  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.    July -Sept. — Petals  scarcely  exceeding 
the  outer  sepals,  approaching  each  other  in  pairs  over  them,  in  the  form  of  a  St. 
Andrew's  cross. 

2.    HYPERICUM,    L.        ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  somewhat  equal.  Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
numerous  or  few,  united  or  clustered  in  3  -  5  parcels :  no  interposed  glands. 
Pod  1-  or  3-5-cclled.  Seeds  usually  cylindrical.  —  Herbs  o'r  shrubs,  with 
cymose  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  origin. ) 

4  1.  Stamens  very  numerous,  5-adelphous :  pod  5-  (rarely  6-7-)  celled,  with  the  pia- 
centce  turned  far  back  into  the  cells:  herbaceous, perennial :  flowers  very  large. 
1.  H.  pyraifiidatiim,  Ait.     (GREAT  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.)    Branches 
2  -  4-angled ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  partly  clasping ;  petals  narrowly  obovate.  not 
deciduous  until  after  they  wither;  stigmas  capitate. — Banks  of  rivers,  rare,  W, 
New  England  to  ."Wisconsin  and  Illinois.    July.  —  Plant  3°  -  5°  high.    Leaves 
2' -3'  long.     Petals  1'  long.     Pod  f  long,  conical. 

§  2.  Stamens  very  numerous :  pod  3  -  5-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placentce,  which  are 

seed-bearing  on  the  outer  face. 

*  Shrubs,  leafy  to  the  top  :  styles  (at  first  united)  and  cells  of  the  pod  3  or  5 ;  calyx 
leafy,  spreading :  stamens  scarcely  at  all  clustered. 


50  HYPERICACE.E.       (ST.   JOHN'S-WORT    FAMILY.) 

2.  II,  Kalmifanum,    L.    Bushy,   l°-3°  high;   branches  4-angled : 
branchlets  2^edged ;  leaves  crowded,  glaucous,  oblanceolate ;  flowers  few  in  a 
cluster ;  pods  ovate  5-celled.  —  Wet  rocks,  Niagara  Ealls  and  Northern  lakes. 
Aug.  —  Leaves  1 '  -  2 '  long.    Flowers  1 '  wide. 

3.  H.  prolificum,  L.     (SHRUBBY  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.)    Branchlets  2- 
edged ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  nan-owed  at  the  base ;  flowers 
numerous,  in  simple  or  compound  clusters;  pods  oblong,  3-celled. — New  Jersey 
to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.    July -Sept.  —  Shrub  l°-4°  high,  with 
long  rather  simple  shoots,  leaves  2'  long  and  £'  or  more  wide,  and  flowers  |'  - 1 
in  diameter.     Varies  greatly  in  size,  &c. 

Var.  densifldrum.  Exceedingly  branched  above,  l°-6°  high,  the 
branches  slender  and  crowded  with  smaller  leaves ;  flowers  smaller  (£'  -  f '  iji 
diameter)  and  more  numerous,  in  crowded  compound  cymes.  '(H.  densiflorum, 
&  H.  galioides,  Pursh.) — Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  glades  of  Western 
Maryland,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs :  styles  (diverging)  and  cells  of  the  pod  3  :  petals  and  anthers 
/  -       with  black  dots :  calyx  erect :  stamens  distinctly  in  3  or  5  clusters. 

4.  H.    PERFORATUM,    L.     (COMMON    ST.    JOHN'S-WORT.)     Stem    much 
branched  and  corymbed,  somewhat  2-edged  (producing  runners  from  the  base) ; 
leaves  elliptical-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  with  pellucid  dots ;  petals  (deep  yellow) 
twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals ;  flowers  numerous,  in  open  leafy 
cymes.  — Pastures  and  meadows,  &c.    June  -  Sept.  —  Too  well  known  s every- 
where as  a  pernicious  weed,  which  it  is  diflicult  to  extirpate.    Its  juices  are  very 
acrid.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  H.  coryinbosiim,  Muhl.     Conspicuously  marked  with  both  black 
and  pellucid  dots ;  stem  terete,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  somewhat 
clasping ;  flowers  crowded '( small );  petals  pale  yellow,  much  longer  than  the 
oblong  sepals. — Damp  places;    common.      July -Sept.  —  Leaves  larger  and 
flowers  much  smaller  than  in  No.  4;  the  petals  2" -3"  long,  marked  with  black 
lines  as  well  as  dots. 

$  3.  Stamens  very  numerous,  obscurely  clustered :  pod  1-cetted,  or  incompletely  3-celled, 
the  3  placentce  sometimes  borne  on  short  partitions,  but  not  joined  in  the  centre : 
perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs. 
*  Sepals  foliaceous  and  spreading,  unequal :  styles  more  or  less  united  into  one. 

6.  II.  ellipticum,  Hook.     Stem  simple,  herbaceous  (1°  high),  obscure- 
ly 4-angled ;  leaves  spreading,  elliptical-oblong,  obtuse,  thin ;  cyme  nearly  naked, 
rather  few-flowered;  sepals  oblong ;  pods  ovoid,  very  obtuse,  purple,  1 -celled.— 
Wet  places,  New  England  and  Pennsylvania  to  Lake  Superior  and  northward 
July,  Aug.  —  Petals  light  yellow,  3"  long. 

7.  H.  adpreSSimi,  Barton.    Stem  simple,  herbaceous,  or  slightly  wood} 
at  the  base  (l°-2°high),  obscurely  4-angled  below  and  2-edged  abo-ve;  leave* 
ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  often  acute,  thin ;  cyme  leafy  at  the  base, 
few-flowered ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate ;  pods  ovoid-oblong,  incompletely  3  -^-celled.  — 
Moist  places,  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania   and  southwest- 
ward.     July,  Aug.  — Leaves  l£'  long.     Petfels  bright  yel^w,  3    -  5"  long. 


HTPERICACE^E.      (ST.   JOHN'S-WORT   FAMILY.)  51 

8.  H.  dolalmforme,  Vent.    Stems  branched  from  the  decumbent 
base,  woody  below  (6' -20'  high),  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  widely  spread- 
ing, veinless ;  cyme  leafy,  few-flowered ;  sepals  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  about 
the  length  of  the  very  oblique  petals  (5" -6"  long) ;  pods  ovate-conical,  pointed, 
strictly  l-celled,  the  walls  very  thick  and  hard.    (H.  procumbens,  Midix.)  — Dry 
hills  and  rocks,  ban-ens  of  Kentucky  and  westward.    June -Aug. 

9.  H.  Spliaerocarpon,  Michx.     Stem  simple  or  branched  above,  her- 
baceous, scarcely  angular  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  widely  spreading,  oblong-lineat 
or  lanceolate,  very  obtuse,  thickish,  nearly  veinless ;  cyme  compound  and  many- 
flowered,  flat,  naked;  sepals  ovate;  pods  depressed-globular,  strictly  \-ceUed,  rather 
thin.  —  Rocky  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Kentucky  Rivers.    July,  Aug.  —  Petals 
about  3"  long. 

10.  H.   imdiflomm,   Michx.    Stems  branched,  woody  at  the  base, 
sharply  4-angled  or  almost  winged  above  (l°-4°  high);  leaves  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  obscurely  veined,  pale  ;    cyme  compound,  many-flowered, 
naked ;  sepals  oblong ;  pods  ovate-conical,  pointed,  almost  3-celled.  —  Low  grounds, 
Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     July.  —  Petals  3" -4"  long. 

*  *  Sepals  herbaceous,  erect,  equal :  styles  3,  separate. 

11.  H.  angnldsum,  Michx.    Stem  slender,  strict,  simple,  sharply  4- 
angled,  herbaceous  (10-20  high);  leaves  opaque,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  (£'-!'  long),  ascending,  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base ;  cyme  compound, 
naked,  the  branches  prolonged  and  ascending,  with  the  scattered  flowers  raceme- 
like  ;  sepals  enclosing  the  ovoid  l-celled  pod.  —  Wet  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey 
and  southward.    July-  Sept.  — Petals  copper-yellow,  4" - 5"  long,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx,  furnished  with  a  tooth  on  one  side. 

§  4.  Stamens  5-12,  distinct  or  in  3  clusters:  pod  (brown-purple)  l-celled,  with  3 
strictly  parietal  placentce :  styles  short,  distinct :  petals  oblong  or  linear,  small :  sepals 
narrow,  erect :  slender  annuals,  with  4-angular  branches. 

12.  H.  ill 8H il II ill,  L.     Stem  flaccid,  widely  branching^  (6' -10'  high); 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  partly  clasping,  5-nerved ;  cymes  leafy ;  pods  ovate- 
conical,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.     (H.  parviflorum,  Muhl.) — Low  grounds, 
everywhere. — Elowers  2"  broad. 

13.  H.  Canadense,  L.     Stem  strict  (6' -20'  high),  with  the  branches 
erect ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  3-nerved  at  the  base ;  cymes  naked ;  pods  conical- 
oblong,  usually  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Wet,  sandy  soil:  common.     June- 
Oct. — Flowers  copper-yellow,  2" -3"  broad  when  expanded. 

14-  H.  I>riiiiiiii6ndii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  and  the  mostly  alternate 
bushy  branches  rigid,  erect  (10'-18'  high);  leaves  linear-subulate,  nearly  erect, 
l-nerved  (3" -9"  long) ;  /lowers  scattered  along  the  upper  part  of  the  leafy 
branches,  short-pedicelled ;  pods  ovoid,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  ( Sarothra  Drum- 
mondii,  Gfrev.  fr  Hook.) — W.  Illinois  and  southward,  in  dry  soil.  July -Oct. 
—  Sepals  2" -3"  long,  mostly  exceeding  the  petals. 

15.  H.  Saroflira,  Michx.  (ORANGE-GKASS.  PINE-WEED.)  Stem  and 
bushy  branches  thread-like,  wiry  (4' -9'  high);  leaves  minute  awl-shaped  scales, 
oppressed ;  flowers  minute,  mostly  sessile  and  scattered  along  the  erect  branches ; 


52  ELATIN1CEJE.      (WATER-WORT  FAMILY.) 

pods  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     (Sarothra  gentianoides, 
L.)  —  Sandy  fields ;  common.    June  -  Oct. 

H.  GRAVEOLENS,  BucHey,  a  species  with  foliage  like  No.  5,  but  with  large 
flowers,  &  H.  BTJCKLETI,  Curtis,  a  low  suffruticose  species  with  large  flowers, 
both  natives  of  the  mountains  of  Carolina,  may  be  expected  in  those  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

3.    EL.  ODE  A,    Pursh.        MAESH  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  equal,  erect.  Petals  5,  equal-sided,  oblong,  naked,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  9  (rarely  12  or  15),  united  in  3  sets;  the  sets  separated  by 
as  many  large  and  ovate  orange-colored  glands.  Pod  3-celled,  oblong :  styles 
distinct.  —  Perennial  herbs,  growing  in  marshes  or  shallow  water,  with  small 
close  clusters  of  flesh-colored  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stem.  (Name  from  cAto&js, growing  in  marshes.) 

1.  E»  Virginica,,  Nutt.     Leaves  closely  sessile  or  clasping  by  a  broad  base, 
oblong  or  ovate,  very  obtuse;  filaments  united  below  the  middle.     (Hypericum 
Virginicum,  L.)  —  Common  in  swamps.    July,  Aug. 

2.  E.  pctiolata,  Pursh.    Leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  oblong :  fila- 
ments united  beyond  the  middle.  —  From  New  Jersey  southward  and  west- 
ward. 

ORDER  20.    ELATTNACEJE.     (WATER-WORT  FAMILY.) 

Little  marsh  annuals,  with  opposite  dotless  leaves  and  membranaceous  stip- 
ules, minute  axillary  flowers  like  duckweeds,  but  the  pod  2  -  5-celled,  and 
the  seeds  as  in  St.  John's-wort.  —  The  principal  genus  is 

1.    EL,  A  TINE,    L.        WATER-WORT. 

Sepals  2-5,  persistent.  Petals  2-5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  as  many,  rarely 
twice  as  many,  as  the  petals.  Styles,  or  sessile  capitate  stigmas,  2-5.  Pod 
2-5-celled,  several -many -seeded,  2-5-valved;  the  partitions  left  attached  to 
the  axis,  or  evanescent.  Seeds  cylindrical,  straightish  or  curved.  (A  Greek 
name  for  some  obscure  herb.) 

1.  E.  Americana,  Arnott.  Dwarf  (!'  high),  creeping,  rooting  in  the 
mud,  tufted  ;  leaves  obovate ;  flowers  sessile ;  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  stig- 
mas 2,  rarely  3 ;  seeds  5  or  6  in  each  cell,  rising  from  the  base.  (Peplis  Amer- 
icana, Pursh.  Crypta  minima,  Nutt.) — Margin  of  ponds,  &c.,  N.  Hampshire, 
to  Kentucky.  Pod  very  thin  and  delicate;  the  seeds  large  in  proportion, 
straightish. 

ORDER  21.     CARYOPHYL.L.ACEJE.     (PINK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  symmetrical  4  -  5-merous  flowers,  with  or 
without  petals ;  the  distinct  stamens  no  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the 
sepals,  either  hypogynous  or  perigynous ;  styles  2-5;  seeds  attached  to  the 


CARYOPHYLLACE.E.       (PINK   FAMILY.)  53 

base  or  the  centred  column  of  the  1-cetted  (rarely  B-5-cetted)  pod,  with  a 
slender  embryo  coiled  or  curved  around  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen. — 
Bland  herbs ;  the  stems  usually  swollen  at  the  joints ;  uppermost  leaves 
rarely  alternate.  Leaves  often  united  at  the  base.  Calyx  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  persistent.  Styles  stigmatic  along  the  inside.  Seeds  amphitro- 
pous  or  eampylotropous.  —  There  are  several  suborders,  of  which  the  first 
three  are  the  principal. 

Synopsis. 
SUBORDER  I.    SILENEJE.    THE  PROPER  PINK  FAMILY. 

Sepals  united  into  a  tubular  calyx.     Petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the 
stalk  of  the  many-seeded  pod,  the  former  with  long  claws  included  in  the 
dbalyx-tube,  mostly  convolute  in  aestivation.     Seeds  numerous.  —  Stipules 
none.     Flowers  mostly  showy. 

*  Calyx  with  scaly  bractlets  at  the  base.    Seeds  flattened :  embryo  nearly  straight. 
1    DIANTHUS.    Calyx  terete,  mostly  cylindrical.    Styles  2. 

*  *  Calyx  naked.    Seeds  globular  or  kidney-shaped :  embryo  curved  or  coiled. 

2.  SAPONABIA.    Calyx  terete.    Styles  2. 

3.  VACCARIA.    Calyx  6-angled  and  in  fruit  6-winged.    Styles  2. 

4.  SILENB.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Styles  8,  rarely  4. 

6.  AGROSTEMMA.    Calyx  with  5  narrow  leafy  lobe*.    Styles  5. 

SUBORDER  IT.    ALSINE2E.    THE  CHICKWEED  FAMILY. 

Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Petals  without  claws  (sometimes  none), 
mostly  imbricated  in  aestivation,  and  with  the  stamens  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  sessile  ovary,  or  into  a  little  disk  which  often  coheres  with  the 
base  of  the  calyx.  Pod  splitting  into  valves,  few  —  many-seeded.  Stamens 
opposite  the  sepals,  when  not  more  numerous  than  they.  —  Low  herbs. 
Stipules  n/me. 

*  Styles  opposite  the  sepals,  or,  when  fewer,  opposite  those  which  are  exterior  in  the  bud. 

I-  Valves  of  the  pod  as  many  as  the  styles  (usually  3),  and  entire. 

6    HONKEN YA.    Seeds  few,  at  the  base  of  the  pod.    Stamens  borne  on  a  thick  and  glandu- 
lar 10-lobed  disk. 

7.  ALSINE.    Seeds  many,  attached  to  a  central  column,  naked. 

•«-  •»-  Valves  or  teeth  into  which  the  pod  splits  twice  as  many  as  there  are  styles. 
•H-  Pod  splitting  to  the  middle  or  farther  into  valves. 

8.  ARENARIA.    Petals  6,  entire.    Styles  8.    Pods  at  first  3-valved,  the  valves  soon  2-cleft, 

making  6.    Seeds  rough,  naked. 

9.  MfflHRINGIA.    Petals  4-5,  entire.    Styles  2-4.    Pods  4-8-valved.    Seeds  smooth  and 

shining,  appendaged  at  the  hiltun. 

10.  STELLA1UA.    Petals  4  -6,  mostly  2-cleft,  sometimes  minute  or  none.    Styles  (2  -  5)  most- 

ly 3.    Pods  splitting  into  twice  as  many  valves.    Seeds  not  appendaged. 
«>  *+  Pod  opening  only  at  the  top  by  teeth. 

11.  HOLOSTEUM.    Petals  5,  denticulate  at  the  end.    Stamens  and  styles  mostly  3. 

12.  CERASTIUM.    Petals  4 -5,  usually  2-cleft.    Styles  as  many  as  the  petals. 

*  *  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals :  stamens  as  many  as  they,  sometimes  twice  as  many. 
18.  SAGINA.    Petals  4 -6,  undivided,  or  none.    Styles  4 -6.    Pod4-5-valved. 

5* 

1 


54  CARTOPHYLLACE^.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

SUBOB>ER  m.    ILLECEBRE^E.    THE  KNOTWORT  FAMILY. 

Character  same  as  of  the  Chickweed  Family,  but  with  dry  scale-like 
stipules,  the  uppermost  leaves  rarely  alternate,  and  the  1-celled  pods  some- 
times  1-seeded. 

#  Pod  (capsule)  many-seeded.    Styles  3-5.    Petals  visually  conspicuous. 
14.  SPERGULARIA.    Styles  3 -6.    Leaves  opposite. 

16.  SPERGULA.    Styles  6.    Valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals.    Leaves  whorled. 
*  *  Pod  (utricle)  1-seeded.    Styles  2,  often  united.    Petals  bristle-form  or  none.    Stamen* 
plainly  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

16.  ANYCHIA.    Petals  none.    Sepals  flattish,  unarmed. 

17.  PA110NYCHIA,    Petals  minute  or  bristle-form.    Sepals  concave,  awned. 

SUBORDER  IV.    SCLER  ANTHER.    THE  KNAWEL  FAMILY. 

Characters  of  the  preceding,  but  no  stipules,  and  the  sepals  more  united 
below  into  an  indurated  tube  surrounding  the  utricle ;  the  stamens  inserted 
at  the  throat. 

18.  SCLERANTIIUS.    Petals  none.    Stamens  5  or  10. 

SUBORDER  V.    MOLLUGINE2E.    INDIAN-CHICKWEED  FAMILY. 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number,  when  fewer 
alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  3-celled  ovary :  —  otherwise  as  in  Suborders 
2  and  3. 

19.  MOLLUGO.    Petals  none.    Stamens  8 -6.    Stigmas  3.    Pod  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

SUBORDER  L    SHjfcNEJE.    THE  PROPER  PINK  FAMILY. 

1.    I>  I A  NT  HITS,    L.       PINK.    CARNATION. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  5-toothed,  supported  at  the  base  by  2  or  more  imbricated 
brackets.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  long-stalked,  1-celled,  4-vaIved  at  the 
apex.  Seeds  flattish  :  embryo  scarcely  curved.  —  Ornamental  plants,  of  well- 
known  aspect  and  value  in  cultivation,  none  natives  of  this  country.  (Name 
from  Aios,  of  Jupiter,  and  avQos,  flower,  i.  e.  Jove's  own  flower.) 

1.  D.  ARM±RIA,  L.  (DEPTFORD  PINK.)  Flowers  in  close  clusters;  bract- 
lets  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lance-awl-fonn,  downy,  as  long  as  the  tube ;  leaves 
linear,  hairy ;  flowers  small,  scentless,  rose-color  with  white  dots,  crenate.  (D 
— Fields,  &c.,  Pennsylvania  and  E.  Massachusetts.  July.  —  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

D.  CARYOPHYLLUS,  L.,  is  the  original  of  the  CLOVE-PINK  or  CARNATION, 
Ac.  of  the  gardens,  D.  BARBATUS  is  the  SWEET-WILLIAM  or  BUNCH  PINK. 

2.    SAPONARIA,    L.        SOAPWORT. 

Calyx  tubular,  terete  and  even,  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2.  Pod  short-stalked,  1-celled,  or  partly  2-celled  at  the  base,  4-toothed  at 
the  apex.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring. — Flowers  cymose-clustered.  (Nam* 


CARYOPHYLLACEJE.       (PINK   FAMILY.)  55 

from  sapo,  soap,  the  mucilaginous  juice  of  the  common  species  forming  a  lathei 
with  water. ) 

i.  S.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (COMMON  SOAPWORT.  BOUNCING  BET.)  Clus 
ters  corymbed ;  calyx  cylindrical,  slightly  downy ;  petals  crowned  with  an  ap- 
pendage at  the  top  of  the  claw;  leaves  oval-lanceolate.  1|. — Road-sides,  &c, 
July  -  Sept.  —  A  stout  plant  with  large  rose-colored  flowers,  which  are  com 
monly  double.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    VAC C ARIA,    Medik.        COW-HEEB. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  ovoid-pyramidal,  5-angled,  5-tqothed,  enlarged  and 
wing-angled  in  fruit.  Petals  not  crowned.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  in- 
completely 4-celled  at  the  base.  —  A  smooth  annual  herb,  with  pale  red  flowers 
in  corymbed  cymes,  and  ovate-lanceolate  leaves.  (Name  from  Vacc'a,  a  cow.) 

1.  V.  VULGARI  s,  Host.  (Saponaria  Vaccaria,  L.) — Escaped  from  gardens 
;  and  becoming  spontaneous  in  some  places.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.    SIL.EIVE,    L.        CATCHFLY.    CAMPION. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3,  rarely  4. 
Pod  1 -celled,  or  partly  3-celled  at  the  base,  opening  by  6  teeth  at  the  apex. 
Embryo  coiled.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  in  clustered  cymes.  Petals  mostly 
crowned  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  (Name  from  criaAoi/,  saliva, 
in  allusion  to  the  viscid  secretion  on  the  stems  and  calyx  of  many.. species. 
The  English  name  Catchfly  alludes  to  the  same  peculiarity.) 

*  Calyx  bladdery-inflated :  perennial :  flowers  panided,  white. 

1.  S.  Stellata,  Ait.     (STARRY  CAMPIOW.)     Leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  calyx  bell-shaped ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe,  crownless.  — 
Wooded  banks,  Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    July. 
—  Stem  3°  high,  minutely  pubescent,  with  a  large  and  open  pyramidal  panicle. 
Corolla  I'  broad.     (Cucubalus  stellatus,  L.) 

2.  S.  nivca,  DC.     Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  taper-pointed ;  ca- 
lyx oblong;  petals  wedge-form,  2-ckft,  minutely  crowned.  —  Columbia,  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  Ohio  and  Illinois  :  rare.     July.  —  Stem  l°-2°  high,  almost  smooth, 
Flowers  few,  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

3.  S.  INFLATA,  Smith.     (BLADDER  CAMPION.)     Glaucous;  leaves  opposite, 
ovate-lanceolate ;  calyx  globular,   much  inflated,  elegantly  veined ;  petals  2-cleft, 
nearly  crowuless. — Fields  and  road-sides,  E.  New  England.    July. — Afoot 
high.    Flowers  loosely  cymose.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  *  Calyx  elongated  or  club-shaped,  not  inflated  except  by  the  enlarging  pod:  flower* 
cymose  or  clustered :  perennial,  pubescent  with  viscid  hairs,  especially  the  -calyx : 
petals  crowned,  red  or  rose-color. 

4.  S.  Pennsylvanica,  Michx.    (WILD  PINK.)    Stems  low  (4' -8 
high) ;  root-leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  nearly  glabrous,  tapering  into  hairy  peti 
oles;  stem-leaves  (2-3  pairs)  lanceolate;  flowers  clustered,  shoit-stalked ;  calyx 
club-shaped ;  petals  wedge-form,  slightly  notched  and  eroded  at  the  end,  purvle  rose- 


56  CAKTOPHTLLACE^:.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

color.  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  places,  Eastern  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward.    April- June. 

5.  S.  Virginica*  L.     (FIRE  PINK.     CATCHFLY.)     Stems  slender  (1°- 
2°  high) ;  leaves  thin,  spatulate,  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers  few  and  loose- 
ly cymose,  peduncled ;  calyx  oblong-cylindrical,  soon  obconical ;  petals  oblong,  2- 
cleft,  deep  crimson;  the  limb  1'  long.  —  Open  woods,  W.  New  York  (Sartwett)  to 
Illinois  and  southward.    June -Aug. 

6.  S.  regia,  Sims.     (ROYAL  CATCHFLY.)     Stem  roughish,  erect  (3°  -  4° 
high) ;  leaves  thickish,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  flowers  numerous,  short-stalked,  in 
clusters,  forming  a  strict  panicle ;  calyx  ovoid-club-shaped  in  fruit ;  petals  spatu 
late-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  deep  scarlet. — Prairies,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and 
southward.    July. 

7.  S.    rotundifolia,    Nutt.     (ROUND-LEAVED    CATCHFLY.)     Viscid- 
hairy;  stems  weak,  branched,  decumbent  (2°  long) ;  leaves  thin,  round,  abruptly 
pointed,  the  lower  obovate ;  flowers  few  and  loosely  cymose,  stalked ;  calyx  elon- 
gated ;  petals  2-clefl  and  cut-toothed,  deep  scarlet.  —  Shaded  banks  of  the  Ohio,  and 
in  Kentucky.    June -Aug.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  large.     This  and  No.  6  may 
pass  into  No.  5. 

#  *  *  Calyx  not  inflated,  except  by  the  enlarging  pod :  annual :  flowers  rose,  flesh- 
color,  or  white,  opening  only  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather  (except  No.  S). 
•»-  Glabrous  throughout :  a  portion  of  each  joint  of  the  stem  mostly  glutinous. 
8«  S.  ARMERIA,    L.     (SWEET-WILLIAM   CATCHFLY.)     Glaucous;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate ;  flowers  cymose-clustered ;  calyx  club-shaped,  purplish,  as  well  as 
the  petals,  which  are  notched,  and  crowned  with  awl-shaped  scales.  —  Escaped 
from  gardens  to  waste  places ;  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

9.  S.  aiitirrliiiia,  L.     (SLEEPY   CATCHFLY.)     Stem  slender  (8' -30' 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear;  flowers  small,  paniculate;  calyx  ovoid;  petals 
obovate,  minutely  crowned,  inconspicuous,  rarely  seen  expanded.  —  Dry  soil ; 
common  in  waste  places.    June  -  Sept. 

t-  -H-  Viscid-pubescent :  flowers  white  or  nearly  so,  sweet-scented  at  night. 

10.  S.  NOCTURNA,  L.    (NIGHT-CATCHFLY.)    Leaves  short,  the  lower  spatu- 
late, the  upper  linear ;  flowers  small,  alternate  in  a  strict  l-sided  spike ;  petals  2- 
parted.  —  Introduced  sparingly  in  Pennsylvania,  according  to  Schweinitz.    (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

11.  S.  NOCTIFL6RA,  L.     (NIGHT-FLOWERING    CATCHFLY.)     Viscid-hairy, 
tall  (l°-3°  high);  lower  leaves  large  and  spatulate;  the  upper  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed ;  flowers  solitary  in  the  forks,  peduncled ;  calyx   cylindrical  with 
long  awl-shaped  teeth;  petals  rather  large,  2-parted,  crowned.     (S.  nocturna, 
Bigelow.)  —  Cultivated  grounds.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  =K=  *  *  Dwarf,  tufted,  smooth :  perennial,  1-flowered. 

12.  S.  acsiillis,  L.    (Moss  CAMPION.)    Tufted  like  a  moss  (l'-2;  high) , 
leaves  linear,  crowded  to  the  summit  of  the  short  stems ;  flowers  almost  sessile ; 
calyx  slightly  inflated;  petals  purple  or  rarely  white,  inversely  heart-shaped, 
crowned.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.    July 
(Eu.) 


CARYOPHYLLACE.S.       (PINK  FAMILY.)  57 

5.    A  OHO  STEM  MA,    L.        CORN-COCKLE. 

Calyx  naked,  tubular,  coriaceous,  its  limb  of  5  long  and  linear  foliaceous 
te  jth  or  lobes,  longer  than  the  corolla,  which  fall  off  in  fruiting.  Petals  not 
crowned,  entire.  Stamens  10,  those  opposite  the  petals  adhering  to  the  base  of 
their  claws.  Styles  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-teeth.  Pod  1-celled,  opening  at 
the  top  by  5  teeth.  Embryo  coiled.  —  Annual  or  biennial,  erect  and  branching, 
pubescent,  with  long  linear  leaves,  and  large  purple  flowers  on  long  peduncles. 
(Name  dypov  ore/i/xa,  crown  ofihefidd,  being  a  handsome  corn-weed.) 

1.  A.  GiTHloo,  L.  (Lychnis  Githago,  Lam.}  Wheat-fields;  too  common; 
the  black  seeds  of  Cockle  being  injurious  to  the  appearance  of  the  flour.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

LYCHNIS,  Tourn.,  to  which  the  Cockle  was  once  referred,  is  represented  in 
our  gardens  by  L.  CORONARIA,  the  MULLEIN  PINK  ;  L.  CHALCEDONICA,  the 
SCARLET  LYCHNIS  ;  and  L.  FLOS-ctcuLi,  the  BAGGED  KOBIN. 


SUBORDER  II.    ALiSINEJE.    THE  CHICKWEED  FAMILY. 

6.    HONKENYA,    Ehrhart.        SEA-SANDWORT. 

Sepals  5,  fleshy.  Disk  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  conspicuous  and  glandular, 
10-notched.  Petals  5,  obovate-  wedge-shaped,  tapering  into  a  short  claw.  Sta- 
mens 10,  inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  disk.  Styles  3  -  5,'short,  opposite  as  many 
of  the  sepals.  Ovary  more  or  less  3  -  5-celled.  Pod  fleshy,  opening  by  as  many 
valves  as  styles,  few-seeded  at  the  base.  Seeds  smooth,  short-beaked  next  the 
naked  hilum.  A  very  fleshy  maritime  perennial,  forked,  with  ovate  or  oblong 
leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers,  more  or  less  polygamo-dioecious.  Petals 
white.  (Named  in  honor  of  Honckeny,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  H.  peploides,  Ehrhart.  (Arenaria  peploides,  L.)  —  Sea-beach, 
Maine  to  New  Jersey.  May,  June.  —  Grows  in  large  tufts  in  the  sands,  6'  -  10' 
high.  Leaves  f  long,  partly  clasping,  very  thick.  (Eu.) 

7.    A  L,  SI  WE,    (Tourn.)  Wahl.        GROVE  SANDWORT. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  or  rarely  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  10,  in- 
serted on  a  small  disk.  Styles  3.  Ovary  1-celled.  Pod  many-seeded,  3  valved 
to  the  base  ;  the  valves  entire,  opposite  the  inner  sepals.  Seeds  usually  rough, 
naked  at  the  hilum.  —  Small  tufted  herbs,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  mostly  white 
flowers,  which  are  solitary  and  terminal  or  cymose.  (Name  from  oXaos,  a 
grove.)  —  This  and  No.  9  are-  comprised  in  Arenaria  by  many  botanists. 
*  leaves  rigid,  awl-shaped  or  bristle-shaped. 

1.  A.  squarrosa,  Fenzl.  (PINE-BARREN  SANDWORT.)  Densely  tuft- 
ed from  a  deep  perpendicular  root  ;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  but  spreading,  awl' 
shaped,  short,  channelled;  branches  naked  and  minutely  glandular  above,  several- 
flowered;  sepals  obtuse,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  pod.  U  (Arenaria  squarrosa, 
Michx.)  —  In  pure  sand,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward  along  the 
coast.  May  -July.  , 


58  CARYOPHYLLACEJE.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

2.  A.  Micliaiixii,  Fenzl.    Erect,  or  usually  diffusely  spreading  from  a 
small  root,  smooth  ;  leaves  slender,  between  awl-shaped  and  bristle-form,  with  many 
others  clustered  in  the  axils  ;  cyme  diffuse,  naked,  many-flowered  ;  sepals  pointed, 
3-ribbed,  ovate,  as  long  as  the  pod.     1|.  (Arenaria  stricta,  Michx.)  —  Rocks  and 
dry  wooded  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.    July. 

*  *  Leaves  soft  and  herbaceous,  filiform-linear  :  petals  retuse  or  notched. 

3.  A.  patula.    Diffusely  branched  from  the  slender  root  ;  stems  filiform 
(6'  -10'  long)  ;  branches  of  the  cyme  diverging;  peduncles  long;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  3-nerved,  petals  spatulate,  emarginate.    (Arenaria  patula,  Michx.) 
—  Cliffs  of  Kentucky  River,  and  mountains  of  Western  Virginia.    July.  — 
Smoothish  :  leaves  £'-  1'  long. 

4.  A.    GruiiilsiiHlica,    Fenzl.     (MOUNTAIN    SANDWORT.)     Densely 
tufted  from  slender  roots,  smooth;  stems  filiform,  erect  (2'  -4'  high),  few-flow- 
ered ;    sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  nerveless  ;  petals  obovate,  somewhat  notched.     1J. 
(Stellaria  Groenlandi  ca,  Retz.     Arenaria  Grcenlandica,  Spreng.)  —  Summit  of 
the  Shawangunk,  Catskill,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York,  and  of  all 
the  higher  mountains  of  New  England,  and  northward  ;  alpine  or  suhalpine. 
At  Bath,  Maine,  on  river-banks  near  the  sea.    June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  and  pedun- 
cles 3"  -6"  long;  flowers  large  in  proportion. 

A.  GLABRA,  of  the  mountain-tops  in  Carolina,  may  occur  on  those  of  Virginia. 

8.     ARENARIA,    L.        SANDWORT. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3,  rarely  2 
or  4.  Ovary  1-celled.  Pod  many-seeded,  opening  above  by  as  many  valves  as 
there  are  styles,  each  valve  soon  splitting  into  two.  Seeds  naked  at  the  hilum. 
(Name  from  arena,  sand,  in  which  many  of  the  species  love  to  grow.) 

1.   A.     SERPYLLIF6LIA,     L.        (THYME-LEAVED     SANDWORT.)        Diffusely 

branched,  roughish  (2'  -6'  high)  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute  (small)  ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
pointed,  3  -  5-nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  petals  and  the  6-toothed  pod.    (£)  — 
Sandy  waste  places.     June  -Aug.     (Nat.4from  Eu.) 
A.  DiFFdSA,  Ell.,  will  probably  be  found  in  Southern  Virginia. 


9.    MCEHRiNGIA,    L.       MOSHRINGIA. 

Seeds  strophiolate,  i.  e.  with  a  thickish  appendage  at  the  hilum,  smooth. 
Young  ovary  3-celled.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Arenaria.  —  Flaccid  herbs;  the 
parts  of  the  flower  sometimes  in  fours.  (Named  for  Moehring,  a  German  botanist.  } 

1.  1U.  laterifldra,  L.  Sparingly  branched,  erect,  minutely  pubescent; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse;  peduncles  2-  (rarely  3-4-)  flowered,  becoming 
lateral  ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  petals,  y.  (Arenaria  lateri- 
flora,  L.)  —  Shady  gravelly  banks  along  streams,  New  England  to  Wisconsin, 
northward.  May,  June.  —  Leaves  £'  to  1'  long  :  corolla  £'  broad,  white.  (Eu.) 

1C.    STELLARIA,    L.        CHICKWEED.    STARWORT. 

Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  deeply  2-cleft,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  8,  10, 
or  fewer.  Styles  3-4,  rarely  5,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Ovary  1-celled.  Pod 


CARYOPHYLLACE^E.       (PINK  FAMILY.)  59 

ovoid,  opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  styles,  several- man y-seeded.  Seeds 
naked. — Flowers  (white)  terminal,  or  appearing  lateral  by  the  prolongation  of 
the  stem  from  the  upper  axils.  (Name  from  stella,  a  star,  in  allusion  to  the 
star -shaped  flowers.) 

*  Stamens  usually  fewer  than  10  :  leaves  broad. 

1.  S.  MEDIA,  Smith.     (COMMON  CHICKWEED.)     Stems  spreading,  marked 
with  an  alternate  pubescent  line ;  leaves  ovate,  the  lower  on  hairy  petioles ;  petals 
2-parted,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  stamens  3-10.     ®  ® — Fields  and  around 
dwellings,  everywhere.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S»   ]>ubcra,    Michx.      (GREAT    CHICKWEED.)"     Stems    spreading, 
marked  with  2  opposite  hairy  lines ;  leaves  all  sessile,  oblong  or  ovate  (2'  long)  ; 
petals  deeply  2-cleft,  longer  than  the  calyx.    1J. —  Shaded  rocks,  Penn.  to  Kentucky, 
and  southward.    May. 

*  *  Stamens  mostly  10  :   manifestly  perigynous :  perennial :  leaves  narrow,  sessile : 

plants  glabrous  throughout. 
t-  Scaly-bracted :  petals  2-parted,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx. 

3.  S.   longifdlia,    Muhl.      (STITCHWORT.)      Stem  branching  above; 
weak,  often  with  rough  angles  (8' -18'  high) ;  leaves  linear,  acutish  at  both  ends, 
spreading  ;  cymes  naked  and  at  length  lateral,  peduncled,  many-flowered,  the  slen- 
der pedicels  spreading ;  petals  2-parted,  soon  longer  than  the  calyx ;  seeds  smooth. 
—  Grassy  places,  common,  especially  northward.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  16ngipes,  Goldie.     (LONG-STALKED  STITCHWORT.)     Shining  or 
somewhat  glaucous,  very  smooth ;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  broadest  at  the  base,  rather  rigid ;  cyme  terminal,  few-flowered,  the  long 
pedicels  strictly  erect;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  smooth. — Maine  to 
Wisconsin,  rare  :  common  farther  north.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  llligiildsa,  Murr.      (SWAMP  STITCHWORT.)      Stems  weak,  de- 
cumbent or  diffuse,  at  length  prolonged,  leaving  the  naked  and  usually  sessile 
cymes  lateral ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  veiny ;  petals  and  ripe  pods  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  seeds  roughened.     (S.  aquatica,  Pollich,  frc.)  —  Swamps  and  rills,  Phila- 
delphia and  Westchester,  Pennsylvania  (Darlington,  &c.) ;  and  northward  in 
British  America.     (Eu.) 

t-  -i-  Leafy-bracted,  the  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  or  of  leafy  branches,  even 
the  latest  with  foliaceous  bracts ;  petals  2-parted,  small,  or  often  none ;  styles  3  -4  ; 
pod  longer  than  the  calyx. 

6.  S.  crassifdlia,  Ehrhart.     Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  flaccid ;  leaves  rather 
fleshy,  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  or 
wanting;  seeds  rugose-roughened.  —  An  apetalous  4-6-androus  state  is  Sagina 
fontinalis,  Short  fr  Peter.     Cliffs  of  Kentucky  River  and  Elkhorn  Creek,  form- 
ing  broad  mats  in  springy  places,  Short.    April,.  May.  — Also  in  British  Amer- 
ica.    (Eu.) 

7.  S.  borealis,  Bigelow.     (NORTHERN  STITCHWORT.)     Stems  erect  or 
spreading,  flaccid,  many  times  forked,  at  length  resolved  into  a  leafy  cyme ; 
leaves  varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong ;  petals  2-5,  shorter  than 
ike  calyx,  or  oftener  none ;  sepals  acute ;  styles  usually  4 ;  seeth  smooth.  —  Shaded 


60  CARYOPHYLLACEJE.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

swamps,  &c.,  Rhode  Island  to  Wisconsin  northward,  and  north  to  the  arctic  r&- 
gions .    June  -  Aug.     ( Eu. ) 

11.    HOr,6STEUM,    L.        JAGGED  CHICK  WEED. 

Sepajs  5.  Petals  5,  usually  jagged  or  denticulate  at  the  point.  Stamens  3- 
5,  rarely  10.  Styles  3.  Pod  ovoid,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  top 
by  6  teeth.  Seeds  rough. — Annuals  or  biennials,  with  several  (white)  flowers 
in  an  umbel,  borne  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle.  (Name  composed  of  6Aos,  att, 
and  otrrfov,  bone,  by-antiphrasis,  these  plants  being  soft  and  tender.) 

1.  H.  UMBELLATUM,  L.  Leaves  oblong ;  peduncle  and  upper  part  of  the 
stem  glandular-pubescent;  pedicels  reflexed  after  flowering.  —  Hills  around 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  abundant,  Prof.  Porter.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.     CERASTIUM,    L.        MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  2-lobed  or  cleft,  rarely  entire.  Stamens 
twice  as  many,  or  fewer.  Styles  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  and  opposite 
them.  Pod  1-celled,  usually  elongated,  membranaceous,  opening  at  the  apex  by 
twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  were  styles,  many-seeded.  Seeds  rough.  —  Flow- 
ers white,  in  terminal  cymes.  (Name  from  Ke'pas,  a  horn,  alluding  to  the  shape 
of  the  pods  in  many  species.) 

§  1.  Petals  2-cleft  or  obc.ordate :  parts  of  the  flower  in  Jives :  pods  (except  in  No.  5) 

longer  than  the  calyx,  and  usually  more  or  less  curved. 

#  Petals  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  but  often  shorter,  sometimes  altogether  wanting : 
stamens  occasionally  only  5. 

1.  C.  VULGATUM,  L,  (MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.)  Very  hairy  and  rather 
clammy,  nearly  erect  (4' -9'  high)  ;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate;  bracts  herbaceous; 
flowers  (small)  in  very  close  clusters  at  first ;  pedicels  even  in  fruit  not  longer 
thap  the  acute  sepals.  (J)  @  —  Grassy  banks.  May  -  July.  —  The  names  of  this 
and  the  next  were  transposed  by  Linnaeus  himself,  and  have  consequently  been 
differently  applied  by  different  authors  ever  since.  This  is  the  C.  vulgatum  of 
English  botanists,  and  of  the  Linnaean  herbarium  :  but  the  next  is  so  called  in 
Sweden  and  on  the  Continent  generally.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2  C.  visc6suM,  L.  (LARGER  MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.)  Stems  clam- 
my hairy,  spreading  (6'  - 15'  long) ;  leaves  oblong,  greener ;  upper  bracts  scarious- 
margined ;  flowers  at  first  clustered ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  obtuse  sepals,  the 
earlier  ones  in  fruit  much  longer.  (2)  1J.  —  Grassy  fields  and  copses.  May  -  July. 
—  A  larger  and  coarser  plant  than  No.  1,  the  flowers  larger.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
*  *  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx. 

8.  C.  iiilfsiiis,  Baf.  Clammy-pubescent;  stems  erect,  slender,  grooved, 
diffusely  branched  (6' -20'  high);  cyme  loose  and  open,  many-flowered;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  peduncles  mostly  elongated  ;  petals 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pods  nodding  on  the  stalks,  curved  upwards,  thrice  the  length 
of  the  calyx.  ©  © — Moist  places,  Vermont  to  Kentucky  and  southward 
May -July. 


CAKYOPHTLLACE^E.       (PINK  FAMILY.)  61 

4.  C.  Oblongrifolillin,  Torr.     Stems  ascending,  villous  (6  -12'  high), 
maiy-flowered ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  ovate ;  peduncles  clammj  -hairy ;  pet- 
als (2-lobed)  and  ripe  pods  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.     U~  Rocky  places, 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania ;  rare.    May.  —  Stouter  and  larger-flowered  than 
die  following  species. 

5.  C.  arvense,  L.     (FIELD  CHICKWEED.)     Stems  ascending  or  erect; 
tufted,  downy,  slender  (4' -8'- high),  naked  and  few-flowered  at  the  summit; 
leaves  linear ;  petals  obcordate,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  pods 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     Ij.  —  Dry  or  rocky  places,  Northeastern  States, 
and  northward,  where  it  is  indigenous.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  MCENCHTA,  Ehrhart.  —  Petals  entire  or  merely  retuse:  parts  of  the  flower 
commonly  in  fours :  pod  ovate,  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 

6.  C.  QUATERNELLUM,  Fenzl.     Smooth  and  glaucous ;  stem  simple,  erect 
(2' -4'  high),  1  -2-flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  not  exceeding  the 
calyx;  stamens  4.      (£)    (Sagina  erecta,  L.      Mrenchia  quaternella,  Ehrhart 
M.  erecta,  Smith.)  — Near  Baltimore,  in  dry  ground.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

13.    SAGINA,    L.        PEARLWORT. 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  often  obsolete  or  none.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  rarely  twice  their  number.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals 
and  alternate  with  them.  Pod  many-seeded,  4  -  5-valved ;  the  valves  opposite 
the  sepals.  Seeds  smooth.  —  Little,  matted  herbs,  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped 
leaves,  and  small  flowers.  (Name  from  sagina,  fattening ;  of  no  obvious  appli- 
cation to  these  minute  Aveeds.) 

#  Parts  of  the  Jlower  all  in  fours,  or  sometimes  in  Jives. 

1.  S.  procuBllbens,  L.     Perennial,  depressed ;  leaves  thread-form  or  nar- 
rowly linear;  peduncles  ascending  in  fruit;  stamens  4-5  ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
broadly  ovate  sepals,  sometimes  none.  —  Springy  places,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania. 
May -Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  APETALA,  L.    Annual,  erect ;  leaves  almost  bristle-form ;  stamens  4 ;  pet- 
als obsolete  or  none.  —  Sandy  fields,  New  York  to  Penn. ;  rare.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Sepals,  pet,als,  styles,  and  valves  5  :  stamens  10. 

3.  S.  nodosa,  Fenzl.     Perennial,  tufted;  stems  ascending  (3' -5'  high), 
branching;  leaves  thread-form,  the  upper  short  and  awl-shaped,  with  minute 
ones  fascicled  in  their  axils  so  that  the  branchlets  appear  knotty ;  petals  much 
longer  than  the  calyx.     (Spergula  nodosa,  L.}  — Wet  sandy  soil,  Isle  of  Shoals, 
N.   Hampshire  (Oakes  Sf  Robbins),  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 
July.     (Eu.) 

S.  ELLIOTTII,  Fenzl  (Spergula  ddfcumbens,  Ell.}  may  occur  in  S.  Virginia. 

SUBORDER  III.    ILLECEBRH^E.     THE  KNOTWORT  FAMILY. 

14.     SPEKGUL.ARIA,    Pers.        SPURREY-SANDWORT. 
Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  entire.     Stamens  2-10.    Stvlcs  and  valves  of  the  many- 
seeded  pod  3-5,  when  5  the  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals !     Embryo  not 


62  CARTOPHTLLACE^:.       (PINK   FAMILY.) 

coiled  inx)  a  complete  ring.  — Low  herbs,  growing  on  or  near  the  sea-coast,  with 
fleshy  opposite  leaves,  and  smaller  ones  often  clustered  in  the  axils  :  stipules 
scaly-membranaceous.  (Name  altered  from  Spergula.) 

1.  S.  riil>ra,  Pers.  Much  branched,  upright  or  spreading,  smooth  or  vis- 
cid-pubescent; leaves  filiform-linear,  rather  fleshy;  petals  purple-rose-color; 
seeds  marginless.  ©  (Arenaria  rubra,  L.)  —  Sandy  soil,  often  considerably  re- 
mote from  salt  water,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  southward.  June  -  Sept.  — Leaves 
mostly  shorter  than  the  joints.  Flowers  about  2"  broad.  (Eu.) 

Var.  marina.  Larger ;  the  leaves  longer  ajid  more  fleshy ;  flowers  2-4 
times  larger ;  pods  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx ;  seeds  marginless  (Arena- 
ria rubra,  var.  marina,  L.),  or  wing-margined  (A.  media,  L.).  Q)  1J.1? —  Sea- 
coast;  common.  (Eu.) 

15.    SPERGULA,    L.        SPURREY. 

Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5.  The  5  ralves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals. 
Embryo  spirally  annular.  Leaves  in  whorls.  Otherwise  as  in  Spergularia. 
(Name  from  spargo,  to  scatter,  from  the  seeds.) 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (CORN  SPURRET.)  Leaves  numerous  in  the  whorls, 
linear-thread-shaped  (l'-2'  long);  stipules  minute;  flowers  white,  in  a  stalked 
panicled  cyme ;  seeds  rough,  with  a  narrow  and  sharp  edge.  (D  —  Grain-fields, 
&c.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.    A  NIT  CHI  A,   Michx.        FORKED  CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  concave,  indistinctly  mucronate  on  the  back,  greenish. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  2-3,  rarely  5.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Utricle  1-seeded, 
larger  than  the  calyx.  Radicle  turned  downwards.  —  Small,  many  times  forked 
annuals,  with  small  stipules  and  minute  flowers  in  the  forks.  (Same  derivation 
as  the  next  genus.) 

1.  A.  elicliotoaifia,  Michx.  Erect  or  spreading;  leaves  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  elliptical,  somewhat  petioled.  Varies  much;  in  woods  or  rich 
soil  being  veiy  smooth,  erect  (6' -10'  high)  and  capillary,  with  long  joints,  the 
leaves  broader  and  thinner  (5" -10"  long),  and  the  flowers  more  stalked  (A, 
capillacea,  Nutt.,  &  Queria  Canadensis,Z.) :  in  sterile  or  parched  soil  it  is  some- 
what pubescent,  low  and  spreading,  short-jointed,  narrower-leaved,  and  the  flow- 
ers nearly  sessile  and  more  clustered  (A.  dichotoma,  DC.).  —  Common  through- 
out. June  -  Aug. 

17.    PARONYCHIA,    Tourn.         WHITLOW-WORT. 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.  Petals  bristle-form, 
or  minute  teeth,  or  none.  Stamens  5.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Utricle  1- 
seeded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Tufted  herbs,  with  dry  and 
silvery  stipules,  and  clustered  flowers.  (A  Greek  name  for  a  whitlow,  and  for  a 
plant  thought  to  cure  it.) 

1.  P.  afgryrdcoina,  Nutt.  (SILVER  CHICKWEED.)  Densely  matted, 
much  branched,  spreading ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  capitate,  clustered,  surrounded 


PORTULACACEJE.       (PURSLANE   FAMILY.)  63 

by  conspicuous  large  silvery  bracts ;  calyx  hairy,  short-awned  ;  petals  mere  teeth 
between  the  stamens.  1J. —  Slides  in  the  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  and  bare  summits  above :  a  recent  discovery.  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains from  Virginia  southward.  July. 

2.  P.  dicliotoiiia,  Nutt.  Smooth,  tufted;  stems  (6' -12'  high)  ascend- 
ing from  a  rather  woody  base ;  leaves  and  bracts  awl-shaped;  cymes  open,  many- 
times  forked;  sepals  short-pointed;  minute  bristles  in  place  of  petals.  1|. — 
Kocks,  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  and  southwestward.  July -Sept. 

SUBORDER  IV.     SCL.ERATVTHE./E.    THE  KNAWEL  FAMILY. 

18.     SCL,ERANTHUS,    L.        KNAWEL. 

'  Sepals  5,  united  below  in  an  indurated  cup,  enclosing  the  1 -seeded  utricle. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  10  or  5.  Styles  2,  distinct.  —  Homely  little  weeds,  with 
awl-shaped  leaves,  obscure  greenish  clustered  flowers,  and  no  stipules.  (Name 
from  <rK\r)p6s,  hard,  and  avBos,  flower,  from  the  hardened  calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  ANNUUS,  L.  Much  branched  and  spreading  (3' -5' high);  flowers  ses- 
sile in  the  forks ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  margined,  (i)  —  Sandy  waste  places. 
(Nat.  fromEu.) 

V 

SUBORDER  V.    MOL.L.ITGINE.S!.    INDIAN-CHICKWEED  FAMILY. 

19.    MOLiLitrOO,    L.        INDIAN-CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5,  white  inside.  Petals  none.  Stamens  hypogynous,  5  and  alternate 
with  the  sepals,  or  3  and  alternate  with  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stigmas  3. 
Pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,  the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  many- 
seeded  axis. — Low  homely  annuals,  much  branched;  the  stipules  obsolete. 
(An  old  Latin  name  for  some  soft  plant.) 

1.  M.  verticillata,  L.  (CARPET-WEED.)  Prostrate,  forming  patches ; 
leaves  spatulate,  clustered  in  whorls  at  the  joints,  where  the  1 -flowered  pedicels 
form  a  sort  of  sessile  umbel ;  stamens  usually  3.  —  Sandy  river-banks,  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.  June- Sept.  (An  immigrant  from  farther  south.) 

ORDER  22.     PORTULACACE^E.     (PURSLANE  FAMILY.; 

Herbs,  with  succulent  leaves,  and  regular  but  unsymmetrical  flowers  ;  viz., 
sepals  usually  fewer  than  the  petals ;  the  stamens  opposite  the  petals  when  of 
the  same  number,  but  often  indefinite :  otherwise  nearly  as  Chickweeds.  — 
Sepals  2,  rarely  3  or  5.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  none.  Stamens  mostly 
5  -  20.  Styles  3-8,  united  below,  or  distinct,  stigmatic  along  the  inside. 
Pod  1  -  5-celled,  with  few  or  many  campylotropous  seeds  rising  on  slender 
stalks  from  the  base,  or  from  a  central  placenta.  Embryo  curved  around 
mealy  albumen. — Insipid  and  innocent  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate 
entire  leaves.  Corolla  opening  only  in  sunshine,  irostly  ephemeral,  then 
shrivelling. 


64  PORTULACACE^E.       (PURSLANE   FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

f      *  Sepals  5.    Petals  none.    Pod  3  -  6-celled,  opening  by  a  lid. 
L  SESUVIUM.    Stamens  6 -60,  inserted  on  the  free  calyx. 

*  *  Sepals  2.    Petals  5.    Po'd  1-celled. 

2.  PORTULACA.    Stamens  7  -  20,  on  the  partly  adherent  calyx.    Pod  opening  by  a  lid. 
8.  TALINUM.    Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals,  hypogynous.    Pod  many-seeded 
4.   CLAYTONIA.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  hypogynous  petals,  and  attached  to  their  base.    Pod 
>    3-6-seeded.      ; 

4ft.    SEStrVIUM,    L.        SEA  PURSLANE. 

Calyx  5-parted,  purplish  inside,  persistent,  free.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5- 
60,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Styles  3-5,  separate.  Pod  3  -  5-celled,  many-seed- 
ed, opening  transversely  (circumscissile),  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid. — 
Prostrate  maritime  herbs,  with  succulent  stems  and  (opposite)  leaves,  and  axil- 
lary or  terminal  flowers.  (An  unexplained  name.) 

1.  S.  Portlllac;iStnim,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  flattish;  flow- 
ers sessile  or  short-peduncled ;  stamens  many.  1J. —  Coast  of  New  Jersey  and 
southward.  July  -  Sept. 

2.     PORTUL.ACA,    Tourn.        PURSLANE. 

Calyx  2-cleft ;  the  tube  cohering  with  the  ovary  below.  Petals  5,  rarely  6, 
with  the  7-20  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  fugacious.  Style  mostly  3 -8- 
parted.  Pod  1-celled,  globular,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely,  the  upper 
part  (with  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx)  separating  like  a  lid.  —  Fleshy  annuals, 
with  scattered  leaves.  (An  old  Latin  name;  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  P.  OLERlCEA,  L.  (COMMON  PURSLANE.)  Prostrate,  very  smooth; 
leaves  obovate  or  wedge-form;  flowers  sessile  (opening  only  in  sunny  morn- 
ings); sepals  keeled;  petals  pale  yellow;  stamens  7-12;  style  deeply  5-6- 
parted  ;  flower-bud  flat  and  acute.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds ;  common. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

P.  RETUSA,  Engelm.,  too  closely  resembling  the  common  Purslane,  is  indi- 
genous west  of  the  Mississippi. 

P.  GILLIESII,  P.  GRANDIFL6RA,  &c.  are  species,  or  varieties,  with  terete 
leaves,  hairy  axils,  and  showy  red  or  purple  flowers,  cultivated  in  gardens  for 
ornament. 

3.    TAL.INUM,    Adans.        TALINUM. 

Sepals  2,  distinct  and  free,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  ephemeral.  Stamens  10- 
30.  Style  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Pod  3-celled  at  the  base  when  young,  longitu- 
dinally 3-valved,  with  many  seeds  on  a  globular  stalked  placenta.  (Derivation 
of  the  name  obscure.) 

1.  T.  teretifolilim,  Pursh.  Leafy  stems  low,  tuberous  at  the  base; 
leaves  linear,  cylindrical ;  peduncle  long  and  naked,  bearing  an  open  cyme  of 
purple  flowers  (§'  broad) ;  stamens  15-20.  1J. —  Serpentine  rocks,  Westchester, 
Pennsylvania,  Falls  of  St.  Croix  River,  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June  -  Aug 
—  Peduncles  3' -6'  long. 


MALVACEAE.       (MALLOW   FAMILY.)  65 

4.    CJLAYTONIA,    L.        SPKING-BEAUTT. 

Sepals  2,  ovate,  fi  je,  green  and  persistent.  Stamens  5,  adhering  to  the  short 
claws  of  the  petals.  Style  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Pod  1-celled,  3-valved,  3-6- 
seeded.  —  Our  two  species  are  perennials,  sending  up  simple  stems  in  early 
spring  from  a  small  deep  tuber,  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves,  and  a  loose 
raceme  of  pretty  flowers.  Corolla  pale  rose-color  with  deeper  veins,  opening 
for  more  than  one  day !  (Named  in  honor  of  Clayton,  one  of  the  earliest  bot- 
anists of  this  country,  who  contributed  to  Gronovius  the  materials  for  the  Flora 
Virginica.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated  (3' -6'  long). 
—  Moist  open  woods  ;  common,  especially  westward  and  southward. 

2.  C,  Carolinian  a,  Michx.    Leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  oval-lanceo- 
late (l'-2'  long). — Vermont  to  Ohio,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. 

ORDER  23.     MALVACEAE.     (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers  the 
calyx  valvate  and  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  numerous  stamens  wona- 
delphous  in  a  column,  which  is  united  at  the  base  with  the  short  claws  of  the 
petals,  1-celled  anthers,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds.  —  Sepals  5,  united  at  the 
base,  persistent,  often  involucellate  with  a  whorl  of  bractlets  outside,  form- 
ing a  sort  of  exterior  calyx.  Petals  5.  Anthers  kidney-shaped,  o'pening 
along  the  top.  Pistils  several,  with  the  ovaries  united  in  a  ring,  or  forming 
a  several-celled  pod.  Seeds  with  little  albumen :  embryo  large,  curved, 
the  leafy  cotyledons  variously  doubled  up.  —  Mucilaginous,  innocent  plants, 
with  tough  bark,  and  palmately-veined  leaves.  Flower  stalks  with  a  joint, 
axillary. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.    MAIiVEJE.    Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  at  the  top.    Ovaries  and  pods 
(carpels)  5-20  or  more,  closely  united  in  a  ring  around  a  central  axis,  from  which  they 
separate  after  ripening. 
*  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  styles  :  carpels  1-seeded,  falling  away  separately. 

1.  ALTHAEA.    Involucel  of  6  to  9  bractlets. 

2.  MALVA.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets.    Petals  obcordate.    Carpels  rounded,  beakless. 

3.  CALLIRRHOE.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets  or  none.    Petals  truncate.    Carpels  beaked. 

4.  NAPJ5A.    Involucel  none.    Flowers  dioecious.    Stamens  few. 

*  *  Stigmas  terminal,  capitate  :  carpels  1  -  few-seeded,  opening  before  they  fall  away. 
6.   SID  A.    Involucel  none.    Carpels  or  cells  1-seeded.    Seed  pendulous.  ,  « 

6.  ABUTILON.    Involucel  none.    Carpels  or  cells  3  -  several-seeded. 

7.  MODIOLA.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets.    Carpels  2-seeded,  and  with  a  transverse  partition 

between  the  seeds. 

TRIBB  II.  HIBISCEJE.  Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  for  a  considerable  part  of 
its  length,  naked  and  5-toothed  at  the  very  apex.  Pod  mostly  5-celled,  loculicidal,  leav- 
ing scarcely  any  axis  hi  the  centre  after  opening. 

8.  KOSTELETZKYA.    Involucel  of  several  bractlets.     Pod  5-celled,  5-seeded. 

0.  HIBISCUS     Involucel  of  many  bractlets.    Calyx  persistent.    Pod  5-celled,  many-seeded- 
6* 


66  MALVACE^.    (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

1.    ALTHAEA,    L.        MARSH-MALLOW. 

Calyx  sumunded  by  a  6  -  9-cleft  involucel.  Otherwise  as  in  Malm.  (Name 
from.  oX$a>,  to  cure,  in  allusion  to  its  healing  properties.) 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (COMMON  MAESH-MALLOW.)  Stem  erect;  leaves 
ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  sometimes  3-lobed,  velvety-downy :  pe- 
duncles axillary,  many -flowered.  1J. —  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  New  England  and 
New  York.  Aug.,  Sept. — Flowers  pale  rose-color.  Root  thick,  abounding  in 
mucilage,  the  basis  of  the  Pdtes  de  Guimauve.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

A.  KOSEA,  and  A.  FiciF6LiA,  are  the  well-known  garden  HOLLYHOCKS. 

2.    MAI.VA,    L.        MALLOW. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  the  base,  like  an  outer  calyx.  Petals  ob- 
cordate.  Styles  numerous,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Fruit  depressed, 
separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  1 -seeded  and  indehiscent  round  kidney- 
shaped  blunt  carpels  as  there  are  styles.  Radicle  pointing  downwards.  (An 
old  Latin  name,  from  /xaXa^,  soft,  alluding  to  the  emollient  leaves.) 

1.  M.  ROTUNDIF6LIA,  L.     (COMMON  MALLOW.)     Stems  short,  simple,  de- 
cumbent from  a  deep  biennial  or  perennial  root ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped,  on 
very  long  petioles,  crenate,  obscurely  lobed;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
whitish;  carpels  pubescent,  even. — Way-sides  and  cultivated  grounds;  com- 
mon.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  SYLVESTRIS,  L.     (HiGH   MALLOW.)     Stem  erect,  branched  (2° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  rather  sharply  5 -7 '-lobed;  petals  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
large,  purple  and  rose-color ;  carpels  wrinkled-veiny.     1J. —  Way-sides.    (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

M.  CRfspA,  the  CURLED  MALLOW,  and  M.  MOSCHATA,  the  MUSK  MALLOW, 
are  occasionally  spontaneous  around  gardens. 

3.    CALJLIRKHOE,    Nutt.        CALLIRRHOE. 

Calyx  either  naked  or  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  its  base.  Petals  wedge- 
shaped  and  truncate  (usually  red-purple).  Styles,  &c.  as  in  Malva.  Carpels 
10-20,  straightish,  with  a  short  empty  beak,  separated  within  from  the  1-seeded 
cell  by  a  narrow  projection,  indehiscent  or  partly  2-valved.  Radicle  pointing 
downwards. — Flowers  perfect. 

1.  C.  triangulata,  Gray.     Hairy-pubescent;  stems  nearly  erect   (2° 
high)  from  a  tuberous  root ;  leaves  triangular  or  halberd-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
rather  heart-shaped,  coarsely  crenate ;  the  upper  incised  or  3  -  5-cleft ;  flowers 
panicled,  short-pedicelled  (purple) ;  involucel  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  carpels  short- 
pointed,  crestless.     (Malva  triangulata,  Leavenworth.    M.  Houghtonii,  Torr,  fr 
Gray.)  —  Dry  prairies,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward.    July. 

2.  C.  alcaBOides,  Gray.     Strigose-pubescent ;  stems  slender  (1°  high) ; 
lower  leaves  triangular-heart-shaped,  incised ;  the  upper  5  -  7-parted,  laciniate, 
the  u|  permost  divided  into  linear  segments ;  flowers  corymbose,  on  slender  p&- 


MALVACEAE.      (MALLOW  FAMILY.)  67 

(fancies  (rose-color  or  white) ,  invducd  none;  carpels  obtusely  beaked,  crested  and 
strongly  wrinkled  on  the  back.  1J.  (Sida  alcaeoides,  Michx.) — Barren  oak-lands, 
S.  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

4.    NAPJEA,    Clayt.        GLADE  MALLOW. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-toothed.  Flowers  dioecious ;  the  stamumte  flowers 
entirely  destitute  of  pistils,  with  15-20  anthers  ;  the  fertile  with  a  short  column 
of  filaments  but  no  anthers.  Styles  8  - 10,  stigmatic  along  the  inside.  Fruit 
depressed-globular,  separating  when  ripe  into  as  many  kidney-shaped  1 -seeded 
beakflss  and  scarcely  dehiscent  carpels  as  there  are  styles.  Radicle  pointing 
downwards.  —  A  tall  and  roughish  perennial  herb,  with  very  large  9-11-parted 
lower  leaves,  the  pointed  lobes  pinnatifid-cut  and  toothed,  and  small  white  flow- 
ers in  panicled  clustered  corymbs.  (Named  by  Clayton  from  vairrj,  a  wooded 
valley  or  glade,  or,  poetically,  the  nymph  of  the  groves,  alluding  to  the  place 
where  he  discovered  the  plant.) 

1.  Jf.  dioica,  L.  (Sida  dioica,  Cav.)  —  Limestone  valleys,  Penn.  and 
southward  to  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  west  to  Ohio  and  Illinois  ;  rare.  July. 

5.    SIDA,    L.        SIDA. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-cleft.  Petals  entire,  usually  oblique.  Styles  5  or 
more :  the  ripe  fruit  separating  into  as  many  1 -seeded  carpels,  which  remain 
closed,  or  commonly  become  2-valved  at  the  top,  and  tardily  separate  from  the 
axis.  Embryo  abruptly  bent ;  the  radicle  pointing  upwards.  Stigmas  termi- 
nal, capitate.  — Flowers  perfect.  (A  name  used  by  Theophrastus.) 

1.  S.  Nap&a,  Cav.    Nearly  glabrous,  tall  (2° -4°  high),  erect;  leaves  5- 
deft,  the  lobes  oblong  and  pointed,  toothed ;  flowers  (white]  umbellate-corymbed, 
large;  carpels  10,  pointed.    1|.  (Napasa  Isevis  &  hermaphrodita,  L.} — Eocky 
river-banks,  Penn.,  Muhlenberg.     Kanawha  Co.,  Virginia,  Rev.  J.  M.  Brown. 
(Cultivated  in  old  gardens.) 

2.  S.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Nearly  glabrous   (l°-4°  high);  leaves 
linear,  serrate,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered,  short;  flowers  (yel- 
low) rather  large  ;  carpels  9  - 10,  slightly  and  abruptly  pointed,  forming  a  depressed 
fruit.    1|. —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  (near  Petersburg)  and  southward.    May- Aug. 

3.  S.  8PIN6SA,  L.    Minutely  and  softly  pubescent,  low  (10' -20'  high),  much 
branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  serrate,  rather  long-petioled ;  pedun- 
cles axillary,  1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  flowers  (yellow)  small ;  carpels 
5,  combined  into  an  ovate  fruit,  each  splitting  at  the  top  into  2  beaks.    A  little  tu- 
bercle at  the  base  of  the  leaves  on  the  stronger  plants  gives  the  specific  name, 
but  it  cannot  be  called  a  spine.     ®  —  Waste  places,  common  southward  and 
eastward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  or  Afr.) 

6.    A  BIT  TIL,  ON,    Tourn.        INDIAN  MALLOW. 

Carpels  2  -  9-seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  Kadicle  ascending  or  pointing  in- 
wards. Otherwise  as  in  Sida.  (Name  of  unknown  origin.) 


68  MALVACE^.     (MALLOW  FAMILY.) 

1.  A,  AVICENN-E,  Gaertn.  (VELVET-LEAF.)  Tall  (4°  high) ;  leases  round- 
ish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed,  velvety ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaf-stalks  ; 
corolla  yellow ;  pods  12-15,  hairy,  beaked.  (£)  — Waste  places,  escaped  from 
gardens.  (Adv.  from  India.) 

71.    MODI 01, A,    Moench.        MODIOLA. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel.  Petals  obovate.  Stamens  10-20.  Stig- 
mas capitate.  Carpels  14-20,  kidney-shaped,  pointed  and  at  length  2-valved 
at  the  top ;  the  cavity  divided  into  two  by  a  cross  partition,  with  a  single  seed 
in  each  cell.  —  Humble,  procumbent  or  creeping  annuals  or  biennials,  with  cut 
leaves  and  small  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  modiolus, 
the  broad  and  depressed  fruit  of  combined  carpels  resembling  in  shape  the  Ro- 
man measure  of  that  name.) 

1.  M.  milltifida,  Moench.  Hairy;  leaves  3-5-cleft  and  incised;  sta- 
mens 15-20 ;  fruit  hispid  at  the  top.  — Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

8.    KOSTEL.ETZK.YA,    Presl.       KOSTELETZKYA. 

Pod  depressed,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  Otherwise  as  Hibiscus. 
(Named  after  Kosteletzky,  a  Bohemian  botanist.) 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Presl.  Eoughish-hairy  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  hal- 
berd-shaped and  heart-shaped;  the  lower  3-lobed.  1|.  (Hibiscus  Virginicus,  L.) 
—  Marshes  on  the  coast,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  Aug.— 
Corolla  2'  wide,  rose-color.  Column  slender. 

9.    HIBISCUS,    L.       ROSE-MALLOW. 

Calyx  involucellate  at  the  base  by  a  row  of  numerous  bractlets,  persistent,  5- 
cleft.  Column  of  stamens  long,  bearing  anthers  for  much  of  its  length.  Styles 
united  :  stigmas  5,  capitate.  Fruit  a  5-celled  pod,  opening  into  5  valves  which 
bear  the  partition  on  their  middle  (loculicidal).  Seeds  several  or  many  in  each 
cell.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  with  large  and  showy  flowers.  (An  old  Greek 
and  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  H.    MosclieittOS,    L.      (SWAMP    ROSE-MALLOW.)      Leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  toothed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  whitened  underneath  with  a  fine  soft  down ; 
the  1 -flowered  peduncles  often  united  at  the  base  with  the  petioles  ;  calyx  not  in- 
flated; seeds  smooth.     1J. — Borders  of  marshes  along  and  near  the  coast,  and 
banks  of  large  rivers.     Salt  springs,  Salina,  New  York.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Plant 
stout,  5°  high.     Corolla  5'  in  diameter,  pale  rose-purple,  or  white  with  a  crim- 
son eye,  showy. 

2.  H.  militaris,  Cav.    (HALBERD-LEAVED  MALLOW.)    Smooth  through- 
out ;  lower  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  toothed,  3-lobed ;  upper  leaves  halberd-form, 
the  short  lateral  lobes  spreading  at  the  base,  the  middle  one  prolonged  and  taper- 
pointed:   peduncles  slender;  fruiting  calyx  inflated;  seeds  hairy.     U — River- 
banks,  Penn.,  Ohio,  and  southward.    Aug.  —  More  slender  and  smaller-flow- 
ered than  the  last :  corolla  pale  rose-color. 


(LINDEN  TAMILS'.)  69 

3.  H.  TRi6NUM,  L.  (BLADDER  KETMIA.)  Somewhat  hairy ;  upper  leaves 
deeply  3-parted,  with  lanceolate  divisions,  the  middle  one  much  the  longest ; 
fruiting  calyx  inflated,  membranaceous,  with  bristly  ribs,  5-uringed  at  the  summit ; 
seeds  rough.  ®  — Escaped  from  gardens  into  cultivated  grounds.  Corolla 
pale  greenish-yellow  with  a  dark  eye,  ephemeral ;  hence  the  name  Flower-of-an~ 
hour.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

H.  SYRIACUS,  the  SHRUBBY  ALTHAEA  of  the  old  gardeners,  is  cultivated 
about  houses. 

ABELMOSCHUS  ESCCTLENTUS,  the  OKRA,  and  A.  MANIHOT  (the  genus 
characterized  by  the  spathaceous  calyx,  bursting  on  one  side  and  deciduous), 
are  common  in  gardens  southward. 

GOSSYPIUM  HERBACEUM,  the  COTTON-PLANT,  is  the  most  important  plant  of 
this  family. 

ORDER  24.     TILIACE^E.     (LINDEN  FAMILY.) 

Trees  (rarely  herbs),  with  the  mucilaginous  properties,  fibrous  lark,  and 
valvate  calyx,  fyc.  of  the  Mallow  Family ;  but  the  sepals  deciduous,,  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  stamens  usually  polyadelphous,  and  the  anthers 
^-celled ;  —  represented  in  Northern  regions  only  by  the  genus 

1.    TIL,  I  A,    L.        LINDEN.    BASSWOOD. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  numerous :  filaments  coher- 
ing in  5  clusters  with  each  other  (in  European  species),  or  with  the  base  of  a 
spatulate  petal-like  body  placed  opposite  each  of  the  real  petals.  Pistil  with  a 
5-celled  ovary  and  2  half-anatropous  ovules  in  each,  a  single  style,  and  a  5- 
toothed  stigma.  Fruit  a  sort  of  woody  globular  nut,  becoming  1 -celled  and  1  - 
2-seeded.  Embryo  with  a  taper  radicle,  and  a  pair  of  leaf-like  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  and  lobed  cotyledons,  which  are  a  little  folded. — Fine  trees,  with  soft 
and  white  wood,  more  or  less  heart-shaped  and  serrate  leaves,  oblique  and  often 
truncate  at  the  base,  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  cymes  of  flowers,  hanging  on 
an  axillary  peduncle  which  is  uiiited  to  a  leaf-like  bract.  Flowers  cream-color, 
honey-bearing,  fragrant.  (The  classical  name  of  the  genus.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  L.     (BASSWOOD.)    Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  thickish.  —  Rich  woods.     May,  June.  —  This  familiar  tree  is  rarely 
called  Lime-tree,  oftener  White-wood,  commonly  Basswood;  the  name  (now  obso- 
lete in  England)  alluding  to  the  use  of  the  inner  bark  for  mats  and  cordage. 

Var.  pubescens.  Leaves  softly  pubescent  underneath,  often  thin.  (T. 
pubescens,  Ait.  T.  laxiflora,  Michx.)  —  Common  from  Maryland  southward 
and  westward. 

2.  T.  heteropliylla,  Vent.     (WHITE  BASSWOOD,)    Leaves  smooth 
and  bright  green  above,  silvery-whitened  with  a  fine  down  underneath.     (T. 
alba,  Michx.) — Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Leave? 
larger  than  in  No.  1,  often  8'  broad. 

T.  EuROP.asA,  the  EUROPEAN  LINDEN,  which  is  planted  in  and  near  OUT 
cities  as  an  ornamental  tree,  is  at  once  distinguished  from  any  native  species  by 


70  CAMELLIACEJG.      (CAMELLIA   FAMILY.) 

the  absence  of  the  petal-like  scales  among  the  stamens.     This  tree  (the  Lin) 
gave  the  family  name  to  Linnceus. 

ORDER  25.     CAMELLJACEJE.     (CAMELLIA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  feather-veined  leaves,  and  no  stipules, 
the  regular  flowers  hypogynous  and  polyandrous,  the  sepals  and  petals  both 
imbricated  in  aestivation,  the  stamens  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  with  each 
other  (monadelphous  or  3-  5-adelphous)  and  with  the  base  of  the  petals.  — 
Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Fruit  a  woody  3  -  5-celled  loculicidal  pod 
Seeds  few,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Embryo  large,  with  broad  cotyle- 
dons. —  A  family  with  showy  flowers,  the  types  of  which  are  the  well-known 
Camellia  and  the  more  important  Tea  Plant,  —  represented  in  this  country 
by  the  two  following  genera. 

1.    STTJARTIA,    Catesby.        STUARTIA. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  6,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Petals  5,  rarely  6,  obovate,  crenulate. 
Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  base.  Pod  5-celled.  Seeds  1  -  2  in  each  cell, 
crustaceous,  anatropous,  ascending.  Embryo  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
albumen :  radicle  longer  than  the  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  with  membranaceous 
deciduous  oblong-ovate  serrulate  leaves,  soft-downy  beneath,  and  large  short- 
peduncled  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils.  (Named  for  John  Stuart,  the  well- 
known  Lord  Bute.) 

1.  S.  Tirginica,  Cav.  Petals  5  white  (!'  long) ;  sepals  ovate ;  style  1 ; 
stigma  5-toothed ;  pod  globular,  blunt ;  seeds  not  margined.  (S.  Malachoden- 
dron,  L.)  —  Woods,  Virginia  and  southward. 

S.  PENTAGYNA,  L'Her.,  with  cream-colored  flowers,  5  styles,  and  an  angled 
and  pointed  pod,  may  be  found  in  the  Alleghanies  of  S.  Virginia. 

2.    GORDON  I  A,    Ellis.        LOBLOLLY  BAY. 

Sepals  5,  rounded,  concave.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Stamens  5-adelphous,  one 
cluster  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal.  Style  1 .  Pod  ovoid,  5-valved  ;  the 
valves  separating  from  the  persistent  axis ;  cells  2  -  8-seeded.  Seeds  pendulous. 
Embryo  straightish,  with  a  short  radicle,  and  thin  longitudinally  plaited  cotyle- 
dons. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  showy  white  flowers  on  axillary 
peduncles.  (Dedicated  by  Dr.  Garden  to  his  "  old  master,  Dr.  James  Gordon 
of  Aberdeen,"  and  by  Ellis  to  a  London  nurseryman  of  the  same  name.) 

1.  G»  L.*isi:aiitlms,  L.  (LOBLOLLY  BAY.)  Leaves  coriaceous  and 
persistent,  lanceolate-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate,  smooth  and 
shining ;  pod  pointed ;  seeds  winged  above.  Swamps  near  the  coast,  Virginia 
and  southward .  May  -  July.  —  Petals  1  £'  long. 

ORDER  26.    LJNACE^E.     (FLAX  FAMILY.; 

Herbs,  with  regular  and  symmetrical  hypogynous  flowers,  4-5-meroMs 
throughout,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convolute  petals,  the  5  stamens 


OXALIDACEJE.      (WOOD-SOKREL    FAMILY.)  71 

monadelphous  at  the  base,  and  an  8-10-seeded  pod,  having  twice  as  many 
cells  (complete  or  incomplete')  as  there  are  styles  ;  —  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
genus 

1.    I.INUM,   L.       FYAX. 

Sepals  (persistent),  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5,  regularly  alternate  with  each 
other.  Pod  of  5  united  carpels  (into  which  it  splits  in  dehiscence)  and  5-celled, 
with  2  seeds  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each ;  but  each  cell  is  partly  o/  com- 
pletely divided  into  two  by  a  false  partition  which  projects  from  the  back  of  the 
carpel,  thus  becoming  10-celled.  Seeds  anatropous,  mucilaginous,  flattened, 
containing  a  large  embryo  with  plano-convex  cotyledons.  —  Herbs,  with  a  tough 
fibrous  bark,  simple  and  sessile  entire  leaves  (alternate  or  often  opposite),  with- 
out stipules,  but  often  with  glands  in  their  place,  and  with  corymbose  or  pani- 
cled  flowers.  Corolla  usually  ephemeral.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Flax.) 

1.  L..  Virginianum,  L.  (WILD  FLAX.)  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
upper  acute ;  flowers  small,  scattered  on  the  corymbose  or  panicled  branches,  on 
very  short  peduncles  turned  to  one  side ;  sepals  ovate,  pointed,  smooth ;  petals 
distinct.  —  Dry  woods.  June -Aug.  If. —  Stem  l°-2°  high. 


Pods  depressed-globose,  10-celled,  splitting  at  length  into  10  closed  pieces. 

2.  L,.  Boottii,  Planchon.ij ([LARGER  ^LLOw  'FLAX/)" 'Leaves  linear, 
pointed ;  flowers  racemose-scattered  on  the  cymose  branches ;  sepals  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, sharp-pointed,  3-nerved,  with  rough  glandular  margins,  scarcely  longer 
than-  the  globular  imperfectly  10-celled  pod;  petals  sulphur  yellow;  styles  united 
for  J  -  £  their  length.  (J)  (L.  rigidum,  Tan.  $-  Gray,  in  part. )  —  Dry  soil,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June -Aug. — 
Stem  slender,  l°-2°  high.  Flowers  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

L.  Rf  GIDUM,  Pursh,  may  possibly  occur  in  the  western  part  of  Wisconsin. 

L.  usiTATfssiMUM,  L.,  the  COMMON  FLAX,  is  occasionally  spontaneous  in 
cultivated  grounds. 

ORDER  27.     OXALJDACE2E.     (WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  sour  juice,  compound  leaves,  and  regular,  symmetrical,  hypo- 
gynous,  5-merous,  10-androus,  somewhat  monadelphous  flowers,  the  calyx  im- 
bricated and  the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  5  separate  styles,  and  a  5-celled 
several-seeded  pod.  —  The  principal  genus  is 

1.      OXAL.IS,     L.  WOOD-SORREL. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  withering  after  expansion.  Stamens  10, 
monadelphous  at  the  base,  alternately  shorter.  Pod  membranaceous,  deeply  5- 
lobed,  5-celled,  each  cell  opening  on  the  back.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  pendu- 
lous from  the  axis,  anatropous,  their  outer  coat  loose  and  separating.  Embryo 
large  and  straight  in  fleshy  albumen :  cotyledons  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  alternate  or 
radical  stipulate  leaves,  mostly  of  3  obcordate  leaflets,  which  close  and  droop  at 
nightfall.  (Name  from  o£vs,  sour.) 


72  GERANIACE.E.       (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

*  Stemless:  leaves  and  scapes  from  a  rootstock  or  bulb:  cells  few-seeded. 

1.  O.  Acetosella,  L.     (COMMON  WOOD-SORREL.)     Rootstock  creeping 
and  scaly-toothed  ;    scape   \-flowered;  petals  white  with  reddish  veins,   often 
notched.  —  Deep  cold  woods,  Massachusetts  to  L.  Superior  and  northward : 
also  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.  .  June.  —  Plant  2' -5'  high,  sparsely  hairy: 
the  flower  I' broad.     Leaflets  broadly  obcordate.     (Eu.) 

2.  O.  Violacea,  L.     (VIOLET  WOOD-SORREL.)     Bulb  scaly ;  scapes  urn- 
bellately  several-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  violet.  —  Rocky  places : 
most  common  southward.     May,  June. — Nearly  smooth,  5' -9' high.     Leaves 
very  broadly  obcordate.     Sepals  tipped  with  a  gland.     Corolla  1'  broad. 

#  #  Stems  leafy :  peduncles  axillary  :  cells  several-seeded. 

3.  O.  Stricta,  L.     (YELLOW   WOOD-SORREL.)     Annual  or  perennial? 
by  running  subterranean  shoots  ;  stems  at  first  erect,  branching ;  peduncles  2  - 
6-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  yellow ;  pods  elongated,  erect  in  fruit. 
—  Borders  of  woods,  fields,  and  cultivated  grounds  common.     May -Sept. — 
Varies  greatly  in  appearance  and  in  the  size  of  its  flowers,  according  to  season 
and  situation.     O.  comiculata,  L.  is  probably  the  same  species.     (Eu.  ?) 


ORDER  28.     GERANIACEJE.     (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  mostly  regular  and  symmetrical  Jiypogynous  5-merous  flowers, 
imbricated  sepals  and  convolute  petals,  10  stamens  slightly  monadelphous  at 
the  base,  the  alternate  ones  shorter  and  sometimes  sterile,  and  5  pistils  coher- 
ing to  a  central  prolonged  axis,  from  which  they  separate  at  maturity  by  the 
curling  back  of  the  styles  elastically,  carrying  with  them  the  small  l-seeded 
pods. —  Calyx  persistent.  Ovules  2  in  each  carpel,  pendulous,  anatropous, 
usually  but  one  ripening.  Pods  small  and  membranaceous,  cohering  to  5 
shallow  excavations  in  the  base  of  the  prolonged  axis,  usually  torn  open 
on  the  inner  face  when  they  are  carried  away  by  the  recurving  styles. 
Seed  without  albumen :  cotyledons  folded  together  and  bent  down  on  the 
short  radicle.  —  Strong-scented  herbs  (or  the  Pelargoniums,  which  have 
somewhat  irregular  flowers,  shrubby  plants),  with  opposite  or  alternate 
stimulate  leaves,  and  bitter  astringent  roots. 

1.    OERANIUM,    L.        CRANESBILL. 

Stamens  10,  all  with  perfect  anthers,  the  5  longer  with  glands  at  their  base 
(alternate  with  the  petals).  Styles  not  twisted  in  fruit  when  they  separate  from 
the  axis,  smooth  inside.  —  Stems  forking.  Peduncles  1 -3-flowered.  (An  old 
Greek  name,  from  yepavos,  a  crane ;  the  long  fruit-bearing  beak  thought  to  re- 
semble the  bill  of  that  bird. ) 

*  Root  perennial. 

1.  O.  maculatum,  L.  (WILD  CRANESBILL.)  Stem  erect,  hairy; 
leaves  about  5-parted,  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  lobed  and  cut  at 'the  end; 
sepals  slender-pointed;  petals  entire,  light  purple,  bearded  on  the  claw  (£'  long). 


BALSAMINACE^E.       (BALSAM   FAMILY.)  73 

—  Ooen  woods  and  fields.     April -July.  —  Leaves  somewhat  blotched  with 
whitish  as  they  grow  old. 

*  *  Root  biennial  or  annual. 

2.  G.  Carolinianum,  L.     (CAROLINA    CRANESBILL.)     Stems  dif- 
fusely branched  from  the  base,  hairy ;  leaves  about  5-parted,  the  divisions  cleft 
and  cut  into  numerous  oblong-linear  lobes ;  sepals  awn-pointed,  as  long  as  the 
emarginate  (pale  rose-color)  petals ;  seeds  very  minutely  reticulated  (under  a  lens), 

—  Barren  soil  and  waste  places.     May -July. — Flowers  small :  the  peduncles 
and  pedicels  short. — A  state  with  more  notched  petals  and  more  reticulated 
seeds  passes  sometimes  for  G.  dissectum,  L. 

3.  G.  PUsfLLUM,  L.     (SMALL-FLOWERED  CRANESBILL.)     Stems  procum- 
bent, slender,  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  rounded  kidney-form,  5  -  7-parted,  the 
divisions  mostly  3-cleft ;  sepals  awnless,  about  as  long  as  the  2-cleft  (bluish-pur- 
ple) petals  ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Waste  places,  New  York.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  G.  Robertifaimni,  L.     (HERB  EGBERT.)     Sparsely  hairy,  diffuse ; 
leaves  3-divided,  the  divisions  Z-pinnatifid ;  sepals  awned,  shorter  than  the  (purple) 
petals  ;  pods  wrinkled;  seeds  smooth.  —  Moist  woods  and  shaded  ravines.    June- 
Oct. — Plant  strongly  odorous.     (Eu.) 

2.     EROBIITUI,    L'Her.         STORKSBILL. 

The  5  shorter  stamens  sterile.  Styles  in  fruit  twisting  spirally,  bearded  in- 
side. Otherwise  as  Geranium.  (Name  from  epcoStos',  a  heron.) 

1.  E.  cicuxlRiUM,  L'Her.  Annual,  hairy;  stems  low,  spreading;  leaves 
pinnate ;  the  leaflets  sessile,  1  -  2-pinnatifid ;  peduncles  several-flowered.  —  Shore 
of  Oneida  Lake,  New  York,  Knieskern.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ORDER  29.     BALSAMINACILE.     (BALSAM  FAMILY.) 

Annuals,  with  succulent  stems  gorged  with  a  bland  watery  juice,  and  very 
irregular  hypogynous  flowers,  the  5  stamens  somewhat  united,  and  the  pod 
bursting  elastically.  —  Characters  as  in  the  principal  genus, 

1.     OIPATIE1VS,    L.        BALSAM.    JEWEL-WEED. 

Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike  and  confounded,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  .  Se- 
pals apparently  only  4 ;  the  anterior  one,  which  is  notched  at  the  apex,  probably 
consisting  of  two  combined  ;  the  posterior  one  (appearing  anterior  as  the  flower 
hangs  on  its  stalk)  largest,  and  forming  a  spurred  sac.  Petals  2,  unequal-sided 
and  2-lobed  (each  consisting  of  a  pair  united).  Stamens  5,  short :  filaments 
appendaged  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  side,  the  5  scales  connivent  and  united 
over  the  stigma :  anthers  opening  on  the  inner  face.  Ovary  5-celled :  stigma 
sessile.  Pod  with  evanescent  partitions,  and  a  thick  axis  bearing  the  several 
anatropous  seeds,  5-valved,  the  valves  coiling  elastically  and  projecting  th)3 
seeds  in  bursting.  Embryo  straight:  albumen  none.  —  Leaves  simple,  alter- 
nate, without  stipules.  Flowers  axillary  or  panicled ;  often  of  two  sons,  via, 
7 


74          LIMNANTHACE^E.   (LIMNANTHES  FAMILY.) 

the  larger  ones,  as  described  above,  which  seldom  ripen  seeds,  and  very  smaU 
ones,  which  are  fertilized  early  in  the  bud,  when  the  floral  envelopes  never  ex- 
pand, nor  grow  to  their  full  size,  but  are  forced  off  by  the  growing  pod  and  car- 
ried upwards  on  its  apex.  (Name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pods  when 
touched,  whence  also  the  popular  appellation,  Touch-me-not,  or  Snap-weed.) 

1.  I.  pallida,  Nutt.     (PALE  TOUCH-ME-NOT.)     Flowers  pale  yellow,  spar- 
ingly dotted  with  brownish-red ;  sac  dilated  and  very  obtuse,  broader  than  long, 
tipped  with  a  short  incurved  spur.  —  Moist  shady  places  and  along  rills,  in  rich 
soil ;  most  common  northwestward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Larger  and  greener  than 
the  next,  with  larger  flowers.    Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  toothed. 

2.  I.  fulva.,    Nutt.     (SPOTTED    TOUCH-ME-NOT.)     Flowers  orange-col<r, 
thickly  spotted  with  reddish-brown ;  sac  longer  than  broad,  acutely  conical,  taper- 
ing into  a  strongly  inflexed  spur.  —  Rills  and  shady  moist  places  ;   common, 
especially  southward.     June  -  Sept.  —  Plant  2°  -  4°  high :  the  flowers  loosely 
panicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  hanging  gracefully  on  their  slender  nod- 
ding stalks,  the  open  mouth  of  the  cornucopias-shaped  sepal  upward.     A  variety 
is  occasionally  found  with  spotless  flowers,  which  differs  from  the  I.  Noli-tangere 
of  Europe  chiefly  in  the  more  inflexed  spur  and  smaller  petals. 

I.  BALSAMINA,  L.,  is  the  BALSAM  or  Ladies'  slipper  of  the  garden. 
TROP.ZEOLUM  MAJUS,  the  familiar  NASTURTIUM  of  gardens,  is  the  type  of  a 
group  intermediate  between  the  Balsam  and  Geranium  families  and  the  next. 

ORDER  30.     LJMNANTHACE^E.     (LIMNANTHES   FAMILY.) 

Annual  low  herbs,  with  pinnated  alternate  leaves  without  stipules,  and  reg- 
ular 3  -  5-merous  flowers :  calyx  valvate  in  the  bud :  stamens  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals:  the  one-seeded  little  fleshy  fruits  separate,  but  their  styles  united. 
—  Consists  of  one  5-merous  Californian  genus  (Limnanthes)  with  hand- 
some flowers,  sometimes  cultivated  in  gardens,  and  the  insignificant 

1.    FLCERKEA,    Willd.        FALSE  MERMAID. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  oblong.  Stamens  6,  nearly  hy- 
pogynous.  Ovaries  3,  opposite  the  sepals,  united  only  at  the  base ;  the  style 
rising  in  the  centre:  stigmas  3.  Fruit  of  3  (or  1-2)  roughish  fleshy  achenia. 
Seed  anatropous,  erect,  filled  by  the  large  embryo  with  its  hemispherical  fleshy 
cotyledons.  —  A  small  and  inconspicuous  annual,  with  minute  solitary  flowers 
on  axillary  peduncles.  (Named  after  Floerke,  a  German  botanist.) 

1 .  JF.  proserpiliacoides,  Willd.  —  Marshes  and  river-banks,  W.  New 
England  to  "Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  April -June.  —  Leaflets  3-5,  lanceo- 
late, sometimes  2  -  3-cleft.  Taste  slightly  pungent. 

ORDER  31.     RUTACE^E.     (RuE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  dotted  with  pellucid  glands,  abound- 
ing with  a  pungent  or  bitter-aromatic  acrid  volatile  oil,  hypogynous  regular 
&- 5-merous  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals;  the 


RUTACEJE.       (RUE   FAMILY.)  75 

8-5  pisttts  separate  or  combined  into  a  compound  ovary  of  as  many  cells, 
raised  on  a  prolongation  of  the  receptacle  (gynophore)  or  glandular  disk.  — 
Embryo  large,  curved  or  straight,  usually  in  fleshy  albumen.  Styles  com- 
monly united  or  cohering,  even  when  the  ovaries  are  distinct.  Fruit  usu- 
ally capsular.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite.  Stipules  none.  —  A  large 
family,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World  and  the  Southern  hemisphere ;  the  Proper 
Rutacece,  represented  in  gardens  by  the  Rue  (Euta  graveolens,  Z.),  are 
mostly  herbs ;  while  our  two  genera,  of  trees  or  shrubs,  belong  to  what 
has  been  called  the  order  Zanihoxylacece,  but  are  not  distinct  from  the 


1.  ZANTHOXYI.UM,    Golden.        PRICKLY  ASH. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  4  or  5,  obsolete  in  one  species.  Petals  4  or  5,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  or  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Pistils  2-5,  separate,  but  their  styles  conniving  or  slightly  united. 
Pods  thick  and  fleshy,  2-valved  when  ripe,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seed-coat  crustaceous, 
black,  smooth  and  shining.  Embryo  straight,  with  broad  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs 
or  trees,  with  mostly  pinnate  leaves,  the  stems  and  often  the  leafstalks  prickly. 
Flowers  small,  greenish  or  whitish.  (Name  from  t-avdos,  yellow,  and  £vAov, 
wood.) 

1.  Z.  Americanum,  Mill.        (NORTHERN  PRICKLY  ASH.    TOOTH- 
ACHE-TREE.)    Leaves  and  flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  leaflets  4-5  pairs  and  an 
odd  one,  ovate-oblong,  downy  when  young ;  calyx  none ;  petals  5  ;  pistils  3-5, 
with  slender  styles  ;  pods  short-stalked.  —  Kocky  woods  and  river-banks ;  com- 
mon northward.     April,  May. — A  prickly  shrub,  with  yellowish-green  flowers 
appearing  with  the  leaves.    Bark,  leaves,  and  pods  very  pungent  and  aromatic. 

2.  Z.  Carolinianum,  Lam.    (SOUTHERN  PRICKLY  ASH.)    Glabrous; 
leaflets  3-5  pairs  and  an  odd  one,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  oblique,  shining 
above ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme,  appearing  after  the  leaves ;  sepals  and  petals 
5 ;  pistils  3,  with  short  styles ;  pods  sessile.  —  Sandy  coast  of  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward.   June.  —  A  small  tree,  with  very  sharp  prickles. 

2.  PTEL.EA,    L.        SHRUBBY  TREFOIL.    HOP-TREE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals  3-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  as  many.  Ovary  2-celled  :  style  short :  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  2-celled 
and  2-seeded  samara,  winged  all  round,  nearly  orbicular.  —  Shrubs,  with  3-foli- 
olate  leaves,  and  greenish-white  small  flowers  in  compound  terminal  cymes. 
(The  Greek  name  of  the  Elm,  applied  to  a  genus  with  a  somewhat  similar  fruit.) 

1.  P.  trifoliata,  L.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  downy  when  young. — 
Rocky  places,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June.  — A  tall  shrub.  Fruit 
bitter,  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops.  Odor  of  the  flowers  disagreeable  ;  but  not 
*o  much  so  as  those  of  the 

AILANTHUS  GLANDUL6sus,  or  TREE-OF-HJGAVEN, —  a  cultivated  tree  allied 
to  this  family,  —  whose  flowers,  especially  the  staminate  ones,  redolent  of  any- 


76  ANACARDIACEJE.      (CASHEW   FAMILY.) 

thing  but  "  airs  from  heaven,"  offer  a  serious  objection  to  the  planting  of  thia 
ornamental  tree  near  dwellings. 

ORDER  32.     AJVACARDIACEJ3.     (CASHEW  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice,  dotless  alternate 
leaves,  and  small,  often  polygamous,  regular  pentandrous  Jlowers,  with  a  1- 
celled  and  l-ovuled  ovary,  but  with  3  styles  or  stigmas.  —  Petals  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Seed  borne  on  a  curved  stalk  that  rises  from  the  base  of  the 
cell,  without  albumen.  Stipules  none.  Often  poisonous.  —  Represented 
only  by  the  genus 

'  '/.       1.    It II IIS,    L.        SUMACH. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  edge  or  between  the  lobes 
of  a  flattened  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  small  and  indehiscent,  a 
sort  of  dry  drupe.  —  Leaves  (simple  in  K.  Cotinus,  the  Smoke-Plant  of  gardens) 
usually  compound.  Flowers  greenish- white  or  yellowish.  (The  old  Greek  and 
Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

§  1.  StlMAC,  DC. — Flowers  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  thyrsoid  panicle:  fruit 
globular,  clothed  with  acid  crimson  hairs ;  the  stone  smooth :  leaves  odd-pinnate. 
(Not  poisonous.) 

1.  R.  typlllna,  L.     (STAGHORN  SUMACH.)    Branches  and  stalks  densely 
velvety-hairy;  leaflets  11-31,  pale  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate. 
—  Hill-sides.    June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10°  -30°  high,  with  orange-colored  wood. 

2.  R.  glabra,  L.      (SMOOTH   SUMACH.)      Smooth,  somewhat  glaucous; 
leaflets  11-31,  whitened  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate.  —  Rocky 
or  barren  soil.     June,  July.  —  Shrub  2°  - 12°  high. 

3.  R.  COpallina,  L.     (DWARF  SUMACH.)     Branches  and  stalks  downy ; 
petioles  wing-margined  between  the  9-21  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets, 
which  are  oblique  or  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining  above.  —  Rocky 
hills.    July.  —  Shrub  l°-7°  high,  with  running  roots.    Leaflets  variable,  en- 
tire or  sparingly  toothed. 

§  2.  TOXICODF^NDRON,  Tourn.  —  Flowers  polygamous,  in  loose  and  slender 
axillary  panicles:  fruit  globular,  glabrous,  whitish  or  dun-colored;  the  stone  striate: 
leaves  odd-pinnate  or  3-foliolate,  thin.  (Poisonous  to  the  touch  :  even  the  effluvium 
in  sunshine  affecting  some  persons.) 

4.  R.  venenata,  DC.     (POISON  SUMACH  or  DOGWOOD.)      Smooth, 
or  nearly  so  ;  leaflets  7  - 13,  obovate-oblong,  entire.     (R.  Vernix,  L.,  partly.)  — 

.,  Swamps.    June.  —  Shrub  6° -18°  high.     The  most  poisonous  species.    Also 
called,  inappropriately,  Poison  Elder  and  Poison  Dogwood. 

5.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.    (POISON  IVY.    POISON  OAK.)    Climb- 
ing by  rootlets  over  rocks,  &c.,  or  ascending  trees  ;  leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate, 
mostly  pointed,  and  rather  downy  beneath,  variously  notched  or  cut-lobed,  or 
entire  —  When  climbing  trees,  it  is  R.  radlcans,  L.  —  Thickets,  &c.    June. 


VITACEJE.       (VINE    FAMILY.)  77 

§3.  LOBADIUM,  Eaf.  —  Flowers  polygdmo-dicecious,  in  clustered  scaly-bracted 
spikes  like  catkins,  preceding  the  leaves:  disk  5-parted,  large:  fruit  as  in  §  1,  but 
Jlattish :  leaves  3-foliolate.  (Not  poisonous. ) 

6.  B.  aroimitica,  Ait.  (FRAGRANT  SUMACH.)  Leaves  pubescent 
when  young,  thickish  when  old  ;  leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate,  unequally  cut-toothed, 
the  middle  one  wedge-shaped  at  the  base;  flowers  pale  yellow.  —  Dry  rocky 
soil,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Kentucky,  and  westward.  April. — A  low  Strag- 
gling bush,  the  crushed  leaves  sweet-scented. 

ORDER  33.    VITACEJE.     (VINE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  with  watery  juice,  usually  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  small  regular 
flowers,  a  minute  truncated  calyx,  its  limb  mostly  obsolete,  and  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  valvate  petals  and  opposite  them !  Berry  2-celled,  usually  4- 
seeded.  —  Petals  4-5,  very  deciduous,  hypogynous  or  perigynous.  Fila- 
ments slender:  anthers  introrse.  Pistil  with  a  short  style  or  none,  and  a 
slightly  2-lobed  stigma:  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect  anatropous  ovules 
from  the  base  of  each.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of 
the  hard  albumen,  which  is  grooved  on  one  side.  —  Stipules  deciduous. 
Leaves  palmately  veined  or  compound :  tendrils  and  flower-clusters  oppo 
site  the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish.  (Young  shoots,  foliage,  &c 
acid.)  —  Consists  of  Vitis  and  one  or  two  nearly  allied  genera. 

1.    VtTIS,    Tourn.        GRAPE. 

Calyx  very  short,  usually  with  a  nearly  entire  border  or  none  at  all,  filled 
with  a  fleshy  disk  which  bears  the  petals  and  stamens.  —  Flowers  in  a  com- 
pound thyrsus ;  pedicels  mostly  umbellate-clustered.  (The  classical  Latin 
name  of  the  Vine.) 

§  1.  VITIS  proper.  —  Petals  5,  cohering  at  the  top  while  they  separate  at  the  base, 
and  so  the  corolla  usually  falls  off  without  expanding :  5  thick  glands  or  lobes  of  the 
disk  alternating  with  the  stamens,  between  them  and  the  base  of  the  ovary :  flowers 
dioecious-polygamous  in  all  the  American  species,  exhaling  a  fragrance  like  that  of 
Mignonette :  leaves  simple,  rounded  and  heart-shaped,  often  variously  and  variably 
lobed. 

*  Leaves  woolly  beneath,  when  lobed  having  obtuse  or  rounded  sinuses. 

1.  T.  Labnisca,  L.    (NORTHERN  FOX-GRAPE.)    Branchlets  and  young 
leaves  very  woolly ;  leaves  continuing  rusty-woolly  beneath ;  fertile  panicles  compact ; 
berries  large  (£'-|    in  diameter).  —  Moist  thickets,  common.    June. — Berries 
ripe  in  Sept.,  dark  purple  or  amber-color,  with  a  tough  musky  pulp.    Improved 
by  cultivation,  it  has  given  rise  to  the  Isabella  Grape,  &c. 

2.  V.  BBStivaliS,  Michx.     (SUMMER  GRAPE.)     Young  leaves  downy  with 
loose  cobwebby  hairs  beneath,  smoothish  when  old,  green  above ;  fertile  panicles  com- 
pound, long  and  slender :  berries  small  (\>  or  £'  in  diameter),  black  with  a  bloom. 
—  Thickets,  common;  climbing  high.    May,  June. — Berries  pleasant,  ripe  in 
Oct. 

7* 


78  RHAMNACE.E.       (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.) 

#  #  Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  and  green  both  sides,  commonly  pubescent  on  the  veint 
•       beneath,  either  incisely  lobed  or  undivided. 

3.  V.  cordifolia,  Michx.     (WINTER  or  FROST  GRAPE.)     Leaves  thin, 
not  shining,  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  sharply  and  coarsely  toothed,  often  ob- 
scurely 3-lobed ;  panicles  compound,  large  and  loose;  berries  small  (\>  broad),  blue 
or  black  with  a  bloom,  very  acerb,  ripening  after  frosts.  —  Var.  RIPARIA  :  with 
the  leaves  broader  and  somewhat  incisely  toothed  and  cut-lobed.     (V.  riparia, 
Michx.)  —  Thickets  and  river-banks;  common.    May,  June. — Flowers  very 
sweet-scented. 

4.  V.  vulpina,  L.     (MUSCADINE  or  SOUTHERN  FOX-GRAPE.)    Leave* 
shining  both  sides,  small,  rounded  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  very  coarsely  toothed 
with  broad  and  bluntish  teeth,  seldom  lobed;  panicles  small,  densely  flowered; 
berries  large  (£'-|'  in  diameter),  musky,  purplish  without  a  bloom,  ripe  early  in 
autumn.  —  Kiver-banks,  Maryland  to  Kentucky  and  southward.      May.  — 
Branchlets  minutely  warty.    Fruit  with  a  thick  and  tough  skin.    A  variety 
yields  the  Scuppemong  Grape,  &c.   -   ^^    J^aid 

$  2.  CfSSUS,  L.  —  Petals  4  or  5,  usually  expanding  before  or  when  they  fall:  disk 
thick  and  broad,  usually  4  -  5-lobed,  often  somewhat  perigynous :  flowers  commonly 
perfect. 

5.  T.  iiulivisa,  Willd.    Nearly  glabrous ;  tendrils  few  and  small ;  leaves 
heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  acuminate, 
not  lobed ;  panicle  small  and  loose ;  petals  and  stamens  5 ;  style  slender ;  ber- 
ries small  (of  the  size  of  a  pea),  1  -  3-seeded.  —  River-banks,  "W.  Virginia, 
banks  of  the  Ohio,  and  southward.    June. 

6.  V.  bipinnata,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Nearly  glabrous,  bushy  and  rather 
upright ;  leaves  twice  pinnate  or  ternate,  the  leaflets  cut-toothed ;  tendrils  none ; 
panicle  small,  cymose ;  petals  and  stamens  5 ;  calyx  5-toothed ;  disk  very  thick, 
adherent  to  the  ovary ;  berries  black,  obovate  when  young.    ( Ampelopsis  bipin- 
nata, Michx.)  — Rich  soils,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

2.    AUIPEL.OPSIS,    Michx.        VIRGINIAN  CREEPER. 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave,  thick,  expanding  before  they  fall. 
Disk  none.  —  Leaves  digitate,  with  5  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets.  Flower-clusters 
cymose.  Tendrils  fixing  themselves  by  dilated  sucker-like  disks  at  their  tips. 
(Name  from  a/iTreXos,  a  vine,  and  ctyris,  appearance.) 

1.  A,  quiiiqucfolia,  Michx. — A  common  woody  vine,  growing  in 
low  or  rich  grounds,  climbing  extensively,  blossoming  in  July,  ripening  its  small 
blackish  berries  in  October.  Also  called  American  Ivy.  Leaves  turning  bright 
crimson  in  autumn. 

ORDER  34.    RHAMNACEJE.     (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  leaves,  small  and  regular  flowers  (some- 
times apetalous),  with  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  valvatc 
lepals  and  alternate  with  them,  and  accordingly  opposite  the  petals  !  Drupe 


RHAMNACE^E.       (BUCKTHORN   FAMILY.)  79 

or  pod  with  only  one  seed  in  each  cell,  not  drilled  —  Petals  folded  inwards 
in  the  bud,  hooded  or  concave,  inserted  along  with  the  stamens  into  the 
edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  which  lines  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx  and  often 
unites  it  to  the  lower  part  of  the  2-5-celled  ovary.  Ovules  solitary, 
anatropous,  erect.  Stigmas  2-5.  Embryo  large,  with  broad  cotyledons, 
in  sparing  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  often  polygamous.  Leaves  mostly 
alternate:  stipules  small  or  obsolete.  Branches  often  thorny.  (Slightly 
bitter  and  astringent :  the  fruit  often  mucilaginous,  commonly  rather  nau- 
seous or  drastic.) 

Synopsis. 

*  Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  BERCHEMIA.    Petals  sessile,  entire,  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Drupe  'with  thin  flesh  and  a 

2-celled  bony  putamen. 

2.  RHAMNUS.    Petals  small,  short-clawed,  notched,  or  none.     Drupe  berry-like,  with  the 

2-4  separate  seed-like  nutlets  concave  on  the  back :  cotyledons  leaf-like,  revolute. 
8.  ERANGULA.    Petals,  &c.  as  in  No.  2.    Seed-like  nutlets  convex  on  the  back :  cotyledons 
plane,  fleshy. 

*  *  Calyx  with  the  disk  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
4.  CEANOTHUS.    Petals  long-clawed,  hooded.    Fruit  dry,  at  length  dehiscent. 

1.     BE  SIC  II  EMI  A,    Necker.        SUPPLE-JACK. 

Calyx  with  a  very  short  and  roundish  tube ;  its  lobes  equalling  the  5  oblong 
sessile  acute  petals,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Disk  very  thick  and  flat,  filling 
the  calyx-tube  and  covering  the  ovary.  Drupe  oblong,  with  thin  flesh  and  a 
bony  2-celled  putamen.  —  Woody  twining  and  climbing  vines,  with  the  pinnate 
veins  of  the  leaves  straight  and  parallel,  the  small  greenish-white  flowers  in 
small  panicles.  (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  B.  volubilis,  DC.  Glabrous;  'leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
serrulate ;  style  short,  2-toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Damp  soils,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  June.  —  Ascending  tall  trees.  Stems  tough  and  very  lithe,  whence 
the  popular  name. 

2.     RHAMNUS,    Tourn.        BUCKTHORN. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft ;  the  tube  campanulate,  lined  with  the  disk.  Petals  sniall, 
short-clawed,  notched  at  the  end,  wrapped  around  the  short  stamens,  or  sometimes 
none.  Ovary  free,  2-4-celled.  Drupe  berry-like  (black),  containing  2-4  sep- 
arate seed-like  nutlets,  of  cartilaginous  texture,  which  arc  grooved  on  the  back, 
as  is  the  contained  seed.  Cotyledons  foliaceous,  the  margins  revolute.  —  Shrubs 
or  small  trees,  with  loosely  pinnately  veined  leaves,  and  greenish  polygamous  or 
dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  from  the  nu- 
merous branchlets.) 

*  Lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  stamens  4. 

1.  K.  CATHARTICUS,  L.  (COMMON  BUCKTHORN.)  Leaves  ovate,  minutely 
serrate;  fruit  3 -  1-seeded ;  branchlets  thorny.  —  Cultivated  fcr  hedges;  spon- 
taneous on  the  Hudson  River,  New  York.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


80  RHAMNACEJE.   (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.) 

2.  R.  lajiceolatlis,  Pursh.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  acute,  or  on 
flowering  shoots  oblong  and  obtuse,  finely  serrulate,  smooth  or  minutely  downy 
beneath ;  petals  deeply  notched ;  fruit  2-seeded.     Hills  and  river-banks,  Penn. 
(Mercersburg,  Prof.  Green)  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  tall, 
not  thorny ;  the  yellowish-green  flowers  occurring  under  two  forms,  both  com- 
monly perfect :  one  with  the  short  pedicels  clustered  in  the  axils  and  with  long 
styles ;  the  other,  and  more  fruitful,  with  the  pedicels  oftener  solitary,  and  the 
style  very  short. 

*  *  Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  stamens  5  :  petals  wanting. 

3.  II.  uliiif oli us,  L'Her.     Leaves  oval,  acute,  serrate,  nearly  straight- 
veined  :  fruit  3-seeded.  —  Swamps,  Maine  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  northward. 
June.  —  Shrub  1  °  -  4°  high. 

3.    FRANCUL.A,    Toura.        ALDER-BUCKTHORN. 

Seeds  not  grooved  or  concave  (but  convex)  on  the  back.  Cotyledons  plane, 
large  and  thick.  FloAvers  perfect ;  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  stamens 
almost  always  5.  Leaves  with  nearly  straight  and  parallel  veins.  Otherwise  as 
in  Rhamnus.  (Name  from  frango,  to  break,  in  allusion  to  the  brittleness  of  the 
stems.) 

1.  F.  Caroliniana,  Gray.  Thornless;  leaves  (3' -4'  long)  oblong, 
obscurely  serrulate,  nearly  glabrous,  deciduous  ;  peduncle  of  the  small  umbel  of 
flowers  very  short;  drupe  spherical,  3-seeded.  —  River-banks,  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward.  June.  —  A  tall  shrub. 

4.    CEANOTHUS,    L.        NEW  JERSEY  TEA.    RED-ROOT. 

Calyx  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  colored  and  incurved ;  the  lower  part  with  the  thick 
disk  cohering  with  the  ovary,  the  upper  separating  across  in  fruit.  Petals  hood- 
form,  spreading,  on  slender  claws  longer  than  the  calyx.  Filaments  also  elon- 
gated. Fruit  3-lobed,  dry  and  splitting  into  its  3  carpels  when  ripe.  Seed  as  in 
Frangula.  —  Shrubby  plants ;  the  flowers  in  little  umbel-like  clusters,  which  are 
crowded  in  dense  panicles  or  corymbs  at  the  summit  of  naked  flower-branches  : 
calyx  and  pedicels  colored  like  the  petals.  (A  name  of  Theophrastus,  of  un- 
known meaning  and  application.) 

1.  C.  Aincricfenus,  L.     (NEW  JERSEY  TEA.)    Leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long-ovate, 3-ribbed,  serrate,  downy  beneath,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
common  peduncles  elongated.  —  Dry  woodlands.    July.  —  An  undershrub,  1°  - 
3°  high  from  a  dark  red  root,  varying  exceedingly  :  branches  downy.     Flowers 
in  pretty  white  clusters.  —  The  leaves  were  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea  during 
the  American  Revolution. 

2.  C.  ov  falls,  Bigelow.      Leaves   narrowly  oval  or  elliptical-lanceolate, 
finely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  as  well  as  the  short  common  pe- 
duncles.—  Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  westward.     Ma;y.  —  A 
handsome  low  shrub,   with  the   white  flowers   larger   than    in   No.  1 ,  more 
corymbed,  and  narrower  smooth  leaves,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends.    It  also 
Taries  greatly. 


CELASTRACE^E.       (STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.)  81 

ORDER  35.     CELASTRACE^E.     (STAFF-TREE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves,  and  small  regular  flowers,  the  sepals  and  the 
petals  loth  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  a  disk  which  Jills  the  bottom  of 
the  calyx.  Seeds  arilled.  —  Ovary  2  -  5-celled,  with  one  or  few  anatropous 
(erect  or  pendulous)  ovules  in  each  cell :  styles  united  into  one.  Fruit  2  - 
5-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  fleshy  albumen :  cotyledons 
broad  and  thin.  Stipules  minute  and  fugacious.  Pedicels  jointed.  —  Rep- 
resented in  the  Northern  States  by  two  genera. 

1.    CEL,ASTRTJS,L.       STAFF-TREE.    SHRUBBY  BITTER-SWEET. 

Flowers  polygamo-clicecious.  Petals  (crenulate)  and  stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  a  cup-shaped  disk  which  lines  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Pod  glo- 
bose (orange-color  and  berry-like),  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1-2 
in  each  cell,  erect,  enclosed  by  a  pulpy  scarlet  aril. — Leaves  alternate.  Flow- 
ers small,  greenish,  in  raceme-like  clusters  terminating  the  branches.  (An 
ancient  Greek  name  for  some  evergreen,  which  our  plant  is  not.) 

1.    C.    sea  11  dens,    L.      (WAX-WORK.      CLIMBING    BITTER-SWEET.) 

"Woody,  sarmentose  and  twining  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  finely  serrate,  pointed.  — 
Along  streams  and  thickets.  June.  —  The  opening  orange-colored  pods,  dis 
playing  the  scarlet  covering  of  the  seeds,  are  very  ornamental  in  autumn. 

2.    EUONYMUS,    Tourn.        SPINDLE-TREE. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  the  base,  forming  a  short  and  flat 
calyx.  Petals  4-5,  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  very  short,  inserted  on  the 
edge  or  face  of  a  broad  and  flat  4  -  5-angled  disk,  which  coheres  with  the  calyx 
and  is  stretched  over  the  ovary,  adhering  to  it  more  or  less.  Style  short  or 
none.  Pod  3  -  5-lobed,  3  -  5-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1  -  2  in  each  cell,  en- 
closed in  a  red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  with  4-sided  branchlets,  opposite  sen-ate  leaves, 
and  loose  cymes  of  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (Deriv.  from  ev,  good 
and  oyoiia,  name,  because  it  has  the  bad  reputation  of  poisoning  cattle.  Tourn.) 

1.  E.  atropiirpiirciis,  Jacq.     (BURNING-BUSH.    WAAHOO.)    Shrub 
tall  (6° -14°  high)  and  upright;  leaves  petioled,  oval-oblong,  pointed;  parts  of 
the  (dark  purple)  flower  commonly  in  fours;  pods  smooth,  deeply  lobed.  —  New 
York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward  :  also  cultivated.     June.  —  Ornamental  in 
autumn,  by  its  copious  crimson  fruit,  drooping  on  long  peduncles. 

2.  E.  Americanus,  L.     (STRAWBERRY  BUSH.)     Shrub  low,  upright 
or  straggling  (2° -5°  high) ;  leaves  almost  sessile,  thickish,  bright  green,  varying 
from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed ;  parts  of  the  greenish-purple 
flowers  mostly  in  fives ;  pods  rough-warty,  depressed,  crimson  when  ripe,  the  aril 
scarlet.  —  Wooded  river-banks,  W.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.    June. 

Var.  obovatlis,  Ton-.  &  Gray.  Trailing,  with  rooting  branches  ;  flower- 
ing stems  l°-2°  high ;  leaves  thin  and  dull,  obovate  or  oblong.  (E.  obovatus, 
Nutt.)  — Low  or  wet  places. 


82  SAPINDACEwE.       (SOAPBERRY   FAMILY.) 

ORDER  36.     SAPINDACE^E.     (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  mostly  un- 
symmetrical  and  often  irregular  flowers,  the  4-5  sepals  and  petals  both  im- 
bricated in  aestivation,  the  5-10  stamens  inserted  on  a  fleshy  (perigynous  or 
hypogynous")  disk,  a  2-  3-celled  and  lobed  ovary,  with  1-2  (or  rarely  more) 
ovules  in  each  cell,  and  the  embryo  (except  Staphylea)  curved  or  convolute, 
without  albumen.  —  A  large  order,  the  true  Sapindaceae  principally  tropi- 
cal, none  of  them  indigenous  in  the  Northern  States,  except  the  Buckeyes : 
—  to  it  may  be  appended  the  Bladder-nut  and  Maple  Families. 

SUBORDER  I.    STAPHYLEACE^.    THE  BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY 
Flowers  (perfect)  regular ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.     Ovules  1-8 
in  each  cell.     Seeds  bony,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  scanty  albumen. — 
Shrubs  with  opposite  pinnately  compound  leaves,  stipulate  and  stipellate. 

1.  STAPHYLEA.    Lobes  of  the  colored  calyx  and  petals  5,  erect.    Stamens  5.    Fruit  a  3-celled 

bladdery-inflated  pod. 

SUBORDER  II.  SAPINDACE-ZE  proper  (including  HIPPOCASTANEJE). 
Flowers  (often  polygamous)  mostly  unsymmetrical  and  irregular ;  the 
stamens  commonly  more  numerous  than  the  petals  or  sepals,  but  rarely 
twice  as  many.  Ovules  1  -  2  in  each  cell.  Albumen  none.  Embryo 
curved  or  convolute,  rarely  straight:  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy. — Leaves 
alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  destitute  of  stipules,  mostly  compound. 

2.  ^SCULUS.    Calyx  5-lobed.    Petals  4  or  5.    Stamens  commonly  7.    Fruit  a  leathery  pod. 

Leaves  opposite,  digitate. 

SUBORDER  III.    ACERINEJE.    THE  MAPLE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  (polygamous  or  dioecious)  regular,  but  usually  unsymmetrical. 
Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Ovary  2-lobed  and  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Winged  fruits  1-seeded.  Albumen  none.  Embryo 
coiled  or  folded ;  the  cotyledons  long  and  thin.  —  Leaves  opposite,  simple 
or  compound. 

3.  ACER.    Flowers  polygamous.    Leaves  simple,  or  rarely  digitately  compound 

4.  NEGUNDO.    Flowers  dioscious.    Leaves  pinnate,  with  3-5  leaflets. 

SUBORDER  I.    STAPHYL.EACE  JE.    THE  BLADDER-NUT  FAMILY. 

1.    STAPHir:LEA,    L.        BLADDER-NUT. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  erect,  whitish.  Petals  5,  erect,  spatulate, 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  thick  perigynous  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Pistil  of  3  several-ovuled  carpels, 
united  in  the  axis,  their  long  styles  cohering  at  first.  Pod  large,  merabrana 
ceous,  inflated,  3-lobed,  3-celled,  at  length  bursting  at  the  summit ;  the  cells 
containing  1-4  bony  anatropous  seeds.  Aril  none.  Embryo  large  and  straight, 
in  scanty  albumen ;  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  —  Upright  shrubs,  with  opposite 
pinnate  leaves  of  3  or  5  serrate  leaflets,  and  white  flowers  in  drooping  raceme- 


SAPINDACE^E.   (SOAPBERRY  FAMILT.)  83 

like  clusters,  terminating  the  branchlets.    Stipules  and  stipels  deciduous.    (Name 
from  <rra(f>v\fi,  a  cluster.} 

1.  S.  trifolia,  L.  (AMERICAN  BLADDER-NUT.)  Leaflets  3,  ovate, 
pointed.  —  Thickets,  in  moist  soil.  May.  —  Shrub  10°  high,  with  greenish 
striped  branches. 

SUBORDER  II.     SAPINDACEJE  PROPER. 

2.    ^SCUI^US,  L.        HORSE-CHESTNUT.    BUCKEYE. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-lobed,  often  rather  oblique  or  gibbous  at  the  base.  Petals  4, 
sometimes  5,  more  or  less  unequal,  with  claws,  nearly  hypogynous.  Stamens 
7  (rarely  6  or  8) :  filaments  long  and  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  1 :  ovary 
3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each,  only  one  of  which,  or  one  in  each  cell,  forms 
a  seed.  Seed  very  large,  with  a  thick  and  shining  coat,  and  a  large  and  round 
pale  scar,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  their  contiguous 
faces  more  or  less  united,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination :  plumule 
2-leaved :  radicle  curved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  digitate :  leaf- 
lets serrate,  straight-veined,  like  a  Chestnut-leaf.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsus 
or  dense  panicle,  often  polygamous,  the  greater  portion  with  imperfect  pistils 
and  sterile.  Pedicels  jointed.  Seeds  farinaceous,  but  imbued  with  an  intensely 
bitter  and  narcotic  principle.  (The  ancient  name  of  some  Oak  or  other  mast 
bearing  tree.) 

§  1.  JESCULUS  PROPER.  — Fruit  covered  with  prickles  when  young. 

1.  JE.     HlPPOCASTANUM,     L.        (COMMON     HORSE-CHESTNUT.)        Corolla 

spreading,  white  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow,  of  5  petals ;  stamens  declined ; 
leaflets  7. —  Commonly  planted.     (Adv.  from  Asia  via  Eu.) 

2.  JE.  glabra,  Willd.     (FETID  or  OHIO  BUCKEYE.)     Stamens  curved, 
much  longer  than  the  pale  yellow  corolla  of  4  upright  petals ;  fruit  prickly  when 
young;  leaflets  5.  — River-banks,  W.  Penn.   and  Virginia  to  Michigan  and 
Kentucky.    June.  —  A  small  tree  ;  the  bark  exhaling  an  unpleasant  odor,  as 
in  the  rest  of  the  genus.    Flowers  small,  not  showy. 

$  2.  PAVIA,  Boerh.  —  Fruit  smooth :  petals  4,  erect  and  conniving ;  the  2  upper 
smaller  and  longer  than  the  others,  consisting  of  a  small  and  rounded  blade  on  a 
very  long  claw. 

3.  JE.  flsYva,  Ait.     ( SWEET   BUCKEYE.)     Stamens  included  in  the  yellow 
corolla;  calyx  oblong-campanulate ;  leaflets  5,  sometimes  7,  glabrous,  or  often 
minutely  downy  underneath. — Rich  woods,  Virginia  to  Ohio,  Indiana,  and 
southward.     May.     A  large  tree,  or  a  shrub. 

Var.  piirpurascciis.  Flowers  (both  calyx  and  corolla)  tinged  with 
flesh-color  or  dull  purple;  leaflets  commonly  downy  beneath.  (JEi.  discolor. 
Pursh,  Sf-c.}  — From  W.  Virginia  southward  and  westward. 

4.  JE.   Fa  via,   L.      (BED  BUCKEYE.)     Stamens  not  longer  than  the 
corolla,  which  is  bright  red,  as  well  as  the  tubular  calyx;  leaflets  glabrous  or 
soft-downy  beneath.  —  Fertile  valleys,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  an'l    southward. 
Mav.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 


84  SAPINDACEJE.       (SOAPBERRY    FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  HI.    ACERINEJE.     THE  MAPLE  FAMILY. 

3.     ACER,    Tourn.        MAPLE. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  colored,  5-  (rarely  4  - 12-)  lobed  or  parted.  Pet- 
als either  none,  or  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  equal,  with  short  claws 
if  any,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  lobed  disk,  which,  is  either  perigynous  or 
hypogynous.  Stamens  4-12.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each: 
styles  2,  long  and  slender,  united  only  below,  stigmatic  down  the  inside.  From 
the  back  of  each  ovaiy  grows  a  wing,  converting  the  fruit  into  two  1 -seeded,  at 
length  separable,  closed  samaras  or  keys.  Seed  without  albumen.  Embryo 
variously  coiled  or  folded,  with  large  and  thin  cotyledons.  —  Trees,  or  some- 
times shrubs,  with  opposite  palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  small  flowers.  Pedi 
eels  not  jointed.  (The  classical  name,  from  the  Celtic  ac,  hard.) 
*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  greenish,  appearing  after  the  leaves :  stamens  6-8. 

1.  A.   Peniisylvauiciim,  L.     (STRIPED  MAPLE.)     Leaves  3-lobed 
at  the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  doubly  serrate ;  the  short  lobes  taper-pointed, 
and  also  serrate ;  racemes  drooping,  loose ;  petals  obovate ;  fruit  with  large  diverg- 
ing wings.    (A.  striatum,  Lam.}  — Rich  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  north 
ward  along  the  Alleghanies  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     June.  —  A  small  and 
slender  tree,  with  light-green  bark  striped  with  dark  lines,  and  greenish  flowers 
and  fruit.     Also  called  Striped  Dogwood,  and  Moose-  Wood. 

2.  A.   spicatuin,   Lam.    -(MOUNTAIN  MAPLE.)    Leaves  downy  under- 
neath, 3-  (or  slightly  5-)  lobed,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lobes  taper-pointed ;  racemes 
upright,  dense,  somewhat  compound ;  petals  linear-spatulate ;  fruit  with  small  very 
divergent  wings.     (A.  montanum,  Ait.)  —  Moist  woods,  with  the  same  range 
as-No.  1.    June.  —  A  tall  shrub,  forming  clumps. 

*  %  Flowers  umbellate-corymbed,  greenish-yellow,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.   saccharinum,    Wang.     (SUGAR  MAPLE.      ROCK   MAPLE.) 
Leaves  3  -  5-lobed,  with  rounded  sinuses  and  pointed  sparingly  sinuate-toothed 
lobes,  either  heart-shaped  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  whitish  and  smooth  or 
a  little  downy  along  the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  from  terminal  leaf-bearing  and 
lateral  leafless  buds,  drooping  on  very  slender  hairy  pedicels ;  calyx  hairy  at  the 
apex  ;  petals  none ;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad,  slightly  diverging.  —  Rich  woods, 
especially  northward  and  along  the  mountains  southward.     April,  May.  —  A 
large,  handsome  tree.  •    . 

Var.  nigrum.  (BLACK  SUGAR-MAPLE.)  Leaves  scarcely  paler  beneath, 
but  often  minutely  downy,  the  lobes  wider,  the  sinus  at  the  base  often  closed. 
(A.  nigrum,  Michx.)  —  With  the  ordinary  form. 

#  %  *  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  arising  from  lateral  leafless  buds,  preceding  the 
leaves:  stamens  3-6. 

4.  A.  (lasycarpiiin,  Ehrhart.     (WHITE  or  SILVER  MAPLE.)     Leaves 
very  deeply  5-lobed  with  the  sinuses  rather  acute,  silvery- white  (and  when  young 
downy)   underneath,   the   divisions   narrow,   cut-lobed  and    toothed  ;    flowers 
(greenish-yellow)  on  short  pedicels ;  petals  none ;  fruit  woolly  when  young,  with 
large  divergent  wings.  —  River-banks,  most  common  southwaid  and  westward. 
March,  April.  — A  fine  ornamental  tree. 


POLYGALACE.fi.       (MILKWORT   FAMILY.)  85 

5.  A.  rub  rum,  L.     (RED  or  SWAMP  MAPLE.)    Leaves  3-5lobedvnth 

the  sinuses  acute,  whitish  underneath;  the  lobes  irregularly  serrate  and  notched, 
acute ,  the  middle  one  usually  longest ;  petals  linear-oblong ;  flowers  on  very  short 
pedicels  (scarlet,  crimson,  or  sometimes  yellowish) ;  but  the  fruit  smooth,  on  pro- 
longed drooping  pedicels.  —  Swamps  and  wet  woods  ;  everywhere.  March, 
April.  —  A  small  tree,  with  reddish  twigs  ;  the  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape, 
turning  bright  crimson  in  early  autumn. 

A.  f  SEUDO-PLATANUS,  L.,  the  FALSE  SYCAMORE,  and  A.  PLATANoh>E8, 
L.,  called  NORWAY  MAPLE,  are  two  European  species  occasionally  planted. 

4.     IVECIJNDO,    Mcench.        ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE.    BOX-ELDER. 

Flowers  dioecious.     Calyx  minute,  4- 5-cleft.     Petals  none.     Stamens  4 -5. 

—  Sterile  flowers  in  clusters  on  capillary  pedicels ;  the  fertile  in  drooping  ra- 
cemes, from  lateral  buds.     Leaves  pinnate,  with  3  or  5  leaflets.     (Name  un- 
meaning.    The  genus,  apparently  of  only  a  single  species,  is  too  near  Acer 
itself.) 

1.  IV.  aceroides,  Moench.  (Acer  Negundo,  L.)  Leaflets  smoothish 
when  old,  very  veiny,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed ;  fruit  smooth,  with  large  rather 
incurved  wings.  —  River-banks.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  April. 

—  A  small  but  handsome  tree,  with  light-green  twigs,  and  very  delicate  droop- 
ing clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers,  rather  preceding  the  leaves. 

ORDER  37.     POLYGALACE^E.     (MILKWORT  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  irregular,  as  if  papilionaceous,  liypogynous  flowers,  4-8  dta- 
delphous  or  monadelplwus  stamens,  their  l-celled  anthers  opening  at  the  top 
by  a  pore  or  chink ;  the  fruit  a  2-celled  and  2-seeded  pod.  —  Represented 
by  the  typical  genus 

1.     POL.YCAL.A,    Tourn.        MILKWORT. 

Flower  very  irregular.  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  sepals,  of  which  3  (the  upper 
and  the  2  lower)  are  small  and  often  greenish,  while  the  two  lateral  or  inner 
(called  wings)  are  much  larger,  and  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  3,  hypogy- 
nous,  connected  with  each  other  and  with  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  (lower) 
one  keel-shaped  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Stamens  6  or  8  :  their  filaments 
united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  or  into  2  sets,  cohering  more  or  less  with  the 
petals,  free  above  :  anthers  l-celled,  often  cup-shaped,  opening  by  a  hole  01 
broad  chink  at  the  apex.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  pen 
dulous  in  each  cell :  style  prolonged  and  curved :  stigma  various.  Fruit  a 
small,  loculicidal  2-seeded  pod,  usually  rounded  and  notched  at  the  apex,  much 
flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Seeds  with  a  caruncle,  or  vari- 
ously shaped  appendage,  at  the  hilum.  Embryo  large,  straight,  with  flat  and 
broad  cotyledons,  surrounded  by  a  sparing  albumen.  — Bitter  plants  (low  herbs 
in  temperate  regions),  with  simple  entire  leaves,  often  dotted,  and  no  stipules  : 
sometimes  bearing  concealed  fertile  flowers  also  next  the  ground.  (An  old 
8 


86  FOLYGALACE2E.       (MILK WORT   FAMILY.) 

nam  3,  :rom  TroXvs,  much,  and  yaXa,  milk,  from  a  fancied  property  of  its  iiv 
creating  this  secretion.) 

*  Biennial  (6'  - 12'  high) :  flowers  yellow :  crest  of  the  Tceel  small. 

1.  P.  liltca,  L.     Flowers  in  solitary  ovate  or  oblong  heads,  terminating  the 
stem  or  simple  branches  (bright  orange-yellow}]  leaves  (l'-2'long)  obovate  or 
spatulate ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Sandy  swamps,  New 
Jersey  and  southward,  near  the  coast.    June  -  Sept.  —  Stems  at  first  simple. 
Head  of  flowers  |'  in  diameter,  showy. 

2.  P.  r;tiii6$:i,  Ell.     Flowers  (citron-yellow)  in  numerous  short  and  dense 
spike-like  racemes  collected  in  a  flat-topped  compound  cyme ;  leaves  oblong-linear, 
the  lowest  spatulate  or  obovate ;  seeds  ovoid,  minutely  hairy,  twice  the  length  of 
the  caruncle.     (P.  cymosa,  Poir.,  not  of  Walt.    P.  corymbosa,  Nutt.) — Damp 
pine-barrens,  New  Jersey  ?  Delaware,  and  southward.  —  Flowers  turning  green 
in  drying.     (The  allied  P.  CYM6sA,  Walt.,  which  is  P.  graminifolia,  Poir.,  P. 
attenuata,  Nutt.,  P.  acutifolia,  Torr.  fr  Gray,  —  known  by  its  simpler  cymes, 
stem  naked  above,  narrower  leaves,  and  globular  seeds  with  no  caruncle,— 
probably  occurs  in  S.  Virginia.) 

*  #  Annual :  flowers  purple  or  white,  in  spikes ;  no  subterranean  blossoms :  crest  of 

the  keel  minute,  except  in  Nos.  3,  9,  and  10. 
•»-  Leaves  all  alternate  or  scattered :  flowers  purple  or  flesh-color. 

3.  P.  iiicarmita,  L.      Glaucous  ;   stem  slender,   simple  or  sparingly 
branched  (1°  high) ;  leaves  small,  linear-awl-shaped;  spike  oblong  or  cylindri- 
cal ;  wings  much  shorter  than  the  conspicuously  crested  corolla  ;  claws  of  the  petals 
united  in  a  very  long  and  slender  cleft  tube ;  caruncle  2-lobed,  longer  than  the  stalk 
of  the  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  soil,  Maryland  and  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July. 

4.  P.  sanguinea,  L.     Stem  branched  at  the  top  (&  - 10'  high) ;  leaves 
oblong-linear ;  spikes  roundish  or  oblong,  dense,  very  obtuse ;  wings  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse;  caruncle  almost  as  long  as  the  seed.     (P.  purpurea,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  and 
moist  ground;   common.     July -Sept.  —  Spikes  £'  thick,  reddish-purple:  the 
axis,  as  in  Nos.  5  and  6,  beset  with  the  persistent  awl-shaped  scaly  bracts  after 
the  flowers  have  fallen. 

5.  P.  fa.Stigia.ta.,  Nutt.     Stem  slender,  at  length  much  branched  above , 
leaves  linear ;  spikes  short ;  wings  ovate-oblong,  tapering  at  the  base  into  distinct 
claws ;  caruncle  as  long  as,  and  nearly  enveloping,  the  stalk-like  base  of  the  minutely 
hairy  seed.    {P.  sanguinea,  Torr.  $•  Gr.,  excl.  syn. ;  not  of  Nutt.,  nor  L.)  — 
Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Nuttall)  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Spikes 
looser,  and  the  rose-purple  flowers  much  smaller,  than  in  No.  4,  brighter-colored 
than  in  the  next,  which  it  most  resembles. 

6.  P.  Nuttallii,  Ton-.  &  Gr.  (Fl.  1,  p.  670,  excl.  syn.,  &  descr.)     Stem 
branched  above  (4' -9'  high);  leaves  linear;  spikes  oblong,  dense;  wings  ellip- 
tical, on  very  short  claws ;  caruncle  small  and  applied  to  one  side  of  the  stalk-like  base 
of  the  very  hairy  seed.     (P.  sanguinea,  Nutt.,  not  of  L.    P.  Mariana,  &c.,  Pluk., 
t.  437.    P.  ambigua,  Torr.  $•  Gr.,  FL,  not  of  Nutt.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  coast  of 
Massachusetts  to  Penn.  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Spikes  ^'  in  diameter ;  the 
flowers  light  purple  and  greenish,  duller-colored  than  in  the  last,  with  thicker 


POLTGALACE^E.       (MILKWORT    FAMILY.)  87 

wings  on  shorter  claws ;  and  the  narrow  caruncle  not  longer  than  the  stalk-like 
base  of  the  pear-shaped  seed. 

•»-  •»-  Leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  in  whorls. 
•w  Flowers  middle-sized,  in  thick  spikes,  rose-color  or  greenish-purple. 

7.  P.    eruciala,   L.    Low,   with   spreading  opposite  branches;  leaves 
nearly  all  in  fours  (rarely  fives),  linear  and  somewhat  spatulate  or  oblanceolate ; 
spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  dense,  oblong  becoming  cylindrical ;  bracts  persistent ; 
wings  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped,  tapering  to  a  bristly  point ;  caruncle 
nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  — Margin  of  swamps,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  south* 
ward  near  the  coast,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.    Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Stems  3'  -  1(X 
high,  with  almost  winged  angles.     Spikes  fully  £'  in  diameter. 

8.  P.  brevifolia,  Nutt.    Rather  slender,  branched  above ;  leaves  in  fours, 
or  scattered  on  the  branches,  narrowly  spatulate-oblong ;  spikes  peduncled,  ob- 
long, rather  loose ;  wings  lanceolate-ovate,  pointless  or  barely  mueronate.  —  Margin 
of  sandy  bogs,  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  New  Jersey  and  southward.     Sept, — 
Closely  allied  to  the  last,  probably  only  a  marked  variety  of  it. 

**  ++  Flowers  small,  in  slender  elongated  spikes,  greenish-white,  rarely  tinged 
purple :  the  crest  rather  large  in  proportion. 

9.  P.  verticillata,   L.     Slender  (6' -10'  high),  much  branched;  sfow,- 
kaves  in  fours  or  Jives,  those  of  the  branches  scattered,  linear,  acute ;  spikes  pe 
cled,  dense,  acute;  bracts  falling  with  the  flowers;  wings  round,  clawed. 
2-lobed  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the  seed.  — Dry  soil ;  common.    June-Ot 

10.  P.  ambiglia,  Nutt.      Very  slender,  loosely  branched ;  lowest 
leaves  in  fours,  the  rest  scattered,  narrowly  linear ;  'spikes  long-peduncled,  very&f 
der,  the  flowers  often  scattered;  wings  oval ;  caruncle  shorter;  otherwise  nr-fc<: 
as  in  No.  9  (of  which  it  is  probably  a  mere  variety).  —  Dry  woods,  from  >""• 
York  southward. 

*  *  *  Perennial :  flowers  white,  spiked ;  no  subterranean  blossoms. 

11.  P.    Senega,   L.     (SENECA   SNAKEROOT.)     Stems  several  from  a 
thick  and  hard  knotty  root,  simple  (6' -12'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  with  rough  margins,  alternate;  spike  cylindrical,  the  flowers   on 
extremely  short  pedicels ;  wings  round-obovate,  concave ;  crest  short ;  caruncle 
nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Rocky  open  woods  or  plains,  W.  New  England 
to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  Virginia.     May,  June. 

Var.  latifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.   Taller  (9' -16'  high),  sometimes  branched; 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  very  large  (2' -4'  long),  tapering  to  each  end. 
Kentucky,  Short. 
*  #  *  *  Biennial  or  perennial:  flowers  rose-purple,  showy,  crested;  also  bearing 

whitish  and  inconspicuous  more  fertile  ones,  with  imperfect  corollas,  on  subterranean 

branches. 

12.'  P.  polygama,  Walt.  Stems  numerous  from  the  biennial  root, 
mostly  simple,  ascending,  veiy  leafy  (6'  to  9'  high) ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong, 
alternate ;  terminal  raceme  many-flowered,  the  broadly  obovate  wings  longer  than 
the  keel;  stamens  8;  radical  flowers  racemed  on  short  runners  on  or  beneath 
the  ground;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  2,  scale-like,  shorter  than  -he  seed.  (P, 
rubella,  Muhl.)  — Dry  sandy  soil ;  common.  — July. 


88  LEGUMINOSuE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

13.  P.  pailCifolia,  Willd.  Perennial;  flowering  stems  short  (3' -4 
high),  and  leafy  chiefly  at  the  summit,  rising  from  long  and  slender  prostrate  or 
subterranean  shoots,  which  also  bear  concealed  fertile  flowers;  lower  leaves 
small  and  scale-like,  scattered;  the  upper  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  crowded ;  flowers 
1-3,  large,  peduncled ;  wings  obovate,  rather  shorter  than  the  conspicuously 
fringe-crested  keel ;  stamens  6 ;  caruncle  of  2  -  3  awl-shaped  lobes  longer  than 
the  seed.  —  Woods  in  light  soil;  not  rare  northward,  extending  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies.  May.  —  A  delicate  plant,  with  large  and  very  hand- 
some flowers,  f  long,  rose-purple,  or  rarely  pure  white.  Sometimes  called 
Flowering  Wintergreen,  but  more  appropriately  FRINGED  POLYGALA. 

ORDER  38.     LEGUMINOS^.     (PULSE  FAMILY.)       . 

Plants  with  papilionaceous  or  sometimes  regular  flowers,  10  (rarely  5,  and 
sometimes  many)  monadelphous,  diadelphous,  or  rarely  distinct  stamens,  and 
ngle   simple  free  pistil,   becoming   a   legume   in  fruit.      Seeds   without 
men.    Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  usually  compound.     One  of  the 
sqpals  inferior  (i.  e.  next  the  bract)  ;   one  of  the  petals  superior  (i.  e 
next  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence).  —  A  very  large  order  (nearly  free  from 
cms  qualities),  of  which   the   principal   representatives   in   this   and 
6th«j*  northern  temperate  regions  belong  to  the  first   of  the  three  sub- 
ordeps  it  comprises. 

x^M)RDER  I.    PAPILIONACE^E.    THE  PROPER  PULSE  FAMILY. 

Cailyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less  united,  often  unequally  so.     Corolla  pe- 
IGUS  (inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx),  of  5  irregular  petals  (or  very 
;elj£,fewer),  imbricated  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  distinctly  papilionaceous, 
?,.  with  the  upper  or  odd- petal,  called  the  vexillum  or  standard,  larger 
the  others  and  enclosing  them  in  the  bud,  usually  turned  backward  or 
xling ;  the  two  lateral  ones,  called  the  wings,  oblique  and  exterior  to 
the  two  lower  petals,  which  last  are  connivent  and  commonly  more  or  less 
coherent  by  their  anterior  edges,  forming  a  body  named  the  carina  or  keel, 
from*  its'  resemblance  to  the  keel  or  prow  of-  a  boat,  arid  which  usually  en- 
closes the  stamens  and  pistil.     Stamens  10,  very  rarely  5,  inserted  with  the 
corolla,  monadelphous,  diadelphous  (mostly  with  9  united  in  one  set  in  a 
tube  which  is  cleft  on  the  upper  side,  i.  e.  next  the  standard,  and  the  tenth 
or  upper  one  separate),  or  occasionally  distinct.    Ovary  1-celled,  sometimes 
2-celled  by  an  infolding  of  one  of  the  sutures,  or  transversely  many-celled 
by  cross-division  into  joints :  style  simple  :  ovules  amphitropous,  very  rare- 
ly anatropous.     Cotyledons  large,  thick  or  thickish :  radicle  almost  always 
incurved.  —  Leaves  simple  or  simply  compound,  the  earliest  ones  in  germi- 
nation usually  opposite,  the  rest  alternate  :  leaflets  almost  always  quite  en- 
tire.    Flowers  perfect,  solitary  and  axillary,  or  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  pan- 
icles. 


LEGUMINOS^.       (PULSE   FAMILT.)  89 

Synopsis. 

TB13E  I  LOTEJE.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Pod  continuous 
and  1-celled,  or  sometimes  2-celled  lengthwise.  Cotyledons  becoming  green  leaves  in 
germination.  —  Not  twining,  climbing,  nor  tendril-bearing.  (Wistaria  is  an  exception  in 
its  climbing  stems.) 

Subtribe  1.    GENISTE.E.    Stamens  monadelphous :   anthers  of  2  forms.    Leaves  simple  or 

palmately  compound. 

1.  LUPINTJS.    Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.    Keel  scythe-shaped.    Pod  flattish.    Leaves  palmate. 
2    CROTALARIA.    Calyx  6-lobed.    Keel  scythe-shaped.    Pod  inflated. 
8.  GENISTA.    Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped.    Keel  straight.    Pod  flat.    Leaves  simple. 

Subtribe  2     TRIFOLIE.S.    Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1) :  anthers  uniform.    Leaves  pa 

or  rarely  pinnately  3  -  5-foliolate ;  the  earliest  ones  in  germination  after  the  cot    .  ,:o».<> 
alternate  !  —  Herbs  or  scarcely  shrubby  plants. 

4.  TRIFOLIUM.    Flowers  capitate.    Pods  membranaceous,  1  -  6-seeded. 

6.  HELILOTUS.    Flowers  racemed.    Pods  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  1  -  2-seeded. 

6.  MEDICAGO.    Flowers  racemed  or  spiked.    Pods  curved  or  coiled. 

Subtribe  3.  PSORALE.E.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Pod  1-seeded  ani  inde- 
hiscent,  mostly  included  in  the  calyx,  rarely  2-seeded.  Plants  sprinkled  with  dark  dota 
or  glands.  Earliest  true  leaves  opposite. 

7.  PSORALEA.    Corolla  truly  papilionaceous.    Stamens  10,  more  or  less  diadelphous,  iialf  of 

the  anthers  often  im  perfect. , 

8.  DALEA.    Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous.    Stamens  9  or  10,  monadelphous  ;  tl> 

tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  about  its  middle. 

9.  PETALOSTEMON.    Corolla  scarcely  at  all  papilionaceous.    Stamens  5,  monadel 
.  the  cleft  tube  of  filaments  bearing  4  of  the  petals  on  its  summit. 

10.  AMORPHA.    Corolla  consisting  of  only  one  petal !  the  standard.    Stamens  10,  mnr.art*J- 

phous  at  the  base. 

Subtribe  4.    GALEGE^E.    Stamens  mostly  diadelphous.    Pod  several-seeded,  at  length  2-valtw 
1-celled.    Leaves  pinnate. 

11.  ROBINIA.    Wings^of  the  corolla  free  from  the  keel.    Pod  flat  and  thin,  margined  *» 

edge.    Trees  or  shrubs  :  leaflets  stipellate. 

12.  WISTARIA.    Wings  free  from  the  falcate  keel.    Pod  tumid,  marginless.    Woody  t* 

leaflets  not  stipellate. 
18.  TEPHROSIA.    Wings  cohering  with  the  keel.    Pod  flat,  marginless.    Herbs. 

Subtribe  6.    ASTRA  GALE.E.    Stamens  diadelphous.    Pod  2-celled  lengthwise  by  the.intto--. 
flexion  of  the  dorsal  suture,  or  1-celled  with  one  or  the  other  suture  somewhat  turned 
inward.    Leaves  pinnate. 

14.  ASTRAGALUS.    Keel  not  pointed.    Herbs,  or  low  scarcely  woody  plants. 

TRIBE  II.  HEDYSARE.2E.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Pod  (loment) 
transversely  2  -  several-jointed,  the  reticulated  1-seeded  joints  remaining  closed,  or  some- 
tunes  reduced  to  one  such  joint. 

*  Leaves  pinnate,  with  several  leaflets. 

15.  JSSCHYNOMENE.    Stamens  equally  diadelphous  (5  &  5).    Calyx  2-lipped. .  Pod  several- 

jointed. 

16.  HEDYSARUM.    Stamens  unequally  diadelphous  (9  &  1).    Calyi  5-cleft.    Pod  several- 

jointed. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate. 

17.  DBSMODIUM.    Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1)  or  monadelphous  below.    Calyx  2-lippod 

Pod  several-jointed.    Flowers  all  of  one  sort  and  complete.    Leaflets  stipellate 
8* 


APIOS.    ] 


90  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

18.  LESPEDEZA     Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1) :  anthers  uniform.    Pod  1  -  2-jointed.    Flow- 

ers often  of  2  sorts,  the  more  fertile  ones  apetalous.    Leaflets  not  stipellate. 

19.  8TYLOSANTHES.    Stamens  monadelphous  :  anthers  of  2  forms.    Pod  1  -  2-jointed.   Flow- 

ers of  2  sorts  intermixed,  the  fertile  apetalous.    Leaflets  not  stipellate. 

TaiBE  HI.  VICIE.3E.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Pod  continuous,  1-celled.  Coty- 
ledons very  thick  and  fleshy  (as  in  a  pea),  not  rising  to  the  surface,  but  remaining  under 
ground  in  germination.  —  Herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  the  common  leafstalk 
produced  into  a  tendril  or  bristle.  Peduncles  axillary. 

'20.  VICIA.    Style  filiform,  bearded  round  the  apex,  or  down  the  side  next  the  keel-petals 
ZI.  "UATHYRUS.    Style  flattened,  bearded  on  the  side  towards  the  standard. 

BK  IV.  PHASEOIjE.^.  Stamens  more  or  less  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Pod  contin- 
uous, not  jointed,  nor  more  than  1-celled,  except  by  cellular  matter  sometimes  deposited 
between  the  seeds,  2-valved.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  usually  rising  to  the  surface, 
but  remaining  nearly  unchanged  (as  in  a  bean,  seldom  foliaceous)  in  germination.  — 
Twining  or  trailing  plants,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate,  rarely  5  -  7-foliolate  leaves,  mostly 
stipellate,  destitute  of  tendrils.  Flowers  often  clustered  in  the  racemes. 

*  Keel  spirally  twisted.    Cotyledons  thick,  nearly  unchanged  in  germination. 
'HASEOLUS.    Keel  spiral.    Leaves  3-foliolatc,  stipellate. 

Keel  incurved,  at  length  twisted.    Leaves  6  -  7-foliolate,  not  stipellate. 

*  *  Keel  straight.     Cotyledons  not  BO  thick. 

•i-  Ovary  1  -  2-ovuled.    Leaflets  not  stipellate.    Flowers  yellow. 
34.  REYNCHOSIA.     Calyx  4-cleft,  somewhat  2-lipped,  or  4-parted.    Pod  1  -  2-seeded. 

•i-  H-  Ovary  several-ovuled.    Leaflets  usually  stipellate.    Flowers  not  yellow. 
tALACTIA.    Calyx  2-bracteolate,  4-cleft,  the  upper  lobe  broadest  and  entire.    Bracts 

deciduous. 
JV1PHICARP.EA.     Calyx   not   bracteolate,  4-5-toothed.     Peduncles    many-flowered. 

Bracts  persistent. 

JLITORIA.    Calyx  2-bracteolate,  tubular,  5-cleft.    Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered. 
OENTROSEMA.    Calyx  2-bracteolate,  short,  5-cleft.    Peduncles  few-flowered.    Standard 
with  a  spur  at  its  base. 

#MBE  V.     SOPHORE^E  and  PODAI.YRIE.aE.    Stamens  10,  distinct. 
v'ipfcAPTISIA.    Calyx4-5-lobed.    Keel-petals  distinct.    Pod  inflated.    Herbs.    Leaves  pai- 
•     mately  3-foliolate  or  simple. 

ILADRASTIS.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Keel-petals  distinct.    Pod  very  flat.    Tree,  with  pin- 
nate leaves. 

SUBORDER  II.     C^ESALPINIE^.    THE  BRASILETTO  FAMILY. 

Corolla  imperfectly  or  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  sometimes  nearly  regu- 
lar, imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  upper  or  odd  petal  inside  and  enclosed  by 
the  others.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  commonly  distinct,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 
Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  usually  straight. 

*  Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous,  perfect. 

31   CERCIS.    Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.    Pod  flat,  wing-margined.    Leaves  simple. 
*  *  Flowers  not  papilionaceous,  perfect. 

82.  CASSIA.    Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals.    Leaves  simply  pinnate. 

*  *  *  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  not  perfect. 

83.  GYMNOCLADUS.    Flowers  dioecious.    Petals  5,  regular,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the 

tubular-funnel-form  calyx.    Stamens  10.    Leaves  doubly  pinnate. 

84.  QLEDITSCHIA.    Floorers  polygamous.    Petals,  divisions  of  the  open  calyx,  and 

3-5.    Leaves  1-2  -pinnate. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  91 

SUBORDER  III    MIMOSE^E.    THE  MIMOSA  FAMILJT. 

Corolla  valvate  in  aestivation,  often  united  into  a  4-5-lobed  cup,  hypogy- 
nous,  as  are  the  (often  very  numerous)  stamens,  legular.  Embryo  straight. 
Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate. 

86.  DESMANTHUS.    Petals  distinct.    Stamens  5-10.    Pod  smooth. 

86.  SCHRANKIA.    Petals  united  below  into  a  cup.    Stamens  8  or  10.    Pod  coyered  with 
small  prickles  or  rough  projections. 

SUBORDER  I.    PAPIL.IONACEJE.    THE  PROPER  PULSE  FAMILY. 

1.    I^UPtNUS,    Tourn.        LUPINE. 

Calyx  very  deeply  2-lipped.  Sides  of  the  standard  reflexed :  keel  scythe- 
shaped,  pointed.  Sheath  of  the  ^monadelphous  stamens  entire :  anthers  alter- 
nately oblong  and  roundish.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  often  knotty  by  constric- 
tions between  the  seeds.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  Herbs,  with  palmately 
1  -15-foliolate  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.  (Name 
from  Lupus,  a  wolf,  because  these  plants  were  thought  to  devour  the  fertility  of 
the  soil.) 

1.  Li.  perennis,  L.  (WILD  LUPINE.)  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  erect 
(l°-2°);  leaflets  7-11,  oblanceolate ;  flowers  in  a  long  and  loose  raceme, 
pods  very  hairy.  1|. —  Sandy  soil,  common.  June.  — Flowers  showy,  purplish- 
blue,  rarely  pale  or  white.  —  Some  S.  European  Lupines  in  gardens,  and  o*JlPI*a 
from  Oregon  have  recently  been  introduced,  especially  L.  polyphyllus. 

2.    CROTALARIA,    L.        RATTLE-BOX. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  scarcely  2-lipped.     Standard  large,  heart-shaped :  keel  sertHcy 
shaped.     Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  cleft  on  the  upper  side :  5  of  ita 
anthers  smaller  and  roundish.     Pod  inflated,  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  BJ6*t# 
with  simple  leaves.    Flowers  racemed,  yellow.    (Name  from  KporaXov,  a  r 
the  loose  seeds  rattling  in  the  coriaceous  inflated  pods.) 

1.  C.  sagittitlis,  L.  Annual,  hairy  (3'-6'  high) ;  leaves  oval  or  obloag- 
lanceolate,  scarcely  petioled ;  stipules  united  and  decurrent  on  the  stem,  so  as 
to  be  inversely  arrow-shaped ;  peduncles  few-flowered ;  corolla  not  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  south- 
ward. July. 

3.    GENISTA,    L.        WOAD-WAXEN.    WHIN. 

Calyx  2-lipped.  Standard  oblong-oval,  spreading:  keel  oblong,  straight, 
scarcely  enclosing  the  stamens  and  style.  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  sheath 
entire ;  5  alternate  anthers  shorter.  Pod  flat,  several-seeded.  —  Shrubby  plants, 
with  simple  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  the  Celtic  gen,  a  bush.) 

1.  G.  TINCT6KIA,  L.  (DYER'S  GREEN-WEED.)  Low,  not  thorny,  with 
Btriate-angled  erect  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  spiked  racemes.  — 


92  LEGUMINOS.E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

Peekskill,  New  York,  and  E.  Massachusetts,  where  it  is  thoroughly  established 
on  sterile  hills  in  Essex  County.    June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.    TBIFOL.IUM,    L.        CLOVER.    TREFOIL. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft,  the  teeth  bristle-form.  Corolla  withering  or  persist- 
ent :  standard  longer  than  the  wings,  these  mostly  longer  than  the  keel,  and 
united  with  it  by  their  slender  claws.  Stamens  more  or  less  united  with  the 
corolla.  Pods  small  and  membranous,  often  included  in  the  calyx,  1  -  6-seeded, 
indehiscent,  or  opening  by  one  of  the  sutures.  —  Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaves 
mostly  palmately  3-foliolate :  leaflets  often  toothed.  Stipules  united  with  the 
petioles.  Flowers  chiefly  in  heads  or  spikes.  (Name  from  tres,  three,  and 
folium,  a  leaf.) 

#  Flowers  sessile  in  dense  heads :  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  withering  away  after 
flowering,  tubular  below,  the  petals  more  or  less  coherent  with  each  other. 

•»-  Calyx-teeth  silky-plumose,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla. 
1.  T.  ARVENSE,  L.     (RABBIT-FOOT  CLOVER.     STONE  CLOVER.)     Silky, 
branching  (5' -10'  high) ;  leaflets  oblanceolate ;  heads  becoming  very  soft-silky 
and  grayish,  oblong  or  cylindrical,    (j)  —  Old  fields,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
«-  •*-  Calyx  almost  glabrous,  except  a  bearded  ring  in  the  throat,  shorter  than  the  rose* 

red  or  purple  elongated-tubular  corolla.     (Flowers  sweet-scented.) 
.  T..PRATENSE,  L.     (RED  CLOVER.)     Stems  ascending,  somewhat  hairy  ; 
^ets  oval  or  obovate,  often  notched  at  the  end  and  marked  on  the  upper  side 
i  a  pale  spot ;  stipules  broad,  bristle-pointed ;  heads  ovate,  sessile.     @  1J. — Fields 
;d  meadows;  largely  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

t.  T.  MEDIUM,  L.  (ZIGZAG  CLOVER.)  Stems  zigzag,  smoothish ;  leaflets 
t'jUg,  entire,  and  spotless ;  heads  mostly  stalked;  flowers  deeper  purple  and  larger : 
fe nvise  like  the  last.  1J. — Dry  hills,  Essex  Co.,  Massachusetts.  (Adv. 

k   'EU.) 

.^Flowers  pedicelled  in  umbel-like  round  heads  on  a  naked  peduncle,  their  short 
^cels  reflexed  when  old:  corolla  white  or  rose-color,  withering-persistent  and  turn- 

iwnish  in  Jading  ;  the  tubular  portion  short. 

X.  reflexum,  L.  (BUFFALO  CLOVER.)  Stems  ascending,  downy; 
lea/lets  obovate-oblong,  finely  toothed ;  stipules  thin,  ovate  ;  calyx-teeth  hairy ; 
pods  3-5-seeded.  ®  (2)  —  Western  New  York  (rare)  to  Kentucky  and  south- 
ward. —  Heads  and  flowers  larger  than  in  No.  2 :  standard  rose-red ;  wings  and 
keel  whitish. 

5.  T»  stoloiiiferum,  Muhl.   (RUNNING  BUFFALO-CLOVER.)   Smooth; 
stems  with  long  runners  from  the  base ;  leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  obcordate,  minutely 
toothed;  heads  loose;   pods  2-seeded.      1J. —  Open  woodlands  and    prairies, 
Ohio  to  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  westward. — Flowers  white,  tinged  with  purple, 
as  large  as  No.  4,  which  tnis  too  closely  resembles. 

6.  T.    repens,    L.      (WHITE   CLOVER.)      Smooth;   the    slender  stems 
spreading  and  creeping ;  leaflets  inversely  heart-shaped  or  merely  notched,  obscurely 
toothed ;  stipules  scale-like,  narrow ;  petioles  and  especially  the  peduncles  very 
long;  heads   small  and  loose;  pods  about  4-seeded.      1J. — Pastures,  waste 


LEGUMINOS-&.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  93 

places,  and  even  in  woodlands.    Appearing  like  a  naturalized  plant ;  but  mani- 
festly indigenous  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  #  Flowers  short-pedicelled  in  dose  heads,  reflexed  when  old:  corolla  yellow, 
persistent,  turning  dry  and  chestnut-brown  with  age,  the  standard  becoming  hood- 
shaped. 

7.  T.  AGRA.RIUM,  L.     (YELLOW  or  HOP-CLOVER.)     Smoothish,  somewhat 
upright  (6' -12'  high);  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  all  three  from  the  samo  point  (pal- 
mate) and  nearly  sessile ;  stipules  narrow,  cohering  with  the  petiole  for  more  than 
half  its  length.    (J)  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts  to  Penn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  T.  PROCUMBENS,  L.     (Low   HOP-CLOVER.)     Stems  spreading  or  as- 
cending, pubescent  (3'  -  6'  high) ;  leajlets  wedge-obovate,  notched  at  the  end ;  the 
lateral  at  a  small  distance  from  the  other  (pinnately  3-foliolate) ;  stipules  ovate,  short. 
Qp  —  Sandy  fields  and  road-sides,  N.  England  to  Virginia.    Also  var.  MINUS 
(T.  minus,  Relh.),  with  smaller  heads,  the  standard  not  much  striate  with  age. 
With  the  other,  and  Kentucky,  in  cultivated  grounds^    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.    MEL.H.6TUS,    Tourn.        MELILOT.     SWEET  CLOVER 

Flowers  much  as  in  Clover,  but  in  spiked  racemes,  small :  corolla  deciduous, 
the  wings  not  united  with  the  keel.  Pod  ovoid,  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Herbs,  fragrant  in  drying, 
with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves ;  leaflets  toothed.  (Name  from  /neXi,  honey,  and 
Awros,  some  leguminous  plant.) 

1.  OT.    OFFICINALIS,  Willd.      (YELLOW    MELILOT.)     Upright    (2°  -4° 
high) ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse;  corolla  yellow ;  the  petals  nearly  of 
length.     (2)  —  Waste  or  cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  ALBA,  Lam.     (WHITE  MELILOT.)     Leaflets  truncate;  corolla 
the  standard  longer  than  the  other  petals.     ©  (M.  leucantha,  Koch.)  — Ir 
lar  places  to  the  last,  and  much  like  it.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    MEDICAGO,    L.        MEDICK. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Melilotus.  Pod  1  -  several-seeded,  scythe-shaped, 
curved,  or  variously  coiled.  —  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate.  Stipules  often  cut. 
(Deriv.  from  Mr/SiKi),  the  name  applied  to  Lucerne,  because  it  came  to  the  Greeks 
from  Media.) 

1.  M.  SAT!VA,  L.     (LUCERNE.)     Upright,  smooth ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong, 
toothed ;  Jlowers  (purple)  racemed ;  pods   spirally  twisted.     1J. —  Cultivated  for 
green  fodder,  rarely  spontaneous.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  LuruLhfA,  L.     (BLACK  MEDICK.    NONESUCH.)    Procumbent,  pu- 
bescent ;  leaflets   wedge-obovate,   toothed   at  the   apex ;  Jlowers  in  short  spikes 
(yellow);  pods  kidney-form,  1 -seeded.     (5)  —  Waste  places;  spar'ngly.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

3.  M.  MACOLATA,   Willd.     (SPOTTED  MEDICK.)     Spreading  or  procum- 
bent,  somewhat  pubescent;  leaflets  obcordate,  with  a  purple  spot,  minutely 


94  LEGUMINOSJE.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

toothed ;  peduncles  3  -  5-flowered ;  flowers  yellow ;  pods  compactly  spiral,  of  2  or  3 
turns,  compressed,  furrowed  on  the  thick  edge,  and  fringed  with  a  double  row  of 
curved  prickles.  (I) — Introduced  with  wool  into  waste  grounds  in  some  places. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  DENTICULATA,  Willd.      Nearly  glabrous;  pods  loosely  spiral,  deeply 
reticulated,  and  with  a  thin  keeled  edge:  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Sparingly  in- 
troduced into  New  England,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7.    PSORAJLEA,    L.        PSORALEA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  lower  lobe  longest.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
sometimes  monadelphous  :  the  5  alternate  anthers  often  imperfect.  Pod  seldom 
longer  than  the  calyx,  thick,  often  wrinkled,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded. — Perennial 
herbs,  usually  sprinkled  all  over  or  roughened  (especially  the  calyx,  pods,  &c.) 
with  glandular  dots  or  points.  Leaves  mostly  3  -  5-foliolate.  Stipules  cohering 
with  the  petiole.  Flowers  spiked  or  racemed,  white  or  mostly  blue-purplish. 
Root  sometimes  tuberous  and  farinaceous.  (Name  from  i//-o>paAeos,  scurfy,  from 
the  glands  or  dots.) 

*  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate. 

1.  P.  Oiiobrycllis,  Nutt.    Nearly  smooth  and  free  from  glands,  erect 

(3° -5°  high) ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate,  taper-pointed  (3'  long) ;  stipules  and  bracts 

awl-shaped ;  racemes   axillary,  elongated ;    peduncle   shorter  than  the  leaves ; 

poda  roughened  and  wrinkled.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  and  southwestward.    July. 

lowers  very  small. 

P.  Stipulate,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Nearly  smooth  and  glandless ;  stems  dif- 
.  •  leaflets  ovate-elliptical,  reticulated ;  stipules  ovate ;  flowers  in  heads  on  axil- 
•;    rather  short  peduncles ;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  sharp-pointed.  —  Rocks,  Falls 
&  Ohio,  Kentucky.    June. 

f.  P.  mclilotoicles,  Michx.     Somewhat  pubescent,  more  or  less  glan- 

stems  erect  (l°-2°high),  slender;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong; 

spikes  oblong,  long-peduncled ;   stipules  awl-shaped;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate, 

tapei'-pointed ;  pods  strongly  wrinkled  transversely.    (Also  P.  eglandulosa,  EU. ) 

—  Dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June. 

*  *  Leaves  palmately  3  -  5-foliolate. 

4  P.  floribunda,  Nutt.  Slender,  erect,  much  branched  and  bushy 
(2C  -4°  high),  minutely  hoary.-pubescent  when  young ;  leaflets  varying  from  linear 
to  obovate-oblong  (|'-l£'  long),  glandular-dotted;  racemes  panided;  lobes  of 
the  calyx  and  bracts  ovate,  acute;  pod  glandular.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois  and 
southwestward.  June  -  Sept.  — Flowers  2"  or  3"  long. 

5.  P.  argopliylla,  Pursh.     Silvery  silky-white  all  over,  erect,  divergently 
branched  (l°-3°  high);  leaflets  elliptical-lanceolate;  spikes  interrupted;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate.  —  High  plains,  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Wis- 
consin ?  and  westward.     June.  — Flowers  4"-  5"  long. 

P.  ESCULENT  A,  Pursh.,  of  the  same  region  as  the  last, — the  INDIAN  TUR- 
NIP, POMME  BLANCHE,  or  POMME  DE  PRAIRIE,  used  as  food  by  the  aborigi 
nes,  —  may  possibly  occur  on  the  Wisconsin  side  of  the  Mississippi. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  95 

8.    DALEA,    L.        DALEA. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous :  petals  all  on 
claws  :  the  standard  heart-shaped,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  :  the  keel 
and  wings  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  monadelphous  sheath  of  filaments,  which 
is  cleft  down  one  side.  Stamens  10,  rarely  9.  Pod  membranaceous,  1-seeded, 
indehiscent,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Mostly  herbs,  more  or  less  dotted 
with  glands,  with  minute  stipules,  the  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  heads. 
(Named  for  Thomas  Dale,  an  English  botanist.)  / 

1.  D.  alopecuroides,  Willd.  Erect  (l°-2°high),  glabrous,  except 
the  dense  and  cylindrical  silky- villous  spike ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  many  linear- 
oblong  leaflets;  corolla  small,  whitish.  (D — Alluvial  soil,  Illinois  and  south- 
ward. July.  (Numerous  species  occur  farther  southwest.) 

9.     PETALOSTI^MON,    Michx.        PRAIRIE  CLOVER. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  indistinctly  papilionaceous :  petals  all  on  thread- 
shaped  claws,  4  of  them  nearly  similar  and  spreading,  borne  on  the  top  of  the 
monadelphous  and  cleft  sheath  of  filaments,  alternate  with  the  5  anthers ;  the 
fifth  (standard)  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  heart-shaped  or  oblong. 
Pod  membranaceous,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  —  Chiefly 
perennial  herbs,  upright,  dotted  with  glands,  with  crowded  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
minute  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  very  dense  terminal  and  peduncled  heads 
or  spikes.  (Name  combined  of  the  two  Greek  words  for  petal  and  stamen, 
alluding  to  the  peculiar  union  of  these  organs  in  this  genus.) 

1.  P.    violaceum,    Michx.      Smoothish;  leaflets   5,  narrowly  linear, 
heads  globose-ovate,  or  oblong-cylindrical  when  old ;  bracts  pointed,  not  longer 
than  the  silky-hoary  calyx ;  corolla  rose-purple. — Dry  prairies,  Michigan, 'Wis- 
consin, and  southward.     July. 

2.  P.  can  dictum,  Michx.     Smooth;  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong;  heads  oblong,  when  old  cylindrical;  bracts  awned,  longer  than  the 
neaiiy  glabrous  calyx ;  corolla  white.  —  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky  and  westward. 
July. 

1O.    AM  OR  P  HA,    L.        FALSE  INDIGO.  -  „ 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Standard  concave,  erect :  the 
other  petals  entirely  wanting !  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  very  base, 
otherwise  distinct.  Pod  oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx,  1  -  2-seeded,  roughened, 
tardily  dehiscent.  —  Shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves ;  the  leaflets  marked  with 
minute  dots,  usually  stipellate.  Flowers  violet,  crowded  in  clustered  terminal 
spikes.  (Name,  a/iop^q,  wanting  form,  from  the  absence  of  4  of  the  petals.) 

1.  A.  fruticdsa,  L.     (FALSE  INDIGO.)     Rather  pubescent  or  smoothish; 
leaflets  8-12  pairs,  oval,  scattered ;  pods  2-seeded.  —  Biver-banks,  S.  Penn.  to 
Wisconsin  and  southward.    June.  — A  tall  shrub  :  very  variable. 

2.  A.  canescens,  Nutt.     (LEAD-PLANT.)     Low  (l°-3°  high),  whitened 
with  hoary  down;   leaflets  15-25  pairs,  elliptical,  crowded,  small,  the  upper 


96  LEGUMINOS^:.     (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

surface  smoothish  with  age;  pods  1 -seeded. — Prairies  and  crevices  of  rocks, 
Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southwestward.  July.  —  Supposed  to  indicate 
the  presence  of  lead-ore. 

11.    BOB  INI  A,    L.        LOCUST-TREE. 

Calyx  short,  5-toothed,  slightly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and  rounded, 
turned  back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  margined  on  the  seed-bearing  edge,  at  length  2- 
valved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  with  prickly  spines  for  stipules.  Leaves  odd- 
pinnate,  the  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  stipellate.  Flowers  showy,  in  hanging 
axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leaf-stalks  covering  the  buds  of  the  next  year. 
(Named  in  honor  of  John  Robin,  herbalist  to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  his  son 
Vespasian  Robin,  who  first  cultivated  the  Locust-tree  in  Europe.) 

1.  B.    Pseudacacia,   L.     (COMMON  LOCUST,  or  FALSE  ACACIA.) 
Branches  naked ;  racemes  slender,  loose ;  flowers  white,  fragrant ;  pod  smooth.  — 
S.  Penn.  and  southward  along  the  mountains  :  commonly  cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental tree,  and  for  its  invaluable  timber :  naturalized  in  some  places.     June. 

2.  B.  VlSCOSa,  Vent.      (CLAMMY  LOCUST.)      Branchlets  and  leafstalks 
clammy ;  flowers  crowded  in  oblong  racemes,  tinged  with  rose-color,  nearly  inodor- 
ous ;  pod  glandular-hispid.  —  S.  "W.  Virginia  and  southward.     Cultivated,  like 
the  last,  a  smaller  tree.    June. 

3.  B.  liispida,  L.     (BRISTLY  or  ROSE  ACACIA.)     Branchlets  and  stalks 
bristly ;  flowers  large  and  deep  rose-color,  inodorous ;  pods  glandular-hispid.  — 
Varies  with  less  bristly  or  nearly  naked  branchlets  ;  also  with  smaller  flowers, 
&c.  —  Mountains  of  S.  Virginia  and  southward:  commonly  cultivated.     May, 
June.  —  Shrubs  3°  -  8°  high. 

12.    WISTABIA,    Nutt.        WISTARIA. 

Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  the  lower 
of  3  longer  ones.  Standard  roundish,  large,  turned  back,  with  2  callosities  at 
its  base :  keel  scythe-shaped :  wings  doubly  auricled  at  the  base.  Stamens 
diadelphous.  Pod  elongated,  thickish,  nearly  terete,  knobby,  stipitate,  many- 
seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  Seeds  kidney-shaped,  large.  A  twining  shrubby 
j)lant,  with  minute  stipules,  pinnate  leaves  of  9  - 13  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  not 
stipellate,  and  dense  racemes  of  large  and  showy  lilac-purple  flowers.  (Dedi- 
cated to  the  late  Professor  Wistar,  of  Philadelphia. ) 

1.  W.  frutescens,  DC. — Rich  alluvial  soil,  Virginia  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  Sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament.  May. 

IS.    TEPHBOSIA,    Pers.        HOARY  PEA. 

Calyx  about  equally  5-cleft.  Standard  roundish,  usually  silky  outside, 
turned  back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  coherent  wings  and  keel.  Stamens 
monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  2-valvcd. — 
Hoary  perennial  herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  racemed 
flowers.  Leaflets  mucronate,  veiny.  (Name  from  re(/>p6s,  ash-colored  or  hoary.) 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  97 

1.  T.  Virgiiiiaiia,  Pers.     (GOAT'S  KUE.    CATGUT.)    Silky -vittmis  with 
whitish  hairs  when  young;  stem  erect  and  simple  (l°-2°  higfh),  leafy  to  the  top; 
leaflets  17-29,  linear-oblong;  flowers  large  and  numerous,  clustered  in  a  termi- 
nal oblong  dense  raceme  or  panicle,  yellowish-white  marked  with  purple.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil.     June,  July.  —  Roots  long  and  slender,  very  tough.    Flower  almost 
as  large  as  a  pea-blossom. 

2.  T.  Spicata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Villous  with  rusty  hairs;  stems  branched 
below,  straggling  or  ascending  (2°  long),  few-ltaved ;  leaflets  9-15,  obovate  or 
oblong-wedge-shaped,  often  notched  at  the  end ;  Jlowers  few,  in  a  loose  inter- 
rupted spike  raised  on  a  very  long  peduncle,  reddish.  —  Dry  soil,  E.  Virginia  and 
south  ward.     July. 

3.  T.    Eiispidula,    Pursh.     Hairy  with   some  long  and   rusty  or  only 
minute  and  appressed  pubescence;    stems  slender  (9'  — 24'  long),  divergently 
branched,  straggling;  leaflets  5-15,  oblong,  varying  to  obovate-wedge-shaped 
and  oblanceolate  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  2-4  flowered;  flowers  reddish- 
purple.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

1    • 

14.    ASTRAGALUS,    L.        MILK- VETCH. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  usually  long  and  narrow  :  standard  small,  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt  keel,  its  sides  reflcxed  or  spreading. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  several  -  many-seeded,  various,  mostly  turgid,  one 
or  both  sutures  usually  projecting  into  the  cell,  either  slightly  or  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  to  divide  the  cavity  lengthwise  into  two.  Seed-stalks  slender.  —  Chiefly 
herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  spiked  or  racemed  flowers.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name  of  a  leguminous  plant,  as  also  of  the  ankle-bone ;  but  the  connec- 
tion between  the  two  is  past  all  guess.) 

^  1.  Pod  very  thick  and  juicy  when  fresh,  globular,  resembling  a  plum,  ^.-celled,  inde- 
hiscent,  or  tardily  separable  through  the  partition  into  2  closed  portions. 

1.  A.    caryocferpus,    Ker.      (GROUND  PLUM.)      Pale  and  minutely 
appressed-pubeseent ;   stems  low,  decumbent ;  leaflets  numerous,  narrowly  ob- 
long ;  flowers  in  a  short  spike-like  raceme ;  corolla  violet-purple ;  fruit  glabrous, 
ovate-globular,  more  or  less  pointed,  about  f '  in  diameter,      ty — Dry  soil,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  at  the  junction  of  the  St.  Peter's,  and  westward  and  south- 
ward.    May. 

2.  A.  Mexicaiius,  A.  DC.     Smoother,  or  pubescent  with  looser  hairs, 
larger ;  stems  usually  ascending ;  leaflets  roundish,  obovate,  or  oblong ;  flowers 
larger  (10"-  12"  long)  ;  calyx  softly  hairy;  corolla  cream-color,  bluish  only  at  the 
tip ;  fruit  globular,  very  obtuse  and  pointless,  1'  or  more  in  diameter:  otherwise 
like  the  last :  —  the  unripe  fruits  of  both  are  edible,  and  are  eaten,  raw  or  cooked, 
by  travellers.     (A.  trich»calyx,  Nutt.)  — Prairies  and  open  plains,  from  Illinois 
opposite  St.  Louis  westward  and  southward. 

^  2.  Pod  dry  and  dehiscent,  partly  or  completely  2-cetted  by  the  turning  inward  of  the 
>    «  dorsal  suture. 

3.  A.  CanadensiS,  L.     Tall  and  erect  (1°  -4°  high),  somewhat  pubes- 
cent; leaflets  21-27,  oblong;  flowers  greenish  cream-color,  very  numerous,  in 

9 


98  LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

long  and  close  spikes  (4'- 9');  pods  ovoid-oblong,  coriaceous,   completely  2- 
celled.     1J. — Elver-banks,  common  from  N.  New  York  westward      July  -Aug. 

4.  A.  dist6l*t«S,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Low  and  spreading,  branched  from  the 
base,  smoothish ;  leaflets  1 1  -  23,  oblong  or  obovate ;  flowers  purplish  or  violet, 
10-20  in  a  short  spike,  the  standard  deeply  notched  at  the  summit;  pods  ob- 
long, turgid,  incurved  (§'  long),  coriaceous,  incompletely  2-cellcd.     ty — Mason 
Cov  Illinois,  Dr.  Mead.     May.     (Also  in  Arkansas  and  Texas.) 

4  3,  Pod  dry  and  dehiscent,  l-celled,  or  incompletely  ^-celled  by  the  projection  of  the 
ventral  (seed-bearing)  suture.     (Phaca,  L.,  DC.) 

5.  A.  Codpeii.     Nearly  smooth,  erect;  leaflets  11-21,  elliptical  or  ob- 
long, somewhat  notched  at  the  end,  minutely  hoary  underneath ;  peduncles  about 
the  length  of  the  leaves ;  flowers  white ;  pods  not  stalked  in  the  calyx,  globose-ovoid, 
inflated,  thinnish  (%'  long), pointed, grooved  at  the  two  sutures,  which  are  both  turned 
inwards,  but  especially  the  inner.     Ij.  (Phaca  neglecta,  Torr.  8f  Gray.)  —  Grav- 
elly banks  of  rivers,  &c.,  "W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     June,  July.  —  Plant 
l°-2°  high,  greener  and  less  coarse  than  A.  Canadensis,  with  pure  white  flowers 
in  shorter  and  more  open  spikes :  calyx  shorter.     (Named  for  William  Cooper, 
Esq.,  the  discoverer:  there  being  an  A.  neglectus.) 

6.  A.  Robbinsii.    Nearly  smooth  and  erect  (1°  high) ;  slender;  leaflets 
7-11,  elliptical,  often  notched;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  raceme 
loose,  nearly  1-sided  in  fruit ;  flowers  white  (4"  long) ;  pods  hanging,  stalked  in 
the  calyx,  oblong,  boat-shaped,  obtuse,  the  seed-bearing  suture  convex,  the  other 
nearly  straight.     (Phaca  Robbinsii,  Oalces.)  —  Rocky  ledges  of  the  Onion  River, 
near  Burlington,  Vermont,  Dr.  Robbins  (1829).     Willoughby  Mountain,  Mr. 
Blake.    June.  —  Pods  6" -7"  long,  l-celled,  papery  and  veiny,  smooth,  the 
outer  suture  often  slightly  turned  inwards. 

15.    JESCHYJVOMENE,    L.        SENSITIVE  JOINT  VETCH. 

Calyx  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  2-,  the  lower  3-clcft.  Standard  roundish  :  keel 
boat-shaped.  Stamens  diadelphous  in  two  sets  of  5  each.  Pod  flattened,  com- 
posed of  several  square  easily  separable  joints.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  sev- 
eral pairs  of  leaflets,  sometimes  sensitive,  as  if  shrinking  from  the  touch  (whence 
the  name,  from  alo"xyvopevri,  being  ashamed). 

1.  JE.  llispida,  "VVilld.  Erect,  rough-bristly;  leaflets  37-51,  linear; 
racemes  3-5-flowered;  pod  stalked,  6-10-jointed.  (i) — Along  rivers,  S. 
Penn.,  Virginia,  and  southward.  Aug. — Flowers  yellow,  reddish  externally. 

16.    HEDYSARUM,    Tourn.        HEDYSARUM. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  awl-shaped  and  nearly  equal.  Keel  nearly  straight, 
obliquely  truncate,  not  appendaged,  longer  than  the*wings.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous, 9  &  1 .  Pod  flattened,  composed  of  several  equal-sided  separable  round- 
ish joints  connected  in  the  middle.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  (Name  composed  of 
T)8vs,  sweet,  and  apa>p.a,  smell.)  ^ 

1.  H.  boreale,  Nutt.  Leaflets  13-21,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly 
glabrous ;  stipules  scaly,  united  opposite  the  petiole,  raceme  of  many  dcflcxed 


LEGUMINOS^E.      (PULSE   FAMILY.)  99 

purple  flowers ;  standard  shorter  than  the  keel ;  joints  of  the  pod  3  or  4,  smooth, 
reticulated.  1|. — Mountain  above  Willoughby  Lake,  Vermont,  Wood.  (Alle- 
ghany  Mountains,  Michaux.)  Also  northward. 

17.    DESMODIUM,    DC.        TICK-TBBFOIL. 

Calyx  usually  more  or  less  2-lipped.  Standard  obovate :  wings  adherent  to 
the  straight  or  straightish  and  usually  truncate  keel,  by  means  of  a  little  trans- 
verse appendage  on  each  side  of  the  latter.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9  &  1,  or 
monadelphous  below.  Pod  flat,  deeply  lobed  on  the  lower  margin,  separating 
into  few  or  many  flat  reticulated  joints  (mostly  roughened  with  minute  hooked 
hairs  by  which  they  adhere  to  the  fleece  of  animals  or  to  clothing).  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  (rarely  1-foliolate)  leaves,  stipellate.  Flowers  in 
axillary  or  terminal  racemes,  often  panicled,  and  2  or  3  from  each  bract,  purple 
.or  purplish,  often  turning  green  in  withering.  Stipules  and  bracts  scale-like, 
often  striate.  (Name  from  Seoyzos,  a  bond  or  chain,  from  the  connected  joints  of 
the  pods.) 

$  1.  Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  (stipe)  many  times  longer  than  the  slightly  toothed  calyx 
and  nearly  as  long  as  the  pedicel,  straightish  on  the  upper  margin,  deeply  sinuate  on 
the  lower ;  the  1—4  joints  mostly  half-obovate,  concave  on  the  back :  stamens  mona- 
delphous below :  plants  nearly  glabrous :  stems  erect  or  ascending :  raceme  terminal, 
vanicled :  stipules  bristle-form,  deciduous. 

1.  D.  nudifldrum,  DC.     Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  sterile 
stems ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  bluntish,  whitish  beneath ;  raceme  elongated,  on  a 
prolonged  ascending  leafless  stalk  or  scape  from  the  root,  2°  long.  —  Dry  woods  ; 
common.     Aug. 

2.  D.  ar  si  ail  iiiulmii,  DC.     Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
from  which  arises  the  elongated  naked  raceme  or  panicle ;  leaflets  round-ovate,  taper- 
pointed,  green  both  sides,  the  end  one  round  (4'  -  5'  long).  —  Rich  woods.    July. 

3.  D.  puiicifloriini,  DC.     Leaves  scattered  along  the  low  (8'- 15'  high) 
ascending  stems ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  bluntish,  pale  beneath ;   raceme  few- 
flowered,  terminal.  —  Woods,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  south- 
westward.    Aug. 

§2.  Pod  short-stalked,  of  3-5  joints:  calyx-teeth  longer  than  the  tube:  stipules 
ovate,  striate,  pointed,  persistent :  stems  prostrate :  racemes  axillary  and  terminal, 
small,  scarcely  panicled. 

4.  I>.  lutiHifusiiiil,  Beck.     Smoothish;  leaflets  ovate  or  oval;  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate ;  pods  slightly  sinuate  along  the  upper  margin,  the  joints  obtusely 
triangular.  —  Woods,  E.  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania,  rare.    Aug.  —  Re- 
sembles the  next. 

5.  D.  rot  mid  Hoi  in  in,  DC.    Hairy  all  over;  leaflets  orbicular,  or  the 
odd  one  slightly  rhomboid ;  stipules  large,  broadly  ovate ;  pods  almost  equally 
sinuate  on  both  edges ;  the  joints  rhomboid-oval.  —  Dry  rocky  woods.    Aug. 

f  ?    Pod  slightly  if  at  all  stalked  in  the  calyx ;  the  teeth  of  the  latter  longer  than  the 
tube :  racemes  panicled. 


100  LEGUMINOS-E.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

*  Stems  tall  and  erect;  the  persistent  stipules  ami  (deciduous)  bracts  large  and  con- 
spicuous, ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed :  pods  of  4  -  7  unequal-sided  rhom- 
bic joints,  which  are  considerably  longer  tfian  broad,  about  %'  long.     (Flowet* 
rather  large.) 

6.  D.  canescens,  DC.     Stem  loosely  branched  (3° -5°  high),  hairy; 
leaflets  ovate,  bluntish,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles,  whitish  and  reticulated  beneath, 
both  sides  roughish  with  a  close-pressed  fine  pubescence  ;  joints  of  the  pod  very 
adhesive.  —  Moist  grounds,  Vermont  to   Michigan,   Illinois,   and  southward. 
Aug.  —  Branches  clothed  with  minute  and  hooked,  and  long  spreading  rather 
glutinous  hairs. 

7.  I>.    CliSpidaLtlim,    Torr.    &.    Gray.     Very  smooth  throughout;   stem 
straight ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate  and  taper-pointed,  green  both  sides  ;  longer  than 
the  petiole  (3' -5') ;  joints  of  the  pod  rhomboid-oblong,  smootbish.  —  Thickets. 
July.  —  The  conspicuous  bracts  and  stipules  f  long. 

*  *  Stems  (2° -5°  high)  erect:  stipules  as  well  as  the  bracts  mostly  deciduous,  small 
and  inconspicuous :  pods  of  3-5  triangular  or  half-rhombic  or  very  unequal-sided 
rhomboida.1  joints,  which  are  longer  than  broad,  %'  or  less  in  length.     (Flowers  mid- 
dle-sized. ) 

8.  I>.  l«r\  ijjfftiUBi,  DC.    Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  stem  straight ; 
leaflets  ovate,  bluntish,  pale  beneath  (2' -3'  long);   panicles  minutely  rough- 
pubescent. —  Pine  woods,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

9.  D.  viridifloriBlll,  Beck.     Stem  very  downy,  rough  at  the  summit; 
leaflets  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,  rough  above,  whitened  with  a  soft  velvety  down 
underneath  (2' -3'  long).  —  S.  New  York  and  southward.     Aug. 

10.  D»  Dillenii,  Darlingt.     Stem  pubescent;  leaflets  oblong  or  oblong-ovate, 
commonly  bluntish,  pale  beneath,  softly  and  finely  pubescent  (mostly  thin,  2' -3' 
long).  —  Open  woodlands,  common.     Aug. 

11.  D.  paniculatum,  DC.     Nearly  smooth  throughout;  stem  slender; 
leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  or  narroidy  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  thin  (3'- 5* 
long) ;  racemes  much  panicled.  —  Copses,  common.     July. 

12.  D.  strictum,  DC.     Smooth  ;  stem  very  straight  and  slender,  simple; 
leaflets  linear,  blunt,  strongly  reticulated,  thickish   (l'-2'long,  4' wide) ;  panicle 
wand-like;  joints  of  the  pod  1-3,  semi-obovate  or  very  gibbous  (only  2"  long). 
—  Pine  woods  of  New  Jersey,  and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  *  Stipules  small  and  inconspicuous,  mostly  deciduous  :  pods  of  few  roundish  vr 

obliquely  oval  or  sometimes  roundish-rhomboidal  joints,  1^"  to  2£;/  long. 
H-  Stems  erect :  bracts  before  flowering  conspicuous:  racemes  densely  flowered. 

13.  D.  CanadftJnse,  DC.      Stem  hairy  (3° -6°  high);    leaflets  oblong- 
lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanSeolate,  obtuse,  with  numerous  straightish  veins,  much 
longer  than  the  petiole  ( l£;-  3'  long) ;  flowers  showy,  larger  than  in  any  other 
species  (£'  -  J'  long).  —  Dry,  rich  woods,  common,  especially  northward.    Aug. 

14.  D.  sessilifoliiun,  Ton-.  &  Gray.     Stem  pubescent  (2° -4°  high); 
leaves  nearly  sessile ;  leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  reticulated, 
rough  above,  downy, beneath;  branches  of  the  panicle  long ;  flowers  small. — 
Copses,  Ohio  and  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug. 


LEGUMIXOSyE.       (TULSE    FAMILY.)  101 

*-+-  Stems  ascending  (l°-3°  high) :  bracts  small;  racemes  or  panicles  elongated 
and  loosely  flowered :  flowers  small. 

15.  I>.  rigidum,  DC.     Stem  branching,  somewhat  hoary,  like  the  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves,  with  a  close  roughish  pubescence;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
blunt,  thickish,  reticulated-veiny,  rather  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  longer  than 
the  petiole.  —  Dry  hill-sides,  Mass,  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.    Aug. 
—  Intermediate,  as  it  were,  between  No.  16  and  No.  10. 

16.  1>.  ciliiire,  DC.    Stem  slender,  hairy  or  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  crowded, 
on  very  short  hairy  petioles ;  leaflets  round-ovate  or  oval,  thickish,  more  or  less  hairy 
on  the  margins  and  underneath  (£'-!' long). —  Dry  hills  and  sandy  fields; 
common,  especially  southward.     Aug. 

.  17.  D.  Marilandicum,  Boott.  Nearly  smooth  throughout,  slender; 
lea/lets  ovate  or  roundish,  very  obtuse,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of  the 
slender  petiole:  otherwise  as  No.  16.  (D.  obtusum,  DC.)  —  Copses,  common 
July  -  Sept. 

-<-•«-•<-  Stems  reclining  or  prostrate:  racemes  loosely  flowered. 
18.  D.  lineatinn,  DC.    Stem  minutely  pubescent,  striate-angled ;  leaflets 
orbicular,  smoothish   (£'-!' long),  much  longer  than  the  petiole;  pod  not 
stalked.  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

18.    LESPEDL^ZA,    Michx.       BUSH-CLOVER. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  slender.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1) : 
anthers  all  alike.  Pods  of  a  single  1-seeded  joint  (sometimes  2-jointed,  with 
the  lower  joint  empty  and  stalk-like),  oval  or  roundish,  flat,  reticulated.  — 
Perennials  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  not  stipellate.  Stipules  and  bracts 
jninute.  Flowers  often  polygamous.  (Dedicated  to  Lespedez,  the  Spanish 
governor  of  Florida  when  Michaux  visited  it.) 
*  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  larger  (violet-purple)  perfect,  but  seldom  fruitful,  paniclea 

or  clustered;  with  smaller  pistillate  and  fertile  but  mostly  apetalous  ones  intermixed, 

or  in  subsessile  little  clusters. 

1.  Li.  procumfoeilS,  Michx.     Soft-downy,  except  the  upper  surface  of 
the  leaves,  trailing,  slender ;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptical ;  peduncles  slender,  mostly 
simple,  few-flowered.  —  Sandy  soil,  commonest  southward.    Aug.  —  The  apet- 
alous fertile  flowers,  as  in  the  rest,  have  short  hooked  styles. 

2.  Li.  repens,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth,  except  minute  close-pressed  scattered 
hairs,  prostrate,  spreading,  very  slender;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate-elliptical  (£' 
long);  peduncles  slender  and  few-flowered;  pods  roundish.  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
S.  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Much  like  the  last. 

3.  It.  violsYcea,   Pers.     Stems  upright  or  spreading,  branched;  leaflets 
varying  from  oval-oblong  to  linear,  whitish-downy  beneath  with  close-pressed 
pubescence ;  peduncles  or  clusters  few-flowered;  pods  ovate^ —  The  principal  vari- 
eties are,  1.  DIVERGENS,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  and  loosely  panicled 
flowers ;  this  runs  into,  2.  SESSiLiFL6KA,  with  the  flowers  principally  on  pe- 
duncles much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  and  clustered ;  and  a  more  distinct  form 
is,  3.  ANGCSTIF6LIA,  with  closely  clustered  flowers  on  straight  branches, 

9* 


102  LEGUMINOSJE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

crowded  leaves,  and  narrowly  oblong  or  linear  leaflets,  which  are  often  silky.  —  t 
Dry  copses,  common.     Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Pods  ripening  from  both  sorts  of  flowers. 

4.  Li.  Stflvei,  Nutt.     Stems  upright-spreading,  bushy,  downy ;  leaflets  oval 
or  roundish,  longer  than  the  petiole,  silky  or  white-woolly  beneath  (and  some- 
times above) ;  clusters  many -flowered,  crowded ;  pods  ovate,  downy.  —  Dry  hills, 
and  sand,  Plymouth,  Mass,  to  Virginia,  Michigan,  and  southward.  —  Appear- 
ing intermediate  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 

#  #  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  close  spikes  or  heads:  corolla  whitish  or  cream- 
color  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  standard,  about  the  length  of  the  downy  calyx:  stems 
upright,  wand-like  (2° -4°  high). 

5.  Li.  liirta,  Ell.     Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petioles  slender ;  leaflets 
roundish  or  oval,  hairy ;  spikes  cylindrical,  rather  loose ;  pods  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx.     (L.  polystachia,  Michx.) — Dry  hill-sides.    Aug.,  Sept. 

6.  It.  capitata,  Michx.     Peduncles  and  petioles  short;  leaflets  elliptical 
or  oblong,  thickish,  reticulated  and  mostly  smooth  above,  silky  beneath ;  spikes 
or  heads  short ;  pods  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Varies  greatly,  most  of 
all  in  var.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  :  slender ;  leaflets  linear ;  peduncles  sometimes  elon- 
gated. —  Dry  and  sandy  soil ;  the  narrow  variety  only  found  near  the  coast  and 
southward.     Sept.  —  Stems  woolly,  rigid. 

19.    STYL.OSANTHES,    Swartz.       PENCIL-FLO  WEB. 

Flowers  of  two  kinds  intermixed  in  the  clusters ;  one  sort  complete  but  un- 
fruitful ;  the  other  fertile,  and  consisting  only  of  a  pistil  between  2  bractlets.  — 
Calyx  with  a  slender  tube  like  a  stalk,  2-lipped  at  the  summit ;  upper  lip  2-,  the 
lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  monadelphous  :  5  of  the  anthers  linear,  the  5  alternate 
ones  ovate.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  hooked  style.  Pod  reticulated,  1  -  2-jointed ; 
the  lower  joint  when  present  empty  and  stalk-like,  the  upper  ovate. — Low 
perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves ;  the  stipules 
united  with  the  petiole.  (Name  composed  of  oruXos,  a  column,  and  av6os,  a 
fiower,  from  the  stalk-like  calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  elatior,  Swartz.  Tufted,  low,  often  bristly,  wiry ;  leaflets  lanceo- 
late, strongly  straight-veined;  heads  or  clusters  small  and  few-flowered.  —  Pine 
barrens,  Long  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward.  July  -  Oct.  —  Flowers  small, 
yellow. 

2O.    ViCIA,    Toura.        VETCH.    TAKE. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  shorter.  Style  thread- 
shaped,  hairy  all  round  the  apex  or  down  the  outer  side  (next  the  keel).  Pod 
2-valved,  2  -  several-seeded.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9  &  1.  Seeds  globular. 
Cotyledons  very  thick,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination.  —  Climbing 
shrubs.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  the  petiole  terminating  in  a  tendril.  Stipules 
usually  half  arrow-shaped.  (The  old  Latin  name. ) 

#  Annual :  flowers  1  -  2  in  the  axils,  nearly  sessile,  large,  violet-purple. 
1.  V.  SATIVA,  L.     (COMMON  VETCH  or  TARE.)     Somewhat  pubescent; 
simple ;  leaflets  5  -7  pairs,  varying'  from  obovate-oblong  to  linear,  notched 


LEGUAIINOSJE.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  103 

and  mucronate  at  the  apex ;  pod  linear,  several-seeded.  —  Cultivated  fields  and 
waste  places ;  both  the  common  form  and  the  var.  ANcmsxiFdiLiA,  with  longer 
and  narrow  leaflets.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

#  *  Annual :  peduncles  elongated :  flowers  small.     (Species  of  Ervum,  L.) 

2.  V.   TETRASPERMA,     L.       Peduncles  I-2-flowered;  leaflets  4-6  pair 
linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  calyx-teeth  unequal ;  pods  narrowly  oblong,  4-seeded,  smooth, 
—  Waste  or  open  places,  near  the  coast. — An  insignificant  plant,  6' -12'  high, 
with  whitish  flowers.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  HiRstiTA,     Koch.     Peduncles  3  -  ^-flowered ;  leaflets  6-8  pairs,  trun- 
cate ;  calyx-teeth  equal ;  pods  oblong,  2-seeded,  hairy.     (Ervum  hirsutum,  L.)  — 
Massachusetts  to  Virginia. — A  slender  straggling  plant,  with  small  purplish- 
blue  flowers.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  #  Perennial :  peduncles  elongated ;  calyx-teeth  very  unequal :  pod  several-seeded. 

4.  V.  Cracca,    L.      Downy-pubescent;    leaflets  20-24,  oblong-lanceolate, 
strongly  mucronate  ;  peduncles  densely  many-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the 
tube.     Borders  of  thickets,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  northward.     July. 
— Flowers  blue,  turning  purple,  £'  long,  one-sided  in  the  spike,  reflexed.     (Eu.) 

5.  V.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Nearly  smooth;  leaflets  8-12,  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, scarcely  mucronate ;  peduncles  loosely  flowered ;  calyx-teeth  very  short.  — 
Kiver-banks,  &c.    May. — Flowers  more  scattered  than  in  No.  4,  whitish,  the 
keel  tipped  with  blue.  - ,  , 

6.  V.  Americana,  Muhl.     Glabrous;  leaflets  10-14,  elliptical  or  ovate- 
oblong,  very  obtuse,   many-veined;  peduncles  4 - 8-flowered. — Moist  thickets, 
New  York  to  Kentucky  and  northward.    June. — Flowers  purplish-blue,  | 
long. 

21.    L.ATHYRUS,    L.        VETCHLING.    EVERLASTING  PEA. 

Style  flattish,  not  grooved  above,  hairy  along  the  inner  side  (next  the  free  sta- 
men). Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Vicia.  (Adtfupos,  a  leguminous  plant  of  Theo- 
phrastus.)  —  Our  wild  species  are  perennial  and  mostly  smooth  plants. 

1.  JL.  maritiinus,  Bigelow.    (BEACH  PEA.)     Stem  stout  (1°  high) ; 
leaflets  4-8  pairs,  crowded,  oval  or  obovate;  stipules  broadly  halberd-shaped, 
nearly  as  large  as  the  leaflets;  peduncles  6- 10-flowered.  —  Sea-coast,  from  New 
Jersey  northward,  and  shore  of  the  Great  Lakes.    June  -  Aug.  —  FloAvers  large, 
purple.     Leaflets  very  veiny,  as  also  are  those  of  the  other  species.     (Eu.) 

2.  L..  veilOSUS,  Muhl.    Stem  climbing  (2°  -5°  high) ;  leaflets  5  -  7  pairs, 
scattered,  oblong-ovate,  often  downy  beneath ;  stipules  very  small  and  usually  slen- 
der, half  arrow-shaped;  peduncles  many-flowered;  corolla  purple.  —  Shady  banks, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    June. 

3.  L,.  ochroleucns,  Hook.     Stem  slender  (1°- 3°  high);  leaflets  3-4 
pairs,  ovate  or  oval,  smooth,  glaucous,  thin ;  stipules  half  heart-shaped,  about  half 
as  large  as  the  leaflets;  peduncles  7 -10-flowered;  corolla  yellowish-white.  —  Hill- 
sides, W.  Vermont  to  Penn.,  and  westward  and  northward.    July. 

4.  L,.  palustris,  L.     (MARSH    VETCHLING.)      Stem  slender  (l°-2° 
high),  often  wing-margined ;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  lanceolate,  linear  or  narrowly 


104  LEGUMINOS^.     (PULSE  FAMILY.) 

oblong,  mucronate-pointed ;  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  half  arrow-shaped,  s'uarp- 
pointed  at  both  ends  ;  peduncles  3  -  5-flowered  ;  corolla  blue-purple.  —  Moist 
places,  N.  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  July.  (Eu.) 

Var  myrtifolillS.  Taller,  climbing  2°  -  4°  high  ;  leaves  oblong  or 
ovate-elliptical;  upper  stipules  larger:  corolla  pale  purple.  (L.  myrtifolius, 
Muhl.)  —  W.  New  England  to  Penn.,  and  northward. 

L.  LATiF6Lius  (EVERLASTING  PEA)  and  L.  ODORATUS  (SWEET  PEA) 
are  commonly  cultivated  species. 

PISUM  SAiivuM,  the  PEA  ;  F\BA  VULGARIS,  the  HORSE-BEAN  ;  and  CiCEB 
ARIETINUM,  the  CHICK-PEA,  are  other  cultivated  representatives  of  the  same 
tribe. 

22.    PHASEOI.US,    L.        KIDNEY  BEAN. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  higher  united.  Keel  of  the 
corolla,  with  the  included  stamens  and  style,  spirally  coiled  or  twisted,  or  curved 
into  a  ring.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  linear  or  scythe-shaped,  several 
many-seeded,  tipped  with  the  hardened  base  of  the  style.  Cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy,  rising  out  of  the  ground  nearly  unchanged  in  germination.  —  Twin- 
Jig  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves.  Flowers 
often  clustered  on  the  knotty  joints  of  the  raceme.  (The  ancient  name  of  the 
Kidney  Bean.) 

*  Pods  scymetar-shaped :  racemes  long  and  loose,  panicled. 

1.  P.  pereimis,  Walt.     (WILD  BEAN.)     Stem  climbing  high;  leaflets 
roundish-ovate,  short-pointed ;  pods  drooping,  strongly  curved,  4  -  5-seeded.     H. 

—  Copses,  Connecticut  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.     Aug. — Flowers  purple, 
handsome,  but  small. 

*  *  Pods  long  and  straight,  linear,  rather  terete:  flowers  few  in  a  short  clustered  ra- 

ceme like  a  head.     (Strophostyles,  Ell.} 

2.  P.  diver  si  folilis,  Pers.     Annual ;  stem  prostrate,  spreading,  rough- 
hairy  ;  leaflets  ovate-3-lobed,  or  angled  towards  the  base,  or  some  of  them  oblong- 
ovate  and  entire ;  peduncles  at  length  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves.  —  Sandy 
fields  and  banks,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  southward.    July,  Aug.  —  Corol- 
la greenish-white  tinged  with  red  or  purple.    Pod  thickish. 

3.  P.  lielvolus,  L.     Perennial,   hairy  ;   stems   diffuse,   slender  ;   leaflets 
ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  obscurely  angled;  peduncles  3-6  times  the  length  of  the  leaves. 

—  Sandy  fields,  S.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.    Aug.  —  More  slender 
than  the  last :  pods  narrower :  flowers  as  large  and  similar. 

*  *  Pods  straight  and  linear,  flat:  peduncles  1  -few-flowered  at  the  summit :  flowers 

small :  keel  slightly  twisted. 

4.  P.  paiicifldrilS,  Benth.     Annual;  stems  diffuse,  but  twining,  slen- 
der, pubescent ;  leaflets  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong  to  linear. 
'P.  leiospermus,  Torr.  $•  Gr.)  —  Kiver-banks,  Illinois   (Mead)  and  southwest 
ward.    July -Sept. — Flowers  3"  long,  purple.     Pod  1'  long,  pubescent. 

P.  VULGARIS  is  the  common  KIDNEY  BEAN  or  HARICOT. 
P.  LUNATUS  is  the  LIMA  BEAN  of  our  gardens. 


LEGUMINOSJS.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  105 

23.    A  PI  OS,    Boerh.        GROUND-NUT.    WILD  BEAN. 

Calyx  somswhat  2-lipped,  the  2  lateral  teeth  being  nearly  obsolete,  the  lower 
one  longest.  Standard  very  broad,  reflexed :  the  incurved  scythe-shaped  keel 
at  length  twisted.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  straight  or  slightly  curved, 
linear,  elongated,  thickish,  many-seeded. — A  perennial  herb,  bearing  edible 
tubers  on  underground  shoots,  twining  and  climbing  over  bushes.  Leaflets 
5-7,  ovate-lanceolate,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  in  dense  and  short,  often  branch- 
ing racemes,  clustered.  *  (Name  from  aniov,  a  pear,  from  the  shape  of  the 
tubers.) 

1.  A.  tllberosa,  Mcench.  (Glycine  Apios,  L.)—  Moist  thickets,  com- 
mon. Aug.  —  Flowers  brown-purple,  fragrant. 

24.    KIIYNCIIOSIA,    Lour.,  DC.        RHYNCHOSIA. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  or  deeply  4  -  5-parted.  Keel  scythe-shaped,  not 
twisted.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Ovules  2.  Pod  1  -  2-seeded,  short  and  flat, 
2-valved.  —  Usually  twining  or  trailing  perennial  herbs,  pinnately  3-foliolate,  or 
with  a  single  leaflet,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  yellow,  racemose  or  clustered. 
(Name  from  pvi/^oy,  a  beak,  from  the  shape  of  the  keel.) 

1.  B.  tomeiitosa,  Torn  &  Gray.  More  or  less  downy;  leaflets  round- 
ish ;  racemes  short  or  capitate ;  calyx  about  as  long  as  the  corolla,  4-parted, 
the  upper  lobe  2-cleft ;  pod  oblong.  —  Very  variable. 

5^ir.  monopliyllit,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Dwarf  and  upright  (3' -  6'  higrh) ; 
leaves  mostly  of  a  single  round  leaflet  (l'-2'  wide).  —  S.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward, in  dry  sandy  soil. 

Var.  A  08 ll bilis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Trailing  and  twining,  less  downy;  leaf- 
lets 3,  roundish ;  racemes  few-flowered,  almost  sessile  in  the  axils.  —  S.  Virginia 
and  southward. 

Var.  erecta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Upright  (l°-2°  high),  soft-downy;  leaflets 
3,  oval  or  oblong.  —  Maryland  and  southward. 

25.    GAL.ACTIA,    P.Browne.        MILK  PEA. 

Calyx  4-cleft;  the  lobes  acute,  the  upper  one  broadest.  Keel  scarcely  in- 
curved. Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded  (some  few  of 
them  are  occasionally  partly  subterranean  and  fleshy  or  deformed).  —  Low, 
mostly  prostrate  or  twining  perennial  herbs.  Leaflets  usually  3,  stipellate. 
Flowers  in  somewhat  interrupted  or  knotty  racemes,  purplish.  (Name  from 
•ydXa,  -a/cros,  milk ;  some  species  being  said  to  yield  a  milky  juice,  which  is  un 
likely.) 

1.  G.  glabella,  Michx.     Stems  nearly  smooth,  prostrate ;  leaflets  elliptical 
or  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  slightly  hairy  beneath ;  racemes  short,  4  -  8-flowered ; 
pods  somewhat  haiiy.  —  Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Virginia 
near  the  coast,  and  southward.    July -Sept. — Flowers  large  for  the  genus, 
rose-purple. 

2.  G.  Iil611is,   Michx.     Stems  (decumbent  and  somewhat  twining)  and 


106  LEGUMINOSJE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

leaves  beneath  soft-downy  and  hoary ;  leaflets  oval ;  racemes  many-flowered ;  pod» 
very  downy.  —  S.  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  southward.     July. 

26.    AMPHICARP  JSA,    Ell.        HOG  PEA-NUT. 

Flowers  of  2  kinds,  those  of  the  racemes  from  the  upper  branches  perfect,  but 
seldom  ripening  fruit ;  those  near  the  base  and  on  creeping  branches  imperfect, 
with  the  corolla  none  or  rudimentary,  and  few  free  stamens,  but  fruitful.  Calyx 
about  equally  4-  (rarely  5-)  toothed,  with  no  bractlets*.  Keel  and  wing-petals 
similar,  nearly  straight ;  the  standard  partly  folded  round  them.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous.  Pods  of  the  upper  flowers,  when  formed,  somewhat  scymetar-shaped, 
3-4-seeded;  of  the  lower,  obovate  or  pear-shaped,  fleshy,  ripening  usually  but 
one  large  seed,  commonly  subterranean,  or  concealed  by  decaying  leaves. — 
Low  and  slender  perennials;  the  twining  stems  clothed  with  brownish  hairs. 
Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate :  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  stipellate.  Flowers  small, 
in  clustered  or  compound  racemes,  purplish.  Bracts  persistent,  round,  partly 
clasping,  striate,  as  well  as  the  stipules.  .  (Name  from  a/x<£i,  at  both  ends,  and 
Kapiros,  fruit,  in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds  of  fruit,  one  at  the  summit,  the  other 
at  the  base  of  the  plant.) 

1.  A.  iiEOiioicu,  Nutt.  Racemes  nodding;  bracts  each  supporting  2  or 
more  flowers,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  subterranean  pods  hairy.  —  Rich  wood- 
lands. Aug.,  Sept.  — A  delicate  vine. 

27.    C  LI  TORI  A,    L.        BUTTERFLY  PEA.  • 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Standard  much  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower, 
rounded,  notched  at  the  top,  not  spurred  on  the  back :  keel  small,  shorter  than 
the  wings.  Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flattish,  knotty, 
several-seeded,  pointed  with  the  base  of  the  style,  the  valves  nerveless.  —  Erect 
or  twining  perennials,  with  mostly  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves,  and 
very  large  flowers.  Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered :  bractlets  opposite,  striate.  (Deri 
vation  obscure.) 

1.  C.  Ma ri film,  L.  Smooth;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ; 
stipules  and  bracts  awl-shaped ;  peduncles  short ;  1  -  3-flowered.  —  Dry  banks, 
Long  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward.  July.  —  Low,  ascending  or  twining ; 
the  showy  pale-blue  flowers  2'  long. 

28.    CENTROSI^MA,    DC.        SPURRED  BUTTERFLY  PEA. 

Calyx  short,  5-cleft.  Corolla,  &c.  much  as  in  Clitoria,  but  the  standard  with 
a  spur-shaped  projection  on  the  back.  Pod  long  and  linear,  flat,  pointed  with 
the  awl-shaped  style,  many-seeded,  thickened  at  the  edges,  the  valves  marked 
with  a  raised  line  on  each  side  next  the  margin.  —  Twining  perennials,  with  3- 
foliolate  stipellate  leaves  and  large  showy  flowers.  Stipules,  bracts,  and  bract- 
lets  striate,  the  latter  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Name  from  Kcvrpov,  a  spur,  and 
,  the  standard. ) 

1.  C.  Virgin! tina,  Bonth.    Rather  rough  with  minute  hairs;  leaflets 


LEGUMINOS-&.     (PULSE  FAMILY)  107 

varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate  and  linear,  very  veiny,  shining ; 
peduncles  1  -  4-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-yhaped.  —  Sandy  dry  woods, 
Virginia  and  southward.  July.  —  Corolla  1'  long,  violet.  Pods  straight,  nar- 
row, 4(-5'  long. 

29.    BAPTIS1A,    Vent.        FALSE  INDIGO. 

Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.  Standard  not  longer  than  the  wings,  its  sides  reflexed : 
keel-petals  nearly  separate,  and,  like  the  wings,  straight.  Stamens  10,  distinct. 
Pod  stalked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  roundish  or  oblong,  inflated,  pointed,  many- 
seeded. —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  3-foliolate  (rarely  simple)  leaves, 
which  generally  blacken  in  drying,  and  racemed  flowers.  (Named  from  /3a7rri£a>, 
to  dye,  from  the  economical  use  of  some  species,  which  yield  a  sort  of  indigo.) 

1.  B.  tinctoria,  R.  Brown.     (WILD  INDIGO.)     Smooth  and  slender 
(2° -3°  high),  rather  glaucous;  leaves  almost  sessile;  leaflets  rounded  wedge- 
obovate  (f  long) ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous ;  racemes  few-flowered, 
terminating  the  bushy  branches ;  pods  oval-globose,  on  a  stalk  longer  than  the 
calyx.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  common.    June  -  Aug.  —  Corolla  yellow,  £'  long. 

2.  15.  an  st  rails,  R.   Brown.     (BLUB  FALSE-INDIGO.)     Smooth,  tall 
and  stout  (4° -5°);  leaflets  oblong- wedge-form,  obtuse;   stipules  lanceolate,  as 
long  as  the  petioles,  rather  persistent ;  raceme  elongated  (l°-2°)  and  many-flowered^ 
erect ;  bracts  deciduous ;  stalk  of  the  oval-oblong  pods  about  the  length  of  the  calyx4 

—  Alluvial  soil,  from  Penn.  westward  and  southward :  often  cultivated.    June. 
— Flowers  1'  long,  indigo-blue.    Pods  2' -3'  long. 

3.  B.  leiicantlia.,  Ton-.  &  Gr.     Smooth ;  stems,  leaves,  and  racemes  as 
in  No.  2 ;  stipules  early  deciduous ;  pods  oval-oblong,  raised  on  a  stalk  fully  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south  westward.    July 

—  Flowers  white ;  the  standard  short.    Pods  2'  long. 

4.  B.  alba,  R.  Brown.     Smooth  (l°-3°high);  the  branches  slender  and 
widely  spreading ;  petioles  slender ;  stipuks  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous ;  leaf- 
lets oblong  or  oblanceolate ;  racemes  slender  on  a  long  naked  peduncle ;  pods 
linear-oblong  (!'-!£'  long),  short-stalked.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 
May,  June.  —  Flowers  white,  £'-§'  long. 

5.  B.  leiicoph&a,  Nutt.     Hairy,  low  (1°  high),  with  divergent  branches, 
leaves  almost  sessile;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong-obovate  or  spatulate ;  stipuks  and 
bracts  large  and  leafy,  persistent ;  racemes  long,  reclined ;  flowers  on  elongated  pedicels ; 
pods  ovoid,  hoary.  —  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    April,  May. — 
Raceme  often  1°  long  :  pedicels  l'-2',  the  cream-colored  corolla  1',  in  length 

30.    CJLADRASTIS,   Raf.        YELLOW-WOOD. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  large,  roundish,  reflexed :  the  distinct  keel-petals 
and  wings  straight,  oblong.  Stamens  10,  distinct :  filaments  slender,  incurved 
above.  Pod  short-stalked  above  the  calyx,  linear,  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6- 
seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  — A  small  tree,  with  yellow  wood,  nearly  smooth, 
with  pinnate  leaves  of  7-11  oval  or  ovate  leaflets,  and  ample  panicled  racemes 
of  showy  white  flowers  drooping  from  the  end  of  the  branches.  Stipules  obso- 


108  LEGUMINOS-E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.) 

lete.    Base  of  the  petioles  hollow,  and  enclosing  the  leaf-buds  of  the  next  year. 
Bracts  minute  and  fugacious.     (Name  of  obscure  derivation.) 

1.  C.  tinctoria,  Raf.  (Virgilia  lutea,  Michx.  /.)  Rich  hill-sides,  E. 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  May.  —  Racemes  10' -20'  long.  Flowers  1' long 

SUBORDER  II.    C^ESAtPINIE^E.     THP  BRASILETTO  FAMILY. 

31.    CERCIS,    L.        RED-BUD.    JUDAS-TKEE.   - 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  :  standard  smaller  than 
the  wings,  and  enclosed  by  them  in  the  bud :  the  keel-petals  larger  and  not 
united.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  rather  unequal.  Pod  oblong,  flat,  many-seeded, 
the  upper  suture  with  a  winged  margin.  Embryo  straight.  —  Trees,  with 
rounded-heart-shaped  simple  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  red-purple  flowers 
in  little  umbel-like  clusters  along  the  branches,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  acid 
to  the  taste.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Oriental  Judas-tree.) 

1.  C.  Canad£nsis,    L.      (RED-BUD.)      Leaves  pointed;  pods  nearly 
Sessile  above  the  calyx.  —  Rich  soil,  New  York  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward.   March  -  May.  —  A  small  ornamental  tree,  often  cultivated :  the  blossoms 
smaller  than  in  the  European  species. 

32.    CASSIA,   L.        SENNA. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  united.  Petals  5,  unequal,  not  papilionaceous,  spreading. 
Stamens  5-10,  unequal,  and  some  of  them  often  imperfect,  spreading:  anthers 
opening  by  2  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex.  Pod  many-seeded,  often  with  cross 
partitions.  —  Herbs  (in  the  United  States),  with  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 

*  Leaflets  large :  stipules  deciduous :  the  3  upper  anthers  deformed  and  imperfect : 

flowers  crowded  in  short  axillary  racemes,  the  upper  ones  panicled. 
JL.  C.  Marilandica,  L.     (WiLD  SENNA.)     Leaflets  6-9  pairs,  lanceo- 
late-oblong, obtuse ;  petiole  with  a  club-shaped  gland  near  the  base ;  pods  linear, 
slightly  curved,  flat,  at  first  hairy  (2' -4').     1|. — Alluvial  soil,  common.     July. 
—  Stem  3°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  officinal  Senna. 

2.  C.  OCCIDENTALS,  L.     Leaflets  4-6  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  point- 
ed ;  an  ovate  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  pods  elongated-linear  (5'  long) 
with   a  tumid  border,  glabrous.      (D  U  ^  —  Virginia  and    southward.     Aug. 
(Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

*  *  Leaflets  small,  somewhat  sensitive  to  the  touch :  stipules  striate,  persistent :  a  cup- 
sJiaped  gland  beneath  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets :  anthers  all  perfect :  flowers  in 
small  clusters  above  the  axils  :  pods  flat. 

3.  C.  Chamsecrista,  L.     (PARTRIDGE  PEA.)    Leaflets  10- 15  pairs, 
linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base;  flowers  (large)  on  slender  pedicels ;  anthers  10, 
elongated,  unequal  (4  of  them  yellow,  the  others  purple) ;  style  slender.     ®  — 
Sandy  fields;   common,   especially  southward.     Aug.  —  Stems  spreading,  1° 
long :  2  or  3  of  the  showy  yellow  petals  often  with  a  purple  spct  at  the  base. 


LEGUMINOS^E.       (PULSE   FAMILY.)  109 

4.  C.  11  i<  titans,  L.  (WILD  SENSITIVE-PLANT.)  Leaflets  10-20 
pairs,  oblong-linear;  flowers  (very  smatt)  on  very  short  pedicels;  anthers  5,  nearly 
equal;  style  very  short.  ® — Sandy  fields,  New  England,  near  the  coast,  to 
Virginia  and  southward.  Aug. 

33.    GYMNOCL.ADUS,    Lam.        KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE. 

Flowers  dioecious,  regular.  Calyx  tubular  below,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong, 
equal,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  short, 
inserted  with  the  petals.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  hard,  pulpy  inside,  several- 
seoded.  Seeds  flattish. — A  tall  large  tree,  with  rough  bark,  stout  branchlets, 
not  thorny,  and  very  large  unequally  twice-pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  whitish,  in 
axillary  racemes.  (Name  from  yvpvos,  naked,  and  /cAdfios,  a  branch,  alluding 
to  the  stout  branches  destitute  of  spray.) 

1.  G.  Canadciisis,  Lam.  Rich  woods,  by  rivers,  W.  New  York  and 
Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southwestward.  June.  —  Cultivated  as  an  ornamental 
tree :  timber  valuable.  Leaves  2°  -  3°  long,  with  several  large  partial  leafstalks 
bearing  7-13  ovate  stalked  leaflets,  the  lowest  pair  with  single  leaflets.  Pod 
6'  - 10'  long,  2'  broad ;  the  seeds  over  £  across. 

34.     GLEDITSCHIA,    L.        HONEY-LOCUST. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  of  3-5  spreading  sepals,  united  at  the  base. 
Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  equalling  them,  the  2  lower  sometimes  united 
Stamens  as  many,  distinct ;  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Pod  flat,  1  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat.  —  Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  once  or 
twice  pinnate  leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  flowers  in  small  spikes 
Thorns  above  the  axils.  (Named  in  honor  of  Gleditsch,  a  botanist  contem 
porary  with  Linnaeus.) 

1.  O.  triac&iithos,   L.      (THREE-THORNED  ACACIA,  or  HONEY-LO- 
CUST.)    Thorns  stout,  often  triple  or  compound;  leaflets  lanceolate-oblong,  some- 
what serrate;  pods  linear,  elongated  (1°-1^°  long),  often  twisted,  filled  with 
sweet  pulp  between  the  seeds.  —  Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southwest- 
ward.     June.  —  Common  in  cultivation  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  for  hedges. 

2.  O.   monosperma,   Walt.      (WATER-LOCUST.)      Thorns  slender; 
mostly  simple;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong  ;  pods  oval,  l-seeded,  pulpless.  —  Swamps, 
Illinois  and  southwestward.    July.  —  A  small  tree. 

SUBORDER  III.    MIMOSE^E.     THE  MIMOSA  FAMILY. 

35.     DESMAN  THUS,    Willd.        DESMANTHUS. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  5, 
distinct.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Pod  flat,  membranaceous  or  somewhat  coriaceous, 
several-seeded,  2-valved,  smooth.  —  Herbs  with  twice-pinnate  leaves  of  numer- 
ous small  leaflets,  and  with  one  or  more  glands  on  the  petiole,  setaceous  stipules, 
and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  a  head  of  small  greenish- white  flowern.  (Name 
composed  of  Seoyza,  a  bond,  and  av0os,  flower.) 
10 


110  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

1.  1>.  foraehylobus,  Benth.  Nearly  glabrous,  erect  (l°-4°  high), 
partial  petioles  6-15  pairs;  leaflets  20-30  pairs;  stamens  5;  pods  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  curved,  scarcely  1  long,  2  -  6-seeded.  1J.  (Darlingtonia  brachyloba 
&  glandulosa,  DC.)  — Prairies  and  alluvial  banks,  Illinois  and  southwestward. 

36.    SCHItlNKIA,    Willd.        SENSITIVE  BRIAR. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Petals  united  into  a  funnel- 
form  5-cleft  corolla.  Stamens  10-12,  distinct,  or  the  filaments  united  at  the 
base.  Pods  long  and  narrow,  rough-prickly,  several-seeded,  4-valved,  i.  e.  the 
two  narrow  valves  separating  on  each  side  from  a  thickened  margin.  — Peren- 
nial herbs,  the  procumbent  stems  and  petioles  prickly,  with  twice-pinnate  sensi- 
tive leaves  of  many  small  leaflets,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  round  heads 
of  small  rose-colored  flowers.  (Named  for  Schrank,  &  German  botanist.) 

1.  S.  imcinata,  Willd.     Prickles  hooked;  partial  petioles  4-6  pairs; 
leaflets  elliptical,  reticulated  with  strong  veins  beneath ;  pods  oblong-linear,  nearly 
terete,  short-pointed,  densely  prickly  (2'  long).  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia, 
Illinois  1  and  southward.    June -Aug. 

2.  S.  angUStata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Leaflets  oblong-linear,  scarcely  veined; 
pods  slender,  taper-pointed,  sparingly  prickly  (about  4'  long).  — With  the  pre- 
ceding. 

ORDER  39.    ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  regular  flowers,  numerous  (rarely  few)  distinct  stamens  insert- 
ed on  the  calyx,  and  1  -  many  pistils,  which  are  quite  distinct,  or  (in  the  Pear 
tribe)  united  and  combined  with  the  calyx-tube.  Seeds  (anatropous)  1  -few 
in  each  ovary,  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight,  with  large  and  thick  coty- 
ledons. Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  —  Calyx  of  5  or  rarely  3-4-8 
sepals  (the  odd  one  superior),  united  at  the  base,  often  appearing  double 
by  a  row  of  bracelets  outside.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  want- 
ing), mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the 
edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  This 
important  family  comprises  three  principal  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    AMYGDALE^.    THE  ALMOND  FAMILY. 

Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  solitary  ovary,  deciduous.     Style  terminal 
Fruit  a  drupe  (stone-fruit).  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  the  bark 
exuding  gum,  and  the  bark,  leaves,  and  kernels  yielding  the  peculiar  flavor 
of  prussic  acid.     Stipules  free. 
1.  PRUNUS.    Stone  of  the  drupe  smooth,  or  merely  furrowed  on  the  edges. 

SUBORDER  IE.    ROSACEJE  PROPER. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovaries,  but  sometimes  enclosing  them  in  its  tube. 
Pistils  few  or  many  (occasionally  single).  Stipules  commonly  united  with 
the  petiole. 


KOSACEJE.       (R0SE   FAMILY.)  Ill 

TRIBE  I.     SPIRJEE^E.    Pistils  mostly  5,  forming  follicles  in  fruit :  styles  terminal. 
2.  SPIRAEA.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Petals  obovate,  equal,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
&  OILLENIA.    Calyx  elongated,  5-toothed.    Petals  slender,  unequal,  convolute  in  the  bud. 

TRIBE  II.  DRYADE^E.  Pistils  numerous  (rarely  1-2),  forming  seed-like  achenia  ot 
little  drupes  in  fruit.  Calyx-tube  dry  in  fruit ;  the  lobes  commonly  valvate  In  the  bud. 

Subtribe  I.    SANGUISORBE^E.    Calyx-tube  constricted  at  the  throat.    Petals  often  wanting. 

Stamens  4  - 15.    Pistils  1  -  4,  dry  in  fruit,  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 
4.  AG^IMONIA.    Petals  5.    Stamens  12-15.    Pistils  2 :  etyte  terminal. 
6.  SANGUISORBA.    Petals  none.    Stamens  4.    Pistil  1 :  style  terminal. 

6.  ALCHEMILLA.    Petals  none.    Stamens  and  pistils  1  -  4  :  style  lateral. 

Subtribe  2.    CHAM.ERHODRB.   Calyx  open.   Stamens  &  pistils  5 -10:  styles  lateral.   Fruit  dry. 

7.  BIBBALDIA.    Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  minute  petals. 

Subtribe  3.  EUDRTADILS.  Calyx  open.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Fruit  of  dry 
achenia,  tipped  with  terminal  styles.  Seed  erect.  (Radicle  inferior.) 

8.  DRYAS.    Calyx8-9-parted.    Petals  8 -9.    Styles  persistent,  plumose. 

9.  GEUM.    Calyx  6-cleft.    Petals  5.    Achenia  numerous  :  styles  persistent. 

10.  WALDSTEINIA.    Calyx  5-cleft.     Achenia  few :  styles  deciduous  from  the  base 

Subtribe  4.  FRAGARIK&.  Calyx  open  and  flattish,  bracteolate.  Stamens  and  pistils  numer- 
ous :  styles  often  lateral,  deciduous.  Fruit  of  dry  achenia.  Seed  suspended  or  ascend* 
ing,  inserted  next  the  bane  of  the  style.  (Radicle  always  superior.) 

11.  POTENTILLA.    Receptacle  dry,  flat,  convex,  or  oblong. 

12.  FRAGARIA.    Receptacle  conical,  enlarged  and  succulent  in  fruit,  edible. 

Subtribe  5.  DALIBARDEJE.  Calyx  open,  not  bracteolate.  Stamens  and  usually  the  pistil* 
numerous  :  styles  terminal,  deciduous.  Achenia  mostly  fleshy,  or  becoming  little  drupes, 
Seed  suspended  (ovules  2,  collateral :  radicle  superior). 

13.  DALIBARDA.    Fruit  of  5  - 10  almost  dry  achenia,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

14.  RUBUS.    Fruit  of  numerous  (rarely  few)  pulpy  drupaceous  achenia,  aggregated  on  a  coni- 

cal or  elongated  receptacle. 

TRIBE  III.  ROSE^E.  Pistils  numerous,  forming  achenia,  inserted  on  the  hollow  recep- 
tacle which  lines  the  urn-shaped  and  fleshy  calyx-tube.  Calyx-segments  imbricated. 

15.  ROSA.    Leaves  pinnate  :  stipules  cohering  with  the  petiole. 

SUBORDER  III.    POME^B.    THE  PEAR  FAMILY. 

Calyx-tube  thick  and  fleshy  in  fruit  (forming  a  pome),  including  and  co- 
hering with  the  2-5  ovaries.  Stipules  free. 

16.  CRAT^lGOS.    Carpels  bony  in  fruit,  1-seeded. 

17.  PYRUS.    Carpels  papery  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit,  2-seeded. 

18.  AMELANCHIER.    Carpels  cartilaginous,  each  divided  into  2  cells  by  a  partition :  cells  1- 

eeeded. 

SUBORDER  I.    AUI1 GDALEJE.    THE  ALMOND  FAMILY. 
1.    PRtTNUS,    L.        PLUM  &  CHEERY. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  15-30.  Ovary  with  2  pen- 
dulous ovules.  Drupe  fleshy;  the  stone  smooth  and  even.  —  Small  trees  or 
shrubs.  Flowers  commonly  white.  (The  ancient  classical  name  of  the 
Plum.) 


112  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

§  1.  PRtlNUS,  Tourn.  (PLUM.) — Drupe  usually  with  a  bloom;  the  stone  flat- 
tened, or  at  least  under  than  thick:  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,Jlcwers  more  or  lest 
preceding  the  leaves,  from  lateral  buds ;  the  pedicels  few  or  several,  in  simple  umbel- 
like  clusters. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marsh.     (WILD  YELLOW  or  RED  PLUM.)     Leaves 
ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  conspicuously  pointed,  coarsely  or  doubly  serrate,  very 
veiny,  glabrous  when  mature ;  fruit  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  roundish-oval,  yel- 
low, orange,  or  red,  £'  -  §'  in  diameter,  with  the  turgid  stone  more  or  less  acute 
on  both  margins,  or  in  cultivated  states  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  having  a  flat- 
tened stone  with  broader  margins  (pleasant-tasted,  but  with  a  tough  and  acerb 
skin).  —  River-banks,  common.     May.  —  Tree  or  bush  thorny,  8°  -  20°  high. 

2.  P.  maritima,  Wang.     (BEACH  PLUM.)     Low  and  straggling  (2°- 
5°) ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  finely  serrate,  softly  pubescent  underneath  ;  pedicels  short, 
pubescent;  fruit  globular,  purple  or  crimson  with  a  bloom  (£'-!'  in  diameter), 
the  stone  very  turgid,  acute  on  one  edge,  rounded  and  minutely  grooved  on  the 
other.     (P.  littoralis,  Bigelow.}  —  Varies,  when  at  sonic  distance  from  the  coast, 
with  the  leaves  smoother  and  thinner,  and   the  fruit  smaller.     (P.  pygmstea, 
Willd.)  —  Sea-beach  and  the  vicinity,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  and  Vir- 
ginia.   April,  May. 

3.  P.  CMcasa,  Michx.     (CHICKASAW  PLUM.)     Stem  scarcely  thorny 
( 8° -15°  high) ;   leaves  nearly  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  glabrous,  little  veiny  j 
fruit  globular,  red,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom  (£'-§'  in  diameter);  the  ovoid 
stone  almost  as  thick  as  wide,  rounded  at  both  sutures,  one  of  them  minutely 
grooved.  —  Kentucky  (where  probably  it  is  not  indigenous)  and  southwestward : 
naturalized  in  some  places.    April. 

4.  P.    8PIN6SA,   L.     (SLOE.     BLACK   THORN.)     Branches   thorny;  leaves 
obovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  at  length  glabrous;  pedicels  gla- 
brous ;  fruit  small,  globular,  black  with  a  bloom,  the  stone  turgid,  acute  on 
one  edge.  —  Var.   INSIT^TIA    (BULLACE-PLUM),  is  less  spiny,  the  pedicels 
and  lower  side  of  the  leaves  pubescent.      (P.  insititia,  L.) — Road-sides  and 
waste  places,  E.  New  "England,  Penn.,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§2.  CERASUS,  Tourn.  (CHERRY.)— Drupe  destitute  of  bloom;  the  stow 
globular  and  marginless ;  leaves  folded  (conduplicate)  in  the  bud:  infiorescence  as 
in  §  1. 

5.  P.  pumila,  L.     (DWABF  CHERRY»)     Smooth,  depressed  and  trail- 
ing (6'-  18'  high) ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  somewhat  toothed 
near  the  apex,  pale  underneath  ;  flowers  2-4  together ;  fruit  ovoid,  dark  red.  — 
Rocks  or  sandy  banks,  Massachusetts  northward  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  to 
Virginia  along  the  mountains.     May. 

6.  P,  Peimsylvanica,  L.      (WiLD  RED  CHERRY.)      Learns  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  shining,  green  and  smooth  both  sides ; 
flowers  many  in  a  cluster,  on  long  pedicels ;  fruit  globose,  light  red.  —  Rocky 
woods;   common,   especially  northward.      May.  —  Tree  20° -30°  high,  with 
light  red-brown  bark,  and  very  small  fruit  with  thin  and  sour  flesh 


ROSACE.E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  113 

§  3.  PADTJS,   Mill.     (CHERRY.) — Drupe,  frc.  as  in  §2:  Jlowers  in  racemes 
terminating  the  branches,  developed  after  the  leaves. 

7.  P.  Vilginiana,  L.     (CHOKE-CHERRY.)     Leaves  aval,  oblong,  or  obo- 
vate,  abruptly  pointed,  very  sharply  (often  doubly]  serrate  with  slender  teeth,  thin ; 
racemes  short  and  close ;  petals  roundish ;  fruit  red  turning  to  dark  crimson.  — 
River-banks;  common,  especially  northward.     May.  —  A  tall  shrub,  seldom  a 
tree,  with  grayish  bark ;  the  fruit  very  austere  and  astringent  till  perfectly  ripe. 
(P.  obovata,  Bigelow.    P.  serotina,  of  many  authors.) 

8.  P.  serotina,  Ehrhart.     (WILD  BLACK  CHERRY.)     Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  serrate  with  incurved  short  and  callous  teeth,  thick  ish, 
shining  above ;   racemes  elongated ;   petals  obovate ;  fruit  purplish-black.  — 
Woods,  common.  —  A  fine  large  tree,  with  reddish-brown  branches,  furnishing 
valuable  timber  to  the  cabinet-maker.    Fruit  slightly  bitter,  but  with  a  pleasant 
vinous  flavor. 

P.  DOMESTICA,  L.,  the  CULTIVATED  PLUM,  is  now  deemed  by  the  best 
botanists  to  have  sprung  from  the  Sloe. 

P.  ARMEN*ACA,  L.,  the  APRICOT,  represents  another  subgenus  of  Prunus. 
The  PEACH  belongs  to  a  very  closely  related  genus. 

P.  AVIUM  and  P.  CERASUS,  L.,  of  Europe,  are  the  originals  of  the  cultivated 
Cherries. 

SUBORDER  II.    ItOSACEJE  PROPER.    THE  TRUE  ROSE  FAMILY. 

2.    SIMR.ZE A,    L.        MEADOW-SWEET. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  obovate,  equal,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  10-50.  Pods  (follicles)  3-12,  several-  (2 -15-)  seeded. — Flowers 
white  or  rose-color,  sometimes  dioecious :  rarely  the  parts  are  4  instead  of  5. 
(Name  probably  from  o-Tretpao),  to  wind,  alluding  to  the  fitness  of  the  plants  to 
be  formed  into  garlands.) 

$  1.  PHYSOCARPOS,  Camb.  —  Shrubs,  with  simpk  palmately-lobed  leaves  and 
umbd-like  corymbs :  pods  inflated  and  diverging  when  grown,  2  -  4-seeded. 

1.  S.  opulifolia,  L.      (NINE-BARK.)      Leaves  roundish,  somewhat  3- 
lobed   and  heart-shaped;    pods  3-5.  —  Rocky  river-banks.      June.  —  Shrub 
4° -10°  high,  with  recurved  branches  and  white  flowers,  succeeded  by  mem- 
branaceous  purplish  pods :  the  old  bark  loose  and  separating  in  thin  layers. 

$2.  SPIRAEA  PROPER.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  the  stipules  obsolete:  pod» 
(mostly  5)  not  inflated,  several-seeded. 

2.  S.  corymbosa,  Raf.    Nearly  smooth  (l°-2°high);  leaves  oval  or 
ovate,  cut-toothed  towards  the  apex ;  corymbs  large,  fiat,  several  times  compound. 
—  Alleghanies  of  Penn.,  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.    June.  —  Flowers  white. 

3.  S.  salicifolia,   L.      (COMMON    MEADOW-SWEET.)      Nearly  si  tooth 
(2° -3°  high);  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate ;  Jlowers  in  a' 
crowded  panicle  ;   pods  smooth.  —  Wet  grounds  :    also  cultivated.      July,  — 
Flowers  white  or  flesh-color.     (Eu.) 

10* 


114  ROSACEJE.     (ROBE  FAMILY.) 

4.  S.  tomentosa,  L.    (HARDBACK.    STEEPLE-BU^H.)    Stems  and  lower 
surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves  very  woolly ;  flowers  in  short  racemes 
crowded  in  a  dense  panicle ;  pods  woolly.  —  Low  grounds ;  commonest  in  New 
England.    July.  —  Flowers  rose-color. 

$  3.  ULMARIA,  Mcench.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  panided 
cymose  flowers :  calyx  reflexed :  pods  5  -  8  in  number,  1  -  2-seeded. 

5.  S.  lobata,  Murr.     (QUEEN  OP  THE  PKAIKIE.)     Glabrous   (2° -8° 
high) ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large,  7  -  9-parted, 
the  lobes  incised  and  toothed;  stipules  kidney-form;  panicle  compound-clus- 
tered, on  a  long  naked  peduncle. — Meadows  and  prairies,  Penn.  to  Michigan, 
Illinois,  and  Kentucky.    June. — Flowers  deep  peach-blossom  color,  handsome, 
the  petals  and  sepals  often  in  fours  ! 

§4.  ARtlNCTJS,  Seringe. — Perennial  herbs,  with  dioecious  whitish  flowers,  in 
slender  spikes  disposed  in  a  long  compound  panicle;  leaves  thrice-pinnate;  the 
stipules  obsolete :  pods  3-5,  several-seeded:  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit. 

6.  S.  Ar Aliens,    L.      (GOAT'S-BEARD.)      Smooth,  tall ;  leaflets  thin, 
lanceolate-oblong,  or  the  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply 
cut  and  serrate.  —  Kich  woods,  Catskill  and  Alleghany  Mountains  and  west- 
ward.   June.     (Eu.) 

S.  FILIPENDULA,  the  DROPWORT  ;  S.  ULMARIA,  the  MEADOW-SWEET  of 
Europe ;  S.  HTpERiciF6LiA  (ITALIAN  MAY)  ;  and  S.  SORBIF6LIA,  are  com- 
mon in  gardens. 

3.    GII^LENIA,    Mcench.       INDIAN  PHYSIO. 

Calyx  narrow,  constricted  at  the  throat,  5-toothed ;  teeth  erect.  Petals  5, 
somewhat  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx ;  convo- 
lute in  the  bud.  Stamens  10-20,  included.  Pods  5,  included,  2-4-seeded. — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  almost  sessile  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  thin  leaflets  doubly 
serrate  and  incised.  Flowers  loosely  paniculate-corymbed,  pale  rose-color  or 
white.  (Dedicated  to  an  obscure  botanist  or  gardener,  A.  Gille,  or  Gillenius.) 

1.  O.  trifoliata,  Moench.     (BOWMAN'S  BOOT.)    Leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
pointed,  cut-serrate ;  stipules  small,  awl-shaped,  entire.  —  Rich  woods,  from 
"W.  New  York  southward,  and  sparingly  in  the  Western  States.    July. 

2.  G.  Stipulacea,  Nutt.     (AMERICAN  IPECAC.)     Leaflets  lanceolate, 
deeply  incised;  stipules  large  and  leaf-like,  doubly  incised. — From  "W.  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  York  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.    June. 

4.    AGRIMONIA,    Tourn.       AGRIMONY. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  armed  with  hooked  bristles 
above,  indurated  and  enclosing  the  fruit ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  closed  after  flowering. 
Petals  5.  Stamens  12-15.  Achenia  2  :  styles  terminal.  Seed  suspended.— 
Perennial  herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers  in  slender 
spiked  racemes :  bricts  3-cleft.  (A  corruption  of  Argemonia,  of  the  same  deri- 
vation as  Argemone.) 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  115 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  L.     (COMMON  AGRIMONY.)    Leaflets  5-7  with  mi- 
nute ones  intermixed,  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of 
the  calyx.  —  Borders  of  woods,  common.    July  -  Sept.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  parvifldra,  Ait.     Leaflets  crowded,  11-19,  with  smatter  ones  inter- 
mixed, lanceolate,  acute,  deeply  and  regularly  cut-serrate,  as  well  as  the  stipules ; 
petals  small.  —  Woods  and  glades,  Pennsylvania  and  southwestward.    July. 

5.    SANGU1S6RBA,   L.       GREAT  BURNKT. 

Calyx  colored,  3-bracted,  the  tube  4-angled,  constricted ;  the  lobes  4,  spread- 
ing. Petals  none.  Stamens  4 ;  the  filaments  usually  enlarging  upwards.  Pis- 
tils 1  or  rarely  2 :  style  slender,  terminal :  stigma  pencil-form,  tufted.  Achenium 
included  in  the  indurated  4-winged  calyx-tube.  Seed  suspended.  —  Herbs,  with 
unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers,  sometimes  polygamous,  in  close 
spikes  or  heads.  (Name  from  sanguis,  blood,  and  sorbeo,  to  absorb ;  the  plants 
having  been  esteemed  as  vulneraries.) 

1.  S.  Canadeiisis,  L.  (CANADIAN  BURNET.)  Stamens  much  longer 
than  the  calyx;  spikes  cylindrical  and  elongated  in  fruit;  leaflets  numerous, 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  obtuse,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  stipellate ; 
stipules  serrate,  ty — Bogs  and  wet  meadows ;  chiefly  northward.  Aug. -Oct. 
—A  tall  herb :  flowers  white,  sometimes  purple. 

POT^BIUM  SANGuis6RBA,  the  COMMON  BURNET  of  the  gardens,  has  mo- 
noecious polyandrous  flowers. 

6.    A  1C  HE  MI  HA,    Tourn.        LADY'S  MANTLE. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical,  contracted  at  the  top ;  limb  4-parted,  with  as 
many  alternate  brackets.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1-4.  Pistils  1  -4 ;  the  slen- 
der style  arising  from  near  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  the  achenia  included  in  the 
persistent  calyx.  —  Low  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  compound  leaves,  and 
small  corymbed  greenish  flowers.  (From  Alkemelyeh,  the  Arabic  name.) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (PARSLEY  PIERT.)  Stems  (3' -8' high)  leafy;  leaves 
3-parted,  with  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  2  -  3-cleft,  pubescent ;  flowers  sessile  in  the 
axils,  d) — Eastern  Virginia.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  ALphf  A,  L.,  is  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  on  the  Green  and  White  Mountains, 
New  England :  but  there  is  most  probably  some  mistake  about  it. 

7.    SIBBAJLDIA,    L.        SIBBALDIA. 

Calyx  flattish,  5-cleft,  with  5  bractlets.  Petals  5,  linear-oblong,  minute.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  alternate  with  the  petals  into  the  margin  of  the  woolly  disk 
which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Achenia  5-10;  styles  lateral. — Low  and 
depressed  mountain  perennials.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Sibbald,  Prof,  at  Edinburgh 
at  the  close  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  S.  procumbeiis,  L.  Leaflets  3,  wedge-shaped,  3-toothed  at  the 
apex ;  petals  yellow.  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  northward.  (Eu.) 


116  ROSACES.       (ROSE    FAMILY.) 

8.    DRYAS,    L.       DRTAS. 

Calyx  flattnh,  8-9-parted.  Petals  8-9,  large.  Otherwise  like  Geum  $  Sie- 
rersia.  —  Dwarf  and  matted  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  toothed  leaves, 
and  solitary  large  flowers.  (Name  from  Dryades,  the  nymphs  of  the  Oaks,  tho 
foliage  of  some  species  resembling  oak-leaves  in  miniature.) 

1.  I>.  integrifolia,  Vahl.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped, 
with  revolute  margins,  nearly  entire,  white-downy  beneath,  flowers  white.— 
White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Prof.  Peck,  according  to  Pursh ;  but  not 
since  met  with :  therefore  very  doubtful.  (Eu.) 

9.    Gl^UM,    L.        AVENS. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  flattish,  deeply  5-cleft,  usually  with  5  small  bractlets  at 
the  sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Achenia  numerous,  heaped  on  a  coni- 
cal or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle,  the  long  persistent  styles  forming  hairy  or 
naked  and  straight  or  jointed  tails.  Seed  erect. — Perennial  herbs,  with  pin- 
nate or  lyrate  leaves.  (Name  from  -yevo),  to  give  an  agreeable  flavor,  the  roots 
being  rather  aromatic.) 

$  1.  GEUM  PROPER.  —  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,  the  lower  portion 
smooth  and  persistent,  naked,  hooked  at  the  end  after  the  deftexed  and  mostly  hairy 
upper  joint  fatts  away :  head  of  fruit  sessile :  calyx-lobes  reflexed.  (Flowers  some- 
what panicled  at  the  summit  of  the  leafy  stem.) 

1.  O.  all)  11  ill,  Gmelin.     Smoothish  or  softly  pubescent ;  stem  slender 
(2°  high) ;  root-leaves  of  3  -  5  leaflets,  or  simple  and  rounded,  with  a  few  minute 
leaflets  on  the  petiole  below ;  those  of  the  stem  3-divided,  lobed,  or  only  toothed ; 
stipules  small ;  petals  white  (3"  long),  obovate  or  oblong,  futty  as  long  as  the 
calyx ;  receptacle  and  ovaries  bristly-hairy ;  upper  joint  of  the  style  a  little  hairy. 
Borders  of  woods,  common.    May -Aug.  — Near  the  European  G.  urbanum. 

2.  O.    Yiriniiiaimiii,   L.     Bristly-hairy,  especially  the  stout  stem; 
lower  and  root-leaves  pinnate,  very  various,  the  upper  mostly  3-parted  or 
divided,  incised ;  stipules  small ;  petals  greenish-white,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  re- 
ceptacle and  ovaries  glabrous.  —  "Woods  and  low  grounds ;  common  northward. 
Clearly  different  from  the  last. 

3.  O.   iiiacro]»liylliim,  Willd.     Bristly-hairy,  stout  (l°-3°  high); 
root-leaves  lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large 
and  round-heart-shaped ;  lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2-4,  minute,  the  ter- 
minal roundish,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  wedge-form  and  rounded;  petals  yellow,  obovate, 
longer  than  the  calyx ;  receptacle  of  fruit  nearly  naked;  achenia  bristly  above. — 
Around  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire  :  also  Lake  Superior 
and  northward.    June.     (Eu.) 

4.  O»  strict ii ill,  Ait.     Somewhat  hairy  (3° -5°  high) ;  root-leaves  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate,   the  leaflets   wedge-obovate ;  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  3-5, 
rhorrbic-ovate  or  oblong,  acute ;  petals  yellow,  roundish,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  recep- 
tacle downy;  achenia  bristly  above.  —  Moist  meadows;   common,  especially 
northward.    July.     (Eu.) 


ROSACES.      (BO SB    FAMILY.)  117 

§  2.  STYLIPUS,  Kaf.  —  Styles  smooth :  head  of  fruit  conspicuou&ly  sialked  in  the 
calyx :  bractlets  of  the  calyx  none :  otherwise  as  §  1 . 

5.  O.  verimm,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Somewhat  pubescent;  stems  ascending, 
few-leaved,  slender ;  root-leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3  -  5-lobed,  or  some  of 
them  pinnate,  with  the  lobes  cut ;  petals  yellow,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx ; 
receptacle  smooth.  —  Thickets,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.    April -June 

§  3.  CARYOPHYLLATA,   Tourn.  —  Style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the 
upper  joint  plumose :  flowers  large :  calyx  erect  w  spreading :  petals  erect. 

6.  G.  rivale,  L.     (WATER  or  PURPLE  AVENS.)     Stems  nearly  simple, 
several-flowered  (2°  high) ;  root-leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  pinnate ;  those 
of  the  stem  few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed ;  petals  dilated-obovate  retuse,  contracted 
into  a  claw,  purplish-orange  ;  head  of  fruit  stalked.  —  Bogs  and  wet  meadows, 
N.  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.    May. — Blossoms  nodding,  but  the 
feathery  fruiting  heads  upright.     Calyx  brown-purple.     (Eu.) 

$4.  SIEVEHSIA,  Willd.  —  Style  not  jointed,  wholly  persistent  and  straight:  head 
of  fruit  sessile :  flowers  large  :  calyx  erect  or  spreading.  (Flowering  stems  simpk, 
and  bearing  only  bracts  or  small  leaves.) 

7.  O,  trifldnim,  Pursh.     Low,  softly  hairy;  root-leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate ;  the  leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  oblong-wedge-form,  deeply 
cut-toothed ;  flowers  3  or  more  on  long  peduncles ;  bractlets  linear,  longer  than  the 
purple  calyx,  as  long  as  the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals;  styles  very  long  (2'),  strongly 
plumose  in  fruit.  —  Rocks,  New  Hampshire  and  N.  New  York  northward  to 
Wisconsin  ;  rare.    April -June. 

8.  O.  radiatlim,    Michx.      Hirsutely  hairy  or  smoothish  ;    root-leaves 
rounded-kidney -shaped,  radiate-veined  (2' -5'  broad),  doubly  or  irregularly  cut- 
toothed  and  obscurely  5  -  7-lobed,  also  a  set  of  minute  leaflets  down  the  long 
petiole ;  stems  (8'  -  18'  high)  1  -  5-flowered ;  bractlets  minute ;  petals  yellow,  round- 
obovate  and  more  or  less  obcordate,  exceeding  the  calyx  (£'  long),  spreading ; 
styles  naked  except  the  base.     (High  mountains  of  Carolina.) 

Var.  Pecicii.  Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  stalks  and  veins  of  the  leaves 
sparsely  hirsute.  (G.  Peckii,  Pursh.)  — Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire.  July  -  Sept. 

10.    WAI.DSTEINIA,   Willd.        (CoMAR6psis,  DC.) 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  with  5  often  minute  and  decid- 
uous bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Achenia  2-6,  minutely  haiiy ;  the  terminal  slender  styles  deciduous  from  the 
base  by  a  joint.  Seed  erect. — Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  radical  3-5- 
lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on  bracted  scapes.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Francis  von  Waldstein,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  W.  fragarioides,  Tratt.  (BARREN  STRAWBERRY.)  Low;  leaf- 
lets 3,  broadly  wedge-form,  cut-toothed ;  scapes  several-flowered ;  petals  longer 
than  the  calyx.  (Dalibarda  fragarioides,  Michx. )  —  Wooded  hill-sides,  common 
northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. 


H8  ROSACE M.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

11.    POTENTil^JLA,    L.        CINQUE-FOIL.    FIVE-FINGER. 

Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  as  many  bractlets  at  the  sinuses,  thus  appear- 
ing 10-cleft.  Petals  4  -  5,  usually  roundish.  Stamens  many.  Achenia  many, 
collected  in  a  head  on  the  dry  mostly  pubescent  or  hairy  receptacle:  styles 
lateral  or  terminal,  deciduous.  —  Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  compound  leaves, 
and  solitary  or  cymose  flowers.  (Name  a  kind  of  diminutive  from  potens,  pow 
erful,  alluding  to  the  reputed  medicinal  power,  of  which'  in  fact  these  plants 
possess  very  little,  being  merely  mild  astringents,  like  the  rest  of  the  tribe.) 

§  1.  Style  terminal,  or  attached  above  ike  middle  of  the  ovary :  achenia  glabrous. 

*  Annuals  or  biennials:  petals  pale  yellow,  small,  not  exceeding  the  calyx:  receptacle 

globular,  ovoid,  or  even  oblong  in  fruit. 

*•  !*•  Norvegica,  L.  Hairy,  erect,  branched  above ;  leaves  palmately  3- 
foliolate;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  cut-toothed.  —  Fields:  common,  especially 
northward.  A  homely  weed.  (Eu.) 

2.  P.  parad6xa,  Nutt.     Somewhat  pubescent,  spreading  or  decumbent, 
branched;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5-9,  obovate-oblong,  cut-toothed;  achenia 
with  a  thick  appendage  at  the  base. — Banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi. 

#  #  Perennial  herbs :  petals  yellow,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
•*-  Low:  leaves  palmate,  of  3  or  5  leaflets. 

3.  P.  Irijsnda,  Vill.    Dwarf  (l'-3'  high),  tufted,  villous  when  young, 
stems  or  scapes  mostly  1 -flowered ;  leaflets  3,  broadly  wedge-obovate,  deeply  cut  into 
5-7  oblong  approximate  teeth.     (P.  Kobbinsikna,  Oakes.) — Less  villous  with 
age  and  smaller-flowered  than  P.  frigida  of  the  Alps,  but  agreeing  closer  with  it 
than  with  P.  minima,  which  probably  is  only  another  form  of  the  same  species. 
It  also  occurs  in  Greenland.     (Eu.) 

4.  P.  Canadensis,  L.    (COMMON  CINQUE-FOIL  or  FIVE-FINGER.) 
Hairy  or  pubescent,  procumbent  and -ascending,  producing  runners;  peduncles  axil- 
lary, elongated,  l-flowered;  leaflets  5,  oblong  or  obovate-wedge-form,  cut-toothed 
towards  the  apex.     (P.  sarmentosa,  Muhl.)  — Var.  1.  PDMILA  is  a  dwarf,  early- 
flowering  state,  in  sterile  soil.     Var.  2.  SIMPLEX  is  a  taller  and  greener  state, 
with  slender  ascending  stems.     (P.  simplex,  Michx.) — Abounds  among  grass 
in  dry  fields,  &c.    April  -  Oct. 

5.  P.   argentea,    L.     (SILVERY    CINQUE-FOIL.)     Stems  ascending, 
cymose  at  the  summit,  many-flowered,  white-woolly ;  leaflets  5,  wedge-oblong,  al- 
most pinnatifid,  entire  towards  the  base,  with  revolute  margins,  green  above 
white  with  silvery  wool  beneath.  —  Dry  barren  fields,  &c.    June-  Sept.     (Eu.) 

H—  -»—  Taller :  leaves  pinnate,  of  3  —  9  leaflets. 

6.  P.  Pennsylvania,  L.     Stems  erect,  hairy  or  woolly ;  cymose  at 
the  summit,  many-flowered ;  leaflets  5-9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid,  silky- wool- 
ly with  white  hairs,  especially  beneath,  the  upper  ones  larger  and  crowded; 
petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Pennsylvania  ?   New  Hampshire  (Isle  of 
Shoals,  Robbins),  Maine  (Cape  Elizabeth,  C.  J.  Sprague),  and  northward.    July. 

$  2.  Style  deeply  lateral,  attached  at  or  beneath  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  petals  yeUem 
or  white,  deciduous. 


ROBACBJB.       (ROSE    FAMILY.)  119 

*  Achenia  glabrous :  style  thickened  above :  receptacle  conical  in  fruit. 

7.  P.  argn&ta,  Pursh.     Stem  erect  and  stout   (2° -4°  high),  brownish 
hairy,  clammy  above ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  3  -  9  oval  or  ovate  cut-serrate  leaflets, 
downy  underneath;  flowers  cymose-clustered ;  petals  yellowish  or  whitish;  disk 
thick  and  glandular.  —  Rocky  hills ;  common  northward.    July. 

*  *  Achenia  (at  least  below)  and  the  convex  receptacle  vittous. 

8.  P.  Aliserina,  L.     (SILVER- WEED.)     Herbaceous,  creeping  by  slen- 
der rooting  runners ;  leaves  all  radical,  pinnate;  leaflets  9-19,  with  minute  pairs 
interposed,  oblong,  pinnatifid-serrate,  green  and  nearly  smooth  above,  silvery- 
white  with  silky  down  underneath ;  stipules  many-cleft ;  flowers  solitary  (yellow),  on 
long  scape-like  peduncles.    Brackish  marshes,  river-banks,  &c.,  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    June -Sept.     (En.) 

9.  P.  fruticosa,  L.     (SHRUBBY  CINQUE-FOIL.)     Stem  erect,  shrubby 
(2° -4°  high),  very  much  branched;  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  5-7,  closely  crowd- 
ed, oblong-lanceolate,    entire,  silky,    especially  beneath ;   stipules  scale-like ; 
flowers  numerous  (yellow),  terminating  the  branchlets. — Bog-meadows;  same 
range  as  the  last.    June  -  Sept.     (Eu.) 

10.  P.  tridentata,  Ait.      (MOUNTAIN    CINQUE-FOIL.)      Stems   low 
(4' -6' high),  rather  woody  at  the  base,  tufted,  ascending,  cymosely  several- 
flowered  ;  leaves  palmate ;  leaflets  3,  wedge-oblong,  nearly  smooth,  thick,  coarsely 
3-toothed  at  the  apex ;  petals  white ;  achenia  and  receptacle  very  hairy.  —  Rocks, 
on  mountains  ;  and  in  Maine  near  the  level  of  the  sea ;  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
and  northward.    June. 

4  3.  Styles  moderately  lateral :  petals  (shorter  than  the  calyx,  ovate-lanceolate)  and 
filaments  more  or  less  persistent :  disk  thick  and  hairy:  achenia  glabrous:  recepta- 
cle hairy,  convex,  at  length  large  and  spongy.  (Comarum,  L.) 

11.  P.  palustris,   Scop.     (MARSH  FIVE-FINGER.)     Stems  ascending 
from  a  creeping  base  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  5-7  lanceolate  or  oblong 
crowded  serrate  leaflets,  whitish  beneath;  flowers  somewhat  cymose ;  calyx  (!' 
broad)  dark  purple  inside;  petals  purple.     U  (Comarum  palustre,  L.) — Bogs, 
N.  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

12.    F  RAO  ARIA,    Tourn.        STRAWBERRY. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Potentilla.  Styles  deeply  lateral.  Receptacle  in  fruit 
much  enlarged  and  conical,  becoming  pulpy  and  scarlet,  bearing  the  minute  dry 
achenia  scattered  over  its  surface.  —  Stemless  perennials,  with  runners,  and  with 
white  cymose  flowers  on  scapes.  Leaves  radical:  leaflets  3,  obovate-wedge- 
form,  coarsely  serrate.  Stipules  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petiole,  which 
with  the  scapes  are  usually  hairy.  (Name  from  the  fragrance  of  the  fruit.)  — 
The  two  species  are  indiscriminately  called  WILD  STRAWBERRY.) 

1.  F.  Virgliiijina,  Ehrhart.  Achenia  embedded  in  the  deeply  pitted  recep- 
tacle. —  Fields  anl  rocky  places  ;  common.  April  -  June.  —  Scapes  commonly 
shorter  than  the  haves,  which  are  of  a  rather  coriaceous  or  lirm  texture.  Fruit 
roundish-ovoid. 


120  ROSACES.     (KOSE  FAMILY.) 

2.  F.  vesca,  L.  Achenia  superficial  on  the  conical  or  hemispherical  fruittng 
receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits).  — Fields  and  rocks,  common :  indigenous,  especial- 
ly northward.  —  Leaves  thin;  the  wild  fruit  often  long  and  slender.  (Eu.) 

13.    DAL.IBABDA,    L.        DALIBABDA. 

Calyx  deeply  5  -  6-parted,  3  of  the  divisions  larger  and  toothed.  Petals  5, 
sessile,  deciduous.  Stamens  many.  Ovaries  5-10,  becoming  nearly  dry  seed- 
like  drupes :  styles  terminal,  deciduous.  —  Low  perennials,  with  creeping  and 
densely  tufted  stems  or  rootstocks,  and  roundish-heart-shaped  crenate  leaves  on 
slender  petioles.  Flowers  1-2,  white,  on  scape-like  peduncles.  (Named  in 
honor  of  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  I>.  repens,  L.  Downy;  sepals  spreading  in  the  flower,  converging 
and  enclosing  the  fruit.  —  Wooded  banks;  common  northward.  June -Aug. 
— Leaves  much  like  those  of  a  stemless  Violet. 

14.    KIT  BUS,    L.        BRAMBLE. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous. 
Achenia  usually  many,  collected  on  a  spongy  or  succulent  receptacle,  becoming 
small  drupes  :  styles  nearly  terminal.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby 
plants,  with  white  (rarely  reddish)  flowers,  and  edible  fruit.  (Name  from  the 
Celtic  rub,  red.) 

§  1.  Fruit,  or  collective  mass  of  drupes,  falling  off  whole  from  the  dry  receptacle  when 

ripe,  or  of  few  grains  which  fall  separately.     (KASPBERRY.) 
*  Leaves  simple :  flowers  large :  prickles  none :  fruit  and  receptacle  Jlattish. 
1.  R.  odoratus,  L.     (PURPLE  FLOWERING-BASPBERRY.)    Stem  shrub- 
by (3° -5°  high) ;  branches,  stalks,  and  calyx  bristly  with  glandular  clammy  hairs ; 
leaves  3  -  5-lobed,  the  lobes  pointed  and  minutely  toothed,  the  middle  one  pro- 
longed ;  peduncles  many-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  tipped  with  a  long  narrow  ap- 
pendage ;  petals  rounded,  purple  rose-color ;  fruit  ripening  several  reddish  grains. 
—  Kocky  banks,  common  northward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Flowers  showy,  2'  broad. 

2.  B.    Nutksiiius,     Mo<?ino.       (WHITE    FLOWERING-KASPBERRY.) 
Glandular,  scarcely  bristly;  leaves  almost  equally  5-lobed,  coarsely  toothed; 
peduncles  few-flowered;  petals  oval,  white.     (K.   parviflorus,   Nutt.)  —  Upper 
Michigan,  and  northwestward  along  the  Lakes.    Much  like  No.  1 ;  but  smaller. 

3.  B.  CliamaemoiTiS,  L.    (CLOUD-BERRY.)    Herbaceous,  low,  dioecious; 
stem  simple,  2-3-leaved,  \-flowered;  leaves  roundish-kidney-form,  somewhat  5- 
lobed,  serrate,  wrinkled ;  calyx-lobes  pointless ;  petals  obovate,  white ;  fruit  of 
few  grains,  amber-color.  —  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  at  the  limit  of 
trees  :  also  Lubeck,  Maine,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaflets  (pinnately)  3-5  :  petals  small,  erect,  white. 
•«-  Stems  annual,  herbaceous,  not  prickly :  fruit  of  few  separate  grains. 

4.  B.  trifldrus,  Eichardson.    (DWARF  KASPBERRY.)    Stems  ascending 
(6' -12' high)  or  trailing;  leaflets  3  (or  pedately  5),  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  thin,  smooth ;  peduncle 


ROSACE^E.      (ROSE    FAMILY.)  121 

1-3-flowered.  —  Wooded  hill-sides,  Rhode  Island  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.  June.  —  Sepals  and  petals  often  6  or  7. 

+-•*-'  Stems  biennial  and  woody,  prickly :  receptacle  oblong  :  fruit  hemispherical. 

5.  R.  Strigosus,    Michx.     (WILD  BED  RASPBERRY.)     Stems  upright, 
and  with  the  stalks,  &c.  beset  with  stiff  straight  bristles  (some  of  them  becoming 
weak  hooked  prickles),  glandular  when  young,  somewhat  glaucous  ;  leaflets  3- 
5,  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  cut-serrate,  whitish-downy  underneath ;  the  lateral  ses- 
sile ;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  fruit  light  red.  —  Thickets  and  hills ;  common, 
especially  northward.  —  Fruit  ripening  from  June  to  Aug.,  finely  flavored,  but 
more  tender  and  watery  than  the  Garden  or  European  Raspberry  (R.  Idceus), 
which  it  too  closely  resembles. 

6.  R.  occidentalis,  L.     (BLACK    RASPBERRY.     THIMBLEBERRY.) 

Glaucous  all  over ;  stems  recurved,  armed  like  the  stalks,  &c.  with  hooked  prickles, 
not  bristly;  leaflets  3  (rarely  5),  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  whitened- 
downy  underneath ;  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  stalked ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
sepals ;  fruit  purple-black.  —  Thickets  and  fields,  especially  where  the  ground  has 
been  burned  over.  May.  —  Fruit  ripe  early  in  July,  pleasant.  (Some  curious 
forms  are  known,  with  fruit  intermediate  between  this  and  the  last.) 

^  2.  Fruit,  or  collective  drupes,  not  separating  from  the  juicy  receptacle,  mostly  ovate 
or  oblong,  blackish.     (BLACKBERRY.) 

7.  R.  villdsus,  Ait.      (COMMON  or  HIGH  BLACKBERRY.)      Shrubby 
(l°-6°high),  furrowed,  upright  or  reclining,  armed  with  stout  curved  prickles; 
branchlets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  hairy  and  glandular ;  leaflets  3 
(or  pedately  5),  ovate,  pointed,  unequally  serrate ;  the  terminal  one  somewhat 
heart-shaped,  conspicuously  stalked;  flowers  racemed,  numerous,  bracts  sbort; 
sepals  linear-pointed,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate-oblong  spreading  petals.  — 
Var.  1 .  FROND6sus  :  smoother  and  much  less  glandular ;  flowers  more  corym- 
bose, with  leafy  bracts ;  petals  roundish.     Var.  2.  HDMiFtisus  :  trailing,  small- 
er; peduncles  few-flowered. — Borders  of  thickets,  &c.,  common.     May,  June, 
the  pleasant  large  fruit  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept.  —  Plant  very  variable  in  size, 
aspect,  and  shape  of  the  fruit. 

8.  R.  CanadensiS,  L.     (Low  BLACKBERRY*  DEWBERRY.)    Shrubby, 
extensively  trailing,  slightly  prickly ;  leaflets  3  (or  pedately  5-7),  oval  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  pointed,  thin,  nearly  smooth,  sharply  cut-serrate ;  flowers  ra- 
cemed, with  leaf-like  bracts.     (R.  trivialis,  Pursh,  BigeL,  Sfc. ;  not  of  Michx.)  — 
Rocky  or  gravelly  hills,  common.    May ;  ripening  its  large  and  sweet  fruit 
earlier  than  No.  7. 

9.  R.  hispid  us,  L.    (RUNNING  SWAMP-BLACKBERRY.)    Stems  slender, 
somewhat  shrubby,  extensively  procumbent,  beset  with  small  reflexed  prickles  ;  leaflets  3 
(or  rarely  pedately  5),  smooth,  thickish,  mostly  persistent,  obovate,  obtuse,  coarsely 
serrate,  entire  towards  the  base ;  peduncles  leafless,  several-flowered,  often  bristly ; 
flowers  small.     (R.  obovalis,  Michx.     R.  sempervirens  and  R.  setosus,  Bigelow.) 
—  Low  woods,  common  northward.    June. — Flowering  shoots  short,  ascend- 
ing, the  sterile  forming  long  runners.    Fruit  of  a  few  large  grains,  red  or  pur- 
ple, sour. 

11 


122  ROSACE^E.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

10.  R.  cimeifolius,  Pursh.     (SAND  BLACKBERRY.)    Shrubby  (l°-3° 
high),  upright,  armed  with  stout  recurved  prickles ;  branchlets  and  lower  surface  of 
the  leaves  whitish-woolly ;  leaflets  3-5,  wedge-obovate,  thickish,  serrate  above ; 
peduncles  2-4-flowered  ;  petals  large.  —  Sandy  woods,  S.  New  York  to  Virginia 
and  southward.    May- July  ;  ripening  its  well-flavored  black  fruit  in  August. 

11.  R.  tlivialis,  Michx.    (Low  BUSH-BLACKBERRY.)    Shrubby,  procum- 
bent, bristly  and  prickly  ;  leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  nearly  glabrous ;  leaflets  3  (or 
pedately  5),  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate;  peduncles  1-3-flow- 
ered ;  petals  large.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.    March  -  May. 

15.    ROSA,   Tourn.        ROSE. 

Calyx-tube  nra-shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 
Petals  5,  obovate  or  obcordate,  inserted,  with  the  many  stamens,  into  the  edge 
of  the  hollow  thin  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube  and  bears  the  numerous  pistils 
over  its  inner  surface.  Ovaries  hairy,  becoming  bony  achenia  in  fruit.  —  Shrub- 
by and  prickly,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  stipules  cohering  with  the  petiole  • 
stalks,  foliage,  &c.  often  bearing  aromatic  glands.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 
*  Styles  cohering  in  a  column,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

1.  R.  SCtigera,  Michx.     (CLIMBING  or  PRAIRIE  ROSE.)     Stems  climb- 
ing, armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  prickles,  not  bristly ;  leaflets  3-5,  ovate,  acute, 
sharply  serrate,  smooth  or  downy  beneath ;  stalks  and  calyx  glandular ;  flowers 
corymbed ;  sepals  pointed  ;  petals  deep  rose-color  changing  to  white ;  fruit  (hip) 
globular.  —  Borders  of  prairies  and  thickets,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward. 
July.  —  A  fine  species,  the  only  American  climbing  Rose ;  the  strong  shoots 
growing  10° -20°  in  a  season. 

*  *  Styles  separate,  nearly  included  in  the  calyx-tube :  petals  rose-color. 

2.  R.  Carolina,  L.     (SWAMP  ROSE.)     Stems  tall  (4° -7°  high),  armed 
with  stout  hooked  prickles,  not  bristly ;  leaflets  5-9,  elliptical,  often  acute,  dull 
above  and  pale  beneath ;  stipules  narrow ;  flowers  numerous,  in  cory m  bs ;  calyx  and 
peduncles  glandular-bristly,  the  former  with  leaf-like  appendages ;  fruit  (hip) 
depressed-globular,  somewhat  bristly.  —  Low  grounds,  common.    June  -  Sept. 

3.  R.  lucida,  EhrhVrt.     (DWARF  WILD-ROSE.)     Stems  (l°-2°  high), 
armed  with  unequal  bristly  prickles,  which  are  mostly  deciduous,  the  stouter  per- 
sistent ones  nearly  straight,  slender;  leaflets  5-9,  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
shining  above,  sharply  serrate ;  stipules  broad ;  peduncles  1  -  3-flowered,  and  with 
the  appendaged  calyx-lobes  glandular-bristly ;  fruit  depressed-globular,  smooth 
when  ripe.  —  Common  in  dry  soil,  or  along  the  borders  of  swamps.     May  - 
July.  —  R.  nitida,  Willd.,  is  a  smooth  and  narrow-leaved  form. 

4.  R.  blcilitla,  Ait.     (EARLY  WILD-ROSE.)    Nearly  unarmed,  or  with 
scattered  straight  deciduous  prickles  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaflets  5-7,  oval  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  pale  on  both  sides  and  minutely  downy  or  hoary  beneath,  serrate ;  stipules 
large ;  flowers  1-3,  the  peduncles  and  calyx-tube  smooth  and  glaucous ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, crowned  with  the  persistent  erect  and  connivcnt  entire  calyx -lobes.  — 
Rocks  and  banks,  Vermont  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin,  chiefly  northward.     May, 
June.  —  Petals  light  rose-color. 


ROSACEJE.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  123 

5.  R.  RUBIGIN&SA,  L.     (TRUE  SWEET-BRIER.)     Climbing  high;  prickles 
numerous,  the  larger  ones  strong  and  hooked,  and  the  smaller  awl-shaped;  leaflets 
doubly  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base ;  downy  and  clothed  with  fragrant  russet 
glands  beneath ;  fruit  pear-shaped  or  obovate,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes 
—  Eoad-sides  and  thickets.    June -Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  R.  MICRANTHA,  Smith.     (SMALLER-FL.   SWEET-BRIER.)    Prickles  uni- 
form and  hooked;  fruit  elliptical  and  ovate;  calyx-lobes  deciduous;  flowers  smaller : 
otherwise  as  No.  5.  —  E.  New  England.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

SUBORDER  HI.    P6]WE^E.    THE  PEAR  FAMILY. 
16.    CRAT-3EOUS,    L.        HAWTHORN.    WHITE  THORN. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  roundish.  Stamens  many, 
or  only  10-5.  Styles  1-5.  Fruit  (calyx-tube)  fleshy,  containing  1  -  5  bony 
1 -seeded  carpels.  —  Thorny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  and  mostly  lobed 
leaves,  and  white  (rarely  rose-colored)  blossoms.  (Name  from  Kpdros,  strength, 
on  account  of  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 


•*-  Fruit  very  small,  depressed-globose  (not  larger  than  peas),  bright  red:  flowers  small: 
calyx-teeth  short  and  broad:  styles  5 :  plants  glabrous  andglandless  throughout. 

1.  C»  spntlnilfttfl,  Michx.    Leaves  thickish  and  shining,  spatulateor  oblan- 
ceolate,  with  a  long  tapering  base,  crenate  above,  rarely  cut-lobed,  nearly  sessile.  — 
Virginia  and  southward.    May.  —  Shrub  10°  - 15°  high. 

2.  C.  cordata,  Ait.     (WASHINGTON  THORN.)     Leaves  broadly  ovate  or 
triangular,  mostly  truncate  or  a  little  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  on  a  dender  petiole, 
variously  3  -  5-cleft  or  cut,  and  serrate.  —  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 
June.  —  Trunk  15°  -  25°  high. 

•«-  +-  Fruit  small  (£'-  J'  long),  ovoid,  deep  red:  flowers  rather  large :  styles  1-3. 

3.  C.  OXYACANTHA,  L.     (ENGLISH  HAWTHORN.)    Smooth ;  leaves  obovate, 
cut-lobed  and  toothed,  wedge-form  at  the  base ;  calyx  not  glandular.    May.  — 
More  or  less  spontaneous  as  well  as  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  apiifolia,  Michx.     Softly  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  roundish,  with  a  broad  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base,  pin- 
nately  5  -  7-cleft,  with  the  crowded  divisions  cut-lobed  and  sharply  serrate ; 
petioles  slender ;  calyx-lobes  glandular-toothed,  slender.  —  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.   March,  April. 

«-•*-  •*-  Fruit  large  (£'-§'  long),  red;  flowers  large:  styles  and  stones  of  the  fruit 
even  in  the  same  species  1-3  (when  the  fruit  is  ovoid  or  pear-shaped)  or  4-5  (when 
the  fruit  is  globular) :  stipules,  calyx-teeth,  bracts,  Sj-c.  often  beset  with  glands. 

5.  C.  coccinea,  L.     (SCARLET-FRUITED  THORN.)      Glabrous  through- 
out ;  leaves  thin,  roundish-ovate,  sharply  toothed  and  cut,  or  somewhat  cut-lobed, 
usually  abrupt  at  the  base,  on  slender  petioles ;  flowers  white,  often  with  a  rosy 
tinge  (§'  broad);  fruit  bright  scarlet-red,  ovoid  (£'  broad),  scarcely  edible. — 
Thickets  and  rocky  banks  ;  common.     May.  —  A  low  tree. 


124  ROSA.CEJE.     (ROSE  FAMILY.) 

6.  C.  tomentosa,  L.  (BLACK  or  FEAR  THORN.)  Downy  or 
pubescent,  at  least  when  young,  on  the  peduncles,  calyx,  smd  lower  side  of  the 
leaves ;  leaves  thickish,  rather  large,  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  sharply  toothed  and 
often  cut,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  somewhat  margined  petiole,  the  up- 
per surface  more  or  less  furrowed  along  the  veins ;  flowers  large  (often  1'  broad), 
white  ;  fruit  crimson  or  orange-red,  usually  large  (i'-f  broad),  globular  or  some- 
what pear-shaped,  edible.  —  Thickets  ;  common.  May,  June.  — A  tall  shrub  or 
low  tree,  of  many  varieties,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  marked. 

Var.  pyrifolia.  Leaves  sparingly  pubescent  beneath  when  young,  soon 
glabrous,  smooth  and  shining  above,  often  slightly  cut-lobed ;  fruit  large,  bright- 
colored,  sparingly  dotted,  of  a  pleasant  flavor.  (C.  pyrifolia,  Ait.) 

Var.  punctata.  Leaves  rather  small,  mostly  wedge-obovate,  with  a 
longer  tapering  and  entire  base,  unequally  toothed  above,  rarely  cut,  villous 
pubescent  when  young,  smooth  but  dull  when  old,  the  numerous  veins  more 
strongly  impressed  on  the  upper  surface  and  prominent  underneath ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, usually  dull  red  and  yellowish  with  whitish  dots.  (C.  punctata,  Jacq.) 

Var.  moiiis.  Leaves  rounded,  abrupt  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  soft-downy  both  sides,  or  at  least  beneath,  very  sharply  doubly-toothed  and 
cut;  fruit  often  downy.  (C.  subvillosa,  Schrader.  C.  coccinea,  var. ?  mollis, 
Torr.  8f  Gray.) — Michigan,  Illinois,  and  south  westward. 

7.  C.  CrilS-galli,  L.     (COCKSPUR  THORN.)      Glabrous;   leaves  thick, 
shining  above,  wedge-obovate  and  oblanceolate,  tapering  into  a  very  short  petiole, 
serrate  above  the  middle;  fruit  globular,  bright-red  (J'  broad).  —  Thickets. 
June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10° -20°  high,  with  firm  dark  green  leaves  very  shining 
above,  and  slender  sharp  thorns  often  2'  long.    This  is  our  best  species  for  hedges. 

#  Corymbs  simple  few-  (1  —  6-)  flowered:  calyx,  bracts,  frc.  glandular. 

8.  C.  flava,  Ait.     (SUMMER  HAW.)     Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous  ; 
leaves  wedge-obovate  or  rhombic-obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  glandular 
petiole,  unequally  toothed  and  somewhat  cut  above  the  middle,  rather  thin,  the  teeth, 
&c.  glandular ;  styles  4  -  5  ;  fruit  somewhat  pear-shaped,  yellowish,  greenish,  or 
reddish   (£'-§'  broad).  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.     May;  —  Tree 
15°  -  20°  high,  with  rather  large  flowers,  2  -  6  in  a  corymb. 

Var.  pllb€sceilS.  Downy  or  villous-pubescent  when  young  ;  leaves 
thickish,  usually  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  summit.  (C.  elliptica,  Ait.  C.  glan- 
du!6sa,  Michx.  C.  Virginica,  Lodd. )  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

9.  C.  parvifolia,  Ait.    (DWARF  THORN.)    Downy ;  leaves  thick,  obovate- 
spatulate,  crenate-toothed  (£'- 1£'  long),  almost  sessile,  the  upper  surface  at  length 
shining ;  flowers  solitary  or  2  -  3  together,  on  very  sliort  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes  as 
long  as  the  petals ;  styles  5 ;  fruit  globular  or  pear-shaped,  greenish-yellow.  — 
Sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.    May.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high. 

17.     PYRUS,    L.        PEAR.    APPLE. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  roundish  or  obovate.  Sta- 
mens numerous.  Styles  2-5.  Fruit  (pome)  fleshy  or  beny-like;  the  2-5  car- 
pels of  a  papery  or  cartilaginous  texture,  2-seeded. —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
handsome  flowers  in  corymbed  cymes.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Pear-trete.) 


ROSACES.     (ROSE  FAMILY.)  125 

{  1.  MALUS,  Tourn.  — Leaves  simple :  cymes  simple  and  umbel-like :  fruit  jfteshy, 
globular,  sunk  in  at  the  attachment  of  the  stalk.     ( APPLE.) 

1.  P.  coronaria,  L.    (AMERICAN  CRAB-APPLE.)    Leaves  ovate,  often 
rather  heart-shaped,  cut-serrate  or  lobed,  soon  glabrous ;  styles  woolly  and  united  at 
the  base.  —  Glades,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    May.  —  Tree 
20°  high,  with  few,  but  very  large,  rose-colored  fragrant  blossoms,  and  translu- 
cent, fragrant,  greenish  fruit. 

2.  P.  angpnstifolia,  Ait.    (NARROW-LEAVED  CRAB-APPLE.)    Leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  acute  at  the  base,  mostly  toothed,  glabrous ;  styles  dis- 
tinct. —  Glades,  from  Pennsylvania  southward.    April. 

P.  MALUS,  the  APPLE-TREE,  is  often  found  in  deserted  fields  and  copses. 
P.  COMMUNIS,  the  PEAR-TREE,  represents  the  typical  section  of  the  genus. 

§  2.  ADENORACHIS,  DC.  — Leaves  simple,  the  midrib  beset  with  glands  along 
the  upper  side:  cymes  compound:  styles  united  at  the  base:  fruit  berry -like,  small. 

3.  P.  arbutifolia,  L.     (CHOKE-BERRY.)    Leaves  oblong  or  obovate, 
finely  serrate ;  fruit  pear-shaped,  or  when  ripe  globular.  —  Var.  1.  ERYTHRO- 
CARPA  has  the  cyme  and  leaves  beneath  woolly,  and  red  or  purple  fruit.     Var. 
2.  MELANOCARPA  is  nearly  smooth,  with  black  fruit.  —  Damp  thickets,  common. 
May,  June.  —  Shrub  2°  - 10°  high.    Flowers  white,  or  tinged  with  purple. 

§3.  S6RBUS,  Tourn. — Leaves  odd-pinnate:  cymes  compound:  styles  separate: 
fruit  berry-like,  small. 

4.  P.   Americana,   DC.      (AMERICAN    MOUNTAIN-ASH.)     Leaflets 
13-15,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  serrate  with  pointed  teeth,  smooth ; 
cymes  large  and  flat.  —  Swamps  and  mountain  woods,  N.  England  to  Wiscon- 
sin northward,  and  along  the  Alleghanies  southward.    June. — A  slender  shrub 
or  low  tree,  with  white  blossoms ;  greatly  prized  in  cultivation  for  its  ornamen- 
tal clusters  of  scarlet  fruit  (not  larger  than  large  peas)  in  autumn  and  winter. 

P.  AUCUPARIA,  Gaertn.,  the  cultivated  EUROPEAN  MOUNTAIN-ASH  or  ROW- 
AN-TREE, is  known  by  its  paler,  shorter,  and  blunt  leaflets,  and  larger  fruit. 

18.    AMELANCHIER,    Medic.        JUNE-BERRY. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  oblong,  elongated.  Stamens  numerous,  short.  Styles 
5,  united  below.  Fruit  (pome)  berry-like,  the  5  cartilaginous  carpels  each  di- 
vided into  2  cells  by  a  partition  from  the  back ;  the  divisions  1-seeded.  —  Small 
trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  sharply  serrated  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  ra- 
cemes. (Amelancier  is  the  popular  name  of  A.  vulgaris  in  Savoy.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (SHAD-BUSH.  SERVICE-BERRY.) 
Calyx-lobes  triangular-lance-form ;  fruit  globular,  purplish,  edible  (sweet,  ripo 
in  June). — Along  streams,  &c. :  common,  especially  northward.  April,  May. 
—  Varies  exceedingly;  the  leading  forms  are, — 

Var.  Botryapium ;  a  tree  10° -30°  high,  nearly  or  soon  glabrous; 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  heart-shaped  at  the. base,  pointed,  very  sharply 
serrate ;  flowers  in  long  drooping  racemes ;  the  oblong  petals  4  times  the  length 
of  the  calyx.    (Pyrus  Botryapium,  Wittd.) 
11* 


126          CALYCANTHACE^E.       (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE   FAMILY.). 

Var.  oblongifolia, ;  a  smaller  tree  or  shrub ;  leaves  oblong,  beneath,  like 
the  branchlefcs,  white-downy  when  young  ;  racemes  and  petals  shorter. 

Var.  rot  u  ml  ilolia ;  with  broader  leaves  and  smaller  petals  than  in  the 
first  variety ;  racemes  6  -  10-flowered. 

Var.  alnifolia. ;  shrub,  with  the  roundish  leaves  blunt  or  notched  at  both 
ends,  serrate  towards  the  summit ;  racemes  dense  and  many-flowered.  —  Chiefly 
in  the  Western  States,  and  westward. 

Var.  OligOCcirpa ;  shrub,  with  thin  and  smooth  narrowly  oblong  leaves, 
2-4-flowered  racemes,  the  broader  petals  scarcely  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
—  Cold  and  deep  mountain  swamps,  northward. 

CYD6NIA  VULGARIS,  the  QUINCE,  and  C.  JAP6NICA,  the  LOQUAT,  or  JAPAN 
QUINCE,  differ  from  the  order  generally  in  their  many-seeded  carpels. 


ORDER  40.     CALYCANTHACE^G.      (CAROLINA-ALLSPICE 

FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  sepals  and  petals  similar 
and  indefinite,  the  anthers  adnate  and  extrorse,  and  the  cotyledons  convolute  : 
—  otherwise  like  Kosaceae.  Chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.     CALYCANTHUS,    L.         CAROLINA   ALLSPICE.      SWEET- 
SCENTED  SHRUB. 

Calyx  of  many  sepals,  united  below  into  a  fleshy  inversely  conical  cup  (with 
some  leaf-like  bractlets  growing  from  it) ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  mostly  colored 
like  the  petals ;  which  are  similar,  in  many  rows,  thickish,  inserted  on  the  top 
of  the  closed  calyx-tube.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  just  within  the  petals, 
short;  some  of  the  inner  ones  sterile  (destitute  of  anthers).  Pistils  several  or 
many,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  inserted  on  its  base  and  inner  face,  resembling 
those  of  the  Rose.  Fruit  like  a  rose-hip,  but  dry  when  ripe,  and  larger,  en- 
closing the  large  achenia.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  large  lurid- 
purple  flowers  terminating  the  leafy  branches.  Bark  and  foliage  aromatic ;  the 
crushed  flowers  exhaling  more  or  less  the  fragrance  of  strawberries.  (Name 
composed  of  *aXv£,  a  cup  or  calyx,  and  av6os,  flower,  from  the  closed  cup  which 
contains  the  pistils.) 

1.  C.  florid  US,  L.     Leaves  oval,  soft-downy  underneath.  —  Virginia?  and 
southward,  on  hill-sides  in  rich  soil.     Common  in  gardens.    April -Aug. 

2.  C.  Isevi S:\tttS,  Willd.      Leaves  oblong,  thin,  either  blunt  or  taper 
pointed,  bright  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides,  or  rather  pale  be- 
neath; flowers  smaller.  —  Mountains  of  Franklin  Co.,  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter), 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.    May- Aug. 

3.  CJ»  glaficus,  Willd.    Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  conspic- 
uously taper-pointed,  glaucous-white  beneath,  roughish  above,  glabrous,  larger  than 
in  the  others  (4'  -  7'  long) ;  the  flowers  also  larger.  — Virginia  ?  near  the  moun- 
tains and  southward.    May  -  Aug. 


MELASTOMAC^EE.      (MELASTOMA   FAMILY.)  127 

ORDER   41.    MEL.ASTOMACEJE.     (MELASTOMA  FAMILY.) 

Myrtle-like  plants,  with  opposite  ribbed  leaves,  and  anthers  opening  by 
pores  at  the  apex ;  otherwise  much  as  in  the  Evening-Primrose  Family.  — 
All  tropical,  except  the  genus 

1.    RHEXIA,    L.        DEER-GRASS.    MEADOW-BEAUTY. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below,  and  continued  above 
it,  persistent,  4-cleft  at  the  apex.  Petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  oblique,  in- 
serted, along  with  the  8  stamens,  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Anthers 
long,  1 -celled,  inverted  in  the  bud.  Style  1  :  stigma  1.  Pod  invested  by  the 
permanent  calyx,  4-celled,  with  4  many-seeded  placentas  projecting  from  the 
central  axis.  Seeds  coiled  like  a  snail-shell,  without  albumen.  —  Low  perennial 
herbs,  often  bristly,  with  sessile  3  -  5-nerved  and  bristle-edged  leaves,  and  large 
showy  cymose  flowers ;  the  petals  falling  early.  (Name  from  prj&s,  o,  rupture. 
applied  to  fhis  genus  for  no  obvious  reason.) 

#  Anthers  linear ,  curved,  with  a  minute  spur  on  the  back  at  the  attachment  of  th« 
filament  above  its  base :  flowers  cymose,  peduncled. 

1.  R.  Virginica,  L.     Stem  square,  with  wing-like  angles;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute ;  petals  bright  purple.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Massachusetts  along 
the  coast,  to  Virginia,  Ohio,  and  southward.    July. 

2.  R«    ItfcirifilAcl,    L.     Stems  cylindrical;    leaves  linear-oblong,   narrowed 
below ;  petals  paler.  —  Sandy  swamps,  N.  Jersey,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

*  #  Anthers  oblong,  straight,  without  any  spur :  flowers  few,  sessile. 

3.  R.  ciliosa,  Michx.     Stem  square,  glabrous;    leaves  broadly  ovate, 
ciliate  with  long  bristles ;  calyx  glabrous.  —  Maryland  and  southward. 

ORDER  42.     LYTHRACE^E.     (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx  enclosing, 
but  free  from,  the  1  —  ^-celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  membranous  pod,  and 
bearing  the  4-7  deciduous  petals  and  4-14  stamens  on  its  throat;  the  latter 
lower  down.  Style  1 :  stigma  capitate,  or  rarely  2-lobed.  —  Flowers  axillary 
or  whorled,  rarely  irregular.  Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Pod  often  1- 
celled  by  the  early  breaking  away  of  the  thin  partitions :  placentae  in  the 
axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen.  —  Branches  usually  4-sided. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  regular,  or  very  nearly  so. 

1.  AMMANNIA     Calyx  short,  4-angled,  not  striate.    Petals  4,  or  none.    Stamens  4. 

2.  LYTHRUM.    Calyx  tubular-cylindrical,  striate.    Petals  4 -7.    Stamens  5-14. 

8.  NES^A.    Calyx  short-campanulate.    Stamens  10  - 14,  exserted,  mostly  unequal. 

*  *  Flowers  irregular  :  petals  unequal. 
4.  CUPHEA.    Calyx  spurred  or  enlarged  on  one  side  at  the  base.    Stamens  12. 


128  LTTHRACE^E.       (LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.) 

1.    AJUMANNIA,    Houston.        AMMANNIA. 

Calyx  globular  or  bell-shaped,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  with  a  little  horn-shaped 
appendage  at  each  sinus.  Petals  4  (purplish),  small  and  deciduous,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  4,  short.  Pod  globular,  4-celled.  —  Low  and  inconspicuous 
smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  narrow  leaves,  and  small  greenish  flowers  in  their 
axils.  (Named  after  Ammann,  a  Russian  botanist  anterior  to  Linnaus.) 

1.  A*  hiimilis,  Michx.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  tapering  into  a 
slight  petiole,  or  the  base  somewhat  arrow-shaped  ;  flowers  solitary  or  3  together 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  sessile;  style  veiy  short.    ©  —  Low  and  wet  places, 
from  Connecticut  and  Michigan  southward.    July  -  Sept. 

2.  A.  latifolia,  L.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2'  -3'.  long),  with  a  broad 
auricled  sessile  base  ;  style  mostly  slender.     ©  —  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.    L^THRUM,    L.        LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  4  -  7-toothed,  with  as  many  little  processes  in  the 
sinuses.  Petals  4-7.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  the  number,  in- 
serted low  down  on  the  calyx,  commonly  nearly  equal.  Pod  oblong,  2-celled. 
—  Slender  herbs,  with  opposite  or  scattered  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and  purple 
(rarely  white)  flowers.  (Name  from  \v6pov,  blood;  perhaps  from  the  crimson 
blossoms  of  some  species.) 

*  Stamens  and  petals  5-7  :  flowers  small,  solitary  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  oj 
the  mostly  scattered  upper  leaves  :  proper  calyx-teeth  often  shorter  than  the  interme- 
diate  processes  :  plants  smooth. 

1.  JL.  HTSSOPIF6LIA,  L.     Low  (6'  -10'  high),  pale;  leaves  oblong-linear,  ob- 
tuse, longer  than  the  inconspicuous  flowers  ;  petals    (pale  purple)  5-6.    ©  — 
Marshes,  coast  of  Massachusetts,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.  ?) 

2.  L.  altltuni,  Pursh.      Tall  and   wand-like  ;   branches  with  margined 
angles  ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  not  longer  than  the 
flowers;  petals  (deep  purple)  6.     1J.  —  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southward. 

3.  li.  lineare,  L.     Stem  slender  and  tall,  bushy,  at  the  top,  two  of  the 
angles  margined  ;  leaves  linear,  short,  chiefly  opposite,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute 
and  scarcely  exceeding  the  flowers  ;  calyx  obscurely  striate  ;  petals  (whitish)  6. 
ty  —  Brackish  marshes,  N.  Jersey  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Stem  3°  -4°  high. 

*  #  Stamens  12-14,  twice  the  number  of  the  petals,  half  of  them  sometimes  much 

short,er  :  flowers  large,  crowded  and  whorled  in  an  interrupted  wand-like  spike. 

4.  Li.  Salicaria,  L.      (SPIKED    LOOSESTRIFE.)      Leaves    lanceolate, 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  sometimes  whorled  in  threes.  —  Wet  meadows,  Eastern 
New  England,  and  Orange  County,  New  York  :  also  cultivated.    July.  —  Plant 
mope  or  less  downy,  tall  :  flowers  large,  purple.     (Eu.) 


•          3.    NESJEA,    Commerson,  Juss.        SWAMP  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  short,  broadly  bell-shaped  or  hemispherical,  with  5-7  erect  teeth  and 
as  many  longer  and  spreading  horn-like  processes  at  the  sinuses.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  10-14,  exserted.  Pod  globose,  3-5-celled.  —  Perennial  herbs  of 
glightly  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  and  axillary  flowers. 


ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  129 

1.  N.  verticill:\ta,  H.  B.  K.  Smooth  or  downy;  stems  recurved  (2°- 
8°  long),  4-6-sided  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  opposite  or  whorled,  the 
upper  with  clustered  flowers  in  their  axils  on  short  pedicels ;  petals  5,  wedge- 
lanceolate,  rose-purple  (£'  long) ;  stamens  10,  half  of  them  shorter.  (Decodon 
verticillatum,  Gmdin.)  —  Swampy  grounds,  common.  July  -  Sept. 

4.    C  tJF HE  A,    Jacq.        CUPHEA. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  somewhat  inflated  below,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the 
base  on  the  upper  side,  6-toothed  at  the  apex,  and  usually  with  as  many  little 
processes  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  6,  very  unequal.  Stamens  mostly  12,  approxi- 
mate in  2  sets,  included,  unequal.  Ovary  with  a  curved  gland  at  the  base  next 
the  spur  of  the  calyx,  1  -  2-celled  :  style  slender :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  oblong, 
few-seeded,  early  ruptured  through  one  side.  —  Flowers  solitary,  stalked.  (Name 
from  KV</>OS,  gibbous,  from  the  shape  of  the  calyx,  &c.) 

1.  C.  viscosissima,  Jacq.  (CLAMMY  CUPHEA.)  Annual,  very  vis- 
cid-hairy, branching ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  petals  ovate,  short-clawed,  purple. 
—  Dry  fields,  New  York  to  Penn.,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Seeds 
flat,  borne  on  one  side  of  the  placenta,  which  is  early  forced  out  the  pod. 

ORDER  43.    OJVAGRACE^E.     (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  ^-merous  (sometimes  2  -  3-merous)  flowers ;  the  tube  of  the 
calyx  cohering  with  the  2  -  ^-celled  ovary,  its  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  obso- 
lete, the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  and  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals  or  calyx -lobes.  —  There  are  two  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.     ONAGRACE.3E  PROPER. 

Calyx-tube  often  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  petals  (rarely  want-, 
ing)  and  stamens  inserted  on  its  summit.    Pollen-grains  connected  by  cob- 
webby threads.    Style  single,  slender :  stigma  2  -  4-lobed  or  capitate.    Pod 
loculicidally  4-celled  and  4-valved,  or  indehiscent :  placentas  in  the  axis. 
Seeds  anatropous,  no  albumen. 

1.  EPILOBITJM.    Stamens  8.    Petals  4.    Seeds  with  a  large  downy  tuft  at  the  apex. 

2.  (ENOTHERA     Stamens  8.    Petals  4.    Calyx-tube  prolonged.     Seeds  naked,  numerous. 

3.  GAURA.     Stamens  8.    Petals  4.    Calyx-tube  prolonged.    Pod  1  -  4-seeded,  indehiscent. 

4.  JUSSLEA.    Stamens  8 -12.    Petals  4 -6.    Calyx-tube  not  prolonged.    Pod  many-seeded. 
5   LUDWIGIA.    Stamens  4.     Petals  4,  or  none.     Calyx  and  pod  as  in  No.  4. 

6.  CIRCJEA.    Stamens  2.    Petals  2.    Calyx  slightly  prolonged.    Pod  1  -2-celled,  1  -  2- seeded 

SUBORDER  II.    HALORAGE^E. 

Calyx-tube  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  the  lobes  obsolete. 
Petals  often  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1- 4-celled,  with  a 
solitary  suspended  seed  in  each  cell.  Albumen  thin.  —  Aquatic  plants, 
with  very  small  axillary  sessile  flowers,  often  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

7.  PROSERPINACA     Stamens  3.    Fruit  3-sided,  3-celled.    Flowers  perfect. 

8.  MYRIOPHYLLUM.    Stamens  4  -  8.    Fruit  4-angled,  4-c«lled.    Flowers  monoecious. 

9.  HIPPUHIS.    Stamen  1.    Fruit  1-celled.    Style  slender.    Flowers  perfect. 


130  ONAttRACEJE.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  I.     ONAGRACEJE   PROPER. 

1.    EPlLiOBIUUI,    L.        WILLOW-HERB. 

Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  limb  4-cleft,  deciduous.  Petals 
4.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  short.  Pod  linear,  many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of 
long  hairs  at  the  end.  —  Perennials,  with  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  violet,  purple, 
or  white  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  eVi  Xo/3ou  <W,  viz.  a  violet  on  apod.) 

*  Flowers  large  in  a  long  spike  or  raceme :  petals  widely  spreading,  on  claws :  sta 

mens  and  style  turned  to  one  side :  stigma  with  4  long  lobes :  leaves  scattered. 

1.  E.  angustifolium,   L.     GREAT  WILLOW-HERB.)     Stem  simple, 
tall  (4° -7°);  leaves  lanceolate.  —  Low  grounds,  especially  in  newly  cleared 
land ;  common  northward.    July. — Flowers  pink-purple,  very  showy.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  small,  corymbed  or  panicled:  petals,  stamens,  and  style  erect:  stigma 

club-shaped:  lower  leaves  opposite,  entire  or  denticulate. 

2.  E.  alpillllili,  L.     Low  (2' -6' high);  nearly  glabrous;  stems  ascending 
from  a  stoloniferous  base,  simple;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
nearly  entire,  on  short  petioles ;  flowers  few  or  solitary,  drooping  in  the  bud ; 
petals  purple ;  pods  long,  glabrous.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains 
of  New  Hampshire,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York.     (Eu.) 

Var.  lie ;i  jus,  Wahl.  Taller ;  upper  leaves  more  or  less  acute  and  toothed ; 
pod  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent.  (E.  alsinifolium,  Vill  E.  origanifoli- 
um,  Lam.)  —  With  the  typical  form.  (Eu.) 

3.  E.  palustre,  L.,  var.  lineare.     Erect  and  slender  (l°-2°high), 
branched  above,  minutely  hoary-pubescent ;  stem  roundish ;  leaves  narrowly-lanceo- 
late or  linear,  nearly  entire ;  flower-buds  somewhat  nodding ;  petals  purplish  or 
white ;  pods  hoary.     (E.  lineare,  Muhl.    E.  squamatum,  Nutt.)  — Bogs,.N.  Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     There  is  also  a  small  and  simple 
1  -few-flowered  form  (4' -9'  high),  less  hoary  or  nearly  glabrous,  with  shorter 
leaves  (E.  oliganthum,  Michx.),  found  in  N.  New  York,  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire  and  northward.    This  is  E.  nutans,  Sommerf.  &  E.  lineare,  Fries, 
but  the  pods  are  usually  a  little  hoary.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  lit 6 He,  Torr.     Soft-downy  all  over,  strictly  erect  (l°-2£°  high),  at 
length  branching ;  leaves  crowded ;  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  blunt,  mostly  peti- 
oled ;  petals  rose-color,  notched  (2"  -3"  long).  —  Bogs,  Rhode  Island  and  Penn 
to  Michigan,  and  northward.     Sept. 

5.  E.  COl  or  a.  turn,  Muhl.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so;   stem  roundish,  not 
angled,  much  branched  (l°-3°  high),  many-flowered;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  denticulate,  often  petioled,  not  at  all  decurrent,  thin,  usually  purple- 
veined  ;  flower-buds  erect.;  petals  purplish,  2-cleft  at  the  summit  (l£"  -  2"  long). 

—  Wet  places ;  common.    July  -  Sept. 

2.    CENOTHERA,    L.        EVENING  PRIMROSE. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous;  the  lobes  4,  reflexed. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8  :  anthers  mostly  linear.  Pod  4-valvcd,  many-seeded, 


ONAGRACE2E.      (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  131 

Seeds  naked.  — Leaves  alternate.     (Name  from  olvos,  wine,  and  Qfjpa,  a  chase . 
the  application  uncertain.) 

$  1.  Annuals  or  biennials:  flowers  nocturnal,  odorous,  withering  the  next  day :  pods 
cylindrical,  closely  sessile. 

1.  CE.  biennis,  L.     (COMMON  EVENING-PRIMROSE.)     Erect,  mostly 
hairy ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed ;  flowers  in  a  terminal 
rather  leafy  spike  ;   calyx-tube  much  prolonged ;  petals  inversely  heart-shaped 
(light  yellow) ;  pods  oblong,  somewhat  tapering  above. — Varies  greatly;  as 
Var.  1.  MURICATA,  with  rough-bristly  stem  and  pods,  and  petals  rather  longer 
than  the  stamens.     Var.  2.  GRANDIFIX!>RA,  with  larger  and  more  showy  petals. 
Var.  3.  PARVIFL6RA,  with  petals  about  the  length  of  the  stamens.     Var.  4. 
CRUCIA.TA,  with  singularly  small  and  narrow  linear-oblong  petals,  shorter  than 
the  stamens,  and  smooth  pods.  —  Common  everywhere.    June  -  Sept. 

2.  CE.  rhombipetala,    Nutt.     Petals  rhombic-ovate,  acute;  calyx-tube 
very  slender  ;  pods  short,  cylindrical :  otherwise  resembling  a  smoothish  and 
narrow-leaved  state  of  No.  1.  —  Wisconsin  (Dr.  Parry)  and  southwestward. 

3.  CE.  simifita,  L.     Hairy,  low,  ascending,   or  at  length  procumbent; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed,  often  pinnatifid,  the  lower  petioled ; 
flowers  (small)  axillary ;  petals  not  longer  than  the  stamens  (pale  yellow,  rose- 
color  in  fading) ;  pods  cylindrical,  elongated.  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  and 
southward,  principally  a  dwarf  state.    June. 

§  2.  Biennials  or  perennials :  flowers  diurnal  (opening  in  sunshine),  yellow :  pods 
club-shaped,  with  4  strong  or  winged  angles  and  4  intermediate  ribs. 

4.  CE.  glauca,  Michx.     Very  glabrous,  glaucous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate;  pods  obo void-oblong,  4-winged,  almost  sessile.     1J. — Mountains  of 
Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May  -  July.  —  Leaves  broader  and  flow- 
ers larger  than  in  the  next. 

5.  CE.  fmticosa,  L.     (SUNDROPS.)     Hairy  or  nearly  smooth;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong ;  raceme  corymbed,  naked  below ;  petals  broadly  obcordate, 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  and  stamens ;  pods  oblong-dub-shaped,  ^-winged,  longer 
than  the  pedicels.     1J.  — Open  places,  from  New  York  southward  and  westward. 
June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  1°  -  3°  high,  with  several  varieties.     Corolla  l£'  broad. 

6.  CE.  riparia,  Nutt.      Scarcely  pubescent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elon- 
gated, tapering  below  and  somewhat  stalked ;  flowers  (large)  in  a  rather  leafy  at 
length  elongated  raceme ;  petals  slightly  obcordate  ;  pods  oblong-club-shaped,  slen 
der-pedicelled,  scarcely  4-winged.    ®  —  Elver-banks  and  swamps ;  Quaker  Bridge, 
New  Jersey,  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

7.  CE.   linearis,   Michx.      Slender,    minutely   hoary-pubescent;    leaves 
linear ;  flowers  (rather  large)  somewhat  corymbed  at  the  end  of  the  branches , 
pods  obovate,  hoary,  scarcely  4-winged  at  the  summit,  tapering  into  a  slender  pedicel. 
—  Montauk  Point,  Long  Island,  to  Virginia  and  southward.    June.  —  Plant  1° 
high,  bushy-branched :  flowers  1 '  wide. 

8.  CE.  clirysantlia,  Michx.     Slender,  smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  Ian 
eeolate,  rather  blunt ;  flowers  crowded  or  at  first  corymbed ;  petals  obovate,  notched 
at  the  end  (orange-yellow),  longer  than  the  stamens ;  pods  all  pedicelled,  oblong-club- 


132  ONAGRACE^E.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

shaped,  scarcely  wing-angled.  @1  —  Banks,  Oswcgo,  New  York,  to  Michigan 
and  northward.  July.  —  Stem  12'  -15'  high;  flowers  larger  than  in  No.  9, 
from  which  it  may  not  be  distinct. 

9.  CE.  pumila,  L.  Almost  smooth,  small  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
mostly  obtuse  ;  flowers  in  a  loose  and  prolonged  leafy  raceme  ;  petals  obcordate 
(pale,  yellow)  scarcely  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  pods  almost  sessile,  oblong-club- 
shaped,  strongly  wing-angled.  (2)  or  1|.  ?  —  Dry  fields,  common  northward, 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  June.  —  Stems  mostly  simple,  5'  -12' 

high  :  the  corolla  £'  broad. 

i 

3.     GAtlltA,    L.        GAURA. 

Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous  ;  the  lobes  4  (rarely 
3),  reflexed.  Petals  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to  the  upper  side.  Stamens 
mostly  8,  often  turned  down,  as  also  the  long  style.  Stigma  4-lobed.  Fruit 
hard  and  nut-like,  3-4-ribbed  or  angled,  indehiscent  or  nearly  so,  usually  be- 
coming 1-celled  and  l-4-seeded.  Seeds  naked.  —  Leaves  alternate,  sessile. 
Flowers  rose-color  or  white,  changing  to  reddish  in  fading,  in  wand-like  spikes 
or  racemes  ;  in  our  species  quite  small  (so  that  the  name,  from  yaupos,  superb, 
docs  not  appear  very  appropriate). 

1.  O.  bienniS,  L.     Soft-hairy  or  downy  (3°  -8°  high);  leaves  oblong-lance- 
olate, acute,  denticulate  ;  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  ribbed.     ©  —  Dry 
banks,  from  New  York  westward  and  southward  ;  common.     Aug. 

2.  G.  filipes,  Spach.     Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  slender  (2°  -4°  high)  ;  haves 
linear,  mostly  toothed,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  very  slen- 
der, naked  ;  fruit  obovate-club-shaped,  4-angled  at  the  summit,  slender-pedicelled. 

—  Open  places,  from  Ohio  westward  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.    JUSSIVE  A,    L.        JUSSI^A. 

Calyx-tube  elongated,  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  lobes  4-6, 
herbaceous  and  persistent.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  tw^jce  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Pod  4-6-celled,  usually  long,  opening  between  the  ribs.  Seeds  veiy  numerous. 

—  Herbs  with  mostly  entire  and  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers. 
(Dedicated  to  Bernard  de  Jussieu,  the  founder  of  the  Natural  System  of  Botany 
as  further  developed  by  his  illustrious  nephew.) 

1.  J.  decurrens,  DC.  Glabrous;  stem  erect  (1°-  2°  high),  branching, 
winged  by  the  decurrent  lanceolate  leaves  ;  calyx-lobes  4,  as  long  as  the  petals  ; 
stamens  8  ;  pod  oblong-club-shaped,  wing-angled.  1J.  —  Wet  places,  Virginia, 
Illinois,  and  southward.  June  -Aug. 


5.    liUD'WoIA,    -k.        FALSE  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx-tube  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  lobes  4,  usually  per- 
sistent. Petals  4,  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens  4.  Pod  short  or  cylindri- 
cal, many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  axillary 
(rarely  capitate)  flowers.  (Named  in  honor  of  Ludwig,  Professor  of  Botan-?  at 
Leipsic,  contemporary  with  Linnaeus.) 


ONAGRACEJE.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.)  133 

*  leaves  alternate,  sessile :  flowers  pedunded :  petals  yellow,  about  equalling  the  calyx. 

1.  Li.  allcrni folia,  L.     (SEED-BOX.)     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  branched 
(3°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends;  pods  cubical,  rounded 
at  the  base,  wing-angled.  —  Swamps;  common  southward  and  near  the  coast. 
Aug. — Pods  opening  first  by  a  hole  at  the  end  where  the  style  falls  off,  after 
wards  splitting  in  pieces. 

2.  Li.  hirtella,  Kaf.     Hairy  all  over ;  stems  nearly  simple  (1°- 2°  high); 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at  both  ends ;  pods  nearly  as  in 
the  last,  but  scarcely  wing-angled.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia, 
and  southward.    June  -  Sept. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate,  sessile  :  flowers  sessile :  petals  minute  or  none. 

3.  Li.  sphacrocarpa,  Ell.      Nearly  smooth,  much  branched   (l°-3° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  at  the  base ;  flowers  solitary,  without 
bractlets ;  petals  mostly  wanting ;  pods  globular,  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  very 
small.  —  Wet  swamps,  Massachusetts  (Tewksbury,  Greene),  New  York  (Peeks 
kill,  R.  L  Browne),  New'  Jersey  y  and  thence  southward. 

4.  Li.  |»olyc;ir|>a,  Short  &  Peter.      Smooth,   much   branched  ;   leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends ;  flowers  oflen  clustered  in  the  axils,  with- 
out petals ;  bractlets  on  the  base  of  the  4-sided  top-shaped  pod,  which  is  longer  than 
the  calyx-lobes.  —  Swamps,  Michigan,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky.     Aug.  —  Stem 
l°-3°  high,  sometimes  with  runners. 

5.  L<.  liiicaris,  Walt.     Smooth,  slender  (1°  high),  often  branched,  with 
narrow  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves ;  bearing  short  runners  with  obovate  leaves ; 
flowers  solitary,  usually  with  (greenish-yellow)  petals ;  bractlets  minute ;  pods  don* 
gated  top-shaped,  4-sidcd,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  *  Leaves  opposite,  petioled:  flowers  sessile :  petals  none  or  small.    (Isnardia,  L.) 

6.  L..  paliistris,  Ell.     (WATER  PURSLANE.)     Smooth,  low ;  stems  pro- 
cumbent, rooting  or  floating ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  tapering  into  a  slender  peti- 
ole ;  calyx-lobes  very  short ;   pods  oblong,  4-sided,  not  tapering  at  the  base. 
(Isnardia  palustris,  L.) — Ditches,  common.     July -Oct. — Petals  rarely  pres- 
ent, small  and  reddish  when  the  plant  grows  out  of  water.     (Eu.) 

*  •*  *  *  Leaves  opposite,  sessile  :  flowers  long -pedunded :  petals  exceeding  the  calyx. 

7.  L..  arcii:\ta,  Walt.     Smooth,  small  and  creeping;  leaves  oblanceo- 
latc ;  flowers  solitary,  yellow  (£'  broad);  peduncles  £'-!'  long;  pods  oblong- 
club-shaped  somewhat  curved  (£'  long).  —  Swamps,  Eastern  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    May. 

6.     CIKCJEA,    Tourn.        ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged,  the  end  filled  by  a  cup-shaped  disk,  deciduous; 
lobes  2,  rcflexed.  Petals  2,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Stamens  2.  Pod  obovate, 
1  -2-celled,  bristly  with  hooked vhairs :  cells  1 -seeded. — Low  and  inconspicuous 
perennials,  with  opposite  thin  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  small  whitish 
flowers  in  racemes.  (Named  from  Circe,  the  enchantress.) 
12 


134  ONA GRACED.       (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  jLutetiana,  L.     Stem  mostly  pubescent  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  ovate, 
pointed  slightly  toothed  ;  bracts  none ;  hairs  of  the  roundish  2-celled  fruit  bristly. 
—  Moisc  woodlands.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  iilpiim,  L.    Low  (3'  -8'  high),  smooth  and  weak ;  leaves  heart-shaped, 
thin,  shining,  coarsely  toothed;  bracts  minute;  hairs  of  the  obovate-oblong  l-celled 
fruit  soft  and  slender.  —  Cold  woods ;  common  northward.    July.     (Eu.) 

SUBORDER  II.    HALORAGEJE.    THE  WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY. 

7.    PROSERPINACA,    L.        MERMAID-WEED. 

Calyx-tube  3-sided,  the  limb  3-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas 
3,  cylindrical.  Fruit  bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  nut-like.  — Low,  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  the  stems  creeping  at  the  base  (whence  the  name,  from  proserpo, 
to  creep),  alternate  leaves,  and  small  perfect  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils,  solitary 
or  3  -  4  together. 

1.  P.  palustris,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  the  lower  pecti- 
nate when  under  water ;  fruit  sharply  angled.  —  Wet  swamps.    June  -  Aug. 

2.  P.  pectmacea,  Lam.     Leaves  all  pectinate,  the  divisions  linear-awl- 
shaped  ;  fruit  rather  obtusely  angled.  —  Sandy  swamps,  near  the  coast. 

8.    MYRIOPHYI^UM,    Vaill.        WATER-MILFOIL. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted,  of 
the  fertile  4-toothcd.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Stamens  4-8.  Fruit  nut-like,  4- 
celled,  deeply  4-lobed :  stigmas  4,  recurved.  —  Perennial  aquatics.  Leaves 
crowded,  often  whorled;  those  under  water  pinnately  parted  into  capillary 
divisions.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  produced  above 
water ;  the  uppermost  staminate.  (Name  from  /xupios,  a  thousand,  and  (f>v\\ov. 
a  leaf,  i.  e.  Milfoil.) 

*  Stamens  8  :  petals  deciduous  :  carpels  even :  leaves  whorled  in  threes. 

1.  M.  spicatum,  L.    Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  capillary,  except 
the  floral  ones  or  bracts;  these  are  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  and  chiefly  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  which  thus  appear  to  form  an  interrupted  leafless  spike.  —  Deep 
water,  common.    July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  HI.  vci'ticillatlliil,  L.     Floral  leaves  much  longer  than  the  flowers,  pec- 
tinate-pinnatifld :  otherwise  nearly  as  No.  1. — Ponds,  &c.  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stamens  4 :  petals  rather  persistent :  carpels  1  -  Z-ridged  and  roughened  on  the 
back :  leaves  whorled  in  fours  and  fives,  the  lotver  with  capillary  divisions. 

3.  M.  heterophylliim,  Michx.     Stem  stout ;  floral  leaves  ovate  and 
lanceolate,  thick,  crowded,  sharply  serrate,  the  lowest  pinnatifid ;  fruit  obscurely 
roughened.  —  Lakes  and  rivers,  from  N.  New  York  westward  and  southward. 

4.  ]H.  scabratum,  Michx.    Stem  rather  slender ;  lower  leaves  pinnately 
parted  with  few  capillary  divisions ;  floral  leaves  linear  (rarely  scattered),  pectinate- 
toothed  or  cut-serrate :  carpels  strongly  2-ridged  and  roughened  on  the  back.  —  ShaJ 
low  ponds,  from  Rhode  Island  and  Ohio  southward. 


LOASACE^:.     (LOASA  FAMILY.)  135 

*  *  *  Stamens  4 :  petals  rather  persistent :  carpels  even  on  the  back :  leaves  chiefly 

scattered,  or  wanting  on  the  flowering  stems. 

6.  M.  :imt>i£Tiiiui,  Nutt.  Immersed  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  about 
10  very  delicate  capillary  divisions ;  the  emerging  ones  pectinate,  or  the  upper  floral 
linear  and  sparingly  toothed  or  entire ;  floioers  mostly  perfect ;  fruit  (minute) 
smooth.  —  Var.  1.  NA.TANS  :  stems  floating,  prolonged.  Var.  2.  CAPILLA- 
CEUM  :  stems  floating,  long  and  very  slender ;  leaves  all  immersed  and  capil- 
lary. Var.  3.  Liai6suM  :  small,  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  all  linear,  incised, 
toothed,  or  entire. — Ponds  and  ditches,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  Penn., 
and  southward,  near  the  coast.  July  -  Sept. 

6.  M»  teiicllum,  Bigelow.  Flowering  stems  nearly  leafless  and  scape-like, 
(3' -10'  high),  erect,  simple;  the  sterile  shoots  creeping  and  tufted;  bracts 
small,  entire ;  flowers  alternate,  monoecious ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  N. 
New  York,  New  England,  and  northward.  July. 

9.     HIPP  IT  11  IS,    L.        MARE'S-TAIL. 

Calyx  entire.  Petals  none.  Stamen  1,  inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  calyx. 
Style  single,  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  down  one  side,  received  in  the  groove  be- 
tween the  lobes  of  the  large  anther.  Fruit  nut-like,  1 -celled,  1 -seeded.  — Peren- 
nial aquatics,  with  simple  entire  leaves  in  whorls,  and  minute  flowers  sessile  in 
the  axils,  perfect  or  polygamous.  (Name  from  ITTTTOS,  a  horse,  and  ovpa,  a  tail.) 

1.  II.  VlilgAris,  L.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  8  or  12,  linear,  acute. — Ponds 
and  springs,  New  York  to  Kentucky  and  northward :  rare.  Stems  simple,  1°- 
9°  high.  Flowers  very  inconspicuous.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  44.     LOASACE^E.     (LOASA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  a  rough  or  stinging  pubescence,  no  stipules,  Hie  calyx-tube  ad- 
herent to  a  1-celled  ovary  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae :  —  represented  only 
by  the  genus 

1.    MENTZEL.IA,    Plum.        (BAET6NIA,  Nutt.) 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  club-shaped ;  the  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals 
5  or  10,  regular,  spreading,  flat,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  in- 
definite, rarely  few,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Styles 
3,  more  or  less  united  into  one  :  stigmas  terminal,  minute.  Pod  at  length  dry 
and  opening  irregularly,  few  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  anatropous,  with  little 
albumen.  —  Stems  erect.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  or 
cymose-clustered.  (Dedicated  to  C.  Mentzel,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1.  M.  Oligosperma,  Nutt,  Rough  and  adhesive  (l°-3°high),  much 
branched,  the  brittle  branches  spreading ;  leaves  ovate  and  oblong,  cut-toothed 
or  angled  ;  flowers  yellow  (7''- 10"  broad),  opening  in  sunshine ;  petals  wedge- 
oblong,  pointed;  stamens  20  or  more:  filaments  filiform  :  pod  small,  about  9- 
seeded.  CD  1| — Prairies  and  plains,  Illinois  and  southwestward. 


1315  CACTACE^E.     (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

ORDER  45.     CACTACE^E.     (CACTUS  FAMILY.) 

Fleshy  and  thickened  mostly  leafless  plants,  of  peculiar  aspect,  globular, 
or  columnar  and  many-angled,  or  flattened  and  jointed,  usually  with  prickles, 
Flowers  solitary,  sessile  ;  the  sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  sev- 
eral rows,  adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  —  Stamens  numerous,  with  long 
and  slender  filaments,  inserted  on  the  inside  of  the  tube  or  cup  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  sepals  and  petals.  Style  1  :  stigmas  numerous.  Fruit  a 
1-celled  berry,  with  numerous  campylotropous  seeds  on  several  parietal 
placentas.  Albumen  little  or  none.  —  Represented  east  of  the  Mississippi 
only  by 

1.     OPIJNTIA,    Tourn.        PRICKLY  PEAR.     INDIAN  FIG. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  united  into  a  prolonged  tube,  spreading,  regular,  the  inner 
roundish.  Berry  often  prickly.  Seeds  with  albumen.  Cotyledons7  large,  folia- 
ceous  in  germination.  —  Stem  composed  of  joints,  bearing  very  small  awl-shaped 
and  usually  deciduous  leaves  arranged  in  a  spiral  order,  with  clusters  of  barbed 
bristles  and  often  spines  also  in  their  axils.  Flowers  yellow,  opening  in  sun- 
shine for  more  than  one  day.  (A  name  of  Theophrastus,  originally  belonging 
to  some  different  plant.) 

1.  O.  VlllgariS,  Mill.  (Cactus  Opuntia,  L.)  Low,  prostrate-spreading, 
pale,  with  flat  and  broadly  obovate  joints  ;  the  minute  leaves  ovate-subulate  and 
appressed  ;  the  axils  bristly,  rarely  with  a  few  small  spines  ;  flowers  sulphur- 
yellow  ;  bony  nearly  smooth,  eatable.  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  rocks,  from  Nan- 
tucket,  Mass,  southward,  usually  near  the  coast.  June. 

Var.  ?  Rafinesqilii.  Larger,  dark  green,  mostly  spiny,  with  spreading 
and  awl-shaped  leaves.  O.  Rafinesquii,  Engdm.  —  Illinois  and  southward,  and 
probably  in  Virginia. 


ORDER  46.     GROSSTJL.ACEJE.     (CURRANT  FAMILY.) 

Low  shrubs,  sometimes  prickly,  with  alternate  and  palmately-lobed  leaves, 
a  5-lobed  calyx  cohering  with  the  l-celled  ovary,  and  bearing  5  stamens  alter- 
'nating  with  as  many  small  petals.  Fruit  a  l-celled  berry,  with  2  parietal 
placenta?,  crowned  with  the  shrivelled  remains  of  the  calyx.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, anatropous,  with  a  gelatinous  outer  coat,  and  a  minute  embryo  at  the 
base  of  hard  albumen.  Styles  2,  distinct  or  united.  —  Leaves  mostly 
plaited  in  the  bud,  often  clustered  in  the  axils,  the  small  flowers  from  the 
same  clusters,  or  from  separate  lateral  buds.  —  Comprises  only  the  genus 

1.    RIBES,    L.        CURRANT.    GOOSEBERRY. 
Character  same  as  of  the  order.     (Name  of  Arabic  origin.) 

|  1.  GROSSULARIA,  Tourn.  (GOOSEBERRY.)  —  Stems  m»stly  bearing  thorns 
at  the  base  of  the  leafstalks  or  dusters  of  leaves,  and  often  uith  scattered  brislly 
prickles  :  berries  prickly  or  smooth. 


GROSSULACE^E.       (CURRANT    FAMILY.)  137 

*  Peduncles  1  -3-Jlowered:  leaves  roundish-heart-sfiapcd,  3 -5-lobed. 

1.  B.  Cynoslmti,  L.     (WILD  GOOSEBERRY.)     Loaves  pubescent;  pe- 
duncles slender,  2  -  3-flowered ;  stamens  and  undivided  style  not  longer  than  the  broad 
calyx.  —  Kocky  woods ;  common,  especially  northward.    May.  —  Spines  strong. 
Berry  large,  armed  with  long  prickles  like  a  burr,  or  rarely  smooth. 

2.  B.  liirtt'Iliini,  Michx.      (SMOOTH  WILD  GOOSEBERRY.)      Leaves 
somewhat  pubescent  beneath ;  peduncles  very  short,  1  -  2-flowered,  deflexed ;  sta- 
mens and  2-cle/l  style  scarcely  longer  than  the  bell-shaped  (purplish)  calyx ;  fruit 
smooth,  small,  purple,  sweet.  —  Moist  grounds,  N.  England  to  Wisconsin,  com- 
mon.    May.  —  Stems  either  smooth  ^or  prickly,  and  with  very  short  thorns,  or 
none.  —  This  yields  the  commonest  smooth  gooseberry  of  New  England,  &c., 
and  usually  passes  for  R.  triflorum,  Willd.,  which  name  belongs  to  the  next. 

3.  B.    rot ti n<B ifol mm,    Michx.    .  (SMOOTH    WILD    GOOSEBERRY.) 
Leaves   nearly  smooth ;  peduncles  slender,  1  -  3-flowered ;  stamens  and  2-parted 
style  slender,  longer  than  the  narrow  cylindrical  calyx ;  fruit  smooth,  pleasant.  — 
Rocks,  W.  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to 
Virginia,  &c.    June.  —  Leaves  rounded,  with  very  short  and  blunt  lobes. 

*  *  Racemes  5  -  9-Jlowered,  loose,  slender,  nodding. 

4.  B.  Icicustrc,  Poir.     (SWAMP  GOOSEBERRY.)     Young  stems  clothed 
with  bristly  prickles,  and  with  weak  thorns ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  3  -  5-parted, 
with  the  lobes  deeply  cut ;  calyx  broad  and  flat ;  stamens  and  style  not  longer 
than  the  petals ;  fruit  bristly  (small,  unpleasant).  —  Cold  woods  and  swamps, 
N.  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.    June. 

§  2.  RIBESIA,  Berl.    (CURRANT.)  —  Stems  neither  prickly  nor  thorny:  flowers 
(greenish)  in  racemes:  berries  never  prickly. 

5.  B.   prostratum,   L'Her.      (FETID    CURRANT.)      Stems  reclined; 
leaves  deeply  heart-shaped,  5  -  7-lobed,  smooth ;  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  doubly 
serrate ;  racemes  erect,  slender ;  calyx  flattish ;  pedicels  and  the  (pale-red)  fruit 
glandular-bristly.  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  rocks,  from  N.  England  and  Penn. 
northward.     May.  —  The  bruised  plant  and  berries  exhale  an  unpleasant  odor. 

6.  B.  floridum,  L.     (WiLD  BLACK  CURRANT.)    Leaves  sprinkled  vnih 
resinous  dots,  slightly  heart-shaped,  sharply  3  —  5-lobed,  doubly  serrate ;  racemes 
drooping,   downy ;   bracts  longer  than    the   pedicels ;    calyx   tubular-bell-shaped, 
smooth ;  fruit  round-ovoid,  black,  smooth.  —  Woods ;  common.      May.  —  Much 
like  the  Black  Currant  of  the  gardens,  which  the  berries  resemble  in  smell  and 
flavor.    Flowers  large. 

7.  B.  rub  rum,  L.      (RED  CURRANT.)     Stems  straggling  or  reclined; 
leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obtusely  3  -  5-lobed,  serrate,  downy  beneath  when 
young ;  racemes  from  lateral  buds  distinct  from  the  leaf-buds,  drooping ;   calyx  flat 
(green  or  purplish) ;  fruit  globose,  smooth,  red.  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  bogs 
New  Hampshire  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.     Same  as  the  Red  Currant  of  the 
gardens.     (Eu.) 

R.  AUREUM,  Pursh,  the  BUFFALO  or  MISSOURI  CURRANT,  remarkable  for 
the  spicy  fragrance  of  its  early  yellow  blossoms,  is  cultivated  for  ornament.    Its 
leaves  are  convolute  (instead  of  plaited)  in  the  bud. 
12* 


138  PASSIFLORACE^E.       (PASSION-FLOWER   FAMILY.) 

ORDER  47.    PASSIFLORACEJE.     (PASSION-FLOWER  FAM.) 

Fines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  perfect  flowers,  5  monadelphous  stamens, 
and  a  stalked  ^-celled  ovary  free  from  the  calyx ,  with  3  or  4  parietal  placer* 
tee,  and  as  many  club-shaped  styles ;  —  represented  by  the  typical  genus 

1.    PASSIFL.ORA,    L.        PASSION-FLOWER. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  the  hase,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  throat  crowned 
with  a  double  or  triple  fringe.  Petals  5,  arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  5  :  filaments  united  in  a  tube  which  sheathes  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary, 
separate  above :  anthers  large,  fixed  by  the  middle.  Berry  (often  edible)  many- 
seeded  ;  the  anatropous  albuminous  seeds  invested  by  a  pulpy  covering.  Seed- 
coat  brittle  grooved.  —  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed,  generally  with  stip- 
ules. Peduncles  axillary,  jointed.  (Name,  from  passio,  passion,  and^Zos,  a 
flower,  given  by  the  early  missionaries  in  South  America  to  these  flowers,  in 
which  they  fancied  a  representation  of  the  implements  of  the  crucifixion.) 

1.  P.  Ifltea,  L.     Smooth,  slender;  leaves  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  the 
lobes  entire;  petioles  glandless ;  flowers  greenish-yellow  (!'  broad).     1|. —  Damp 
thickets,  Ohio,  Virginia,  and  southward.    July -Sept.  —  Fruit  £'  in  diameter. 

2.  P.  incarnata,  L.     Nearly  smooth;  leaves  3-deft ;  the  lobes  serrate; 
petiole  bearing  2  glands ;  flower  large  (2'  broad),  nearly  white,  with  a  triple  pur- 
ple and  flesh-colored  crown ;  involucre  3-leaved.  — Dry  soil,  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward.    May  -  July.  —  Fruit  of  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  oval. 


ORDER  48.     CUCURBITACEJE.     (GOURD  FAMILY.) 

Herbaceous  mostly  succulent  vines,  with  tendrils,  dioecious  or  monoecious 
(often  monopetalous)  flowers,  the  calyx-tube  cohering  with  the  l-3-cetted 
jvary,  and  the  3.-  5  stamens  commonly  more  or  less  united  by  their  often  tor- 
tuous anthers  as  well  as  by  the  filaments.  Fruit  (pepo)  Jleshy,  or  sometimes 
membranaceous.  — Limb  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  usually  more  or  less  com- 
bined. Stigmas  2-3.  Seeds  large,  usually  flat,  anatropous,  with  no  albu- 
men. Cotyledons  leaf-like.  L'eaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or  veined. 
(Mostly  tropical  or  subtropical.) 

Synopsis. 

1.  SICYOS.    Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  6-lobed.    Fruit  prickly,  inde- 

hiscent,  1-celled,  1  seeded. 

2.  ECHINOCYSTIS.    Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  6-parted.    Pod  prickly, 

2-celled,  4-seeded,  bursting  at  the  top. 

8.  MELOTHRIA.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  somewhat  campanulate,  6-cleft.     Berry 
smooth,  many-seeded. 

I 

1.    SICYOS,    L.        ONE-SEEDED  STAR-CUCUMBER. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  5,  united  I  alow  into  a  bell-shaped  or  flattish 
corolla.  Stamens  5,  all  cohering,  OvarJ  1 -celled,  with  a  single  suspended 


CUCURBITACEA       (GOUKD    FAMILY.)  139 

ovule:  style  slender:  stigmas  3.    Fruit  ovate,  dry  and  indehiscent,  filled  by 
the  single  seed,  covered  with  barbed  prickly  bristles  which  are  readily  detached. 

—  Climbing  annuals,  with  small  whitish  flowers ;  the  sterile  and  fertile  mostly 
from  the  same  axils,  the  former  corymbed,  the  latter  in  a  capitate  cluster,  long- 
peduncled.     (The  Greek  name  for  the  Cucumber.) 

1.  S.  ailgrillatus,  L.  Leaves  roundish-heart-shaped  and  5-angled  or 
lobed,  the  lobes  pointed ;  plant  beset  with  clammy  hairs.  —  Eiver-banks.  July  - 
Sept. 

2.    ECHINOCirSTIS,    Torr.  &  Gray.        WILD  BALSAM-APPLE. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  6,  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  into  an  open 
spreading  corolla.  Stamens  3,  separable  into  2  sets.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2 
erect  ovules  in  each  cell :  stigma  broad.  Fruit  large,  ovoid,  fleshy,  at  length 
dry,  clothed  with  weak  prickles,  bursting  at  the  summit,  2-celled,  4-seeded,  the 
inner  part  fibrous-netted.  Seeds  large,  obovate-oblong.  —  An  annual,  rank,  and 
tall-climbing  plant,  nearly  smooth,  with  deeply  and  sharply  5-lobed  thin  leaves, 
and  very  numerous  small  greenish-white  flowers ;  the  sterile  in  compound  ra- 
cemes often  1°  long,  the  fruitful  in  small  clusters  or  solitary,  from  the  same 
axils.  (Name  composed  of  e^Ti/os,  a  hedgehog,  and  KIHTTIS,  a  bladder,  from  the 
prickly  covering  of  the  at  length  bladdery  fruit.) 

1.  E.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gr.     (Sicyos,  Michx.    Momordica  echinata,  MM.) 

—  Rich  soil  along  rivers,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.    July- 
Oct.  —  Fruit  2'  long. 

3.    MEJLOTHRIA,    L.        MELOTHRIA. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious ;  the  sterile  campanulate,  the  corolla  5- 
lobed ;  the  fertile  with  the  calyx-tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  then  campan- 
ulate. Anthers  3  or  5,  more  or  less  united.  Berry  fleshy,  filled  with  many  flat 
and  horizontal  seeds.  —  Tendrils  simple.  Flowers  very  small.  (Altered  from 
Mrj\a>6pov,  an  ancient  name  for  a  sort  of  white  grape.) 

1.  M.  pendllla,  L.  Slender,  climbing  ;  leaves  small,  roundish  and 
heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  lobed,  roughish ;  sterile  flowers  few  in  small  racemes ; 
the  fertile  solitary,  greenish,  or  yellowish;  berry  oval  (^'-1'  long),  green,  ty 

—  Copses,  Virginia  and  southward.    June  -  Aug. 


CUCUMIS  SATIVDS,  the  CUCUMBER;  C.  MELO,  the  MUSKMELON,  C.  Ci- 
TRULLUS,  the  WATERMELON;  CUCURBITA  PEPO,  the  PUMPKIN,  C.  MELO- 
PEPO,  the  ROUND  SQUASH  ;  C.  VERRUC6SA,  the  LONG  SQUASH  ;  C.  AURAN- 
TIA,  the  ORANGE  GOURD  ;  and  LAGENARIA  VULGARIS,  the  BOTTLE  GOURD, 
are  the  most  familiar  cultivated  representatives  of  this  family. 

ORDER  49.     CRASSTJlACE^E.     (ORPINE  FAMILY.) 

Succulent  herbs,  with  perfectly  symmetrical  flowers ;  viz.  the  petals  and 
pistils  equalling  the  sepals  in  number  (3-20),  and  the  stamens  the  same  or 
double  their  number.  —  Sepals  persistent,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base. 


14.0  CRASSULACE2E.       (ORPINE    FAMILY.) 

Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud  (rarely  wanting),  inserted,  with  the  distinct 
stamens,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pistils  distinct  (united  below  in  Pen- 
thorum),  usually  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base  of  each,  forming  pods  (folli- 
cles) which  open  along  the  inner  suture.  Seeds  anatropous :  the  straight 
embryo  surrounded  by  thin  albumen.  Flowers  usually  cymose,  small. 
Leaves  chiefly  sessile. 

Synopsis. 

*  Pistils  entirely  separate.    (True  Crassulaceae.) 

1.  TILTJRA     Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4,  distinct. 

2.  SEDUM.    Sepals,  petals,  and  pistils  4  or  5,  distinct.    Stamens  10-8. 

*  *  Pistils  united  below  into  a  5-celled  many-seeded  pod. 

3.  PENTHORUM.    Sepals  5.    Petals  commonly  none.    Stamens  10.    Pod  6-beaked. 

1.     TILLjfaA,     L.          TlLLSJA. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4.  Pods  2 -many-seeded.  —  Very 
small  tufted  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Titti,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  T.  Simplex,  Nutt.  Rooting  at  the  base  (l'-2'  high);  leaves  linear- 
oblong  ;  flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile  ;  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  (greenish- 
white)  petals  and  the  narrow  8-10-seeded  pods,  the  latter  with  a  scale  at  the 
base  of  each.  (T.  ascendens,  Eaton.) — Muddy  river-banks,  Nantucket  to  E. 
Perm.  July -Sept. 

2.    SEDUM,    L.        STONE-CROP.        ORPINE. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5.     Stamens  8  or  10.    Pods  many-seeded;  a  little 
scale  at  the  base  of  each.  —  Chiefly  perennial,  smooth,  and  thick-leaved  herbs, 
with  the  flowers  cymose  or  one-sided.     (Name  from  sedeo,  to  sit,  alluding  to  tbo 
manner  in  which  these  plants  fix  themselves  upon  rocks  and  walls.) 
*  Fbwers  one-sided  on  the  spreading  branches  of  the  cyme,  forming  a  sort  of  spike, 

mostly  with  4  petals,  Sfc.  and  8  stamens,  while  the  central  flower  commonly  has  5 

petals,  Sfc.  and  10  stamens. 

1.  S.  plllchelllim,  Michx.     Stems  ascending  (4' -12'  high) ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, nearly  terete,  scattered;  spikes  of  the  cyme  several,  densely  flowered;  petals 
rose-purple,  lanceolate.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

2.  S»  temalum*     (THREE-LEAVED  STONE-CROP.)      Stems  spreading 
(S'-fi  high);  leaves  flat,  the  lower  whorled  in  threes,  wedge-obovate,  the  upper 
scattered,  oblong ;  cyme  3-spiked,  leafy ;  petals  white,  linear-lanceolate.    Rocky 
woods,  Penn.,  to  Illinois  and  southward.    May,  June.    Also  hi  gardens. 

#  *  Flowers  in  close  cymes,  uniformly  10-androus:  leaves  flat. 

3.  S.  telepliioides,   Michx.     (WILD    ORPINE  or  LIVE-FOR-EVER.) 
Stems  ascending  (6' -12'  high),  stout,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  oblong  or  oval, 
entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  scattered ;  cyme  small ;  patals  flesh-color,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, taper-pointed ;  pods  tapering  into  a  slender  style.  — Dry  rocks,  Alleghany 
Mountains,  from  Maryland  southward,  and  sparingly  in  New  Jersey  ?  W.  New 
York  1  and  Indiana.    June. 


SAXIFRAGACE.E.       (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.)  141 

4.  S.  TELEPHIUM,  L.     (GARDEN   ORPINE  or  LIVE-FOR-EVBR.)     Stems 
erect  (2°  high),  stout;  leaves  oval,  serrate,  obtuse,  toothed;  cymes  compound; 
petals  purple,  oblong-lanceolate ;  pods  abruptly  pointed  with  a  short  style.  —  Rocks 
and  banks,  escaped  from  cultivation,  and  spontaneous  in  some  places.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

5.  ACRE,  L.,  the  MOSSY  STONE-CROP  or  WALL-PEPPER,  of  Europe, — cul- 
tivated for  edgings,  —  has  become  spontaneous  in  a  few  places  near  Boston. 

S.  RnoDioLA,  a  dioecious  species,  is  indigenous  in  New  Brunswick  and 
northward ;  and  therefore  may  grow  in  Maine. 

3.    PtlNTHORUM,    Gronov.        DITCH  STONE-CROP. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  rare,  if  any.  Stamens  10.  Pistils  5,  united  below,  forming 
a  5-angled,  5-homed,  and  5-celled  pod,  which  opens  by  the  falling  off  of  the 
beaks,  many-seeded.  —  Upright  weed-like  perennials  (not  fleshy  like  the  rest  of 
the  family),  with  scattered  leaves,  and  yellowish-green  flowers  loosely  spiked 
along  the  upper  side  of  the  naked  branches  of  the  cyme.  (Name  from  TreWe, 
Jive,  and  opos,  a  rule  or  mode,  probably  from  the  quinary  order  of  the  flower.) 

1.  P.  sedoides,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends.  —  Wet  places, 
everywhere.  July -Oct. — About  1°  high,  homely. 

SEMPERVIVUM  TECTORUM,  L.,  is  the  cultivated  HOUSE-LEEK. 


ORDER  50.     SAXIFRAGACE^E.     (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  the  pistils  mostly  fewer  than  the  petals  or  divisions  of 
the  calyx  (usually  2,  united  below  and  separate  or  separating  at  the  top)  ; 
and  the  petals  with  the  (mostly  4-10)  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  which  is 
either  free  or  more  or  less  adherent  to  'he  1  -  4-celled  ovary.  —  Calyx  with- 
ering-persistent. Petals  rarely  none.  Stamens  sometimes  indefinitely 
numerous.  Pods  several  -many-seeded.  Seeds  small,  anatropous,  with  a 
slender  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  large  family,  of  which  we  have 
three  of  the  suborders. 

SUBORDER  I.    SAXIFRAGES.    THE  TRUE  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

Herbs ;  the  petals  imbricated  or  rarely  convolute  in  the  bud.  Calyx 
free  or  partly  adherent.  Stipules  none  or  adherent  to  the  petiole. 

*  Pod  2-celled,  2-beaked,  rarely  3-4-celled  aud  beaked,  or  pods  2  or  3. 
•»-  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals,  10,  rarely  8. 

1.  ASTTLBE.    Flowers  polygamous.    Seeds  few,  and  with  a  loose  coat.     Leaves  decompound 

2.  SAXIFRAGA.    Flowers  perfect.     Pod  or  follicles  many-seeded     Seed-coat  close. 

->-  •«-  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals,  namely  5. 

3.  BO  YK  INI  A.    Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary.    Seed-coat  close,  rough 

4.  SULLIVANTIA.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  free  from  the  ovary.    Seeds  wing-margined 

*  *  Pod  one-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae, 
-i-  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  namely  5. 

5.  HEUCHERA      Calyx  bell-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below.    Petals  small,  entirv 


142  SAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

«-  1-  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  namely  8  or  10. 

6.  MITELLA.    Calyx  partly  cohering  with  the  depressed  ovary.    Petals  small,  pinnatifld. 

7.  TIARELLA.    Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  slender  ovary.     Petals  entire. 

8.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM.     Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.    Petals  none. 

SUBORDER  IT.    ESCALLONIE^E.    THE  ESCALLONIA  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Petals  usually 
valvate  in  the  bud. 

9.  ITEA.  Calyx  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary.    Pod  many-seeded.    Stamens  5. 

SUBORDER  ILL    HYDRANGIE^.    THE  HYDRANGEA  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

10.  HYDRANGEA.    Calyx  4-5-toothed,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  imperfectly  2-celled  ovary. 

Petals  valvate  in  the  bud.    Stamens  8  or  10.    Styles  2,  diverging. 

11.  PHILADELPHUS      Calyx  4  -  5-parted ;  the  tube  adhering  to  the  3  -  5-celled  ovary.    Pet- 

als  convolute  in  the  bud.    Stamens  20  -  40.    Styles  united  below. 

SUBORDER  I.    SAXIFRAGACEJE.     TRUE  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

1.    ASTILBE,    Don.        FALSE  GOATSBEARD. 

Flowers  diceciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4 -5-parted,  small.  Petals  4-5, 
spatulate,  small,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Ovary  2-cclled,  almost 
free,  many  ovuled  :  styles  2,  short.  Pod  2-celled,  separating  into  2  follicles, 
each  ripening  few  seeds.  Seed-coat  loose  and  thin,  tapering  at  each  end.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  twice  or  thrice  ternately  compound  ample  leaves,  cut-lobed 
and  toothed  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  yellowish  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
which  are  disposed  in  a  compound  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  d  privative  and 
<rriA/3»7,  a  bright  surface,  because  the  foliage  is  not  shining.) 

1.  A.  dectimlra,  Don.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  leaflets  mostly  heart- 
shaped;  petals  minute  or  wanting  in  the  fertile  flowers;  stamens  10.  —  Rich 
woods,  Alleghanies  of  S.  W.  Virginia  and  southward.  July. — Plant  imitating 
Spiraea  Aruncus,  but  coarser,  3°  -  5°  high. 

2.    SAXIFRAGA,    L.        SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx  free  from,  or  cohering  with,  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft  or  parted 
Petals  5,  entire,  commonly  deciduous.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  2-beaked, 
2-celled,  opening  down  or  between  the  beaks ;  or  sometimes  2  almost  separate 
follicles.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  close  coat.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with 
the  root-leaves  clustered,  those  of  the  stem  mostly  alternate.  (Name  from 
saxum,  a  rock,  tmdfrango,  to  break ;  many  species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.) 
*  Stems  prostrate,  leafy :  leaves  opposite :  calyx  free  from  the  pod. 

1.  S.  opposHifolia,  L.  (MOUNTAIN  SAXIFRAGE.)  Leaves  thick 
and  fleshy,  ovate,  keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated  on  the  sterile  branches  (l"-2" 
long) ;  flowers  solitary,  large ;  petals  purple,  obovate,  much  longer  than  the 
5-cleft  free  calyx.  — Rocks,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont  (  Wood],  and  north- 
ward. (Eu.j 


bAXIFRAGACE^E.       (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.)  143 

#  #  Stems  ascending,  leafy :  stem-leaves  alternate :  calyx  coherent  below  with  the  pod. 

2.  S.  rivularis,  L.     (ALPINE   BROOK   SAXIFRAGE.)     Small ;   sterna 
weak,  ,3  -  5-flowered ;  lower  leaves  rounded,  3  -  5-lobed,  on  slender  petioles,  the 
upper  lanceolate ;  petals  white,  ovate.  —  Alpine  region  of  Mount  Washington, 
New  Hampshire,  Oakes,     Very  rare.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  aizoitles,  L.    (YELLOW  MOUNTAIN  SAXIFRAGE.)    Low  (3' -5 

high),  in  tufts,  with  few  or  several  corymbose  flowers ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  fleshy,  more  or  less  ciliate ;  petals  yellow,  spotted  with  orange,  oblong.  —  Wil- 
loughby  Mountain,  Vermont ;  near  Oneida  Lake,  New  York ;  N.  Michigan ; 
and  northward.  June.  (Eu.) 

4.  S.  tricuspidata,  Rotz.     Stems  tufted  (4' -8'  high),  naked  above; 
flowers  corymbose ;  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  with  3  rigid  pointed  teeth  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  petals  obovate-oblong,  yellow.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  clustered  at  the  root :  scape  many-flowered,  erect,  clammy-pubescent. 

5.  S.  Aizdon,  Jacq.     Leaves  persistent,  thick,  spatulate,  with  white  cartilagi- 
nous toothed  margins ;  calyx  partly  adherent ;  petals  obovate,  cream-color,  often^ 
spotted  at  the  base.  —  Moist  rocks,  Upper  Michigan  and  Wisconsin ;  Wil- 
loughby  Mountain  (Mr.  Blake),  and  northward.  —  Scape  5'  - 10'  high.     (Eu.) 

6.  S.    Virginiensis,    Michx.      (EARLY    SAXIFRAGE.)     Low  (4' -9 
high)  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval-spatulate,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole,  crenate- 
toothed,  thickish ;  flowers  in  a  clustered  cyme,  which  is  at  length  open  and  loose- 
ly panicled ;  lobes  of  the  nearly  free  calyx  erect,  not  half  the  length  of  the  oblong 
obtuse  (white)  petals ;  pods  2,  united  merely  at  the  base,  divergent,  purplish. — 
Exposed  rocks  ;  common,  especially  northward.    April  -  June. 

7.  S.  Pennsylvanica,    L.     (SWAMP  SAXIFRAGE.)    Large  (l°-2° 
high);  leaves  oblanceolate,  obscurely  toothed  (4' -8'  long),  narrowed  at  the  base 
into  a  short  and  broad  petiole ;  cymes  in  a  large  oblong  panicle,  at  first  clus- 
tered ;  lobes  of  the  nearly  free  calyx  recurved,  about  the  length  of  the  linear-lanceo- 
late (•greenish)  small  petals;  filaments  awl-shaped:  pods  at  length  divergent. — 
Bogs,  common,  especially  northward.     May,  June.  — A  homely  species. 

8.  S.  erosa,  Pursh.     (LETTUCE  SAXIFRAGE.)     Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceo" 
late,  obtuse,  sharply  toothed,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  (8' -12'  long) ;  scape 
slender  (l°-3°  high);   panicle  elongated,  loosely  flowered,  pedicels  slender- 
calyx  reflexed,  entirely  free,  nearly  as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  (white)  petals;  filaments 
club-shaped;  pods  2,  nearly  separate,  diverging.  —  Cold  mountain  brooks,  Penn 
riylvania  (near  Bethlehem,  Mr.  Wolle),  and  throughout  the  Alleghanies  soutn- 
ward.    June.  ^     oAttftw  ?(#        $   /  }/ 

S.  LEUCANTHEMIF6HA,  Michx.,  S.  CAREYANA,  Gray,  and  S.  CAROLIHI- 
ANA,  Gray,  of  the  mountains  of  Carolina,  may  occur  in  those  of  Virginia. 

3.    BOYKINIA,    Nutt.        BOYKINIA. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  2-celled  and  2-beaked  pod.  Sta- 
mens 5,  as  many  as  the  deciduous  petals.  Otherwise  as  in  Saxifraga.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  alternate  pahnately  5  -  7-lobed  or  cut  petiolcd  leaves,  and  white 
flowers  in  cymes.  (Dedicated  to  the  late  Dr.  Boy/cm  of  Georgia  ) 


144  SAXIFRAGACE.E.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

1.  B.  aconitiiolia,  Nutt.  Stem  glandular  (6'  -20'  high);  leaves  deep- 
ly  5  -  7-lobed.  —  Mountains  of  S.  W.  Virginia,  and  southward.  July. 

A.    SUL.L.IVANTIA,    Torr.  &  Gray.        SULLIVANTIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  cohering  below  only  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  entire,  acutish,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the  pet- 
als. Pod  2-celled,  2-beaked,  many-seeded,  opening  between  the  beaks :  the 
seeds  wing-margined,  imbricated  upwards.  —  A  low  and  reclined-spreading  pe- 
rennial herb,  with  rounded  and  cut-toothed,  or  slightly  lobed,  smooth  leaves,  on 
slender  petioles,  arai  snail  white  flowers  in  a  branched  loosely  cymose  panicle, 
raised  on  a  nearly  leafless  slender  scape  (6' -12' long).  Peduncles  and  calyx 
glandular :  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  botanist 
who  discovered  the  only  species. 

1.  S.  Ohionis,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Gray,ChlorisBor.-Am.,pL6.)  -Limestone 
cliffs,  Highland  County,  Ohio.  June. 

5.    HE  tlC  HER  A,    L.        ALUM-ROOT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped ;  the  tube  cohering  at  the  base  with  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Pet- 
als  5,  spatulate,  small,  entire.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2,  slender.  Pod  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  many-seeded  placentae,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  oval,  with  a  rough  and  close  seed-coat.  —  Perennials,  with  the  round 
heart-shaped  leaves  principally  from  the  rootstock  ;  those  on  the  scapes,  if  any, 
alternate.  Petioles  with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base. 
Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  a  prolonged  and  narrow  panicle,  greenish 
or  purplish.  (Named  in  honor  of  Heucher,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

#  Flowers  small,  loosely  panicled :  stamens  and  styles  exserted :  calyx  regular. 

1.  H.  villosa,  Michx.     Scapes  (l°-3°  high),  petioles,  and  veins  of  the 
acutely  7-9-lobed  leaves  beneath  villous  •with,  rusty  hairs;  calyx  l£"  long;  petals 
spatulate-linear,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  soon  twisted.  —  Rocks,  Maryland, 
Kentucky,  and  southward,  in  and  near  the  mountains.     July,  Aug. 

2.  H.  Americana,  L.    (COMMON  ALUM-ROOT.)    Scapes  (2° -3°  high) 
&c.  glandular  arid  more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  hairs;  leaves  roundish,  with 
short  rounded  lobes  and  crenate  teeth ;  calyx  broad,  2"  long,  the  spatulate  petals 
not  longer  than  its  lobes.  —  Rocky  woodlands,   Connecticut  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.    June. 

*  *  Flowers  larger:  calyx  (3" -4"  long)  more  or  less  oblique:  stamens  short : panicle 
very  narrow :  leaves  rounded,  slightly  5  -  9-lobed. 

3.  H.  llispida,  Pursh.     Hispid  or  hirsute  with  long  spreading  hairs  (oc- 
casionally almost  glabrous),  scarcely  glandular ;  stamens  soon  exserted,  longer  than 
the  spatulate  petals.     (H.  Richardsonii,  R.  Br.)  —  Mountains  of  Virginia.    Also 
Illinois  (Dr.  Mead)  and  northwestward.     May  -  July.  —  Scapes  2°  -  4°  high. 

4.  H.  pllbescens,  Pursh.     Scape  (l°-3°  high),  &c.  granular-pubescent 
or  glandular  above,  not  hairy,  below  often  glabrous,  as  are  usually  the  rounded 
leaves ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  spatulate  petals.  — 
Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     June,  July. 


SAXIFRAGACK-E.      (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.)  145 

6.    MIT^LLA,    Tourn.        MITRE-WORT.    BISHOP'S-CAP. 

Calyx  short,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  slender, 
pinnatifid.  Stamens  10,  included.  Styles  2,  very  short.  Pod  short,  2-beaked, 
1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  or  rather  basal  several-seeded  placentae,  2-valved  at  the 
summit.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining.  — Low  and  slender  perennials,  with  round 
heart-shaped  alternate  leaves  on  the  rootstock  or  runners,  on  slender  petioles ; 
those  on  the  scapes  opposite,  if  any.  Flowers  small,  in  a  simple  slender  raceme 
or  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  from  fw'rpa,  a  mitre,  or  cap,  alluding  to  the  form 
of  the  young  pod.) 

1.  M.  dipliylla,  L.  Hairy,  leaves  heart-shaped,  acute,  somewhat  3-5 
lobed,  toothed,  those  on  the  many-flowered-scape  2,  opposite,  nearly  sessile.  —  Hill- 
sides in  rich  woods,  W.  N.  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  May.  — 
Flowers  white,  in  a  raceme  6'  -  8'  long. 

,  2.  M.  nilda,  L.  Small  and  slender;  leaves  rounded  or  kidney-form,  deeply 
and  doubly  crenate ;  scape  usually  leafless,  few-flowered,  very  slender  (4' -6'  high). 
(M.  cordifolia,  Lam.  M.  prostrata,  Michx.)  —  Deep  moist  woods  with  mosses, 
Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  May -July. — A  delicate  little  plant, 
shooting  forth  runners  in  summer.  Blossoms  greenish. 

7.    TIAREL.1LA,    L.        FALSK  MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  5-parted.  Petals  5,  with  claws, 
entire.  Stamens  10,  long  and  slender.  Styles  2.  Pod  membranaceous,  1 
celled,  2-valved,  the  valves  unequal.  Seeds  few,  at  the  base  of  each  parietal 
placenta,  globular,  smooth.  —  Perennials :  flowery  white.  (Name  a  diminutive 
from  ridpa,  a  tiara,  or  turban,  from  the  form  of  the  pod,  or  rather  pistil,  which 
is  like  that  of  Mitella,  to  which  the  name  of  Mitre-wort  properly  belongs.) 

1.  X.  cordifolia,  L.  Leaves  from  the  rootstock  or  summer  runners 
heart-shaped,  sharply  lobed  and  toothed,  sparsely  hairy  above,  downy  beneath ; 
scape  leafless  (5'  - 12'  high) ;  raceme  simple ;  petals  oblong.  —  Rich  rocky  woods ; 
common  from  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  northward,  and  southward  along  the  moun- 
tains. April,  May. 

8.    CHRYSOSPJLfclVIUM,    Toum.        GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  blunt  lobes  4-5,  yellow  within. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  8-10,  very  short,  inserted  on  a  conspicuous  disk. 
Styles  2.  Pod  inversely  heart-shaped  or  2-lobed,  flattened,  very  short,  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  placenta,  2-valved  at  the  top,  many-seeded.  —  Low  and  small 
smooth  herbs,  with  tender  succulent  leaves,  and  small  solitary  or  leafy-cymed 
flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  ^pvcros,  golden,  and  (nr\r)V,  the  spleen,  probably 
from  some  reputed  medicinal  qualities.) 

1.  C.  Americanum,  Schwein.  Stems  slender,  diffusely  spreading, 
forking ;  leaves  principally  opposite,  roundish  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  ob- 
scurely crenate-lobed ;  flowers  distant,  inconspicuous,  nearly  sessile  (greenish 
tinged  with  yellow  or  purple).  1|.—  Cold  wet  places ;  common,  especially  north- 
ward. April,  May. 

13      , 


146  SAXIFRAGACE^!.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  H    ESCAtL-ONIEjE.    THE  ESCALLONIA  FAMILY. 

9.    ITEA,    L.        ITEA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  lanceolate,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  5  stamens.  Pod  oblong,  2-grooved,  2-celled, 
tipped  with  the  2  united  styles,  2-parted  (septicidal)  when  mature,  several-seeded. 
— A  shrub,  with  simple  alternate  and  minutely  serrate  oblong  pointed  leaves, 
without  stipules,  and  white  flowers  in  simple  dense  racemes.  (The  Greek  name 
of  the  Willow.) 

1.  I.  Virginica,  L.  —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey  and  southward,  near  the 
coast.  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high. 

SUBORDER  HI.    HYDRANGI^JE.    THE  HYDRANGEA  FAMIIY. 

1C.    HYDRANGEA,    Gronov.        HYDRANGEA. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  8-10-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  ovary;  the  limb 
4  -  5-toothed.  Petals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-10,  slender.  Pod 
crowned  with  the  2  diverging  styles,  2-celled  below,  many-seeded,  opening  by  a 
hole  between  the  styles.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  no  stipules, 
and  numerous  flowers  in  compound  cymes.  The  marginal  flowers  are  usually 
sterile  and  radiant,  consisting  merely  of  a  membranaceous  and  colored  flat  and 
dilated  calyx,  and  showy.  (Name  from  vScap,  water,  and  ayyot,  a  vase.) 

1.  H.  arborescens,  L.  (WILD  HYDRANGEA.)  Glabrous  or  nearly 
so  ;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  heart-shaped,  pointed,  sen-ate,  green  both  sides ;  cymes 
flat.  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  Penn.,  Ohio,  and  southward,  chiefly  along  the  moun- 
tains. July. — Flowers  often,  all  fertile,  rarely  all  radiant,  like  the  Garden 
Hydrangea. 

11.    PHH.ADEL.PHUS,    L.        MOCK  ORANGE  or  SYRINGA. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4  -  5-parted,  spread- 
ing, persistent,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  rounded  or  obovate,  large,  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  20  -  40.  Styles  3-5,  united  below  or  nearly  to  the  top. 
Stigmas  oblong  or  linear.  Pod  3  -  5-celled,  splitting  at  length  into  as  many 
pieces.  Seeds  very  numerous,  on  thick  placentse  projecting  from  the  axis,  pen- 
dulous, with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  Shrubs, 
with  opposite  often  toothed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  solitary  or  cymose-clustered 
showy  white  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  genus  for 
no  particular  reason.) 

1.  P.  inodorus,  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed, 
entire  or  with  some  spreading  teeth ;  flowers  single  or  few  at  the  ends  of  tho 
diverging  branches,  scentless ;  calyx-lobes  acute,  scarcely  longer  tfcan  the  tube. 
—  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward. 

Var.  graiidiflorilS.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  flowers  larger ;  calyx-lobes 
Jonger  and  taper-pointed.  —  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  mountains 


HAMAMELACEJE.      (WITCH-HAZEL    FAMILY.)  147 

May- July.  —  A  tall  shrub,  with  recurved  branches :  often  cultivated.    Leavei 
tasting  like  cucumbers. 

P.  CORONARIUS,  L.,  the  common  MOCK  ORANGE  or  STRING  A  of  the  gar- 
dens, has  cream-colored,  odorous  flowers  in  full  clusters. 


ORDER  51.    HAMAMELACE^E.    ( WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules  ;  flowers 
in  heads  or  spikes,  often  polygamous  or  monoecious  ;  the  calyx  cohering  with 
the  base  ,of  the  ovary ;  which  consists  of  2  pistils  united  below,  and  forms  a 
^-leaked  ^-celled  woody  pod  opening  at  the  summit,  with  a  single  bony  seed 
in  each  cell,  or  several,  only  one  or  two  of  them  ripening.  —  Petals  inserted 
on  the  calyx,  narrow,  valvate  or  involute  in  the  bud,  or  often  none  at  all. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  half  of  them  sterile  and  changed 
into  scales,  or  numerous.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  large  and  straight, 
in  sparing  albumen :  cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  We  have  a  single  repre- 
sentative of  the  3  tribes,  two  of  them  apetalous. 

Synopsis. 

TEIBE  I.    HAM AMEliEJE.    Flowers  with  a  manifest  calyx  and  corolla,  and  a  single 

ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  celL 
1   HAMAMELIS.    Petals  4,  strap-shaped.    Stamens  and  scales  each  4,  short. 

TRIBE  H.    FOTHERGILLiEJK.    Flowers  with  a  manifest  calyx  and  no  corolla.    Fruit 

and  seed  as  in  Tribe  I. 
2.  FOTHERGILLA.    Stamens  about  24,  long :  filaments  thickened  upwards.    Flowers  spiked. 

TEIBE  III.    BALSAMIFLU^E.    Flowers  naked,  with  barely  rudiments  of  a  calyx,  and 

no  corolla,  crowded  in  catkin-like  heads.    Oyules  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 
8.  LIQUIDAMBAR.    Monoecious  or  polygamous.     Stamens  very  numerous.    Pods  consoli- 
dated by  their  bases  hi  a  dense  head. 

1.    IIAMAMEJLIS,    L.        WITCH-HAZEL. 

Flowers  in  little  axillary  clusters  or  heads,  usually  surrounded  by  a  scale-liko 
3-leaved  involucre.  Calyx  4-parted,  and  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  its  base.  Pet- 
als 4,  strap-shaped,  long  and  narrow,  spirally  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8, 
very  short ;  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  anther-bearing,  the  others  imperfect 
and  scale-like.  Styles  2,  short.  Pod  opening  loculicidally  from  the  top ;  the 
outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner,  which  encloses  the  single  large  and  bony 
seed  in  each  cell,  but  soon  bursts  elastically  into  two  pieces.  —  Tall  shrubs,  with 
straight-veined  leaves,  and  yellow,  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  (From  apa, 
like  to,  and  pjXi's,  an  apple-tree ;  a  name  anciently  applied  to  the  Medlar,  or 
some  other  tree  resembling  the  Appb,  which  the  Witch-Hazel  does  not.) 

1.  H.  Virginiea,  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  wavy-toothed,  somewhat 
downy  when  young.  —  Damp  woods :  blossoming  late  in  autumn,  when  the 
leaves  are  failing,  and  maturing  its  seeds  the  next  summer. 


148  UMBEL LIFEILE.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

2.    FOTHERGILLA,    L.  f.        FOTHERGILLA. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  catkin-like  spike,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped, 
the  summit  truncate,  slightly  5  -  7-toothed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  about  24, 
borne  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx  in  one  row,  all  alike :  filaments  very  long, 
thickened  at  the  top  (white).  Styles  2,  slender.  Pod  cohering  with  the  base 
of  the  calyx,  2-lobed,  2-celled,  with  a  single  bony  seed  in  each  cell.  —  A  low 
shrub ;  the  oval  or  obovate  leaves  smooth,  or  hoary  underneath,  toothed  at  the 
summit ;  the  flowers  appearing  rather  before  the  leaves,  each  partly  covered  by 
a  scale-like  bract.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  Dr.  Fothergill.) 

1.  F.  aliiif61i:t,  L.  f.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward.    April. 

3.    L.IQUIDAMBAR,    L.        SWEET-GUM  TEEE. 

Flowers  usually  monoecious,  in  globular  heads  or  catkins ;  the  sterile  arranged 
in  a  conical  cluster,  naked :  stamens  very  numerous,  intermixed  with  minute 
scales :  filaments  short.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  many  2-celled  2-beaked 
ovaries,  subtended  by  minute  scales  in  place  of  a  calyx,  all  more  or  less  coher- 
ing and  hardening  in  fruit,  forming  a  spherical  catkin  or  head ;  the  pods  open- 
ing between  the  2  awl-shaped  beaks.  Styles  2,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side. 
Ovules  many,  but  only  one  or  two  perfecting.  Seeds  with  a  wing-angled  seed- 
coat.  —  Catkins  racemed,  nodding,  in  the  bud  enclosed  by  a  4-leaved  deciduous 
involucre.  (A  mongrel  name,  from  liquidus,  fluid,  and  the  Arabic  ambar,  am- 
ber; in  allusion  to  the  fragrant  terebinthine  juice  which  exudes  from  the  tree.) 

1.  L..  Styraciflua,  L.  (SWEET  GUM.  BILSTED.)  Leaves  rounded, 
deeply  5  -  7-lobed,  smooth  and  shining,  glandular-serrate,  the  lobes  pointed.  — 
Moist  woods,  Connecticut  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  April.  —  A  large  and 
beautiful  tree,  with  fine-grained  wood,  the  gray  bark  with  corky  ridges  on  the 
branchlets.  Leaves  fragrant  when  bruised,  turning  deep  crimson  in  autumn. 
The  woody  pods  filled  mostly  with  abortive  seeds,  resembling  sawdust. 


ORDER  52.     UMBELLIFER^E.     (PARSLEY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  the  flowers  in  umbels,  the  calyx  entirely  adhering  to  the  ovary, 
the  5  petals  and  5  stamens  inserted  on  the  disk  that  crowns  the  ovary  and  sur- 
rounds the  base  of  the  2  styles.  Fruit  consisting  of  2  seed-like  dry  carpels. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete,  or  a  mere  5-toothed  border.  Petals  mostly 
with  the  point  inflexed.  Fruit  of  2  carpels  (called  mericarps)  cohering  by 
their  inner  face  (the  commissure'),  when  ripe  separating  from  each  other 
and  usually  suspended  from  the  summit  of  a  slender  prolongation  of  the 
axis  (carpophore) :  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with  5  primary  ribs, 
and  often  with  5  intermediate  (secondary)  ones ;  in  the  interstices  or  inter- 
vals  between  them  are  commonly  lodged  the  oil-tubes  (vittce),  which  are 
longitudinal  canals  in  the  substance  of  the  fruit,  containing  aromatic  oil. 
(These  are  best  seen  in  slices  made  across  the  fruit.)  Seeds  solitary  and 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo 


UMBELLIFER^E.      (PARSLEY  FAMILY.)  149 

in  hard,  horn-like  albumen.  —  Stems  usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  compound,  the  petioles  expanded  or  sheathing  at  the  base.  Um- 
bels usually  compound;  when  the  secondary  ones  are  termed  umbeUets: 
each  often  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  bracts  (involucre  and  involucek}. — 
A  large  family,  some  of  the  plants  innocent  and  aromatic,  others  with 
very  poisonous  (acrid-narcotic)  properties ;  the  flowers  much  alike  in  all, 
—  therefore  to  be  studied  by  their  fruits,  inflorescence,  &c.,  which  like- 
wise exhibit  comparatively  small  diversity.  The  family  is  therefore  a 
difficult  one  for  the  young  student 

Synopsis. 

I.  Inner  face  of  each  seed  flat  or  nearly  so  (not  hollowed  out;. 

4  Umbels  simple  or  imperfect,  sometimes  one  growing  from  the  summit  of  another 
-  L  HYDROCOTYLE.    Fruit  orbicular,  flat.    Leaves  orbicular  or  rounded. 
2.  CRANTZIA.    Fruit  globular.    Leaves  thread-shaped,  fleshy  and  hollow. 

*  *  Umbels  or  umbellets  capitate,  imperfect :  i.  e.  the  flowers  sessile  in  heads. 
8.  SANICULA.    Fruit  clothed  with  hooked  prickles.    Flowers  polygamous. 
4.  ERYNGIUM.    Fruit  clothed  with  scales.    Flowers  in  thick  heads,  perfect. 

*  *  *  Umbels  compound  and  perfect ;  i.  e.  its  rays  bearing  umbellets. 

•t-  Fruit  beset  with  bristly  prickles,  not  flat. 

6.  DAUCUS.    Fruit  beset  with  weak  prickles  in  single  rows  on  the  ribs. 
«-  «-  Fruit  smooth,  strongly  flattened  on  the  back,  and  single-winged  or  margined  at  the  juno 
tion  of  the  2  carpels  (next  to  the  commissure). 

6.  POLYT.33NIA.    Fruit  surrounded  with  a  broad  and  tumid  corky  margin  thicker  than  the 

fruit  itself,  which  is  nearly  ribless  on  the  back. 

7.  HERACLEUM.    Fruit  broadly  whig-margined :  the  carpels  minutely  5-ribbed  on  the  back : 

lateral  ribs  close  to  the  margin.    Flowers  white,  the  marginal  ones  radiant. 

8.  PASTINACA.    Fruit  wing-margined :  ribs  of  the  carpels  as  in  No.  7.    Flowers  yellow,  the 

marginal  ones  perfect,  not  radiant. 

9.  ARCHEMORA.    Fruit  broadly  winged :  the  6  ribs  on  the  back  equidistant ;  the  2  lateral 

ones  close  to  the  wing.    Flowers  white.    Leaves  pinnate  or  3-foliolate. 
10.  TIEDEMANNIA.    Fruit  winged,  much  as  hi  No.  9.    Leaves  simple,  long  and  cylindrical, 

hollow,  with  some  cross  partitions. 
*-  «-  ••-  Fruit  smooth,  flat  or  flattish  on  the  back,  and  double-winged  or  margined  at  the  edge, 

each  carpel  also  3-ribbed  or  sometimes  3-winged  on  the  back. 
JL  ANGELICA.    Carpels  with  3  slender  ribs  on  the  back ;  a  single  oil-tube  in  each  interval. 

Seed  not  loose.  "  , 

12.  ARCHANGELICA.    Carpels  with  3  rather  stout  ribs  on  the  back,  and  2-3  or  more  oil- 

tubes  in  each  interval,  adhering  to  the  loose  seed. 

13.  CONIOSELINUM.    Carpels  with  3  wings  on  the  back  narrower  than  those  of  the  margins. 
•*-  +-  •»-•(-  Fruit  smooth,  not  flattened  either  way,  or  slightly  so,  the  cross-section  nearly  orbic- 
ular or  quadrate ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  wings  or  strong  ribs. 

14.  JETHUSA.    Fruit  ovate-globose :  carpels  with  5  sharply  keeled  ridges,  and  with  single  oil 

tubes  in  the  intervals. 

15.  LIGUSTICUM.    Fruit  elliptical :  carpels  with  5  sharp  almost  winged  ridges,  and  with 

several  oil-tubes  in  each  interval. 

16.  THASPIUM.    Fruit  elliptical  or  ovoid :  carpels  5- winged  or  6-ribbed,  and  with  single  oil- 

tubes  hi  each  interval.    Flowers  yellow  or  dark  purple. 

•i-  •»-•«-•«-  1-  Fruit  smooth,  flattened  laterally  or  contracted  at  the  sides,  wingless. 
17  Z1ZIA.    Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  oval,  somewhat  twin :  the  carpels  narrowly  6-ribbed  :  oil- 
tubes  3  hi  each  interval.    Leaves  compound. 
13* 


150  UMBELLIFERwE.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

18.  BUPLEURUM.    Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  oroid-oblong  :   the  carpels  somewhat  5-ribbed, 

Leaves  all  simple. 

19.  DISCOPLEURA.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  ovoid :  the  lateral  ribs  united  with  a  thick  corky 

margin.    Leaves  cut  into  capillary  divisions. 

20.  CICUTA.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  subglobose,  twin :  the  carpels  strongly  and  equally  6- 

ribbed.    Leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate. 

21.  SIUM.    Flowers  white.     Fruit  ovate-globose:  the  carpels  5-ribbed.     Leaves  all  simply 

pinnate. 

22.  CRYPTOT.2ENIA.    Flowers  white.    Fruit  oblong.    Leaves  3-parted.    Umbel  irregular. 

H.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  ont  lengthwise,  or  the  margins  involute, 
so  that  the  cross-section  is  semilunar.     (Umbels  compound.) 

23.  CH2EROPHYLLUM.    Fruit  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  apex :  ribs  broad. 

24.  OSMORRHIZA.    Fruit  linear-club-shaped,  tapering  below  :  ribs  bristly. 

25.  CONIUM.    Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides :  ribs  prominent,  wavy. 

26.  EULOPHUS.    Fruit  ovoid,  somewhat  twin,  nearly  destitute  of  ribs. 

III.  Inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  in  the  middle,  br  curved  inwards  at 
the  top  and  bottom,  so  that  the  section  lengthwise  is  semilunar. 

27.  ERIGENIA.    Fruit  twin ;  carpels  nearly  kidney-form.    Umbellets  few-flowered. 

1.    HYI>ROC6TYi,E,    Tourn.        MARSH  PENNYWORT. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  orbicular  or  shield-shaped ; 
the  carpels  5-ribbed,  two  of  the  ribs  enlarged  and  often  forming  a  thickened 
margin:  oil-tubes  none. — Low  and  smooth  marsh  perennials,  with  slender 
stems  creeping  or  rooting  in  the  mud,  and  round  shield-shaped  or  kidney-form 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  simple  umbels  or  clusters,  which  are  either 
single  or  proliferous,  appearing  all  summer.  (Name  from  vdeop,  water,  and 
jcoriXj;,  a  fat  cup,  the  peltate  leaves  of  several  species  being  somewhat  cup- 
shaped.) 

*  Stems  procumbent  and  branching :  flowers  3  -  5  in  a  sessile  duster. 

1.  II.  Americana,  L.    Leaves  rounded  kidney-form,  doubly  crenate, 
somewhat  lobed,  short-petioled ;  fruit  orbicular.  —  Shady  springy  places ;  com- 
mon northward. 

*  *  Umbels  on  scape-like  naked  peduncles,  arising,  with  the  long-petioled  leaves,  from 
the  joints  of  creeping  and  rooting  stems. 

2.  II.  ranimcilloicles,  L.    Leaves  round-reniform,  3  -  5-ckft,  the  lobes 
crenate ;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  umbel  5  -  10-flowered ;  ped 
icels  very  tehort ;  fruit  orbicular,  scarcely  ribbed.  —  Penn.  and  southward. 

3.  II.  interrupta,  Muhl.    Leaves  peltate  in  the  middle,  orbicular  ere 
nate ;  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves,  bearing  clusters  of  few  and  sessile 
Jfawers  interruptedly  along  its  length ;  fruit  broader  than  long,  notched  at  the 
base.  —  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

4.  H.  llHlbellata,  L.    Leaves  peltate  in  the  middle,  orbicular,  notched 
at  the  base,  doubly  crenate;  peduncle  elongated  (3'  -9'  high),  bearing  a  many- 
flowered  umbel  (sometimes  proliferous  with  2  or  3  umbels);  pedicels  slender, 
fruit  notched  at  the  base  and  apex.    Massachusetts  and  southward  near  the 
coast. 


UMBELLIFEKJE.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  151 

2.    CRArVTZIA,    Nutt.       CRANTZIA. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  globose ;  the  carpels  corky,  5-ribbed :  an  oil-tube 
in  each  interval.  —  Minute  plants,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud,  like  Hydro- 
cotyle,  but  with  fleshy  and  hollow  cylindrical  or  awl-shaped  petioles,  in  place  cl 
leaves,  marked  with  cross  divisions.  Umbels  few-flowered,  simple.  Flowers 
white.  (Named  for  Prof.  Crantz,  an  Austrian  botanist  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  C.  liiieata,  Nutt.  (Hydrocotyle  lineata,  Michx.)  Leaves  somewhat 
club-shaped,  very  obtuse  (l'-2'  long) ;  lateral  ribs  of  the  fruit  projecting,  form- 
ing a  corky  margin,  y. — Brackish  marshes,  from  Massachusetts  southward 
along  the  coast.  July. 

3.    SANICULiA,    Tourn.        SANICLE.    BLACK  SNAKEROOT. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Fruit  globular ;  the  carpels  not  separating 
"spontaneously,  ribless,  thickly  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  each  with  5  oil- 
tubes. —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately-lobed  or  parted  leaves,  those  from  the 
root  long-petioled.  Umbels  irregular  or  compound,  the  flowers  (greenish  or 
yellowish)  capitate  in  the  umbellets,  perfect,  and  with  staminate  ones  intermixed 
Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved.  (Name  from  sano,  to  heal.) 

1.  S.  Canadensfs,  L.    Leaves  3-5-  (the  upper  only  3-)  parted;  sterile 
flowers  few,  scarcely  pedicelled,  shorter  than  the  fertile  ones ;  styles  shorter  than  the 
prickles  of  the  fruit.  —  Copses.      June -Aug.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high,  with  thin 
leaves ;  their  divisions  wedge-obovate  or  oblong,  sharply  cut  and  serrate,  the 
lateral  mostly  2-lobed.    Fruits  few  in  each  umbellet. 

2.  S.  Marilandica,  L.    Leaves  all  5  -  7-parted ;  sterile  flowers  numerous, 
on  slender  pedicels,  about  the  length  of  the  fertile ;  styles  elongated  and  conspicuous, 
recurved.  —  Woods  and  copses,  common.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high ;  the  leaves  more 
rigid  and  with  narrower  divisions  than  in  the  former,  with  almost  cartilaginous 
teeth.    Fruits  several  in  each  umbellet. 

4.    ERl^NOIURf,    Tourn.        BUTTON  SNAKEROOT. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Styles  slender.  Fruit  top-shaped,  covered 
with  little  scales  or  tubercles,  with  no  ribs,  and  scarcely  any  oil-tubes.  —  Chiefly 
perennials,  with  coriaceous,  toothed,  cut,  or  prickly  leaves,  and  blue  or  white 
bracted  flowers  closely  sessile  in  dense  heads.  (A  name  used  by  Dioscorides, 
of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  E.    yucca;  fulfil  in,    Michx.      (RATTLESNAKE-MASTER.     BUTTON 
SNAKEROOT.)      Leaves  linear,  taper-pointed,  rigid,  grass-like,  nerved,  bristly- 
fringed;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  mostly  entire  and  shorter  than  the  heads.     1J. 
(E.  aquaticum,  L.  in  part;  but  it  never  grows  in  water.)  — Dry  or  damp  pine- 
barrens  or  prairies,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    July. 

2.  E.  Vf  rgf  manum,  Lam.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  with  hooked 
or  somewhat  spiny  teeth,  veiny ;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  cleft  or  spiny-tcothed, 
longer  than  the  cymose  whitish  or  bluish  heads.    ©  —  Swamps,  Now  Jersey 
and  southward  near  the  coast.    July. 


152  UMBELLIFER^.      (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

5.    DAiJCUS,    Tourn.        CARKOT. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong;  the  carpela 
scarcely  flattened' on  the  back,  with  5  primary  slender  bristly  ribs,  two  of  them 
on  the  inner  face,  also  with  4  equal  and  more  or  less  winged  secondary  ones, 
each  bearing  a  single  row  of  slender  bristly  prickles  :  an  oil-tube  under  each  of 
these  ribs.  —  Biennials,  with  finely  2  -  3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  cleft  invo- 
lucres, and  concave  umbels,  dense  in  fruit.  (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

1.  D.  CAR6TA,  L.  (COMMON  CARROT.)  Stem  bristly;  involucre  pinnati 
fid,  nearly  the  length  of  the  umbel.  —  Spontaneous  in  old  fields  in  certain  places. 
July -Sept.  —  Flowers  white  or  cream-color,  the  central  one  of  each  umbellet 
abortive  and  dark  purple.  Umbel  in  fruit  dense  and  concave,  resembling  a 
bird's  nest.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    POL-YT^NIA,    DC.        POLYTJENIA. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  with  an  entire  broad  and  thick  corky 
margin,  the  impressed  back  very  obscurely  ribbed :  oil-tubes  2  in  each  inter- 
val, and  many  in  the  corky  margin.  —  A  smooth  herb,  resembling  a  Parsnip, 
with  twice-pinnate  leaves,  the  uppermost  opposite  and  3-cleft,  no  involucres, 
bristly  involucels,  and  bright  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  no\vs,  many,  and 
rat  via,  a  fillet,  alluding  to  the  numerous  oil-tubes.) 

1.  P.  Nuttullii,  DC.  — Barrens,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  southwest- 
ward.  May.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high. 

7.    HERACLEUM,    L.        COW-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  as  in  Pastinaca,  but  the  oil-tubes  shorter  than  the 
carpels  (reaching  from  the  summit  to  the  middle).  Petals  (white)  inversely 
heart-shaped,  those  of  the  outer  flowers  commonly  larger  and  radiant,  appearing 
2-cleft.  —  Stout  perennials,  with  broad  sheathing  petioles  and  large  flat  umbels. 
Involucre  deciduous  :  involucels  many-leaved.  (Dedicated  to  Hercules.) 

1.  H.  laiiatuin,  Michx.  Woolly;  stem  grooved ;  leaves  1  - 2-ternately 
compound;  leaflets  somewhat  heart-shaped;  fruit  obovate  or  orbicular.  —  Moist 
rich  ground ;  most  common  northward.  June.  —  A  very  large,  strong-scented 
plant,  4°  -  8°  high,  in  some  places  wrongly  called  Masterw&rt. 

8.    PASTINACA,    Tourn.        PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  a  thin  single-winged  margin ;  the 
carpels  minutely  5-ribbed ;  three  of  the  ribs  equidistant  on  the  back,  the  lateral 
ones  distant  from  them  and  contiguous  to  the  margin :  an  oil-tube  in  each  inter- 
val running  the  whole  length  of  the  fruit.  Petals  yellow,  roundish,  entire ;  none 
of  the  flowers  radiant.  —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  spindle-shaped  roots,  and  pin- 
nately-compound  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels  small  or  none.  (The  Latin 
name,  from  pastus,  food.) 

1.  P.  SATlvA,  L.  (COMMON  PARSNIP.)  Stem  grooved,  smooth;  leaflets 
ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  cut-toothed,  somewhat  shining  above. — Fields,  &c. 
July.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


UMBELLIFEILE.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  153 

9.    ARCHEMORA,    DC.        COWBANB. 

Calyx  5-tootlied.  Fruit  with  a  broad  single-winged  margin,  oval,  flattish 
the  carpels  with  5  obtuse  and  approximated  equidistant  ribs  on  the  convex 
back :  oil-tubes  one  in  each  interval,  and  4  -  6  on  the  inner  face.  —  Smooth 
perennials,  with  rather  rigid  leaves  of  3  -  9  lanceolate  or  linear  leaflets.  Invo- 
lucre nearly  none  :  involucels  of  numerous  small  leaflets.  Flowers  white. 
(Name  applied  to  this  poisonous  umbelliferous  plant  in  fanciful  allusion  to 
Archenwrus,  who  is  said  to  have  died  from  eating  parsley.  DC.) 

1.  A.  rlgiila,  DC.  Leaves  simply  pinnate;  leaflets  3-9,  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  entire  or  remotely  toothed,  or,  in  Var.  AMufGUA, 
linear,  long  and  narrow.  —  Sandy  swamps,  N.  Jersey  and  W.  New  York  to 
Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  -  5°  high. 

-    1O.     TIEDEftlASTNIA,    DC.        FALSE  WATER-DROPWORT. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  with  a  single  winged  margin,  obovate,  flattish ;  the 
carpels  with  5  equidistant  slender  ribs  on  the  convex  back :  oil-tubes  one  in  each 
interval,  and  2  on  the  inner  face.  —  A  smooth  and  erect  aquatic  herb,  with  a 
hollow  stem  (2° -6°  high),  and  cylindrical  pointed  and  hollow  petioles  (the 
cavity  divided  by  cross  partitions)  in  place  of  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels 
of  few  subulate  leaflets.  Flowers  white.  (Dedicated  to  the  anatomist,  Prof. 
Tiedemann,  of  Heidelberg. ) 

1 .  T,  teretifolia,  DC.  — Virginia  (Harper's  Ferry)  and  southward.   Aug. 

11.    ANGELICA,    L.        ANGELICA. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened,  with  a  double-winged  margin  at  the 
commissure ;  i.  e.  the  lateral  rib  of  each  oval  carpel  expanded  into  a  wing,  their 
flattish  backs  each  strongly  3-ribbed  :  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval,  and  2-4  on 
the  inner  face.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  —  Stout  herbs,  more  or  less  aro- 
matic, with  first  ternately,  then  once  or  twice  pinnately  or  'ternately  divided 
leaves,  toothed  and  cut  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  large  terminal  umbels,  scanty 
or  no  involucre,  and  small  many-leaved  involucels.  Flowers  white  or  greenish. 
Petioles  membranaceous  at  the  base.  (Named  angelic,  from  its  cordial  and 
medicinal  properties. ) 

1.  A»  Clirtisii,  Buckley.  Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  twice  ternate  or  the 
divisions  quinatc ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  cut 
and  toothed ;  involucels  of  small  subulate  leaflets ;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad. 
1J. —  Cheat  Mountain,  Virginia,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.  Aug. 

12.    ARCHANGELICA,    Hoffm.        ARCHANGELICA. 

Calyx-teeth  short.  Seed  becoming  loose  in  the  pericarp,  coated  with  numer- 
ous oil-tubes  which  adhere  to  its  surface.  Otherwise  as  in  Angelica,  from  which 
the  species  have  been  separated. 

1.  A.  llirstlta,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Woolly  or  downy  at  the  top  (2° -5°  high), 
rather  slender;  leaves  twice  pinnately  or  ternately  divided;  leaflets  thickish. 


154  UMBELLIFER2E.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.) 

ovate-oblong,  often  blunt,  serrate;  involucels  as  long  as  the  umbellets;  pedun 
Cles  and  fruit  downy,  broadly  winged.  1J.  (Angelica  triquinata,  Nutt.) — Dry 
open  woods,  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  July.  —  Flowers  white. 

2.  A.  atropurpurea,  Hoffm.      (GREAT  ANGELICA.)      Smooth;  stem 
dark  purple,  very  stout  (4° -6°  high),  hollow;  leaves  2 - 3-ternately  compound  ; 
the  leaflets  pinnate,  5-7,  sharply  cut  serrate,  acute,  pale  beneath ;  petioles  much 
inflated ;  involucels   very   short ;  fruit  smooth,  winged,     ty  (Angelica  triquinata, 
Michx.) — Low  river-banks,  N.  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
June.  —  Flowers  greenish- white.    Plant  strong-scented ;  a  popular  aromatic. 

3.  A.  peregrina,  Nutt.    Stem  a  little  downy  at  the  summit  (1°-  3° 
high)  ;    leaves  2  -  3-ternately  divided,  the   leaflets  ovate,   acute,   cut-serrate, 
glabrous ;  involucels  about  as  long  as  the  umbellets ;  fruit  oblong  with  5  thick 
and  corky  wing-like  ribs  to  each  carpel,  the  marginal  ones  little  broader  than  the 
others.      y. —  Rocky  coast  of  Massachusetts   Bay  and  northward.     July. — 
Flowers  greenish-white.    Plant  little  aromatic.    Fruit  so  thick  and  so  equally 
ribbed,  rather  than  winged,  that  it  might  be  taken  for  a  Ligusticum.    Perhaps  it 
is  the  Angelica  lucida,  L. 

13.    CONIOSELtftUM,    Fischer.        HEMLOCK  PARSLEY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval ;  the  carpels  convex-flattish  and  narrowly 
3-winged  on  the  back,  and  each  more  broadly  winged  at  the  margins  :  oil-tubes 
in  the  substance  of  the  pericarp,  1  -3  in  each  of  the  intervals,  and  several  on  the 
inner  face.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  finely  2  -  3-pinnately  compound  thin  leaves, 
inflated  petioles,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre  scarcely  any :  leaflets  of  the 
involucels  awl-shaped.  (Name  compounded  of  Conium,  the  Hemlock,  and 
Selinum,  Milk-Parsley,  from  its  resemblance  to  these  two  genera.) 

1.  C.  C/aiiadeiise,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Leaflets  pinnatifid;  fruit  longer  than 
the  pedicels.  1J. —  Swamps,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  northward,  and  southward 
in  the  Alleghanies.  Aug.  —  Herbage  resembling  the  Poison  Hemlock. 

14.  JET Hl^S A,    L.        FOOL'S  PARSLEY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-globose;  the  carpels  each  with  5  thick 
sharply-keeled  ridges:  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Annual,  poisonous 
herbs,  with  2  -  3-ternately  compound  and  many-cleft  leaves,  the  divisions  pin- 
nate, and  white  flowers.  (Name  from  ai$o>,  to  burn,  from  the  acrid  taste.) 

1.  JE.  CYN\PIUM,  L.  Divisions  of  the  leaves  wedge-lanceolate  ;  involucre 
none ;  involucels  3-leaved,  long  and  narrow.  —  About  cultivated  grounds,  New 
England,  &c.  July.  —  A  fetid,  poisonous  herb,  with  much  the  aspect  of  Poison 
Hemlock,  but  with  dark-green  foliage,  long  hanging  involucels,  and  unspotted 
item.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.  L,IG1JSTICIJM,    L.        LOVAGE. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  minute.  Fruit  elliptical,  round  on  the  cross-section,  or 
slightly  flattened  on  the  sides ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  sharp  and  projecting  or 
aarrowly  winged  ridges  :  intervals  and  inner  face  with  many  oil-tubes.  —  Peren* 


UMBELLIFERJE.      (PABSLET  FAMILY.)  155 

nials,  with  aromatic  roots  and  fruit,  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves,  and  white 
flowers.  (Named  from  the  country  Liguria,  where  the  officinal  Lovage  of  the 
gardens,  L.  Levisticum,  abounds.) 

1.  It.  Scdticum,  L.      (SCOTCH  LOVAGE.)      Very  smooth;  stem  (2° 
high)  nearly  simple;  leaves  2-ternate;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  coarsely  toothed 
or  cut;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  and  involucels  linear;  calyx-teeth  distinct; 
fruit  narrowly  oblong.  —  Salt  marshes,  from  Rhode  Island  northward.     Aug 
Boot  acrid  but  aromatic.     (Eu.) 

2.  JL.  actseifolium,  Michx.    (NONDO.     ANGELICO.)     Smooth;  stem 
(3° -6°  high)  branched  above;  the  numerous  umbels  forming  a  loose  and  naked 
somewhat  ivhorled  panicle,  the  lateral  ones  mostly  barren ;  leaves  3-ternate ;  leaf- 
lets broadly  ovate,  equally  serrate,  the  end  ones  often  3-parted;  calyx-teeth 
minute ;  ribs  of  the  short  fruit  wing-like.  —  Rich  woods,  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward  along  the  mountains.    July,  Aug.  —  Root  large,  with  the  strong 
aromatic  odor  and  taste  of  Angelica.     (Michaux's  habitat,  "Banks  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,"  is  probably  a  mistake.) 

16.     TIf ASPIUM,    Nutt.        MEADOW-PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  short.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  flattish  or 
contracted  at  the  sides  (the  cross-section  of  each  seed  orbicular  and  somewhat 
angled  or  5-angular) ;  the  carpels  each  with  5  strong  and  equal  ribs  or  wings, 
the  lateral  ones  marginal :  oil-tubes  single  in  each  interval.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  1  -  2-ternately  divided  leaves  (or  the  root-leaves  simple),  umbels  with  no 
involucre,  minute  few-leaved  involucels,  and  yellow  or  sometimes  dark-purple 
flowers.  (Name  a  play  upon  Thapsia,  a  genus  so  called  from  the  island  of 
Thapsus.)  — I  include  in  this  genus  Zizia,  Koch, — because  what  is  apparently 
the  same  species  has  the  fruit  either  ribbed  or  winged,  —  and  retain  the  name 
of  Zizia  for  Z.  intcgerrima,  DC. 

#  Stems  loosely  branched,  2°  -  5°  high,  mostly  pubescent  on  the  joints :  calyx  short  but 
manifest :  corolla  light  yellow :  leaves  all  ternately  compound. 

1.  T.  barbindde,  Nutt.     Leaves    1- 3-ternate;   leaflets  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  and  acute,  mostly  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  above  deeply  cut-serrate,  often 
2-3-cleft  or  parted,  the  terminal  one  long-stalked  (l'-2'long) ;  fruit  oblong, 
B-lO-winged  (3"  long),  some  of  the  dorsal  wings  often  narrow  or  obsolete.— 
River-banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    July. 

2.  T.    piniialifidlllll.      Branchlets,   umbels,   &c.   roughish-puberulent  ; 
leaves  1  -  3-ternate ;  leaflets  1  -  2-pinnatifld,  the  lobes  linear  or  oblong ;  fruit  oblong, 
narrowly  8-lQ-winged  (!£'  long),  the  intervals  minutely  scabrous.     (Zizia  pin- 
natifida,  Buckley.    Thaspium  Walteri,  Shuttlew.,  excl.  syn.  Walt.) — Barrens 
of  Kentucky  (Short),  and  southward  in  the  mountains. 

*  #  Stems  somewhat  branched;  the  whole  plant  glabrous :  calyx-teeth  obscure. 

3.  T.  aiircum,  Nutt.     Leaves  all  1  -2-ternately  divided  or  parted  (or  rarely 
some  of  the  root-leaves  simple  and  heart-shaped) ;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  oblong- 
lanceolate,  very  sharply  cut-serrate,  with  a  wedge-shaped  entire  base  ;  flowers  deep 
yellow ;  fruit  oblong-oval,  with  10  winged  ridges.     Moist  rivei  -banks,  &c.,  not 
rare.    June.  —  Leaves  of  a  rather-firm  texture. 


156  UMBELLIFER^E.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

Var.  aptcrmn.  Fruit  with  strong  and  sharp  ribs  in  place  of  wingr 
(Smyrnium  aureum,  L.  Zizia  aurea,  Koch.}  —  With  the  winged  form. 

4.  T.  triibliiYtum.  Root-leaves  or  some  of  them  round  and  heart-shaped  ; 
stem-leaves  simply  ternate  or  quinate,  or  3-parted  ;  the  divisions  or  leaflets  ovate-lancer 
date  or  roundish,  mostly  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  crenately  toothed; 
flowers  deep  yellow  ;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  with  10  winged  ridges.  Rocky  thickets, 
Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  ;  rare  eastward.  June. 

Var.  atropurpureum,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Petals  deep  dark-purple.  (Thap- 
sia  trifoliata,  L.  Smyrnium  cordatum,  Wait.  Thaspium  atropurpureum,  Nutt.) 
—  From  New  York  westward  and  southward. 

Var.  apteruni.  Petals  yellow  :  fruit  with  sharp  ribs  in  place  of  wings. 
(Zizia  cordata,  Koch,  Torr.)  With  the  preceding  form. 


17.     ZIZIA,    DC.  partly.     (ZiziA  §  T^NfDiA,  Torr.  &  Gr.) 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  contracted  at  the  junction  of  *he 
carpels  so  as  to  become  twin,  the  cross-section  of  each  seed  nearly  orbicular  : 
carpels  somewhat  fleshy  when  fresh,  with  5  slender  ribs  (which  are  more  con 
spicuous  when  dry)  :  oil-tubes  3  in  each  interval  and  4  on  the  inner  face.  —  A 
perennial  smooth  and  glaucous  slender  herb  (2°  -3°  high),  with  2  -  3-ternately 
compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  with  entire  margins  ;  umbels  with  long  and  slen- 
der rays,  no  involucre,  and  hardly  any  involucels.  Flowers  yellow.  (Nam^d 
for  L  B.  Ziz,  a  Ehenish  botanist.) 

1.  Z.  integerrima,  DC.  —  Rocky  hill-sides  ;  not  rare.    May,  June. 

18.    BUPL.EtrRUM:,    Tourn.        THOROUGH-WAX. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  flattened  laterally  or  somewhat 
twin,  the  carpels  5-ribbed,  with  or  without  oil-tubes.  Plants  with  simple  entire 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  $ot)y,  an  ox,  and  TrXevpoi/,  a  rib  ;  it  is 
uncertain  why  so  called.) 

.1.  13.  ROTUNDIF6LIUM,  L.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  perfoliate  ;  involucre 
none;  involucels  of  5  large  ovate  leaflets.  —  Fields,  New  York,  Penn.,  and  Vir- 
ginia; rare.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

19.    IVISCOP  LElTItA,    DC.        MOCK  BISHOP-WEED. 

Calyx-teeth  awl-shaped.  Fruit  ovoid  ;  the  carpels  each  with  3  strong  ribs  on 
the  back,  and  2  broad  lateral  ones  united  with  a  thickened  corky  margin  :  inter- 
vals with  single  oil-tubes.  —  Smooth  and  slender  branched  annuals,  with  the 
leaves  finely  dissected  into  bristle-form  divisions,  and  white  flowers.  Involucre 
and  involucels  conspicuous.  (Name  from  Sioxos,  a  disk,  and  TrAevpoi/,  a  rib.) 

1.  JD.  capillsicca,  DC.      Umbel  few-rayed;  leaflets  of  the  involucre 
3  -  5-cleft  ;  involucels  longer  than  the  umbellets  ;   fruit  ovate  in  outline.  — 
Brackish  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    July  -  Oct. 

2.  D.  Nuttallii,  DC.      Umbel  many-rayed  ;    leaflets  of  the  involucre 
mostly  ^jitire  and  shorter;  fruit  globular.  —  Wet  prairies,  Kentucky  and  south- 
ward. 


UMBELLIFEILffl.       (PARSLEY   FAMILY.)  15? 

20.    CICIITA,   L.        WATER  HEMLOCK. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Emit  subglobose,  a  little  contracted  at  the  sides, 
the  carpels  with  5  flattish  and  strong  ribs :  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes.  — 
Marsh  perennials,  very  poisonous,  smooth,  with  thrice  pinnately  or  ternately 
compound  leaves,  the  veins  of  the  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaflets  terminating  in 
the  notches.  Involucre  few-leaved:  involucels  many-leaved.  Flowers  white. 
(The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Hemlock.) 

1.  C.  maciilata,  L.     (SPOTTED  COWBANE.    MUSQUASH-ROOT.    BEA 
VER-PoisoN.)       Stem   streaked   with  purple,   stout ;    leaflets  oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  pointed.  —  Swamps,  common.     Aug.  —  Plant 
3°  -  6°  high,  coarse ;  the  root  a  deadly  poison. 

2.  C.  billl>ifera,  L.    Leaflets  linear,  remotely  toothed  or  cut-lobed ;  upper 
dxils  bearing  clusters  of  bulblets.  —  Swamps ;  common  northward :  seldom  ripen 
ing  fruit. 

21.     S1TJM,    L.        WATER  PARSNIP. 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or  globular,  flattish  or  contracted 
at  the  sides ;  the  carpels  with  5  rather  obtuse  ribs :  intervals  with  1  -  several 
oil-tubes.  —  Marsh  or  aquatic  perennials,  smooth,  poisonous,  with  grooved 
stems,  simply  pinnate  leaves,  and  lanceolate  serrate  leaflets,  or  the  immersed 
ones  cut  into  capillary  divisions.  Involucre  several-leaved.  Flowers  white. 
(Name  supposed  to  be  from  the  Celtic  siu,  water,  from  their  habitation.) 
#  Pericarp  thin  between  the  strong  projecting  ribs :  lateral  ribs  marginal. 

1.  S.  lineare,  Michx.    Leaflets  linear,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp  point,  closely  and  very  sharply  serrate ;  calyx- 
teeth  scarcely  any;  fruit  globular,  with  corky  and  very  salie&t  ribs,  or  rather 
wings ;  oil-tubes  1  -  3  in  each  interval.  —  Swamps  and  brooks ;  common.     July 

-  Sept. 

S.  LATIFOLIUM,  L.,  of  Europe,  I  have  never  seen  in  this  region. 

#  Pericarp  of  a  thick  texture,  concealing  the  oil-tubes  :  ribs  not  strong,  the  lateral  not 

quite  marginal.     (Berala,  Koch.) 

2.  S.  aiigUStifolilim,  L.     Low  (9' -20'  high);  leaflets  varying  from 
oblong  to  linear,  mostly  cut-toothed  and  cleft ;  fruit  somewhat  twin.  —  Michigan 
and  westward.     (Eu.) 

22.     CRYPTO'lVTINIA,    DC.        HONENVORT. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  contracted  at  the  sides;  the  carpels 
equally  and  obtusely  5-ribbed  :  oil-tubes  very  slender,  one  in  each  interval  and 
one  under  each  rib.  Seed  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face.  —  A  perennial 
smooth  herb,  with  thin  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  umbels  and  umbellets  with  very 
unequal  rays,  no  involucre,  and  few-leaved  involucels.  Flowers  white.  (Name 
composed  of  KpuTrros,  hidden,  and  raii/ta,  a  fillet,  from  the  concealed  oil-tubes.) 

1 .  C.  Canadensis,  DC.  —  Rich  woods,  common.    June  -  Sept.  —  Plant 
2°  high.     Leaflets  large,  ovate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  the  lower  ones  lobed. 
14 


158  UMBELLIFER^.       (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

23.     CHJEROPHYJLL.17M,    L.        CHERVIL. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  or  oblong,  pointed  but  not  beaked,  con- 
tracted at  the  sides ;  the  carpels  5-ribbed :  inner  face  of  the  seed  deeply  furrowed 
lengthwise:  intervals  with  single  oil-tubes. — Leaves  ternately  decompound; 
the  leaflets  lobed  or  toothed :  involucre  scarcely  any :  involucels  ma.ny-leaved. 
Flowers  chiefly  white.  (Name  from  xa>iP°>i  to  gladden,  and  <£u\Xoi/,  a  leaf, 
alluding  to  the  agreeable  aromatic  odor  of  the  foliage.) 

1.  C.  procumbens,  Lam.  Stems  slender  (6' -18'),  spreading,  a  little 
hairy ;  lobes  of  the^pinnatifid  leaflets  obtuse,  oblong ;  umbels  few-rayed  (sessile 
or  peduncled) ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  with  narrow  ribs.  —  Moist  copses,  New 
Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward.  May,  June. 

24.    OSMORRHtZA,    Eaf.        SWEET  CICELY. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  angled,  tapering  downwards  into 
a  stalk-like  base,  contracted  at  the  sides,  crowned  with  the  styles ;  the  carpels 
with  sharp  upwardly  bristly  ribs  :  inner  face  of  the  nearly  terete  seed  with  a  deep 
longitudinal  channel :  oil-tubes  none.  —  Perennials,  with  thick  very  aromatic 
roots,  and  large  2  -  3-ternately  compound  leaves ;  the  leaflets  ovate,  pinnatifid- 
toothed.  Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved.  Flowers  white.  (Name  from 
o<r/u.q,  a  scent,  and  pifa,  a  root,  in  allusion  to  the  anise-like  flavor  of  the  latter.) 

1.  O.  longistylis,  DC.     (SMOOTHER  SWEET  CICELY.)     Styles  slender, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  leaflets  sparingly  pubescent  or  smooth  when  old,  short- 
pointed,  cut-toothed,  sometimes  lobed.  —  Rich  moist  woods,  commonest  north- 
ward.    Mar,  June.  — Plant  3°  high,  branching. 

2.  O.  brevistylis,  DC.     (HAIRY  SWEET  CICELY.)     Styles  conical,  not 
longer  than  the  breadth  of  the  ovary ;  fruit  somewhat  tapering  at  the  summit ;  leaf- 
lets downy-hairy,  taper-pointed,  pinnatifid-cut.  —  More  common  than  the  last. 

25.  CONtlJOT,    L.        POISON  HEMLOCK. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides,  the  carpels  with  5 
prominent  wavy  ribs,  and  no  oil-tubes  :  inner  face  of  the  seed  with  a  deep  nar- 
row longitudinal  groove.  —  Biennial  poisonous  herbs,  with  large  decompound 
leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels  3-5-leaved,  the  latter  1-sided.  Flowers 
white.  (K&vfiov,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock,  by  which  criminals  and 
philosophers  were  put  to  death  at  Athens.) 

1.  C.  MACULXTUM,  L.  Smooth;  stem  spotted;  leaflets  lanceolate,  pinnati- 
fid;  involucels  shorter  than  the  umbellets.  —  Waste  places.  July. — A  large 
branching  herb  :  the  pale  green  leaves  exhale  a  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised. 
A  virulent  narcotico-acrid  poison,  used  in  medicine.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

26.  EtrLiOPHUS,    Nutt.        EULOPHUS. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  sides  and  somewhat  twin  > 
the  carpels  smooth,  indistinctly  ribbed,  and  with  a  close  row  of  oil-tubes :  inner 
face  of  the  seed  longitudinally  channelled,  the  cross-section  semilunar.  —  A 


ARALIACE<E.       (GINSENG    FAMILY.)  159 

slender  and  smooth  tall  perennial,  with  the  leaves  2-ternately  divided  into  nar- 
row linear  leaflets  or  lobes.  Involucre  scarcely  any :  involuccls  short  and  bristle- 
form.  Flowers  white.  (Name  from  cv,  well,  and  \6(j>os,  a  cr(tt,  not  well 
applied  to  a  plant  which  has  no  crest  at  all.) 

1.  E.  Americanus,  Nutt.  —  Darby  Plains,  near  Columbus,  Ohio  (Sul- 
livant),  and  southwestward.  July.  —  Root  a  cluster  of  small  tubers. 

27.     ERIGENIA,    Nutt.        HARBINGER-OF-SPRING. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  entire.  Fruit  twin ; 
the  carpels  incurved  at  top  and  bottom,  nearly  kidney-form,  with  5  very  slender 
ribs,  and  several  small  oil-tubes  in  the  interstices :  inner  face  of  the  seed  hol- 
lowed into  a  broad  deep  cavity.  —  A  small  and  smooth  vernal  plant,  producing 
from  a  deep  round  tuber  a  simple  stem,  bearing  one  or  two  2  -  3-ternately  divided 
leaves,  and  a  somewhat  imperfect  and  leafy  bracted  compound  umbel.  Flowers 
few,  white.  (Name  from  rjpiyevrjs,  born  in  the  spring.) 

1.  E.  bnlbosa,  Nutt.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Western  New  York  and  Penn.,  to 
Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  &c.  March,  April.  —  Stem  3'  -  9'  high. 


The  cultivated  representatives  of  this  family  are  chiefly  the  PARSLEY  (Apium 
Petrosellnum),  CELERY  (A.  graveolens),  DILL  (Anethum  graveolens),  FENNEL  (-4. 
Fceniculum),  CARAWAY  (Carum  Cdrui),  and  CORIANDER  (Coridndrum  satwum). 

ORDER  53.     ARALIACE^E.     (GINSENG  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  much  the  same  characters  as  Umbelliferae,  but 
with  usually  more  than  2  styles,  and-  the  fruit  a  3- several-celled  drupe. 
(Albumen  mostly  fleshy.  Petals  flat.)  —  Represented  only  by  the  genus 

1.    A  KALI  A,    Tourn.        GINSENG.    WILD  SARSAPARILLA. 

Flowers  more  or  less  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the 
teeth  very  short  or  almost  obsolete.  Petals  5,  epigynous,  oblong  or  obovate, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  epigynous,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Styles  2-5,  mostly  distinct  and  slender,  or  in  the  sterile  flowers  short 
and  united.  Ovary  2  -  5-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from 
the  top  of  each  cell,  ripening  into  a  berry-like  drupe,  with  as  many  seeds  as. 
cells.  Embryo  minute. — Leaves  compound  or  decompound.  Flowers  white 
or  greenish,  in  umbels.  Roots  (perennial),  bark,  fruit,  &c.  warm  and  aromatic. 
(Derivation  obscure. ) 

$  1.  ARALIA,  L.  —  Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous  or  perfect,  the  umbels  usually 
in  corymbs  or  panicles:  styles  and  cells  of  the  (black  or  dark  purple)  fruit  5  :  stems 
herbaceous  or  woody :  ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnate. 

#  Umbels  very  numerous  in  a  large  compound  panide :  leaves  very  large,  quinately  01 

pinnately  decompound. 
1.  A.  spinosa,  L.     (ANGELICA-TREE.     HERCULES'  CLUB  )     Shrub,  of 

a  low  tree ;  the  stout  stem  and  stalks  prickly ;  leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  serrate,  pale 


160  CORNACE^E.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

beneath.  —  River-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky  and  southward :  conmon  in 
cultivation.     July,  August. 

2.  A.  racemosa,  L.    (SPIKENARD.)    Herbaceous;  stem  widely  branched ; 
leaflets  Jieart-ovate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  slightly  downy;  umbels  racemose- 
panicled;  styles  united  below.  —  Rich  woodlands.     July. — Well  known  for  its 
spicy-aromatic  large  roots.     There  are  traces  of  stipules  at  the  dilated  base  of 
the  leafstalks. 

*  #  Umbels  2-7,  corymbed :  stem  short,  somewhat  woody. 

3.  A.  liispida,  Michx.     (BRISTLY    SARSAPARILLA.    WILD    ELDER.) 
Stem  (l°-2°  high]  bristly,  leafy,  terminating  in  a  peduncle  bearing  several  um- 
bels; leaves  twice  pinnate;    leaflets  oblong-ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate.  —  Rocky 
places ;  common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     June. 

4.  A.  imdicaulis,   L.     (WiLD  SARSAPARILLA.)     Stem   scarcely  rising 
out  of  the  ground,  smooth,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked  leaf  and  a  shorter  naked  scape, 
with  2-7  umbels ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  pointed,  serrate,  5  on  each  of 
the  3  divisions.  — Moist  woodlands ;  with  the  same  range  as  No.  3.    May,  June. 
—  The  aromatic  horizontal  roots,  which  are  several  feet  long,  are  employed  as 
a  substitute  for  the  officinal  Sarsaparilla.     Leafstalks  1°  high. 

§2.  GlNSENG,  Decaisne  &  Planchon.  (Panax,  L.) — Flowers  diceciously  po- 
lygamous :  styles  and  cells  oftJie  (red  or  reddish]  fruit  2  or  3  :  stem  herbaceous,  low, 
simple,  bearing  at  its  summit  a  whorl  of  3  palmate! y  3  -  7 -folio/ ate  leaves  (or  per- 
haps rather  a  single  and  sessile  twice-compound  leaf),  and  a  single  umbel  on  a  slen- 
der naked  peduncle. 

5.  A.  qililiqiiefolia*     (GINSENG.)     Root  large  and  spindle-shaped,  often 
forked  (4'  -  9'  long,  aromatic) ;  stem  1°  high ;  leaflets  long-stalked,  mostly  5,  large 

and  thin,  obovate-oblong,  pointed ;  styles  mostly  2 ;  fruit  bright  red.     (Panax 
quinquefolium,  L.)  — Rich  mountain  woods ;  becoming  rare.    July. 

6.  A.  trifolia.     (DWARF  GINSENG.     GROUND-NUT.)     Root  or  tubet-  glob- 
ular, deep  in  the  ground  (pungent  to  the  taste,  not  aromatic) ;  stems  4-8'  high ; 
leaflets  3-5,  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  leafstalk,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  ;  styles 
usually  3 ;  fruit  yellowish. — Rich  woods,  common  northward,  April,  May. 

HEDERA  HELIX,  the  European  IVY,  is  almost  the  only  other  representative 
of  this  family  in  the  northern  temperate  zone. 

ORDER   54.     CORNACE^E.      (DOGWOOD   FAMILY.; 

Shrubs  or  trees  (rarely  herbaceous),  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple  leaves 
the  calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  1  -  ^-celled  ovary,  its  limb  minute,  the  petah 
(valvate  in  the  bud)  and  as  many  stamens  borne  on  the  margin  of  an  epigy- 
nous  disk  in  the  perfect  Jlowers  ;  style  one;  a  single  anatropous  ovule  hang- 
ing from  the  top  of  the  cell ;  the  fruit  a  I-  2-seeded  drupe ;  embryo  nearly 
the  length  of  the  albumen,  with  large  and  foliaceous  cotyledons.  T —  A  small 
family,  represented  by  Cornus,  and  by  a  partly  apetalous  genus,  Nyssa, 
(Bark  bitter  and  tonic.) 


CORNACE^J.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.)  161 

].     CORNUS,    Tourn.        CORNEL.    DOGWOOD. 

Flowers  perfect  (or  in  some  foreign  species  dioecious).  Calyx  minutely  4 
toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  4 :  filaments  slender.  Style 
slender :  stigma  terminal,  flat  or  capitate.  Drupe  small,  with  a  2-celled  and  2- 
seedcd  stone.  — Leaves  opposite  (except  in  one  species),  entire.  Flowers  small, 
in  open  naked  cymes,  or  in  close  heads  which  are  surrounded  by  a  corolla-like 
involucre.  (Name  from  cornu,  a  horn;  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

§  1.  Flowers  greenish,  collected  in  a  head  or  close  cluster,  which  is  surrounded  by  a 
large  and  showy,  4-leaved,  corolla-like,  white  involucre :  fruit  bright  red. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.      (DWARF  CORNEL.    BUNCH-BERRY.)     Steins 
low  and  simple  ( 5' -7' high)  from  a  slender  creeping  and  subterranean  rather 
woody  trunk ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  the  lower  scale-like,  the  upper  crowded 
into  an  apparent  whorl  in  sixes  or  fours,  ovate  or  oval,  pointed ;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  ovate :  fruit  globular.  —  Damp  cold  woods,  common  northward.    June. 

2.  C.  iloridii,  L.      (FLOWERING  DOGWOOD.)     Leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
acutish  at  the  base;  leaves  of  the  involucre  inversely  heart-shaped  or  notched  (!£' 
long) ;  fruit  oval.  —  Rocky  woods  ;  more  common  southward.     May,  June.  — 
Tree  12° -30°  high,  very  showy  in  flower,  scarcely  less  so  in  fruit. 

$  2.  Flowers  white,  in  open  and  flat  spreading  cymes :  involucre  none :  fruit  spherical. 
*  Leaves  all  opposite :  shrubs. 

3.  C.   circinata,   L'Her.     (ROUND-LEAVED  CORNEL  or  DOGWOOD.) 

Branches  greenish,  warty-dotted ;  leaves  round-oval,  abruptly  pointed,  woolly  under' 
neath  (4' -5'  broad) ;  cymes  flat;  fruit  light  blue.  —  Copses;  in  rich  soil.     June. 

—  Shrub  6°  - 10°  high.     Leaves  larger  than  in  any  other  species. 

4.  C.  sericea,  L.      (SILKY  CORNEL.     KINNIKINNIK.)      Branches  pur- 
plish ;  the  branchlets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  narrowly  ovate  or  elliptical 
pointed  leaves  silky-downy  (often  rusty),  pale  and  dull;  cymes  flat,  close;  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate ;  fruit  pale  blue.  —  Wet  places ;  common.     June.  —  Shrub  3° 
10°  high.     Flowers  yellowish-white. 

5.  C.  StOlOIlifcra,  Michx.     (RED-OSIER  DOGWOOD.)     Branches,  espe- 
cially the  osier-like  annual  shoots,  bright  red-purple,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  with  a  minute  close  pubescence  on 
both  sides,  whitish  underneath ;  cymes  small  and  flat,  rather  few-flowered,  nearly 
smooth ;  fruit  white  or  lead-color.  —  Wet  banks  of  streams ;  common,  especially 
northward.    It  multiplies  by  prostrate  or  subterranean  suckers,  and  forms  large 
dense  clumps,  3°  -  6°  high.     June. 

6.  C.  aspcrifolia,   Michx.     (ROUGH-LEAVED    DOGWOOD.)     Branches 
brownish ;  the  branchlets,  Sj-c.  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  on  very  short 
petioles,  pointed,  rough  with  a  harsh  pubescence  above,  and   owny  beneath ;  calyx- 
teeth  minute. — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward.     May,  June. 

7.  C»  Stricta,  Lam.     (STIFF  CORNEL.)     Branches  brownish  or  reddish, 
smooth ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acutish  at  the  base,  glabrous, 
of  nearly  the  same  hue  both  sides ;  cymes  loose,  flatfish ;  anthers  and  fruit  pale  blue, 

—  Swamps,  &c.  Virginia  and  southward.    April,  May.  —  Shrub  8°  -  15°  high. 

14* 


162  CORNACE^E.     (DOGWOOD  FAMILY.) 

&.  €•  paniculata,  L'Her.  (PANICLED  CORNEL.)  Branches  gray, 
ftnooth ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acute  at  the  base,  whitish  beneath  but 
not  downy ;  cymes  convex,  loose,  often  panicled ;  fruit  white,  depressed-globose.  — 
Thickets  and  river-banks.  June.  —  Shrub  4° -8°  high,  very  much  branched, 
bearing  a  profusion  of  pure  white  blossoms. 

#  *  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

9.  C.  alternifolia,  L.  (ALTERNATE-LEAVED  CORNEL.)  Branches 
greenish  streaked  with  white,  alternate ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval*  long-pointed,  acute  at 
the  base,  whitish  and  minutely  pubescent  underneath ;  fruit  deep  blue.  —  Hill- 
sides in  copses.  May,  June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  8°  -  20°  high,  generally  throwing 
its  branches  to  one  side  in  a  flattish  top,  and  with  broad,  very  open  cymes. 

2*    NYSSA,    L.        TUPELO.    PEPPERJDGE.     SOUR  GUM-TREE. 

Flowers  diosciously  polygamous,  clustered  or  rarely  solitary  at  the  summit 
of  axillary  peduncles.  Stain.  Fl.  numerous  in  a  simple  or  compound  dense 
cluster  of  fascicles.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Stamens  5-12,  oftener  10,  inserted 
on  the  outside  of  a  convex  disk  :  filaments  slender :  anthers  short.  No  pistil. 
Pist.  FL  solitary  or  2  -  8,  sessile  in  a  bracted  cluster,  much  larger  than  the  stam- 
inate  flowers.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  repand-truncate  or  minutely  5-toothed 
limb.  Petals  very  small  and  fleshy,  deciduous,  or  often  wanting.  Stamens  5  - 
10,  with  perfect  anthers,  or  imperfect.  Style  elongated,  revolute,  stigmatic 
down  one  side.  Ovary  one-celled.  Drupe  ovoid  or  oblong,  with  a  bony  and 
grooved  or  striate  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded  stone.  —  Trees,  with  entire  or  some- 
times angulate-toothed  leaves,  which  are  alternate,  but  mostly  crowded  at  the  end 
of  the  branchlets,  and  greenish  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.  (The  name 
of  a  Nymph  :  "  so  called  because  it  [the  original  species]  grows  in  the  water.") 

1.  N.  nitaltiflora,  Wang.     (TUPELO.    PEPPERIDGE.    BLACK  or  SOUR 
GUM.)    Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  commonly  acuminate,  glabrous  or  villous-pubes- 
cent  when  young,  at  least  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  shining  above  when  old 
(2' -5'  long) ;  fertile  flowers  3-8,  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  peduncle ;  fruit 
ovoid,  bluish-black  (about  £'  long).    (N.  aquatica,  L.,  at  least  in  part;  but  the 
tree  is  not  aquatic.     N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.    N.  villosa,  WiUd,  &c.,  &c.)  —  Rich 
soil,  either  moist  or  nearly  dry,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    April, 
May.  —  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  horizontal  branches  and  a  light  flat  spray, 
like  the  Beech :  the  wood  firm,  close-grained,  and  very  unwedgeable,  on  account 
of  the  oblique  direction  and  crossing  of  the  fibre  of  different  layers.    Leaves 
turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

2.  N.  imiflora,  Walt.     (LARGE  TUPELO.)     Leaves  oblong  or  ovate, 
sometimes  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  long-petioled,  entire  or  angulate-toothed, 
pale  and  downy-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young  (4'  - 12'  long) ;  fertile 
flower  solitary  on  a  slender  peduncle ;  fruit  oblong,  blue  (!'  or  more  in  length). 

(N.  denticulata,  Ait.  N.  tomentosa  and  angulisans,  Michx.  N.  grandidentata, 
Michx.  f.) — In  water  or  wet  swamps,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward- 
April.  —  Wood  soft :  that  of  the  roots  very  light  and  spongy,  used  for  corks 


CAPRIFOLIACEJC.       (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.)  163 


DIVISION  II.    MONOPETALOUS  EX6GENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter 
composed  of  more  or  less  united  petals,  that  is,  monopetalous.* 

ORDER  55.    CAPRIFOLIACE^E.    (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  (genuine)  stipules,  the 
calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  2  -  5-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as 
(or  one  fewer  than)  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  or  wheel-shaped  corolla,  and 
inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  pod,  1  -  several-seeded. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.    ICONIC  EREJE.    Corolla  tubular,  often  irregular,  sometimes  2-lipped.    Style 
Blender:  stigma  capitate. 

1.  LINN-SA.    Stamens  4,  one  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Fruit  dry,  3-celled,  but 

only  1  -seeded. 

2.  SYMPHORICARPUS.    Stamens  4  or  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  bell-shaped  regular 

corolla.     Berry  4-celled,  but  only  2-seeded. 
8.  LONICERA.    Stamens  5.  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  and  more  or  less  irregular 

corolla.    Berry  several-seeded. 
4.  DIBRVILLA.    Stamens  5.    Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  regular.    Pod  2-celled,  2-valved, 

many-seeded. 
6.  TRIOSTEUM.    Stamens  5.    Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base.    Fruit  a  3-6-celled  bony  drupe. 

TEIBK  II.    S  AMBTJCE^E.    Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  regular,  deeply  5-lobed. 
Stigmas  1-3,  rarely  6,  sessile.    Flowers  in  broad  cymes. 

6.  SAMBUCUS.    Fruit  berry-like,  containing  3  seed-like  nutlets.    Leaves  pinnate. 

7.  VIBURNUM.    Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  flattish  drupe,  with  a  thin  pulp     Leaves  simple. 


1.    LiINNJEA,    Gronov.        LINILEA.    TWIN-FLOWER. 

Calyx-teeth  5,  awl-shaped,  deciduous.  Corolla  narrcrw  bell-shaped,  ,  almost 
equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter,  inserted  toward  the  base  of 
the  corolla.  Ovary  and  the  small  dry  pod^  3-celled,  but  only  1-seeded,  two  of 
the  cells  being  empty.  —  A  slender  creeping  and  trailing  little  evergreen,  some- 
what hairy,  with  rounded-oval  sparingly  crenate  leaves  contracted  at  the  base 
into  short  petioles,  and  thread-like  upright  peduncles  forking  into  2  pedicels  at 
the  top,  each  bearing  a  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding  flower.  Corolla  purple 
and  whitish,  hairy  inside.  (Dedicated  to  the  immortal  Linnceus,  who  first  point- 

*  In  certain  families,  such  as  Ericaceae,  &c.  the  petals  in  some  genera  are  nearly  or  quito 
eeparate.  In  Composite  and  some  others,  the  calyx  is  mostly  reduced  to  a  pappus,  or  to  scales, 
or  a  mere  border,  or  even  to  nothing  more  than  a  covering  of  the  surface  of  the  ovary.  The 
etudent  might  look  for  these  hi  the  first  or  the  third  division.  But  the  artifUial  analysis  pre- 
fixed to  the  volume  provides  for  all  these  anomalies,  and  will  lead  the  student  to  the  order 
where  they  belong 


164  CAPRTFOLIACEJE.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.) 

ed  out  its  characters,  and  with  whom  this  humble  but  charming  plant  was  au 
especial  favorite.) 

1.  L-.  borealis,  Gronov.  —  Moist  mossy  woods  and  cold  bogs;  common 
northward,  but  towards  the  south  of  rare  occurrence  as  far  as  New  Jersey,  and 
along  the  mountains  to  Maryland.  June.  (Eu.) 

2.    SYMPHORICARPUS,    Dill.        SNOWBERRY. 

Calyx-teeth  short,  persistent  on  the  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  regularly  4-5- 
lobed,  with  as  many  short  stamens  inserted  into  its  throat.  Ovary  4-celIed,  only 
2  of  the  cells  with  a  fertile  ovule ;  the  berry  therefore  4-celled  but  only  2-seeded. 
Seeds  bony.  —  Low  and  branching  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short-petioled 
leaves,  which  are  downy  underneath  and  entire,  or  wavy-toothed  or  lobed  on  the 
young  shoots.  Flowers  white,  tinged  with  rose-color,  in  close  short  spikes  or 
clusters.  (Name  composed  of  <ru/^>ope«,  to  bear  together,  and  Kapnos,  fruit ; 
from  the  clustered  benies.) 

1.  S.  occidentalis,  R.  Brown.     (WOLFBERRY.)     Flowers  in  dense 
terminal  and  axillary  spikes ;  corolla  much  bearded  within ;  the  stamens  and  style 
protruded;  berries  white.  —  Northern  Michigan  to  Wisconsin  and  westward. — 
Flowers  larger  and  more  funnel-form,  and  stamens  longer,  than  in  the  next, 
which  it  too  closely  resembles. 

2.  S.   racemosus,   Michx.      (SNOWBERRY.)      Flowers  in  a  loose  and 
somewhat  leafy  interrupted  spike  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  corolla  bearded  in- 
side; berries  large,  bright  white.  —  Rocky  banks,  from  W.  Vermont  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  Wisconsin  :  common  in  cultivation.    June  -  Sept.    Berries  re- 
maining until  winter. 

3.  S.  vulgaris,  Michx.     (INDIAN  CURRANT.    CORAL-BERRY.)    Flowers 
in  small  close  dusters  in  the  axils  of  nearly  all  the  leaves;  corolla  sparingly 
bearded ;  berries  small,  dark  red.  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  New  York  and  Perm,  to 
Illinois,  and  southward :  also  cultivated.    July. 

3.    1,0  NIC  ERA,    L.        HONEYSUCKLE.    WOODBINE. 

Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  gibbous  at  the 
base,  irregularly  or  almost  regularly  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-3-celled. 
Berry  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  often  showy  and  fragrant. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Lonicer,  a  German  botanist  of  the  16th  century.) 

4  1.  CAPRIFOLIUM,  Juss.  —  Twining  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  in  sessile  whorled 
dusters  from  the  axils  of  the  (often  connate)  upper  leaves,  and  forming  interrupted 
terminal  spikes :  calyx-teeth  persistent  on  the  (red  or  orange)  berry. 

*  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  almost  regularly  and  equally  5-lobed. 
1.  JL.  sempervirens,  Ait.  (TRUMPET  HONEYSUCKLE.)  Flowers  in 
somewhat  distant  whorls ;  leaves  oblong,  smooth ;  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper- 
most pairs  united  round  the  stem.  —  Copses,  New  York  (near  the  city)  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward  :  common  also  in  cultivation.  May  -  Oct.  —  Leavea 
deciduous  at  .the  North.  Corolla  scentless,  nearly  2'  long,  scarlet  or  deep  red 


CAPKIFOLIACE.fi.      (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.)  165 

outside,  yellowish  within :  a  cultivated  and  less  showy  variety  has  pale  yellow 
blossoms. 

*  #    Corolla  ringent :  the  lower  lip  narrow,  the  upper  broad  and  Globed. 

2.  L.  grata,  Ait.      (AMERICAN  WOODBINE.)      Leaves  smooth,  glaucous 
beneath,  obovate,  the  2  or  3  upper  pairs  united ;  flowers  whorled  in  the  axils  of 
the  uppermost  leaves  or  leaf-like  connate  bracts ;  corolla  smooth  (whitish  with  a 
purple  tube,  fading  yellowish),  not  gibbous  at  the  base,  fragrant.  —  Rocky  wood- 
lands, New  York,  Penn.,  and  westward :  also  cultivated.    May. 

3.  L*.  Havu,  Sims.     (YELLOW  HONEYSUCKLE.)    Leaves  smooth,  very pak 
and  glaucous  both  sides,  thickish,  obovate  or  oval,  the  2-4  upper  pairs  united  into 
a  round  cup-like  disk;   flowers  in  closely  approximate  whorls;  tube  of  the 
smooth  (light  yellow)  corolla  slender,  slightly  or  not  at  all  gibbous ;  filaments 
smooth.  —  Rocky  banks.     Catskill  Mountains  (Pursh),  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  (a 
variety  with  rather  short  flowers),  and  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains.   June. 

4.  \j.  parvitlora,  Lam.     (SMALL  HONEYSUCKLE.)    Leaves  smooth,  ob- 
long, green  above,  very  glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  pairs  united,  all  closely  sessile ; 
flowers  in  2  or  3  closely  approximate  whorls  raised  on  a  peduncle ;  corolla  gib- 
bous at  the  base,  smooth  outside  (greenish-yellow  tinged  with  dull  purple),  short  (f 
long) ;  filaments  rather  hairy  below.  —  Rocky  banks,  mostly  northward.     May, 
June.  —  Stem  commonly  bushy,  only  2°  -4°  high. 

Var.  Doiiy  lasii.  Leaves  greener,  more  or  less  downy  underneath  when 
young;  corolla  crimson  or  deep  dull  purple.  (L.  Douglasii,  DC.)  —  Ohio  to 
Wisconsin  northward. 

5.  L,  liirsiita,  Eaton.     (HAIRY  HONEYSUCKLE.)     Leaves  not  glaucous, 
downy-hairy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  branches,  and  slightly  so  above,  veiny,  dull, 
broadly  oval;  the  uppermost  united,  the  lower  short-petioled ;  flowers  in  ap- 
proximate whorls ;  tube  of  the  (orange-yellow)  clammy-pubescent  corolla  gibbous  at 
the  base,  slender.  —  Damp  copses  and  rocks,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  northward. 
July.  —  A  coarse,  large-leaved  species. 

§  2.  XYL6STEON,  Juss.  —  Upright  bushy  shrubs :  leaves  all  distinct  at  the  base  : 
peduncles  axillary,  single,  2-b)-acted  and  2-flowered  at  the  summit ;  the  two  berries 
sometimes  united  into  one :  calyx-teeth  not  persistent. 

6.  L.  ciliata,  Muhl.     (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.)    Branches  straggling  (3°  - 
5°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  often  heart-shaped,  petioled,  thin,  downy  beneath ; 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  minute ;  corolla  funnel-form,  gibbous  at 
the  base  (greenish-yellow,  f '  long),  the  lobes   almost  equal  ;   berries  separate 
(red).  —  Rocky  woods;  New  England  to  Pennsylvania  and  Wisconsin,  north- 
ward.    May. 

7.  Ij.  caerulea,  L.     (MOUNTAIN  FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.)    Low  (l°— 2° 
high) ;  branches  upright;  leaves  oval,  downy  when  young;  peduncles  very  short; 
bracts  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  ovaries  of  the  two  flowers,  which  are  united  into  onts 
(blue)  ben*y.     (Xylosteum  villosum,  Michx.)  —  Mountain  woods  and  bogs,  Mas- 
sachusetts, New  Hampshire,  New  York,  and  northward ;  also  Wisconsin.     Ma^ 
—  Flowers  yellowish,  smaller  than  in  No.  8.     (Eu.) 


166  CAFRiFOLiACE.fi.     (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.) 

8.  It.  obloiigri  folia,  Muhl.  (SWAMP  FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.)  Branches 
upright ;  leaves  oblong,  downy  when  young,  smooth  when  old ;  peduncles  long  and 
slender ;  bracts  almost  none ;  corolla  deeply  Z-lipped ;  berries  (purple)  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  two  ovaries.  —  Bogs,  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.  June.  —  Shrub 
2°  -4°  high.  Leaves  2' -3'  long.  Corolla  |'  long,  yellowish-white. 

L.  TATARICA,  the  TARTARIAN  HONEYSUCKLE  ;  L.  CAPRIFOLIUM,  the 
COMMON  HONEYSUCKLE  ;  and  L.  PERICLY'MENUM,  the  true  WOODBINE,  are 
the  commonly  cultivated  species. 

4.    DIERVILX.A,    Toura.        BUSH  HONEYSUCKLE. 

Calyx-tube  tapering  at  the  summit ;  the  lobes  slender,  awl-shaped,  persistent. 
Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  almost  regular.  Stamens  5.  Pod  ovoid-oblong, 
pointed,  2-celled,  2-valved,  septicidal,  many-seeded.  —  Low,  upright  shrubs,  with 
ovate  or  oblong  pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  cymosely  3  -  several-flowered  pedun- 
cles, from  the  upper  axils,  or  terminal.  (Named  in  compliment  to  M.  Dierville, 
who  sent  it  from  Canada  to  Tournefort.) 

1.  D.  trifida,  Moench.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  petioled; 
peduncles  mostly  3-flowered ;  pod  long-beaked.  (D.  Canadensis,  Muhl.)—' 
Eocks  ;  common,  especially  northward.  June -Aug. — Flowers  honey-color, 
not  showy. 

D.  SESSILIF6LIA,  Buckley,  of  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  may  occur 
in  those  of  S.  W.  Virginia. 

5.    TRIOST-EUM,    L.        FEVER-WORT.    HORSE-GENTIAN. 

Calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  leaf-like,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  gibbous 
at  the  base,  somewhat  equally  5-lobed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens 
5.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled,  in  fruit  forming  a  rather  dry  drupe,  containing  a3 
many  angled  and  ribbed  1-seeded  bony  nutlets.  —  Coarse,  hairy,  perennial  herbs, 
leafy  to  the  top ;  with  the  ample  entire  pointed  leaves  tapering  to  the  base,  but 
connate  round  the  simple  stem.  Flowers  sessile,  and  solitary  or  clustered  in 
the  axils.  (Name  from  rpets,  three,  and  6<rreov,  a  bone,  alluding  to  three  bony 
seeds,  or  rather  nutlets.) 

1.  T.  perfoliatlllll,  L.     Softly  hairy  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  oval,  abruptly 
narrowed  below,  downy  beneath ;  flowers  dull  brownish-purple,  mostly  clustered. 
—  Rich  woodlands ;  not  rare.     June.  —  Fruit  orange-color,  |-'  long. 

2.  T.    angllStifoliUMl,    L.      Smaller  ;   bristly-hairy ;    leaves   lanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  base ;  flowers  greenish-cream-color,  mostly  single  in  the  axils.  — 
S.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    May. 

6.    SAMB1JCUS,    Tourn.        ELDER. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  with  a  broadly  spread- 
ing 5-cleft  limb.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berry-like  juicy  drupe,  con- 
taining  3  small  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  a  rank  smell  when 
bruised,  pinnate  leaves,  serrate  pointed  leaflets,  and  numerous  small  and  wbito . 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E.      (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.)  167 

flowers  in  compound  cymes.     (Name  from  o-a/ijSu/oj,  an  ancient  musical  instru- 
ment, supposed  to  have  been  made  of  Elder- wood.) 

1.  S.  CanadensiS,  L.      (COMMON  ELDER.)      Stems  scarcely  woody 
(5° -10°  high);  leaflets  7-11,  oblong,  smooth,  the  lower  often  3-parted;  cyme* 
flat ;  fruit  black-purple,  —  Eich  soil,  in  open  places.    June. 

2.  S.  pubeus,  Michx.     (RED-BERRIED  ELDER.)     Stems  woody   (2°- 
18°  high),  the  bark  warty;  leaflets  5  —  7,  ovate-lanceolate,  downy  underneath;  cymes 
panicled,  convex  or  pyramidal ;  fruit  bright  red  (rarely  white).  —  Rocky  woods; 
chiefly  northward,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.    May :  the  fruit  ripening 
in  June. 

7.    VIBURNUM,    L.        ARROW-WOOD.    LAURESTINUS. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  spreading,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas 
1-3.  Fruit  a  1 -celled,  1 -seeded  drupe,  with  thin  pulp  and  a  crustaceous  flat- 
tened  stone.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  flat  compound 
cymes.  Petioles  sometimes  bearing  little  appendages  like  stipules.  Leaf-buds 
naked,  or  in  No.  9  scaly.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

§  1.  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect.     (Fruit  blue  or  black,  glaucous.) 
*  Leaves  entire,  or  toothed,  not  lobed. 

1.  V.  Minium,  L.      (WITHE-ROD.)      Leaves  thickish,  oval,  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  dotted  beneath,  like  the  short  petioles  and  cymes,  with  small  brotmish  scales, 
smooth  above,  not  shining,  the  margins  entire  or  wavy-crenate ;  cyme  short-peduncled ; 
fruit  round-ovoid.  —  Var.  1.  CLATT6NI  has  the  leaves  nearly  entire,  the  veins 
somewhat  prominent  underneath,  and  grows  in  swamps  from  Massachusetts 
near  the  coast  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Var.  2.  CASSINO!DES  (V.  pyrifo- 
lium,  Pursh,  $*c.)  has  more  opaque  and  often  toothed  leaves ;  and  grows  in  cold 
swamps  from  Pennsylvania  northward.    May,  June.  —  Shrub  6°  - 10°  high. 

2.  V.  prunifolium,  L.     (BLACK   HAW.)     Leaves  broadly  oval,  obtuse 
at  both  ends,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  shining  above,  smooth ;  petioles  naked ; 
cymes  sessile;  fruit  ovoid-oblong. — Dry  copses,  S.  New  York  to  Ohio,  and 
southward.     May.  —  A  tree-like  shrub,  very  handsome  in  flower  and  foliage. 

3.  V.  Lciita^ro,   L.      (SWEET   VIBURNUM.     SHEEP-BERRY.)      Leaves 
ovate,  strongly  pointed,  closely  and  very  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  the  long  margined 
petioles  with  the  midrib  and  branches'  of  the  sessile  cyme  sprinkled  with  rusty 
glands   when   young;   fruit   oval. —  Copses,   common.      May,   June.  —  Tree 
15° -20°  high,  handsome;  the  fruit  £'  long,  turning  from  red  to  blue-black, 
and  edible  in  autumn. 

4.  V.  Obovatlim,  Walt.     Leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  denticulate,  gla- 
brous, thickish,  small  (!'-!£'  long),  shining;  cymes  sessile, small. — River-banks, 
Virginia  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  8°  high. 

5.  V.  dentatum,  L.     (ARROW-WOOD.)      Smooth;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  strongly  straight-veined,  on  slender  petioles ;  cymes  pe- 
duncled;  fruit  (small)  ovoid-globose,  blue.  —  Wet  places;  common.    June.— 
Shrub  5°  - 10°  high,  with  ash-colored  bark;  the  pale  leaves  often  with  hairy  tufts 
in  the  axils  of  the  strong  veins. 


1G8  RUBiACE.*:.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

6.  V.  pubescens,  Pursh.     (DOWNY  ARROW-WOOD.)     Leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  acute  or  pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  rather  strongly  straight-veined, 
the  lower  surface  and  the  very  short  petioles  velvety-downy  ;  cymes  peduncled ;  fruit 
ovoid.  —  Rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and   Kentucky.    June.  —  Shrub 
straggling,  2° -4°  high.     (V.  molle,  Michx.  is  probably  a  form  of  this.) 

*  *  Leaves  3-lobed,  roundish  ;  the  lobes  pointed. 

7.  V.    acerifolium,    L.      (MAPLE-LEAVED   ARROW-WOOD.     DOCK 
MACK  IE.)     Leaves  3-ribbed  and  roundish  or  heart-shaped  at  tJie  base,  downy  under- 
neath, coarsely  and  unequally  toothed,  the  veins  and  stalks  hairy ;  cymes  long- 
peduncled,  many-flowered ;  fruit  oval ;  Jilaments  long.  —  Rocky  woods,  common. 
May,  June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  5°  high. 

8.  V»  pauciflorum,  Pylaie.     Smooth,  or  nearly  so;  leaves  mostly  trun- 
cate and  5-ribbed  at  the  base,  with  3  short  lobes  at  the  summit,  unequally  serrate 
throughout ;  cymes  small  and  simple,  peduncled ;  Jilaments  shorter  than  the  corolla.  — 
Cold  woods,  mountains  of  N.  Hampshire  and  New  York ;  Wisconsin  and  north- 
ward.    (V.  Oxycoccus,  var.  eradiitum,  Oakes.) — A  low  straggling  shrub,  with 
larger  leaves  than  No.  6,  serrate  all  round,  and  less  deeply  lobed  than  in  No.  8. 

§2.  6PULUS,  Tourn.  —  Marginal  flowers  of  the  cyme  destitute  of  stamens  and 
pistils,  and  with  corollas  many  times  larger  than  the  others,  forming  a  kind  of 
ray,  as  in  Hydrangea. 

9.  V»  Op  til  us,  L.     (CRANBERRY-TREE.)     Nearly  smooth,  upright;  leaves 
strongly  3-lobed,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  the  spreading  lobes 
pointed,  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire  in  the  sinuses ;  petioles  bearing  stalked 
glands  at  the  base;  cymes  peduncled;  fruit  ovoid,  red.     (V.  Oxycoccus  and  V. 
edule,  Pursh.)  —  Shrub  5° -10°  high,  showy  in  flower.     The  acid  fruit  is  used 
as  a  (poor)  substitute  for  cranberries,  whence  the  name  High  Cranberry-bush,  &c. 
—  The  well-known  SNOW-BALL  TREE,  or  GUELDER-ROSE,  is  a  cultivated  state, 
with  the  whole  cyme  turned  into  large  sterile  flowers.     (Eu.) 

10.  V.  lantanoides,  Michx.     (HOBBLE-BUSH.    AMERICAN  WAYFAR- 
ING-TREE.)    Leaves  round-ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  closely 
serrate,  many-veined ;  the  veins  and  veinlets  underneath,  along  with  the  stalks 
and  branchlets,  very  scurfy  with  rusty-colored  tufts  of  minute  down  ;  cymes  sessile, 
very  broad  and  flat ;  fruit  ovoid,  crimson  turning  blackish.  —  Cold  moist  woods, 
New  England  to  Penn.  and  northward,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    May. 
— A  straggling  shrub ;  the  long,  procumbent  branches  often  taking  root.    Flow- 
ers handsome.    Leaves  4'  -  8'  across. 

ORDER  56.     RUBIACE^E.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  interposed  stipules, 
or  rarely  in  whorls  without  apparent  stipules,  the  calyx  coherent  with  the  2  -  4 
celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla  (3  -  5), 
and  inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Fruit  various.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitro- 
pous.  Embryo  commonly  pretty  large,  in  copious  hard  albumen.  —  A  very 
large  family,  the  greater  part,  and  all  its  most  important  plants  (such  as 


RUBIACEJB.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  169 

the  Coffee  and  Peruvian-Bark  trees),  tropical,  divided  into  two  suborders. 
To  these,  in  our  Flora,  it  is  convenient  to  append  a  third  for  a  few  plants 
which  are  exactly  JBubiacese  except  that  the  calyx  is  free  from  the  ovary. 

SUBORDER  I.    STELLATJ2.    THE  TRUE  MADDER  FAMILY. 

Leaves  whorled,  with  no  apparent  stipules.  Ovary  entirely  coherent 
with  the  calyx-tube.  Coralla  valvate  in  the  bud.  —  Chiefly  herbs. 

1.  OALIUM.    Corolla  wheel -shaped,  4-  (or  rarely  3-)  parted.    Fruit  twin,  2-seeded,  separating 

into  2  indehiscent  carpels. 

SUBORDER  II.    CINCHONEJB.    THE  CINCHONA  FAMILY. 

Leaves  opposite,  or  sometimes  in  whorls,  with  stipules  between  them. 
Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx-tube,  or  its  summit  rarely  free. 

*  Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell. 
•<-  Flowers  axillary,  separate.    Fruit  dry  when  ripe.    Herbs. 

2.  SPERMACOCE.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form  :  lobes  4.    Fruit  separating  when  ripe 

into  2  carpels,  one  of  them  closed,  the  other  open. 

3.  DIODIA.    Fruit  separating  into  2  or  3  closed  and  in  dehiscent  carpels. 

••-  ••-  Flowers  in  a  close  and  round  long-peduncled  head.    Fruit  dry.    Shrubs. 

4.  CEPHALANTHUS.    Corolla  tubular :  lobes  4.    Fruit  inversely  pyramidal,  2  -  4-seeded. 

•«-  +-  •>-  Flowers  twin ;  their  ovaries  united  into  one.    Fruit  a  berry. 

6  JUTCHELLA.    Corolla  funnel-form  ;  its  lobes  4.  —  A  creeping  herb. 

*  *  Ovules  and  seeds  many  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  pod. 
6.  OLDENLANDIA.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  and  stamens  4,  or  rarely  5.    Pod  loculicidal. 

SUBORDER  III.    LOGANIE^E.    THE  LOGANIA  FAMILY. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between  them.  Ovary  free  from  the  ca- 
lyx.  Corolla  valvate  or  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

7  MITREOLA.    Corolla  short.    Ovary  and  pod  mitre-shaped  or  2-beaked  ;  the  2  short  styles 

separate  below,  but  at  first  united  at  the  top.    Seeds  many. 
8.  SPIGELIA.    Corolla  tubular-funnel-form.    Style  1.    Pod  twin,  the  2  cells  few-seeded. 

3    $  trb/^ft^.f/pv^ '/?••-  ~     v?  -  ^'-^-^-v^      P,}*" 
SUBORDER  I.     STELL,AT^E.     THE  TRUE  MADDER  FAMILY. 

1.    O  A  LIU  HE,    L.        BEDSTRAW.        CLEAVERS. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  wheel-shaped.  Sta- 
mens 4,  rarely  3,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  dry  or  fleshy,  globular,  twin,  separat- 
ing when  ripe  into  the  2  seed-like,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded  carpels.  —  Slender 
herbs,  with  small  cymose  flowers,  square  stems,  and  whorled  leaves :  the  roots 
often  containing  a  red  coloring  matter.  (Name  from  -yaXa,  B«7fc,  which  some 
species  are  used  to  curdle.) 

*  Annual :  leaves  about  S  in  a  whorl :  peduncles  1  -  2-ftowerect,  axillary. 

1.  O.  Aparine,  L.      (CLEAVERS.      Gaos»-G»ASS.)      Stem  weak  and 
reclining,  bristle-prickly  backwards,  hairy  at  the  joints;  leaves  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  short-pointed,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib  (l'-2'  long) ; 
15 


170  RUBIACEJE.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

flowers  white ;  fruit  (large)  bristly  with  hooked  prickles.  —  Moist  thickets.     Doubt 
fal  if  truly  indigenous  in  our  district.     (Eu.) 

*  #  Perennial:  leaves  4-6  (in  the  last  species  8)  in  a  whorl. 
•*-  Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  few-flowered :  flowers  white  or  greenish. 

2.  G.  asprellum,  Michx.     (Rouon  BEDSTRAW.)     Stem  weak,  much 
branched,  rough  backwards  with  hooked  prickles,  leaning  on  bushes  (3° -5° 
high) ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  6,  or  4-5  on  the  branchlets,  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  with 
almost  prickly  margins  and  midrib ;  peduncles  many,  short,  2-3  times  forked ; 
fruit  usually  smooth.  —  Low  thickets,  common  northward.    July.  —  Branchlets 
covered  with  numerous  but  very  small  white  flowers. 

3.  G.  concimilllll,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stems  low,  diffuse,  with  minutely 
roughened  angles ;  leaves  att  in  whorls  of  6,  linear,  slightly  pointed,  veinless,  the 
margins  upwardly  roughened ;  peduncles  slender,   2-3  times  forked,  somewhat 
panicled  at  the  summit ;  pedicels  short ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Dry  soil,  Michigan  to 
Kentucky.    June.  —  Plant  6' -12'  high,  slender,  but  rather  rigid,  not  turning 
blackish  in  drying,  like  the  rest. 

4.  G.  ti'ifiduiii,  L.      (SMALL   BEDSTRAW.)     Stems  weak,  ascending 
(5' -20'  high),  branching,  roughened  backwards  on  the  angles;  leaves  in  whorls 
of  4  to  6,  linear  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  the  margins  and  midrib  rough ;  peduncles 
\  -3-flowered;  pedicels  slender ;  corolla-lobes  and  stamens  often  3 ;  fruit  smooth. 
—  Var.  1.  TINCT6RIUM  :  stem  stouter,  with  nearly  smooth  angles,  and  the  parts 
of  the  flower  usually  in  fours.     Var.  2.  LATir6LiuM  (G.  obtusum,  Bigel. ) : 
stem  smooth,  widely  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  quite  rough  on  the  midrib  and 
margins.  —  Swamps ;  common,  and  very  variable.    June  -  Aug.     (Eu.) 

5.  G»  trifloruiii,  Michx.     (SWEET-SCENTED  BEDSTRAW.)    Stem  weak, 
reclining  or  prostrate  (l°-3°  long),  bristly -roughened  backwards  on  the  angles, 
shining  ;   leaves  6  in  a  whorl,  elliptical-lanceolate,  bristle-pointed,   with   slightly 
roughened  margins  (l'-2'  long) ;  peduncles  3-flowered,thG  flowers  all  pedicelled; 
fruit  bristly  with  hooked  hairs.  —  Rich  woodlands,  common.     July.  —  Lobes  of 
the  greenish  corolla  pointed.     (Eu.) 

•*-  •*-  Peduncles  several-flowered :  flowers  dull  purple  or  brownish  (rarely  cream-color) : 
petals  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed :  fruit  densely  hooked-bristly. 

6.  G.  pilosmil,  Ait.     Stem  ascending,  somewhat  simple,  hairy ;  leaves  in 
fours,  oval,  dotted,  hairy  (!' long),  scarcely  3-nei~ved ;  peduncles  twice  or  thrice 
2  -  3-forked,  the  floivers  all  pedicelled.  —  Dry  copses,  Rhode  Island  and  Vermont 
to  Illinois  and  southward.    June -Aug.  —  Var.  PUNCTicuL6suM  is  a  nearly 
smooth  form  (G.  puncticulosum,  Michx.)  :  Virginia  and  southward. 

7.  G.  circ&zans,  Michx.     (WILD  LIQUORICE.)     Smooth  or  downy, 
erect  or  ascending  (1°  high) ;  haves  in  fours,  oval,  varying  to  ovate-oblong, 
mostly  obtuse,  3-nerved,  ciliate  (l'-l£'  long);  peduncles  usually  once  forked,  the 
branches  elongated  and  widely  diverging  in  fruit,  bearing  several  remote  flowers 
on  very  short  lateral  pedicels,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  hairy  outside 
above  the  middle.  —  Rich  woods;  common.    June -Aug.—  The  var.  MONTA- 
KUM  is  a  dwarf,  broad-leaved  form,  from  mountain  woods. 

8.  G.    laJlCCOlatUHl?  Torr.      (WiLD  LIQUORICE)     leaves  in  fourst 


RUBIACEJE.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  171 

(anceolate  01   ovate  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex   (2'  long) ;   corolla  glabrous: 
otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Woodlands  ;   common  northward. 
•»-•*-•»-  Peduncles  many-flowered :  flowers  in  open  cymes,  duU  purple :  fruit  smooth. 
9.  O.  1  a ti folium,  Michx.    Stems  erect  (l°-2°high),  smooth;  leaves 
in  fours,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  the  midrib  and  margins  rough ; 
flowers  all  on  long  and  slender  spreading  pedicels ;  corolla-lobes  bristle-pointed. 
—  Dry  woodlands,  Allegheny  Mountains  from  Maryland  southward.    July. 
•*-•«-•*-•»-  Peduncles  many-flowered,  in  dose  terminal  panicles. 

10.  O.  bore  file,  L.     (NORTHERN  BEDSTRAW.)     Stem  upright  (l°-2° 
high),  smooth;  leaves  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved;  panicle  elongated; 
flowers  white  ;  fruit  minutely  bristly,   sometimes    smooth.  —  Rocky  banks  of 
streams  ;  common,  especially  northward.    June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

11.  Gr.  VERUM,  L.     (YELLOW  BEDSTRAW.)     Stem  upright,  slender ;  leave* 
in  eights,  linear,  grooved  above,  roughish,  deflexed ;  flowers  yellow,  crowded;  fruit 
smooth.  —  Dry  fields,  E.  Massachusetts.    July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


RfjBiA  TINCT6RIA,  L.,  the  cultivated  MADDER, — from  which  the  order  is 
named,  —  has  a  berry-like  fruit ;  the  parts  of  the  flower  5. 

SUBORDER  H.    CIUTCHONEJE.    THE  CINCHONA  FAMILY.* 

2.    SPERMAC6CE,    L.        BUTTON-WEED. 

Calyx-tube  short;  the  limb  parted  into  4  teeth.  Corolla  funnel-form  or 
salver-form ;  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  or  style  2-cleft. 
Fruit  small  and  dry,  2-celled,  2-seeded,  splitting  when  ripe  into  2  carpels,  one 
of  them  carrying  with  it  the  partition,  and  therefore  closed,  the  other  open  on 
the  inner  face.  —  Small  herbs,  the  bases  of  the  leaves  or  petioles  connected  by  a 
bristle-bearing  stipular  membrane.  Flowers  small,  crowded  into  sessile  axillary 
whorled  clusters  or  heads.  Corolla  whitish.  (Name  compounded  of  orrep/xa, 
seed,  and  UKOXT},  a  point,  probably  from  the  pointed  calyx-teeth  on  the  fruit.) 

1.  S.  glfibra,  Michx.  Glabrous;  stems  spreading  (9' -20' long);  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate ;  whorled  heads  many-flowered ;  corolla  little  exceeding  the 
calyx,  bearded  hi  the  throat,  bearing  the  anthers  at  its  base ;  filaments  and  style 
hardly  any.  y. — River-banks,  S.  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug 

3.     DIODIA,    L.        BUTTON-WEED. 

Calyx-teeth  2-5,  often  unequal.  Fruit  2-  (rarely  3-)  celled ;  the  crustaceous 
carpels  into  which  it  splits  all  closed  and  indehiscent.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in 
Spermacoce.  (Name  from  8to8os,  a  thoroughfare ;  the  species  often  growing  by 
the  way-side.) 


*  In  several  genera,  such  as  Mitchella,  Oldenlandia,  &c.,  the  flowers,  although  perfect,  are  of 
twc  sorts  in  different  individuals  ;  —  one  sort  having  exserted  stamens,  borne  in  the  throve  of 
the  corolla,  and  short  included  styles  ;  the  other  having  included  stamens  inserted  low  down  in 
the  corolla,  and  long,  usually  exserted  styles.  Such  we  call  diceciously  dimorphous. 


172  RUBIACE^:.     (MADDER  FAMILY.) 

1.  D.  Virginica,  L.    Either  smooth  or  hairy;  stems  spreading  (I7-* 
long) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile ;  flowers  1  -  3  in  each  axil ; 
corolla  white  (£'  long),  the  slender  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  the  large  limb;  style 
2-parted;  fruit  oblong,  strongly  furrowed,  crowned  mostly  with  2  slender  calyx- 
teeth,     ty —  Kivcr-banks,  Virginia  and  southward.     May -Oct. 

2.  D.  teres,  Walt.     Hairy  or  minutely  pubescent ;  stem  spreading  (3'-  9> 
long),  nearly  terete ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  rigid;  flowers  1-3 
in  each  axil;  corotta  funnel-form  (2" -3"  long,  whitish),  with  short  lobes,  not 
exceeding  the  long  bristles  of  the  stipules;  style  undivided ;  fruit  obovate-turbi- 
nate,  not  furrowed,  crowned  with  4  short  calyx-teeth.    ©  —  Sandy  fields,  from 
New  Jersey  and  Illinois  southward.    Aug. 

4.    CEPHAL,ANTHUS,   L.       BUTTON-BUSH. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  pyramidal,  the  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  4- 
toothed  ;  the  teeth  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  thread-form,  much  protruded. 
Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  dry  and  hard,  small,  inversely  pyramidal,  2  -  4-celled, 
separating  from  the  base  upward  into  2-4  closed  1 -seeded  portions.  —  Shrubs, 
with  the  flowers  densely  aggregated  in  spherical  peduncled  heads.  Flowers 
white.  (Name  composed  of  Ke^oX^,  a  head,  and  cu/#os,  a  flower.} 

1.  C»  occidentalis,  L.  Smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  petioled,  ovate- 
oblong,  pointed,  opposite  or  whorled  in  threes,  with  short  intervening  stipules. 
—  Wet  places ;  common.  July  -  Aug. 

5.    MIT €11  EL, LA,    L.        PAKTRIDGE-BEKKY. 

Flowers  in  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-form, 4-lobed ;  the  lobes  spreading,  densely  bearded  inside,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  1 :  stigmas  4.  Fruit  a  berry-like  double  drupe, 
crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth  of  the  two  flowers,  each  containing  4  small  and 
seed-like  bony  nutlets.  —  A  smooth  and  trailing  small  evergreen  herb,  with 
round-ovate  and  shining  petioled  leaves,  minute  stipules,  white  fragrant  flowers 
often  tinged  with  purple,  and  scarlet  edible  (but  nearly  tasteless)  dry  berries, 
which  remain  over  winter.  Parts  of  the  flower  occasionally  in  threes,  fives,  or 
sixes.  (This  very  pretty  plant  commemorates  Dr.  John  Mitchell,  an  early  cor- 
respondent of  Linnaeus,  and  an  excellent  botanist,  who  resided  in  Virginia.) 

1.  M.  repens,  L. — Dry  woods,  creeping  about  the  foot  of  trees:  com- 
mon. June,  July.  —  Leaves  often  variegated  with  whitish  lines. 

6.    OL.DENL.ANDIA,    Plum.,  L.        BLUETS. 

Calyx  4-  (rarely  5-)  lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form,  salver-form,  or 
nearly  wheel-shaped;  the  limb  4-  (rarely  5-)  parted,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  4  (rarely  5).  Style  1  or  none:  stigmas  2.  Pod  globular,  ovoid,  or 
obcordate,  above  often  free  and  rising  above  the  calyx,  2-celled,  many-seeded, 
opening  loculicidally  across  the  summit.  Seeds  concave  on  the  inner  face. — 
Low  herbs,  with  small  stipules  united  to  the  petioles.  Flowers  white,  purple,  or 
blue.  (Dedicated,  in  1703,  to  the  memory  of  Oldenland,  a  German  physician 


RUBIACEJS.     (MADDER  FAMILY.)  173 

and  botanist,  who  died  early  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  HOUSTONIA,  made 
a  section  of  this  genus,  was  much  later  dedicated  to  Dr.  Houston,  an  English 
botanist  of  the  days  of  Linnaeus  who,  collected  in  Central  America.) 

$  1.  OLDENLANDIA,  L.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  (or  funnel-form),  shorter  or 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes :  anthers  short :  pod  wholly  enclosed  in  and  co- 
herent with  the  calyx-tube :  seeds  very  numerous,  minute  and  angular.  (Flowers 
lateral  or  terminal.) 

1.  O.  glomerata,  Michx.    Pubescent  or  smoothish;  stems  branched 
and  spreading  (2' -12'  high);  leaves  oblong  (£'-§'  long);  flowers  in  sessile 
clusters  in  the  axils ;  corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped  (white),  much  shorter  than 
the  calyx.    ©   (O.  uniflora,  L.    Hedyotis  glomerata,  Ett.)  —  Wet  places,  S. 
New  York  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

$  2.  HOUSTONIA,  L.  Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  with  the  tube  longer 
than  the  calyx-lobes:  anthers  linear:  upper  half  or  the  summit  of  the  pod  free  and 
projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  calyx:  the  teeth  of  the  latter  distant:  seeds  rather 
few  (4  -  20)  in  each  cell,  saucer-shaped,  with  a  ridge  down  the  middle  of  the  hol- 
lowed inner  Jace.  (Flowers  of  two  forms,  dioxiously  dimorphous;  p.  171,  note.) 

*  Corolla  funnel-form,  often  hairy  inside:  stems  erect:  stem-leaves  sessile:  Jlowert 
mostly  in  terminal  small  cymes  or  loose  clusters,  purplish.     (Connects  Houstonia 
and  Oldenlandia.)  , 

2.  O.  purpitrca.    Pubescent  or  smooth  (8' -15'  high);  leaves  varying 
from  roundish-ovate  to  lanceolate,  3  -  5-ribbed ;  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  half  free 
globular  pod.    1|.    (Houstonia  purpurea,  L.    H.  rarians,  Michx.)  —  Woodlands, 
W.  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.     May-Jiuy. — Varying  wonderfully, 
into:  — 

Var.  lougifolia.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  1-ribbed ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  as  long  as  the  pod :  stems  5;- 
12'  high.  (Houstonia  longifolia,  Wittd.)  — Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
— A  narrow-leaved,  slender  form  is  H.  tenuifolia,  Nutt. 

Var.  ciliolata.  More  tufted  stems  3' -6' high;  root-leaves  in  rosettes, 
thickish  and  ciliate;  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  pod.  (Houstonia  ciliolata, 
Ton.)  —  Along  the  Great  Lakes  and  rivers,  from  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 

3.  O.  angnstifdlia,  Gray.    Stems  tufted  from  a  hard  or  woody  root 
(6' -20'  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  1-ribbed,  many  of  them  fascicled; 
flowers  crowded,  short-pedicelled ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  densely  bearded  inside ; 
pod  obovoid  and  acute  at  the  base,  only  its  summit  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  first 
across  the  top,  at  length  splitting  through  the  partition,    y.  (Houstonia  angus- 
tifolia,  Michx.    Hedyotis  stenophylla,  Tver,  fr  Gray.)  —Plains  and  banks,  from 
Illinois  southward.    June  -  Aug. 

*  *  Corolla  salver-form,  mostly  blue :  pod  fiattish  laterally  and  notched  at  the  broad 

summit,  or  somewhat  twin :  plants  commonly  small  and  sknder. 

4.  O.  minima.    Glabrous,  at  length  branched  and  spreading  (£'-3' 
high) ;  peduncles  not  longer  than  the  linear-spatulate  leaves ;  pod  barely  J  free  ;  seeda 
smoothish.      ®  ©  (Houstonia   minima,  Beck.)  —  River-banks,  Illinois  and 
southward.    March  -  May. 

15* 


174  VALEEIANACE.fi.      (VALERIAN   FAMILY.) 

5.  O.  crcriilea.  (BLUETS.)  Glabrous;  stems  erect,  slender,  sparingly 
branched  (3'  -5'  high);  leaves  oblong-spatulate  (3"  -4"  long)  ;  peduncles  fili- 
form, V-2%1  long;  pod  free  to  the  middle;  seeds  rough-dotted.  (f)  (Housto- 
nia  caerulea,  L.  Hedyotis,  Hook.)  —  Moist  and  grassy  places  ;  common.  May- 
Aug.  —  A  delicate  little  herb,  producing  in  spring  a  profusion  of  light-blue 
flowers  fading  to  white,  with  a  yellowish  eye. 

0.  8ERPYLLIF6LIA  (Houstonia  serpyllifolia,  Michx.)  may  probably  be  found 
in  the  high  mountains  of  Virginia;  and  0.  ROTUNDIF6LIA  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  same  State. 

SUBORDER  HI.    L.OGANIJ2JE.    THE  LOGANIA  FAMILY. 

7.    TO  I  T  II  i:  01,  A,    L.        MITRE-WORT. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  somewhat  funnel-form, 
5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  included.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx, 
except  at  the  base,  2-celled  :  styles  2,  short,  converging  and  united  above  ;  the 
stigmas  also  united.  Pod  projecting  beyond  the  calyx,  strongly  2-horned  or 
mitre-shaped,  opening  down  the  inner  side  of  each  horn,  many-seeded.  —  Annual 
smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  small  stipules  between  the  leaves,  and  small 
white  flowers  spiked  along  one  side  of  the  branches  of  a  terminal  petioled  cyme. 
(Name,  a  little  mitre,  from  the  shape  of  the  pod.) 

1.  M.  petiolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  peti- 
oled. —  Damp  soil,  from  Eastern  Virginia  southward.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high. 

8.    SPIOELrIA,    L.        PINK-ROOT.    WORM-GRASS. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form, 
5-lobed  at  the  summit,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  :  anthers  linear.  Style 
slender,  hairy  above,  jointed  near  the  middle.  Pod  short,  twin,  laterally  flat- 
tened,  separating  at  maturity  from  the  base  into  2  carpels,  which  open  loculici- 
dally,  few-seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  the  opposite  leaves  united  by  means  of 
the  stipules,  and  the  flowers  spiked  in  one-sided  cymes.  (Named  for  Prof. 
Spigelius,  who  wrote  on  botany  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  S.  TOarilsiiidica,  L.  Stems  upright,  simple  (6'  -15'  high);  leaves 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  spike  3  -  8-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  4  times 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  lanceolate  ;  anthers  and  style  exserted.  1|.  — 
Rich  woods,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  June,  July.  —  Corolla 
1^'long,  crimson  outside,  yellowish  within.  —  A  well-known  officinal  anthel 
mintic.  and  a  showy  plant. 

^  ^ 


ORDER  fe?.    VALERIANACE^.     (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules  ;  the  calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  which  has  one  fertile  l-ovuled  cell  and  two  abortive  or  empty  ones; 
the  stamens  distinct,  2-3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted 
on  its  tube.  —  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  irregular,  mostly  5- 


VALERIANACEJE.       (VALERIAN   FAMILY.)  175 

lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  slender :  stigmas  1-8  Fruit 
indehiscent,  1-celled  (the  two  empty  cells  of  the  ovary  disappearing), 
or  3-celled,  two  of  them  empty,  the  other  1-seeded.  Seed  suspended, 
anatropous,  with  a  large  embryo  and  no  albumen.  —  Flowers  in  panicled 
or  clustered  cymes.  (Roots  often  odorous  and  antispasmodic.)  —  Repre- 
sented by  only  two  genera. 

1.    VALERIAN  A,    Tourn.        VALERIAN. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  of  several  plumose  bristles  (like  a  pappus)  wmch  are  rolled 
up  inwards  in  flower,  but  unroll  and  spread  as  the  seed-like  1-celled  fruit  ma- 
tures. Corolla  commonly  gibbous  at  or  above  the  base,  the  5-lobed  limb  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  3.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  strong-scented  roots, 
and  simple  or  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  many  species  imperfectly  dioacious, 
or  dimorphous.  (Name  from  valere,  to  have  efficacy,  alluding  to  the  medicinal 
qualities.) 

*  Root  fibrous :  leaves  thin.     (Stems  1°  -  3°  high. ) 

1.  V,  i>:ui«' ill  o  rn,   Michx.      Smooth,   slender ;   root-leaves  ovate,  heart- 
shaped,  toothed,  pointed,  sometimes  with  2  small  lateral  divisions ;  stem-leaves 
pinnate,  with  3-7  ovate  toothed  leaflets ;  branches  of  the  panicled  cyme  few- 
flowered  ;  tube  of  the  (pale  pink)  corolla  long  and  slender  (£'  long).  —  Woodlands, 
Ohio  and  W.  Virginia,  Kentucky,  &c.    June. 

2.  V.  sylviltica,  Richards.     Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent;  root-leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  rarely  with  2  small  lobes  ;  stem-leaves  pinnate,  with  5-11 
oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate  nearly  entire  leaflets;  cyme  at  first  close,  many- 
flowered;  corolla  inversely  conical  (3"  long,  rose-color).  —  Cedar  swamps,  W. 
Vermont  and  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  northward.    June. 

*  Root  spindle-shaped,  large  and  deep  (6'  - 12'  long) :  leaves  thickish. 

3.  V.  edulis,  Nutt.     Smooth,  or  minutely  downy  when  very  young;  stem 
straight  (l°-4°  high),  few-leaved;  leaves  commonly  minutely  and  densely 
ciliate,  those  of  the  root  mostly  spatulate  and  lanceolate,  of  the  stem  pinnately 
parted  into  3-7  long  and  narrow  divisions  ;  flowers  in  a  long  and  narrow  in- 
terrupted panicle,  nearly  dioscious ;  corolla  whitish,  obconical  (2"  long).     (V. 
ciliata,   Torr.  fr  Gr.)  — Alluvial  ground,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  westward. 
June.  —  Root  with  the  strong  smell  and  taste  of  Valerian :  it  is  cooked  and 
eaten  by  the  Oregon  Indians. 

2.     FEI>IA,    Gffirtn.        CORN  SALAD.    LAMB-LETTUCE. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  merely  toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  equally 
or  unequally  5-lobed.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2.  Fruit  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells 
empty  and  sometimes  confluent  into  one,  the  other  1-seeded. — Annuals  and 
biennials,  usually  smooth,  with  forking  stems,  tender  and  rather  succulent  leaves 
(entire  or  cut-lobed  towards  the  base),  and  white  or  whitish  cymose-clustered 
and  bracted  small  flowers.  (Name  of  uncertain  derivation.)  —  Our  species  all 
have  the  limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete,  and  are  so  much  alike  in  aspect,  flowers, 
&c.,  that  good  characters  are  only  to  be  taken  from  the  fruit.  They  all  hayo 


176  DIPSACEJE.     (TEASEL  FAMILY.) 

a  rather  short  tube  to  the  corolla,  the  limb  of  which  is  nearly  regular, 
and  therefore  belong  to  the  section  (by  many  botanists  taken  as  a  genus) 
VALERIANELLA. 

1.  F.  OLIT6RIA,  Vahl.     Fruit  compressed,  oblique,  at  length  broader  than 
long,  with  a"  corky  or  spongy  mass  at  the  back  of  the- fertile  cell  nearly  as  large  as  the 
(often  confluent)  empty  cells;  flowers  bluish.  —  Fields,  Penn.  to  Virginia:  rare. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  F.  Fatf  opyruin,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Fruit  ovate-triangular,  smooth,  not  grooved 
between  the  (ft  length  confluent)  empty  cdk,  which  form  the  anterior  angle,  and  are 
much  smaller  than  the  broad  and  flat  fertile,  one ;  flowers  white.  —  Low  grounds, 
from  Western  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.    May,  June.  —  Plant 
l°-2°  high. 

3.  F.  ra.dia.ta,  Michx.    Fruit  ovoid,  downy  (rarely  smooth),  obtusely  and 
unequally  somewhat  \-anqled;  the  empty  celh  parallel  and  contiguous,  but  with  a 
deep  groove  between  them,  rather  narrower  than  the  Jlattish  fertile  cell.  —  Low 
grounds,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  —  Plant  6'  - 15'  high. 

4.  F.  limbilicata,  Sulliv.     Fruit  globular-ovate,  smooth  ;  the  much  inflated 
sterile  cells  wider  and  many  times  thicker  than  the  Jlattish  fertile  one,  contiguous,  and 
when  young  with  a  common  partition,  when  grown,  indented  with  a  deep  circular 
depression  in  the  middle,  opening  into  the  confluent  sterile  cells ;  bracts  not  cili- 
ate.  —  Moist  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio,  SuUivant.     (Sill.  Jour.,  Jan.  1842.) 

5.  F.  patellaria,  Sulliv.    Fruit  smooth,  circular,  platter-shaped  or  disk- 
like,  slightly  notched  at  both  ends,  the  flattened-concave  sterile  cells  widely  diver- 
gent, much  broader  than  the  fertile  one,  and  forming  a  kind  of  wing  around  it 
when  ripe. — Low  grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant.  —  Plant  l°-2°  high, 
resembling  the  last,  but  with  a  very  different  fruit. 

ORDER  58.     DIPSACE^E.     (TEASEL   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  the  flowers  in 
dense  heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  as  in  the  Composite  Family ;  but 
the  stamens  are  distinct,  and  the  suspended  seed  has  albumen.  —  Represented 
by  the  Scabious  (cultivated)  and  the  genus 

1.    DIPSACUS,    Tonrn.        TEASEL. 

Involucre  many-leaved,  longer  than  the  chaffy  leafy-tipped  and  pointed  bracts 
among  the  densely  capitate  flowers :  each  flower  with  a  4-leaved  calyx-like  in- 
volucel  investing  the  ovary  and  fruit  (achenium).  Calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  the  limb  cup-shaped,  without  a  pappus.  Corolla  nearly  regular, 
4-cleft.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Style  slender.  —  Stout  and  coarse 
biennials,  hairy  or  prickly,  with  large  oblong  heads.  (Name  from  8t\^ao», 
to  thirst,  probably  because  the  united  cup-shaped  bases  of  the  leaves  in  some 
species  hold  water.) 

1.  D.  SYLVESTRIS,  Mill.  (WiLD  TEASEL.)  Prickly ;  lea^  es  lance-oblong ; 
leaves  of  the  involucre  slender,  longer  than  the  head;  bracts  (chaff)  tapering 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  177 

into  a  long  flexible  awn  with  a  straight  point.  —  Road-sides :  rather  rare.     (Nat 
from  Eu.)     Suspected  to  be  the  original  of 

D.  FuLLdNDM,  the  cultivated  FULLER'S  TEASEL,  which  has  a  shorter  invo- 
lucre, and  stiff  chaff  to  the  heads,  with  hooked  points,  —  used  for  raising  a  nap 
upon  woollen  cloth. 

ORDER  59.     COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

Flowers  in  a  close  head  (the  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists),  upon 
a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  with  5  {rarely  4)  stamens 
inserted  on  the  corolla,  their  anthers  united  in  a  tube  (syngenesious).  —  Calyx- 
tube  united  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  the  limb  (called  a  pappus)  crowning 
its  summit  in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  &c.,  or  cup-shaped,  or 
else  entirely  absent.  Corolla  either  strap-shaped  or  tubular ;  in  the  latter 
chiefly  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  bordering  the  margins  of  the 
lobes.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Fruit  seed-like  (achenium),  dry,  con- 
taining a  single  erect  anatropous  seed,  with  no  albumen.  —  An  immense 
family,  chiefly  herbs  in  temperate  regions,  without  stipules,  with  perfect, 
polygamous,  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers.  The  flowers  with  a  strap- 
shaped  (ligulate)  corolla  are  called  rays  or  ray-Jlowers :  the  head  which 
presents  such  flowers,  either  throughout  or  at  the  margin,  is  radiate.  The 
tubular  flowers  compose  the  disk ;  and  a  head  which  has  no  ray-flowers  is 
said  to  be  discoid.  The  leaves  of  the  involucre,  of  whatever  form  or  tex- 
ture, are  termed  scales.  The  bracts  or  scales,  which  often  grow  on  the  re- 
ceptacle among  the  flowers,  are  called  the  chaff:  when  these  are  wanting, 
the  receptacle  is  naked.  —  The  largest  order  of  Phaenogamous  plants, 
divided  by  the  corolla  into  three  suborders,  only  two  of  which  are  repre- 
sented in  the  Northern  United  States. 

SUBORDER  I.    TUBULIFLOK^E. 

Corolla  tubular  in  all  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5-  (rarely  3  -  4-) 
lobed,  ligulate  only  in  the  marginal  or  ray-flowers,  which  when  present  are 
either  pistillate  only,  or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil). 

The  technical  characters  of  the  five  tribes  of  the  vast  suborder  TvIniliflorcR, 
taken  from  the  styles,  require  a  magnifying-glass  to  make  them  out.  and  will 
not  always  be  clear  to  the  student.  The  following  artificial  analysis,  founded 
upon  other  and  more  obvious  distinctions,  will  be  useful  to  the  beginner.  (The 
numbers  are  those  of  the  genera.) 

Artificial  Key  to  the  Genera  of  this  Suborder. 

§  1.  Rays  or  ligulate  flowers  none :  corollas  all  tubular. 
*  Flowers  of  the  head  all  perfect  and  alike. 

H-  Pappus  composed  of  bristles. 

Pappus  double ;  the  outer  composed  of  very  short,  the  inner  of  longer  bristles.        .       No.  1. 
Pappus  eiuipl ) ;  the  bristles  all  of  the  same  sort. 


178  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

Heads  few-flowered,  themselves  aggregated  into  a  compound  or  dense  cluster.       .        No.  2. 
Heads  separate,  few-flowered  or  many-flowered. 

Receptacle  ( when  the  flowers  are  pulled  off)  bristly  hairy 67,68,70. 

Receptacle  deeply  honeycomb-like.       .  69. 

Receptacle  naked. 

Pappus  of  plumose  or  bearded  stiff  bristles.    Flowers  purpta 4. 

Pappus  of  very  plumose  bristles.    Flowers  whitish. 5. 

Pappus  of  slender  but  rather  stiff  rough  bristles.  .        .        .        .      6, 7, 8, 20. 

Pappus  of  very  soft  and  weak  naked  bristles.       •>"••.«*•  .VO  .       .        .        •        62,63. 

•«-  -i-  Pappus  composed  of  scales  or  chaff. 

Receptacle  naked.    Leaves  in  whorls.  .  ;   "    ,       . '      •       .       .        .        8. 

Receptacle  naked.    Leaves  alternate.        .  •-  .  .'•  .        .       .     '.-, "."•.' .  "    .         45. 

Receptacle  bearing  chaff  among  the  flowers.        .      *%       >        .    ...  -     .        *.-  •        .      49 

t~  t-  t~  Pappus  of  2  or  few  barbed  awns  or  teeth.      .        .   v  ..    41,  42. 

•*-  ••-  ••-  «-  Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  crown-like  margin  to  the  fruit.      .        .      55 

*  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  the  same  head. 

Marginal  flowers  neutral  and  sterile,  either  conspicuous  or  inconspicuous.        •    •  •..        65,  66. 
Marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile. 

Receptacle  elongated  and  bearing  broad  chaff  among  the  flowers.  .     •  .        ..       .60 

Receptacle  naked  or  bearing  no  conspicuous  chaff. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.    Involucre  imbricated 23,58,59. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.    Involucre  merely  one  row  of  scales.  .    14,  61. 

Pappus  obsolete  or  none. 
Achenia  becoming  much  longer  than  the  involucre.      .        .        ....         11. 

Achenia  not  exceeding  the  involucre.        .        .        .      "i '   '  .  ~    .      '.  29,56,57. 

*  *  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  separate  heads  ;  one  pistillate,  the  other  staminate. 
Heads  dioecious ;  both  kinds  many-flowered.    Pappus  capillary.        .        .        *       ,        24,59. 
Heads  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  1  -  2-flowered  and  closed.    Pappus  none.        .        .        .    30,  81. 

§  2.  Rays  present;  i.  e.  the  marginal  flowers  or  some  of  them  with  ligulate  corollas.' 
*  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.    (Rays  all  pistillate.) 

Rays  occupying  several  rows, 9, 10, 14 

Rays  in  one  marginal  row,  and 

White,  purple  or  blue,  never  yellow. ^  "     12  - 15. 

Yellow,  of  the  same  color  as  the  disk. 
Pappus  double,  the  outer  short  and  minute.        .        .        ...        .        .          21. 

Pappus  simple. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  equal  and  all  in  one  row.    Leaves  alternate.       .        .          63. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  rows.    Leaves  opposite ;     '         64. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.     Leaves  alternate.     . 


*  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  chaffy  scales,  dissected  into  bristles.    ...      44. 
*  *  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  thin  chaffy  scales  or  short  chaffy  bristles. 
Heads  several-flowered.    Receptacle  chaffy.        .        .       '".       .        . '       '.        .        .        .50. 

Heads  8  -  10-flowered.     Receptacle  naked .18. 

Heads  many-flowered.     Receptacle  deeply  honeycombed.  .  .48 

Heads  many-flowered.     Keceptacle  naked.  46,  47. 

*  *  *  Pappus  none,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  2  or  3  awns,  teeth,  or  chaffy  scales  corresponding 
with  the  edges  or  angles  of  the  achenium,  often  with  intervening  minute  bristles  or  scales. 

•i-  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenia  flat,  wing-margined.    Pappus  of  separate  little  bristles  or  awns.        ...        16. 

Achenia  flat,  marginless.    Pappus  none.    Receptacle  conical. 17. 

Achenia  terete  or  angled.    Pappus  none.    Receptacle  flattish.          .        .  'S*     .       64, 

Achenia: angled     Pappus  a  little  cup  or  crown.     Receptacle  conical.  '".'          55 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  179 

f-  «-  Receptacle  chaffy. 

BayB  neutral  (rarely  pistillate  but  sterile) ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile 
Receptacle  elevated  (varying  from  strongly  convex  to  columnar),  and 

Chaffy  only  at  the  summit ;  the  chaff  deciduous.    Pappus  none.       .  No.  51 

Chaffy  throughout.    Achenia  flattened  laterally  if  at  all.  .  .86-40. 

Receptacle  flat.    Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  or  chaff.         .  41, 42, 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  the  disk-flowers  also  perfect  and  fertile. 

Achenia  much  flattened  laterally,  1-2-awned .        .        43. 

Acheuia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  and  chaff.    Pappus  none.     ...  53. 

Acheuia  3  -  4-angular,  terete  or  laterally  flattish,  awnless. 

Receptacle  convex  or  conical.    Leaves  alternate,  dissected 52. 

Receptacle  conical.    Leaves  opposite,  simple. 

Achenia  obovoid.    Involucre  a  leafy  cup. 82. 

Achenia  4-angular.    Involucre  of  separate  scales 35. 

Receptacle  flat.    Leaves  opposite  and  simple. 33,  34. 

Bays  pistillate  and  fertile :  the  disk-flowers  staminate  and  sterile  (pistil  imperfect). 

Receptacle  chaffy 25-28. 


Systematic  Synopsis. 

TBIBB  I.  VERNONI  ACE.E.  Heads  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubu 
lar.  Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender,  terete,  thread-shaped,  minutely  bristly- 
hairy  all  over.  —  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

1.  VERNONIA.    Heads  several -many-flowered,  separate.    Involucre  of  many  scales.    Pap- 

pus  of  many  capillary  bristles. 

2.  ELEPHANTOPUS.    Heads  3-5-flowered,  crowded  into  a  compound  head.    Involucre  of 

8  scales.    Pappus  of  several  chaffy  bristles. 

TEIBE  II.  EUP ATORIACE.^.  Heads  discoid,  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tu- 
bular ;  or  in  a  few  cases  dissimilar,  and  the  outer  ones  ligulate.  Branches  of  the  style 
thickened  upwards  or  club-shaped,  obtuse,  flattish,  uniformly  minutely  pubescent ;  the 
stigmatic  lines  indistinct. 

Subtribe  1.    EUPATORIE.B.    Flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular,  never  truly  yellow. 

*  Pappus  a  row  of  hard  scales. 

8.  SCLEROLEPIS.    Head  many-flowered.    Scales  of  the  involucre  equal.    Leaves  whorled. 

*  *  Pappus  of  slender  bristles. 

4.  LIATRIS.    Achenia  many-ribbed.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  plumose  or  barbellate.    Corol- 

las red-purple,  5-lobed. 

5.  KUHNIA.    Achenia  many-ribbed.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  very  strongly  plumose.    Corollas 

whitish,  5-toothed. 

6.  EUPATORIUM.    Acheuia  5-angled.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  roughish.    Scales  of  the  invo- 

lucre many  or  several.    Receptacle  of  the  flowers  flat. 

7.  MIKANIA.    Achenia  and  pappus  as  No.  6.    Scales  of  the  involucre  and  flowers  only  4. 

8.  CONOCLINIUM.    Achenia,  pappus,  &c.  as  No.  6.    Receptacle  conical. 

Subtribe  2.    TUSSILAGINEJE.    Flowers  (sometimes  yellow)  more  or  less  monoecious  or  dioecious, 

at  least  of  2  sorts  in  the  same  head. 
*  Outer  flowers  of  each  (many-flowered)  head  pistillate  and  ligulate.    Scape  leafless. 

9.  NARDOSMIA.    Heads  corymbed.    Flowers  somewhat  dioecious.    Pappus  capillary. 

10.  TUSSILAGO.    Head  single  ;  the  outer  pistillate  flowers  in  many  rows.    Pappus  capillarv. 

*  *  Flowers  all  tubular.    Stem  leafy. 

11.  ADENOCAULON.    Head  few-flowered  ;  the  outer  flowers  pistillate.    Pappus  none. 

TJUBE  III.  A  STEROIDE  jE.  Heads  discoid,  with  the  fiowers  all  alike  and  tubular ;  or 
radiate,  the  outer  ones  ligulate  and  pistillate.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  peBtect  flow 


180  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

ers  flat,  smooth  up  to  where  the  conspicuous  marginal  stigmatic  lines  abruptly  termi- 
nate, and  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  lance-shaped  or  triangular  appendage 
which  is  evenly  hairy  or  pubescent  outside.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Receptacle  naked  (des- 
titute of  chaff)  in  all  our  species. 

Bubtribc  1.  ASTERINRS.  Flowers  of  the  head  all  alike  and  perfect,  or  the  marginal  ones 
ligulate  and  pistillate.  Anthers  without  tails  at  the  base. 

*  Ray-flowers  white,  blue,  or  purple,  never  yellow. 
i-  Pappus  of  numerous  long  and  capillary  bristles  :  receptacle  flat. 

12.  SERICOCARPUS.     Heads  12  -  15-flowered :  rays  4  or  5.     Involucre  oblong  or  club-shaped, 

imbricated,  cartilaginous.     Achenia  short,  narrowed  downwards,  silky. 

13.  ASTER.    Heads  many-flowered.    Involucre  loosely  or  closely  imbricated.   Achenia  flattish. 

Pappus  simple. 

14.  ERIGERON.    Heads  many-flowered.    Involucre  of  nearly  equal  narrow  scales,  almost  in 

one  row.    Achenia  flattened.     Pappus  simple,  or  with  an  outer  set  of  minute  scales. 

15.  DIPLOPAPPUS.    Heads  many-flowered.    Involucre  imbricated.     Pappus  double ;    the 

outer  obscure,  of  minute  stiff  bristles. 
«-  +-  Pappus  of  very  short  rigid  bristles,  or  none  :  receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical. 

16.  BOLTONIA.     Achenia  flat  and  wing-margined.    Pappus  very  short. 

17.  BELLIS.    Achenia  marginless.    Pappus  none.    Receptacle  conical. 

*  *  Ray-flowers  yellow  (in  one  species  of  Solidago  whitish),  or  sometimes  none  at  all. 

18.  BRACHYCIL3ETA.    Heads  8  -  10-flowered,  clustered :  rays  4  or  5.    Pappus  a  row  of  minute 

bristles  shorter  than  the  achenium. 

19.  SOLIDAGO.    Heads  few  -  many-flowered :  rays  1  - 16.    Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  slen- 

der and  equal  capillary  bristles. 

20.  BIGELOVIA.    Heads  3  -  4-flowered :  rays  none.    Receptacle  awl-shaped.    Pappus  simple, 

a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles. 

21.  CHRYSOPSIS.    Heads  many-flowered  :  rays  numerous.     Pappus  double ;  the  outer  of 

very  small  chaffy  bristles,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles. 

Subtribe  2.    INULRE.    Anthers  with  tails  at  their  base :  otherwise  as  Sub  tribe  1. ' 

22.  INULA.    Heads  many-flowered.    Rays  many.    Pappus  capillary. 

Subtribe  3.  BACCHARIDE.S  &  TARCHONANTHEJB.  Flowers  of  the  head  all  tubular,  either 
dioecious  or  monoecious,  namely,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  either  in  different 
heads  on  distinct  plants,  or  in  the  same  head.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  fertile  flowers  a 
very  slender  tube  sheathing  the  style,  and  truncate  at  the  summit. 

23.  PLUCHEA.    Heads  containing  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre,  and  many 

pistillate  fertile  ones  around  them.    Anthers  tailed  at  the  base.    Pappus  capillary. 

24.  BACCHARIS.    Heads  dioecious,  some  all  pistillate,  others  all  staminate,  on  different  plants. 

Anthers  tailless.    Pappus  capillary. 

TRIBE  IV.  SEBfECIONIDE^E.  Heads  various.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  fertile 
flowers  linear,  thickish  or  convex  externally,  flat  internally,  hairy  or  pencil-tufted  at  the 
apex  (where  the  stigmatic  lines  terminate  abruptly),  and  either  truncate,  or  continued 
beyond  into  a  bristly-hairy  appendage.  —  Leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate. 

Subtribe  1.  MELAMPODINE.E.  Flowers  none  of  them  perfect,  but  either  staminate  or  pistil 
late ;  the  two  sorts  either  in  the  same  or  in  different  heads.  Anthers  tailless.  Pappus, 
if  any,  never  of  bristles. 

*  Heads  containing  two  kinds  of  flowers,  radiate ;  the  ray-flowers  pistillate,  the  central  and 
tubular  staminate  flowers  having  a  pistil,  but  always  sterile.     Receptacle  chaffy. 

25.  POLYMNIA.    Achenia  thick  and  turgid,  roundish.    Pappus  none. 

26.  CHRYSOGONUM.    Achenia  flattened.     Pappus  a  one-sided  2  -  3-toothed  chaffy  crown. 

27.  SILPHIUM.     Achenia  very  flat,  wing-margined,  numerous  in  several  rows :  rays  deciduous. 

28.  PARTHENIUM.    Achenia  flat,  slightly  margined,  bearing  a  pappus  of  2  chaffy  scales  and 

the  very  short  persistent  ray -corolla. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  181 

*  *  Heads  with  two  kinds  of  flowers,  discoid ;  pistillate  flowers  with  a  small  tubular  corolla. 
29   1VA.     Pistillate  flowers  1-6  in  the  margin.    Achenia  thickish.    Pappus  none. 
»  »  *  Heads  of  two  sorts,  one  containing  staminate,  the  other  pistillate  flowers,  both  borne  on 

the  same  plant ;  the  pistillate  only  1-2,  in  a  closed  involucre  resembling  an  achenium  or 

a  bur  ;  the  staminate  several,  in  an  open  cup-shaped  involucre. 

80.  AMBROSIA.    Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  small,  1-flowered,  pointed  and  often  tubercled. 

81.  XANTHIUM.    Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  an  oblong  prickly  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered. 

Subtribe  2.  HELIANTHE.E.  Heads  radiate,  or  rarely  discoid ;  the  rays  ligulate,  the  disk- 
flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Anthers  blackish,  tailless.  Pappus 
none,  or  a  crown  or  cup,  or  of  one  or  two  chaffy  awns,  never  capillary,  nor  of  several 
uniform  chaffy  scales.  —  Leaves  more  commonly  opposite. 

*  Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  :  achenia  3-4-sided,  slightly  if  at  all  flattened 
•»-  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  forming  a  cup. 

82.  TETRAGONOTHECA.    Outer  involucre  4-leaved.    Achenia  obovoid.    Pappus  none. 

•*-  •»-  Involucre  of  one  or  more  rows  of  separate  scales. 

83.  ECLIPTA.    Receptacle  flat ;  its  chaff  bristle-shaped.    Pappus  obsolete  or  none. 

34.  BORRICHIA.    Receptacle  flat,  its  chaff  scale-like  and  rigid.    Pappus  an  obscure  crown. 

35.  HELIOPSIS.     Receptacle  conical ;  its  chaff  linear.    Pappus  none  or  a  mere  border. 

*  *  Rays  sterile  (either  entirely  neutral  or  with  an  imperfect  style),  or  occasionally  none ; 
achenia  4-angular  or  flattened  laterally,  i.  e.  their  edges  directed  inwards  and  outwards,  th« 
chaff  of  the  receptacle  embracing  their  outer  edge. 

•«-  Receptacle  elevated,  conical  or  columnar.     Pappus  none  or  a  short  crown. 

86.  ECHINACEA.     Rays  (very  long)  pistillate,  but  sterile.     Achenia  short,  4-sided. 

87.  RUDBECKIA.     Rays  neutral.    Achenia  4-sided,  flat  at  the  top,  marginless. 

88.  LEPACHYS     Rays  few,  neutral.    Achenia  flattened  laterally  and  margined. 

•«-  •*-  Receptacle  flattish  or  conical.     Pappus  chaffy  or  awned. 

89.  HELIANTHUS     Rays  neutral.    Achenia  flattened,  marginless.     Pappus  of  2  very  decid- 

uous chaffy  scales 

40.  ACTINOMERIS.    Rays  neutral,  or  sometimes  none.    Achenia  flat,  wing-margined,  bearing 

2  persistent  awns 

»  *  *  Rays  sterile,  neutral :  achenia  obcompressed,  i.  e  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the 
involucre,  the  faces  looking  inwards  and  outwards.  Involucre  double ;  the  outer  spreading 
and  often  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flat 

41.  COREOPSIS.    Pappus  of  2  (or  rarely  more)  scales,  teeth,  or  awns,  which  are  naked  or 

barbed  upwards,  sometimes  obsolete  or  a  crown. 
42    BIDENS.     Pappus  of  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  downwardly  barbed  awns. 

*  *  *  *  Rays  pistillate  or  fertile  (rarely  none) :  achenia  laterally  flattened,  2-awned. 
43.  VERBESINA.     Rays  few  and  small.     Receptacle  convex.     Achenia  sometimes  winged. 

Sabtribe  3.  TAGETINE.B.  Heads  commonly  radiate ;  the  rays  ligulate  ;  the  disk -flowers  all 
perfect  and  fertile  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  cup. 
Pappus  various  —  Herbage  strong-scented  (as  in  Tagetes  of  the  gardens),  being  dotted 
with  large  pellucid  glands  containing  a  volatile  oil. 

44  DYSODIA.     Pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  many  bristles 

Subtribe  4  HELENIEJE.  Heads  radiate  or  sometimes  discoid  ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect. 
Pappis  of  several  chaffy  scales.  Anthers  tailless 

*  Receptacle  naked  (not  chaffy  nor  honeycombed). 

45  HYME5  OPAPPUS.     Rays  none.    Receptacle  flat.     Scales  of  the  involucre  colored 

46.  HELENIUM     Rays  pistillate,  3  -  6-clef t.    Receptacle  elevated.    Involucre  small,  refl/^ed 

47.  LEPTOPODA.    Rays  neutral  or  sterile :  otherwise  as  No  46 

*  *  Receptacle  deeply  pitted,  like  honeycomb. 

48.  BALDW1NIA.     Rays  numerous,  neutral.    Involucre  imbricated. 

16 


182  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  #  *  Receptacle  chaffy. 

49.  MARSHALLIA.    Rays  none.    Involucre  of  many  narrow  chaffy  scales. 

50.  GALINSOGA.    Rays  4  or  6,  short,  pistillate.    Involucre  of  4  or  6  ovate  chaffy  scales. 

Sub  tribe  5.  ANTHEMIDEJE.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid ;  the  perfect  flowers  sometimes  infer 
tile,  and  the  pistillate  flowers  rarely  tubular.  Pappus  a  short  crown  or  none.  Other 
wise  nearly  as  Subtribe  4. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  hi  part :  rays  ligulate 

61.  MARUTA.    Rays  neutral.    Achenia  obovoid,  ribbed.    Pappus  none. 

62.  ANTHEMIS.    Rays  pistillate.    Achenia  terete  or  4-angular.    Pappus  minute  or  none. 

53.  ACHILLEA.    Rays  pistillate,  short.    Achenia  flattened  and  margined. 

*  *  Receptacle  naked. 

54.  LEUCANTHEMUM.    Rays  numerous,  pistillate.    Receptacle  flattish.    Achenia  striate  or 

ribbed.    Pappus  none. 

56.  MATRICARIA.    Rays  pistillate  or  none ;  then  all  the  flowers  perfect.    Receptacle  conical. 
Pappus  crown-like  or  none. 

56.  TANACETUM.    Rays  none,  but  the  marginal  flowers  pistillate.    Achenia  broad  at  the  top. 

Pappus  a  short  crown. 

57.  ARTEMISIA.    Rays  none  ;  some  of  the  outer  flowers  often  pistillate.    Achenia  narrow  at 

the  top.    Pappus  none. 

Subtribe  6.  GNAPHALINEA  Heads  all  discoid,  with  tubular  corollas ;  those  of  the  fertile 
flowers  filiform.  Anthers  with  tails  at  their  base.  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.  Floc- 
culent-woolly  herbs  :  leaves  alternate. 

68.  GNAPHALIUM.     Receptacle  naked,  flat.    Heads  containing  both  perfect  and  pistillate 

flowers     Bristles  of  the  pappus  all  slender. 

69.  ANTENNARIA.    Receptacle  naked,  flat.    Heads  dioecious,  or  nearly  so.    Pappus  of  the 

staminate  flowers  thickened  or  club-shaped  at  the  summit. 

60.  FILAGO.    Receptacle  columnar  or  top-shaped,  chaffy.    Pappus  of  the  inner  flowers  capil- 

lary, of  the  outer  often  none. 

Subtribe  7.    SENECIONEA    Heads  radiate  or  discoid ;  the  central  flowers  perfect.    Anthers 
tailless.    Pappus  capillary.    Receptacle  naked.    (Scales  of  the  involucre  commonly  in  a 
single  row.) 
*  Heads  discoid,  with  two  kinds  of  flowers,  the  outer  pistillate  and  with  filiform  corollas. 

61.  ERECHTHITES.    Pappus  copious,  very  fine  and  soft.    Flowers  whitish. 

*  *  Heads  radiate,  or  discoid  and  then  with  perfect  flowers  only. 
•»-  Leaves  alternate. 

62.  CACALIA.    Heads  6  -  many-flowered.    Rays  none.    Flowers  white  or  cream-color. 

63.  SENECIO.    Heads  many-flowered,  with  or  without  rays.    Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  soft. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  opposite. 

64.  ARNICA.    Heads  many-flowered,  radiate.    Pappus  of  rough  denticulate  bristles. 

TRIBE  V.  CYNARE^B.  Heads  (in  our  species)  discoid,  with  the  flowers  tubular,  or 
some  of  the  outer  corollas  enlarged  and  appearing  like  rays,  but  not  ligulate  Style 
thickened  or  thickish  near  the  summit ;  the  branches  stigmatic  to  the  apex,  without 
any  appendage,  often  united  below.  (Heads  large. ) 

*  Marginal  flowers  mostly  neutral  or  sterile.    Pappus  not  plumose. 

65.  CENTAUREA.    Achenia  flat.    Pappus  of  short  naked  bristles,  or  none.    Marginal  neutral 

flowers  commonly  enlarged. 

66.  CNICTJS.    Achenia  terete,  bearing  10  horny  teeth  and  a  pappus  of  10  long  and  10  shorter 

rigid  naked  bristles.    Marginal  flowers  inconspicuous. 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  hi  the  ovoid  or  globular  head. 

67.  CIRSIUM.    Achenia  smooth.     Pappus  of  plumose  bristles.      Receptacle  clothed  with 

long  and  soft  bristles. 
68   CARDUUS.    Pappus  of  naked  bristles  :  otherwise  as  No  67. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  183 

60.  ONOPORDON.    Achenia  wrinkled  transversely,  4-angled.    Pappus  not  plrmoee.    Recep- 
tacle honeycombed. 

70.  LAPPA.     Achenia  wrinkled,  flattened.     Pappus  of  short  and  rough  bristles.     Recep- 

tacle bristly. 

SUBORDER  H.    LIGULIFLOR-E. 

Corolla  ligulate  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head,  and  all  the  flowers  per- 
fect —  Herbs  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate. 

*  Pappus  none. 

71.  LAMPSANA.    Involucre  cylindrical,  of  8  scales  in  a  single  row,  8  -  12-flowered. 

*  *  Pappus  chaffy,  or  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

72.  CICHORIUM.    Pappus  a  small  crown  of  little  bristle-form  scales.    Involucre  double. 

73.  KRIGIA.    Pappus  of  5  broad  chaffy  scales,  and  6  bristles. 

74.  CYNTHIA.    Pappus  double ;  the  outer  short,  of  many  minute  chaffy  scales,  the  inner  of 

numerous  long  capillary  bristles. 

*  *  *  Pappus  plumose. 
76.  LEONTODON.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  several,  chaffy-dilated  at  the  base. 

*  *  *  *  Pappus  composed  entirely  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumose. 
•*-  Pappus  tawny  or  dirty  white  :  achenia  not  flattened  or  beaked. 

76.  HIERACrUM.    Achenia  oblong :  pappus  a  single  series.    Flowers  yellow.    Scales  of  tt.e 

involucre  unequal. 

77.  NABALUS.    Achenia  cylindrical :  pappus  copious.    Flowers  whitish  or  purplish.    Scale* 

of  the  involucre  equal. 

•*-  •«-  Pappus  bright  white,  except  in  No.  80  and  in  one  Mulgedium. 

78.  TROXIMON.    Achenia  linear-oblong,  not  beaked.    Pappus  of  copious  and  unequal  bris- 

tles, some  of  them  rigid. 
79   TARAXACUM.    Achenia  long-beaked,  terete,  ribbed.    Pappus  soft  and  white. 

80.  PYRRHOPAPPUS.    Achenia  long-beaked,  nearly  terete.     Pappus  soft,  reddish  or  tawny. 

81.  LACTUCA.    Achenia  abruptly  long-beaked,  flat.    Pappus  soft  and  white. 

82.  MULGEDIUM.    Achenia  flattish,  with  a  short  thick  beak.    Pappus  soft     Flowers  blue. 
88.  SONCHUS.    Achenia  flattish,  beakless.    Pappus  very  soft  and  fine.    Flowers  yellow. 

1.    VERNONIA,    Schreb.        IRON-WEED. 

Heads  15 -many-flowered,  in  corymbose  cymes;  flowers  all  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre shorter  than  the  flowers,  of  many  appressed  closely  imbricated  scales. 
Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  cylindrical,  ribbed.  Pappus  double;  the  outer 
of  minute  scale-like  bristles;  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles. — Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  mostly  purple  flowers.  (Named  in  honor 
of  Mr.  Vemon,  an  early  English  botanist  who  travelled  in  this  country.) 

1.  V.  NoveboracensiS,  Willd.      Scales  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  a 
kmg  bristle-form  or  awl-shaped  spreading  appendage  or  awn;  in  some  varieties 
merely  pointed. — Low  grounds  near  the  coast,  Maine  to  Virginia ;  and  river- 
banks  in  the  Western   States,  from  Wisconsin  southward.     Aug. — A  tall 
coarse  weed  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves. 

2.  V.  fasciculata,  Michx.     Scales  of  the  involucre  (all  but  the  lowest) 
rounded  and  obtuse,  without  appendage. — Prairies  and  river-banks,  Ohio  to  Wis- 
consin and  southward.    Aug.  —  Leaves  narrowly  or  broadly  lanceolate  :  heads 
mostly  crowded.     Very  -variable,  and  passing  into  No.  1. 


184  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

2.    EJLEPHANTOPUS,    L.        ELEPHANT'S-FOOT. 

Heads  3  -  5-flowered,  clustered  into  a  compound  head  :  flowers  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre narrow,  flattened,  of  8  oblong  dry  scales.  Achenia  many-ribbed.  Pappua 
of  stout  bristles,  chaffy-dilated  at  the  base.  —  Perennials,  with  alternate  leaves 
and  purplish  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  cAe^crr,  elephant,  and  TTOUS,  foot.} 

1.  E.  Carol  illin  mis,  Willd.  Somewhat  hairy,  corymbose,  leafy; 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  thin.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  and  southward. 

3.     SCLEROLEPIS,    Cass.        SCLEROLEPIS. 

Head  many-flowered  :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  equal, 
in  1-2  rows.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angled.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
almost  horny  oval  and  obtuse  scales.  —  A  smooth  aquatic  perennial,  with  simple 
stems,  rooting  at  the  base,  bearing  linear  entire  leaves  in  whorls  of  5  or  6,  and 
terminated  by  a  head  of  flesh-colored  flowers.  (Name  from  cncXi/pos,  hard,  and 
Xewi's,  a  scale,  alluding  to  the  pappus.) 

1.  S»  verticillata,  Cass.  —  Pine' barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
Aug. 

4.    LI  AT  HIS,    Schreb.        BUTTON  SNAKEROOT.    BLAZING-STAR. 

Head  several  -  many-flowered :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  im- 
bricated, appressed.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Achenia  slender, 
tapering  to  the  base,  about  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  15-40  capillary  bristles, 
which  are  manifestly  plumose,  or  only  barbellate.  —  Perennial  herbs,  often 
resinous-dotted,  with  rigid  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  heads  of  handsome  rose- 
purple  flowers,  spicate,  racemose,  or  panicled-cymosc,  appearing  late  in  summer 
or  in  autumn.  (Derivation  of  the  name  unknown.) 

$  1.  Stem  usually  wand-like  and  simple,  from  a  globular  or  roundish  corm  or  tuber 
(which  is  impregnated  with  resinous  matter),  very  leafy:  leaves  narrow  or  grass-like, 
l-5-nerved:  heads  spicate  or  racemed:  involucre  well  imbricated:  lobes  of  the 
corolla  long  and  slender. 

*  Pappus  very  plumose ;  scales  of  the  5-flowered  involucre  with  ovate  or  lanceolate 

spreading  petal-like  (purple  or  sometimes  white]  tips,  exceeding  the  flowers. 

1.  l*»  elegclllS,  Willd.     Stem  (3° -5°  high)  and  involucre  hairy;  leaves 
short  and  spreading;  spike  or  raceme  compact  (1°  long). — Ban-en  soil,  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 

#  #  Pappus  very  plumose :  scales  of  the  cylindrical  many-flowered  involucre  imbri- 

cated in  many  rows,  the  tips  rigid,  not  petal-like :  corolla  hairy  within. 

2.  I*  squarrdsa,  Willd.     (BLAZING-STAR,  &c.)     Often  hairy  (l°-3° 
high) ;  leaves  linear,  elongated ;  heads  few  (!'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  mostly 
with  elongated  and  leaf-like  spreading  tips.  —  Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois 
and  southward. 

3.  Lu  cylindracea,  Michx.     Commonly  smooth  (6'  -18'  high)  ;  leaves 
linear ;  heads  few  (£'  - f '  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  all  with  short  and  rounded 
appressed  tips. — Dry  open  places,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  westward. 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  185 

#  *  #  Pappus  not  plumose  to  the  naked  eye:  corolla  smooth  inside. 

4.  L..  scariosa,  Willd.     Stem  stout  (2° -5°  high),  pubescent  or  hoary ; 
leaves  (smooth,  rough,  or  pubescent)  lanceolate;  the  lowest  oblong-lanceolate  or 
obovate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  heads  few  or  many,  large,  30  -  40-flowered ; 
scales  of  the  broad  or  depressed  involucre  obovate  or  spatulate,  very  numerous,  with  dry 
and  scarious  often  colored  tips  or  margins.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  New  England  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward. — A  widely  variable  species:  heads  1'  or  less  in 
diameter. 

5.  Lr.  pilosa,  Willd.    Beset  with  long  scattered  hairs  ;  stem  stout;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  elongated;  heads  few,  10-15-flowered;  scales  of  the 
top-shaped  or  bell-shaped  involucre  slightly  margined,  the  outer  narrowly  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  the  innermost  linear.  —  Mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward.    Rare  and 
obscure.    Perhaps  a  remarkable  state  of  L.  spicata ;  but  the  flowers  themselves 
as  large  as  in  No.  4. 

6.  Li.  spicata,  Willd.     Smooth  or  somewhat  hairy;  stems  very  leafy 
(2°-  5°  high) ;  leaves  linear,  the  lower  3  -  5-nerved ;  heads  8-12  flowered  ( J'  - 
£'  long),  crowded  in  a  long   spike;  scales  of  the  cylindrical-bell-shaped  involucre 
oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  appressed,  with  slight  margins;  achenia  pubescent  or  smoothish. 

—  Moist  grounds,  common  from  S.  New  York  southward  and  westward. — 
Involucre  somewhat  resinous,  very  smooth. 

7.  It.  graminifdlia,  Willd.    Hairy  or  smoothish;  stem  (l°-3°high) 
glender,  leafy;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  1 -nerved;  heads  several  or  numerous, 
in  a  spike  or  raceme,  7-12-flowered;  scales  of  the  obconical  or  obovoid  involucre 
gpatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  somewhat  pointed,  rigid,  appressed ;  achenia  hairy.  — 
Virginia  and  southward.  —  Inflorescence  sometimes  panicled,  especially  in 

Var.  dubia.     Scales  of  the  involucre  narrower  and  less  rigid,  oblong,  often 
ciliate.     (L.  dubia,  Barton.)  — Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 

8.  I,,  pycnostacliya,  Michx.     Hairy  or  smoothish :  stem  stout  (3° -5° 
high),  very  leafy ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  very  narrowly  linear ;  spike 
very  thick  and  dense  (6'  -  20'  long) ;  heads  about  5-flowered  (£'  long) ;  scales  of  the 
cylindrical  involucre  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with  recurved  or  spreading  colored  tips.  — 
Prairies,  from  Illinois  southward  and  westward. 

$  2.  Stem  simple  or  branched  above,  not  from  a  tuber :  heads  small,  corymbed  or  pan- 
icled, 4-lQ-jlowered:  involucre  little  imbricated:  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate:  pappus 
not  plumose. 

9.  £,.  odoratissima,  Willd.     (VANILLA-PLANT.)     Very  smooth;  leaves 
pale,  thickish,  obovate-spatulate,  or  the  upper  oval  and  clasping ;  heads  corymbed. 

—  Low  pine  barrens,  Virginia  and  southward. — Leaves  exhaling  the  odor  of 
Vanilla  when  bruised. 

10.  !L.  panicillata,  Willd.      Viscid-hairy;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  smoothish,  those  of  the  stem  partly  clasping,  heads  panicled.  —  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 

CARPH^PHOKUS,  Cass.,  differs  from  Liatris  in  having  some  chaff  among  th» 
flowers ;  and  0.  TOMJSNT6sus  perhaps  grows  in  S.  Virginia. 
16* 


186  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

5.    KITIINIA,   L.       KUHNIA. 

Heads  10  •  25-flowered :  flowers  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  few  and 
loosely  imbri(  ated,  lanceolate.  Corolla  slender,  5-toothed.  Achenia  cylindrical, 
many-striate.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  very  plumose  (white)  bristles.  — A  peren- 
nial herb,  resinous-dotted,  with  mostly  alternate  lanceolate  leaves,  and  panicu- 
late-corymbose heads  of  cream-colored  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Kuhn,  of 
Pennsylvania,  who  brought  the  living  plant  to  Linnasus.) 

1.  K..  eupatorioides,  L.  Leaves  varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  and 
toothed,  to  linear  and  entire.  —  Dry  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward. Sept. 

6.    EUPAT6RIUM,    Tourn.        THOROUGHWORT. 

Heads  3  -  many-flowered :  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  bell- 
Bhaped.  Receptacle  flat.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenia  5-angled.  Pappus  a 
single  row  of  slender  capillary  barely  roughish  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  often 
sprinkled  with  bitter  resinous  dots,  with  generally  corymbose  heads  of  white 
bluish,  or  purple  blossoms,  appearing  near  the  close  of  summer.  (Dedicated  to 
Eupator  Mithridates,  who  is  said  to  have  used  a  species  of  the  genus  in  medicine.) 

*  Heads  cylindrical,  5  -  \Q-flowered ;  the,  purplish  scales  numerous,  closely  imbricated 
in  several  rows,  of  unequal  length,  slightly  striate :  stout  herbs,  with  ample  mostly 
whorled  leaves,  and  flesh-colored  flowers. 

1.  E.  piirpiireiim,  L.    (JOE-PYB  WEED.    TRUMPET-WEED.)    Stems 
tall  and  stout,  simple  ;  leaves  3  -  6  in  a  whorl,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointr 
ed,  very  veiny,  roughish,  toothed ;  corymbs  very  dense  and  compound.  — Varies 
greatly  in  size  (2° -12°  high),  &c.,  and  with  spotted  or  unspotted,  often  dotted 
stems,  &c.,  —  including  many  nominal  species.  —  Low  grounds,  common. 

*  *  Heads  3  -  20-Jlowered :  involucre  of  8  -  15  more  or  less  imbricated  and  unequal 

scales,  the  outer  ones  shorter:  flowers  white. 
•»-  Leaves  all  alternate,  mostly  dissected :  heads  panicled,  very  smatt,  3  -  ^-flowered. 

2.  E.  faeniculaceum,  Willd.      Smooth  or   nearly  so,  paniculately 
much-branched  (3° -10°  high);  leaves  1  - 2-pinnately  parted,  filiform.  —  Vir- 
ginia, near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

•<-  •»-  Leaves  mostly  opposite  and  sessile :  heads  5  -  S-flowered,  corymbed. 

3.  E.  hyssopifolium,  L.    Minutely  pubescent  (l°-2°  high);  leave* 
narrow,  linear  or  lanceolate,  elongated,  obtuse,  1  -  3-nerved,  entire,  or  the  lower 
sparingly  toothed,  often  crowded  hi  the  axils  or  whorled,  acute  at  the  base ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  obtuse.  —  Sterile  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  E.  Kentucky 
and  southward. 

4.  E.  leucdlepiS,  Torr.   &  Gr.      Minutely  pubescent,  simple  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  l-nerved,  obtuse,  serrate,  rough  both 
sides ;  corymb  hoary ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  white  and  scarious  acute  tips.  — 
Sandy  bogs,  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

5.  E.  parviflorum,  Ell.    Minutely  velvety-pubescent,  branching  (2°- 
3°Idgh);  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  triple-ribbed  and  veiny,  serrate  above  th« 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  187 

middle,  tapering  to  the  base,  the  lower  slightly  petioled ;  scales  of  the  short  invo- 
lucre obtuse.  (Leaves  sometimes  3  in  a  whorl,  or  the  upper  alternate.)  — Damp 
soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

6.  E.  altissimum,  L.     Stem  stout  and  tall  (c°-7°  high),  downy;  leaves 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  entire,  or  toothed  above  the 
middle,  the  uppermost  alternate ;  corymbs  dense ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  flowers.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky. — 
Leaves  3'  -  4'  long,  somewhat  like  those  of  a  Solidago. 

7.  E.  :ilblim,  L.     Eoughish-hairy  (2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarse- 
ly-toothed, veiny ;  heads  clustered  in  the  corymb ;  scales  of  the  involucre  closely 
imbricated,  rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate,  pointed,  white  and  scarious  above,  longer 
than  the  flowers.  —  Sandy  and  barren  places,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 

8.  E.  teucrifdlium,  Willd.    Eoughish-pubescent  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base,  slightly  triple- 
nerved,  veiny,  coarsely  toothed  towards  the  base,  the  upper  ones  alternate ;  branches 
of  the  corymb  few,  unequal ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse, 
at  length  shorter  than  thefiowers.     (E.  verbensefolium,  Michx.) — Low  grounds, 
Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast. — Leaves  sometimes 
cut  into  a  few  very  deep  teeth. 

9.  E.  rotimdifolium,  L.    Downy-pubescent  (2°  high) ;  leaves  round- 
ish-ovate, obtuse,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  crenate- 
toothed,  triple-nerved,  veiny,  roughish  (l/-2'long);  corymb  large  and  dense; 
Kales  of  the  (5-flowered)  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  pointed.  —  Dry  soil, 
Bhode  Island  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

10.  E.  pubescens,  Muhl.    Pubescent;  leaves  ovate,  mostly  acute,  slightly 
truncate  at  the  base,  serrate-toothed,  somewhat  triple-nerved,  veiny ;  scales  of  the 
7  - 8-flowered  involucre  lanceolate,  acute.     (E.  ovatum,  Bigel.)  —  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey,  near  the  coast,  and  Kentucky.  —  Like  the  last,  but  larger. 

11.  E.  sessilifolium,  L.     (UPLAND  BONESET.)     Stem  tall  (4° -6° 
high),  smooth,  branching;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  from  near  the 
rounded  sessile  base  to  the  sharp  point,  serrate,  veiny,  smooth  (3'  -  6'  long) ;  corymb 
very  compound,  pubescent;  scales  of  the  5-  (or  5 -12-?)  flowered  involucre  oval 
and  oblong,  obtuse.  —  Copses  and  banks,  Massachusetts  to  Ohio,  and  southward 
along  the  mountains. 

+-•»-•«-  Leaves  opposite,  clasping  or  united  at  the  base,  long  and  widely  spreading  • 
heads  10  —  15-flowered :  corymbs  very  compound  and  large. 

12.  E.  resinosnm,  Torr.     Minutely  velvety-downy  (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  serrate,  partly  clasping  at  the  base,  tapering  to  the 
point,  slightly  veiny  beneath  (4'-  6'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  obtuse. 
—  Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey. — Name  from  the  copious  resinous  globules 
of  the  leaves. 

13.  E.  pcrfoluituin,  L.    (THOROUGHWORT.   BONESET.)     Stem  stout 
(2° -4°  high),  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  around  the  stem  (connate- 
perfoliate),  tapering  to  a  slender  point,  serrate,  very  veiny,  wrinkled,  downy 


188  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

beneath  (5'-  8'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear- lanceolate.  — Low  grounds ; 
common,  and  well  known.  —  Varies  with  the  heads  30-40-flowered. 
•*-  i-  +-  i-  Leaves  opposite,  the  upper  alternate,  long-petioled :  heads  12-15-Jfowered, 
in  compound  corymbs. 

14.  E.  sertitiniim,  Michx.    Stem  pulverulent-pubescent,  bushy-branched 
(3°  -  6°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  triple-nerved  and 
veiny,  coarsely  serrate   (5' -6'  long);   involucre  very  pubescent.  —  Alluvial 
ground,  Illinois  and  southward. 

#  #  *  Heads  8  -  30-Jlowered ;  the  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal  and  in  one 
row :  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  petioled,  triple-nerved  and  veiny,  not  resinous-dotted : 
flowers  white. 

15.  E.  ageratoides,  L.     (WHITE  SNAKE-ROOT.)     Smooth,  branching 
(3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  long-petioled, 
thin  (4' -5'  long);  corymbs  compound. — Rich  woods  and  copses;  common, 
especially  northward. 

16.  E.  aromatic  11  m,  L.     Smooth  or  slightly  downy;  stems  nearly 
simple ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  rather  obtusely  toothed,  not  pointed,  thickish. 
—  Copses,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.    Lower 
and  more  slender  than  No.  15,  with  fewer,  but  usually  larger  heads. 

7.    MIKANIA,    Willd.        CLIMBING  HEMP-WEED. 

Heads  4-flowered.  Involucre  of  4  scales.  Receptacle  small.  Flowers  and 
achenia,  &c.,  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Climbing  perennials,  with  opposite  com- 
monly heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  and  corymbose-panicled  flesh-colored 
flowers.  (Named  for  Prof.  Mikan,  of  Prague.) 

1.  HE*  scandens,  L.  Nearly  smooth,  twining;  leaves  somewhat  trian- 
gular-heart-shaped or  halberd-form,  pointed,  toothed  at  the  base.  —  Copses  along 
streams,  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  July- Sept. 

8.    CONOCL-INIUM,    DC.       MIST-FLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  bell-shaped,  the  nearly  equal  linear-awl- 
shaped  scales  somewhat  imbricated.  Receptacle  conical!  Otherwise  as  in 
Eupatorium.  —  Perennial  erect  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  violet- 
purple  or  blue  flowers  in  crowded  terminal  corymbs.  (Name  formed  of  K&VOS , 
a  cone,  and  <cXiw;,  a  bed,  from  the  conical  receptacle.) 

1.  C.  coelestiinim,  DC.  Somewhat  pubescent  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
triangular-ovate  and  slightly  heart-shaped,  coarsely  and  bluntly  toothed.  —  Rich 
soil,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward.  Sept. 

9.    NARDOSMIA,    Cass.        SWEET  COLTSFOOT. 

Heads  many-flowered,  somewhat  dioecious :  in  the  sterile  plant  with  a  single 
row  of  ligulate  pistillate  ray-flowers,  and  many  tubular  ones  in  the  disk ;  in  the 
fertile  plant  with  many  rows  of  minutely  ligulate  ray-flowers,  and  a  few  tubular 
perfect  ones  in  the  centre.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.  Receptacle  flat 


COM   >SITJE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  189 

Achenia  terete.  Papj  is  o?  soft  capillary  bristles,  longer  and  copious  in  the 
fertile  flowers.  —  Perennial  woolly  herbs,  with  the  leaves  all  from  the  rootstock, 
the  scape  with  sheathing  scaly  bracts,  bearing  heads  of  purplish  or  whitisk 
fragrant  flowers  in  a  corymb.  (Name  from  vapdos,  spikenard,  and  007177,  odor.) 

1.  N.  palmata,  Hook.  Leaves  rounded,  somewhat  kidney-form,  white- 
woolly  beneath,  palmately  and  deeply  5  -  7-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  and  cut. 
(Tussilago  palmata,  Ait.  T.  frigida,  Bigd.) — Swamps,  Maine  and  Mass,  to 
Michigan  and  northward :  rare.  May.  —  Full-grown  leaves  6'  -  KX  broad. 

1O.     TUSSILAGO,    Tourn.        COLTSFOOT. 

Head  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  narrowly  ligulate,  pistillate,  fertile,  in 
many  rows ;  the  tubular  disk-flowers  few,  staminate.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
nearly  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  flat.  Fertile  achenia  cylindrical-oblong. 
Pappus  capillary,  copious  in  the  fertile  flowers.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  hori- 
zontal creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  scaly  simple  scapes  in  early  spring, 
bearing  a  single  head,  and  producing  rounded-heart-shaped  angled  or  toothed 
leaves  later  in  the  season,  woolly  when  young.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from 
tussis,  a  cough,  for  which  the  plant  is  a  reputed  remedy.) 

1.  T.  FARFARA,  L.  —  Wet  places,  and  along  brooks,  northern  parts  of  New 
England  and  New  York.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

11.    ADENOCAtlLiON,    Hook.        ADENOCATTLON. 

Heads  5-10-flowered;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  with  similar  corollas ;  the 
marginal  ones  pistillate,  fertile ;  the  others  staminate.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
equal,  in  a  single  row.  Achenia  elongated  at  maturity,  club-shaped,  beset  with 
stalked  glands  above.  Pappus  none.  —  Slender  perennials,  with  the  alternate 
thin  and  petioled  leaves  smooth  and  green  above,  white  woolly  beneath,  and  few 
small  (whitish)  heads  in  a  loose  panicle,  beset  with  glands  (whence  the  name, 
from  d8r)V,  a  gland,  and  KavXosj  a  stem). 

1.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  Leaves  triangular,  rather  heart-shaped,  with  angu- 
lar-toothed margins ;  petioles  margined.  —  Moist  woods,  shore  of  L.  Superior, 
and  northwestward. 

12.    SERICOCARPUS,    Nees.        WHITE-TOPPED  ASTER. 

Heads  12-15-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  about  5,  fertile  (white).  Involucre 
tomewhat  cylindrical  or  club-shaped ;  the  scales  closely  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  cartilaginous  and  whitish,  appressed,  with  short  and  abrupt  often  spread- 
ing green  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate-toothed.  Achenia  short,  inversely  py- 
ramidal, very  silky.  Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. — Peren- 
nial tufted  herbs  (l°-2°  high),  with  sessile  somewhat  3-nerved  leaves,  and 
small  heads  mostly  in  little  clusters,  disposed  in  a  flat  corymb  Disk-flowers 
pale  yellow.  (Name  from  o^pt/cos,  silky,  and  Kaprros.  fruit.) 

1.  S.  SOlidagrineilS,  Nees.  Smooth,  slender;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  with  rough  margins,  tapering  to  the  base ;  heads  narrow  (3'r  long), 


190  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

in  dose  clusters,  few-flowered;  pappus  white.  —  Thickets,   S.  New  England  to 
Virginia,  near  the  coast.    July. 

2.  S.  conyzoides,  Nees.     Somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
or  the  lower  spatulate,  mostly  serrate  towards  the  apex,  ciliate,  veiny ;  heads  rather 
loosely  corymbed,  obconical  (4"  -  6"  long) ;  pappus  rusty-color.  —  Dry  ground ; 
common.    July. 

3.  S.  tortifolillS,  Nees.    Hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong-spatu- 
late,  short  (£'-!'  long),  turned  edgewise,  both  sides  alike,  nearly  veinless;  heads 
rather  loosely  corymbed,  obovoid  (4" -5"  long) ;  pappus  white.  —  Pine  woods, 
Virginia  and  southward.    Aug. 

GALAT^LLA  HYSSOPiF6LiA,  Nees,  is  omitted,  because  it  has  not  been  found 
in  our  district,  and  probably  is  not  an  American  plant. 

13.    ASTER,    L.        STARWORT.    ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  ray-flowers  in  a  single  series,  fertile. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  usually  with  herbaceous  or  leaf- 
like  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenia  generally  more  or  less  flattened. 
Pappus  simple,  of  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs  (or  annual  in  §  6),  with 
corymbed,  panicled,  or  racemose  heads.  Kays  white,  purple,  or  blue :  the  disk 
yellow,  often  changing  to  purple.  (Name  dorqp,  a  star,  from  the  appearance 
of  the  radiate  heads  of  flowers.) 

$  1.  BlOTIA,  DC. — Involucre  obovoid-bell-shaped ;  the  scales  regularly  imbricated 
in  several  rows,  oppressed,  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips:  rays  6-15  (white  or 
nearly  so) :  achenia  slender :  lower  leaves  large,  heart-shaped,  petioled,  coarsely  ser- 
rate :  heads  in  open  corymbs. 

1.  A.  COrymbosilS,  Ait.      Stem  slender,  somewhat  zigzag;  leaves  thin, 
smoothish,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate  with  sharp  spreading  teeth,  sharp-pointed, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  all  but  the  uppermost  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on 
slender  naked  petioles;  rays  6-9. —  Woodlands;  common,  especially  north- 
ward.    July -Aug. — Plant  1°- 2°  high,  with  smaller  heads,  looser  corymbs, 
rounder  and  less  rigid  exterior  involucral  scales,  and  thinner  leaves,  than  the 
next ;  not  rough,  but  sometimes  pubescent. 

2.  A.  macropliyllus,  L.      Stem  stout  and  rigid  (2° -3° high);  leaves 
thickish,  rough,  closely  serrate,  somewhat  pointed  ;  the  lower  heart-shaped  (4' -10' 
long,  3' -6'  wide),  long-petioled ;  the  upper  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile  or  on  mar- 
gined petioles ;  heads  in  ample  rigid  corymbs ;  rays  12-25  (white  or  bluish). — 
Moist  woods ;  common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     Aug., 
Sept.  —  Involucre  £'  broad;  the  outer  scales  rigid,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  the 
innermost  much  larger  and  thinner. 

§  2.  CALLlASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  coriaceous,  with  herbaceous  spreading  tips:  rays  12-30,  violet:  achenia  nar- 
row (smoothish) :  pappus  of  rigid  bristles  of  unequal  thickness :  stem-leaves  all 
sessile;  lower  ones  not  heart-shaped:  heads  few,  large  and  showy.  (Allied  to 
§  1,  and  to  Sericocarpus.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  191 

3.  A*  R:!<lnla,  Ait.     Stem  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  smooth, 
many-leaved  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate  in  th« 
middle,  very  rough  both  sides  and  rugose-veined,  closely  sessile  (2' -3'  long),  nearly 
equal ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  oblong,  oppressed,  with  very  short  and 
slightly  spreading  herbaceous  tips;  achenia  smooth.  —  Bogs  and  low  grounds, 
Delaware  to  Maine  and  northward,  near  the  coast.    Aug.  —  Kays  light  violet. 
Involucre  nearly  smooth,  except  the  ciliate  margins. 

4.  A.  surculosus,  Michx.    Stems  slender  (£°- 1°  high),  from  long  and 
slender,  or  here  and  there  tuberous-thickened,  creeping  subterranean  shoots  or  suck- 
ers, roughish-pubescent  above,  1-2-  or  corymbosely  several-flowered  ;  leaves 
roughish,  obscurely  toothed,  lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong-spatulate ;  involucre 
obconical  or  bell-shaped  (£'-£'  long),  the  whitish  and  coriaceous  scales  with  short 
herbaceous  tips,  the  outer  ones  shorter ;  achenia  slightly  pubescent.  —  Var.  GK\CI- 
LIS  (A.  gracilis,  Nutt.)  is  a  form  with  the  scales  of  the  narrower  obconical  invo- 
lucre successively  shoVter  and  with  very  short  and  scarcely  spreading  green  tips, 
resembling  a  Sericocarpus.  •/-  Moist  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and 
southward.     Sept.  —  Rays  about  12,  violet,  £'  long.  —  Perhaps  runs  into  the 
next. 

5.  A.  spectdbilis,  Ait.     Stems  (l°-2°  high)  minutely  rough  and  glan- 
dular-pubescent at  the  summit ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish,  obscurely  toothed, 
tapering  to  the  base ;  scales  of  the  short  and  almost  hemispherical  involucre  linear- 
oblong,  with  conspicuous  spatulate  glandular-downy  tips,  the  outermost  scarcely  shorter ; 
achenia  slightly  pubescent.  —  Sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  near 
the  coast,  and  southward.     Sept.  -  Nov.  —  One  of ,  the  handsomest  of  the  genus, 
though  the  heads  are  few.     The  rays,  about  20,  are  narrowly  lanceolate,  nearly 
1'  long,  very  deep  violet-blue.     Involucre  £'  long  and  wide. 

$  3.  ASTER  PROPER.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  various  degrees,  with 
herbaceous  or  kaf-like  summits,  or  the  outer  ones  entirely  foliaceous :  rays  numerous: 
pappus  soft,  and  nearly  unifonn  :  achenia  ^flattened.  (All  flowering  late  in  sum- 
mer or  in  autumn.) 

*  Leaves  silvery-silky  both  sides,  aU  sessile  and  entire,  mucronulate :  involucre  imbri- 
cated in  3  to  several  rows :  rays  showy,  purple-violet. 

6.  A»  sericeilS,  Vent.     Stems  slender,  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong ;  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating  the  short  silvery  branchlets ;  scales  of 
the  globular  involucre  similar  to  the  leaves,  spreading,  except  the  short  coriaceous 
base,  silvery ;  achenia  smooth,  many-ribbed.  —  Prairies  and  dry  banks,  Wisconsin 
to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  An  elegant  silvery  species ;  the  large  heads  with 
20  -  30  rays  of  £'  or  more  in  length. 

7.  A.  c6ncolor,  L.     Stems  wand-like,  nearly  simple;  leaves  crowded,  ob 
long  or  lanceolate,  appressed,  the  upper  reduced  to  little  bracts ;  heads  in  a  simple  or 
compound  wand-like  raceme ;  scales  of  the  obovoid  involucre  closely  imbricated  in 
several  rows,  appressed,  rather  rigid,  silky,  lanceolate    achenia  silky.  — Dry  sandy 
soil,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  southward.  —  A  handsome  plant,  l°-3* 
high,  with  the  short  leaves  1'  or  less  in  length,  grayish-silky  and  of  the  same 
hue  both  sides.    Rays  bright  violet-purple. 


192  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  #  Lower  leaves  not  heart-shaped ;  the  upper  all  sessile  and  more  or  less  clasping  by 
a  heart-shaped  or  auricled  base :  heads  showy:  scales  of  the  inversely  conical  or  bell- 
shaped  involucre  regularly  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  successively  shorter, 
oppressed,  coriaceous,  whitish,  with  short  herbaceous  tips :  rays  large,  purple  or  blue. 

8.  A.  patens,  Ait.     Rough-pubescent,-  stem  loosely  panicled  above  (1°-  3° 
high),  with  widely  spreading  branches,  the  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating 
the  slender  branchlets ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  contracted 
below  the  middle,  all  clasping  by  a  deep  auricled-heart-shaped  base,  rough,  especially 
above  and  on  the  margins,  entire ;  scales  of  the  minutely  roughish  involucre 
with  spreading  pointed  tips;  achenia  silky.  —  Var.  pHLOGirdLius  is  a  form 
which  the  plant  assumes  in  shady  moist  places,  with  larger  and  elongated  thin 
scarcely  rough  leaves,  downy  underneath,  sometimes  a  little  toothed  above, 
mostly  much  contracted  below  the  middle. — Dry  ground,  common,  especially 
southward.     Heads  £'  broad,  and  with  showy  deep  blue-purple  rays; 

9.  A.  l&vis,  L.     Very  smooth  throughout ;  heads  in  &  close  panicle ;  leavcb 
thickish,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  chiefly  entire,  the  upper  more  or  less 
clasping  by  an  auricled  or  heart-shaped  base ;  scales  of  the  short-obovoid  or  hemi 
spherical  involucre  with  appressed  green  points ;  rays  sky-blue ;  achenia  smooth.    A 
variable  species,  of  which  the  two  best-marked  forms  are :  — 

Var.  laevigatUS.  Scarcely  if  at  all  glaucous ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ob 
long ;  involucre  nearly  hemispherical ;  the  scales  lanceolate  or  linear,  with  nar 
row  and  acute  green  tips  tapering  down  on  the  midnerve.  (A.  laevis,  L.  A. 
Isevigatus,  Willd.)  — Dry  woodlands  ;  rather  common. 

Var.  cy aneus.  Very  smooth,  but  pale  or  glaucous ;  leaves  thicker ;  the 
upper  often  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  invo 
lucre  narrowed  at  the  base,  of  broader  and  more  coriaceous  scales  with  shorter 
and  abrupt  tips.  (A.  cyaneus,  Hqffm.,  frc.)  — Border  of  woodlands ;  common, 
especially  northward.— -  A  very  elegant  species,  with  showy  flowers. 

10.  A.  turbine  I  111*,  Lindl.     Very  smooth  ;   stem   slender,   paniculatelj 
branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  entire,  with  rough  margins  ;  in 
volucre  elongated-obconical  or  almost  club-shaped  (£'  long) ;  the  scales  linear,  with 
very  short  and  blunt  green  tips ;  rays  violet-blue ;  achenia  nearly  smooth.  —  Kiv- 
er-banks,  Illinois  and  southwestward. 

*  *  #  Lower  leaves  all  heart-shaped  and  petioled,  the  upper  sessile  or  petioled:  invv 
lucre  imbricated  much  as  in  the  last  division,  but  the  heads  smaller,  very  numerous, 
racemose  or  panicled. 

H-  Leaves  entire  or  slightly  serrate :  heads  middle-sized :  rays  bright-blue. 

11.  A.  azureus,  Lindl.     Stem  rather  rough,  erect,  racemose-compound 
at  the  summit,  the  branches  slender  and  rigid ;  leaves  rough ;  the  lower  ovate-lance 
date  or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  on  long  often  hairy  petioles ;  the  others  lanceolate  or  lin 
ear,  sessile,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped ;  involucre  inversely  conical.  —  Copses 
and  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  A  handsome  species ;  the  in- 
volucre much  as  in  No.  9,  but  much  smaller,  and  slightly  pubescent ;  the  rays 
bright  blue. 

12.  A.  Sliortii,  Boott.     Stem  slender,  spreading,  nearly  smooth,  bearing 
very  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles ;  leaves  smooth  above,  minutely  pube^ent 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  193 

underneath,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp 
point,  all  but  the  uppermost  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on  naked  peti- 
oles ;  involucre  bell-shaped.  —  Cliffs  and  banks,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward.—  A  pretty  species,  2° -4°  high;  the  leaves  3 '-5'  long. 

13.  A.  itmlulfitiis,  L.    Pale  or  somewhat  hoary  with  close  i  ubescence ; 
stem  spreading,  bearing  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  with  wavy  or  slightly  toothed  margins,  roughish  above,  downy  under- 
neath, the  lowest  heart-shaped  on  margined  petioles,  the  others  abruptly  contracted 
into  short  broadly  winged  petioles  which  are  dilated  and  clasping  at  the  l>ase,  or  direct- 
ly sessile  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  involucre  obovoid.     (A.  diversifolius,  Michx.) 
—  Dry  copses,  common. 

•<-  -»-  Leaves  conspicuously  serrate :  heads  small :  rays  pale  blue  or  nearly  white. 

14.  A»  cordifolilis,  L.     Stem  much  branched  above,  the  spreading  or 
diverging  branches  bearing  very  numerous  panicled  heads ;  lower  leaves  all  heart- 
shaped,  on  slender  and  mostly  naked  ciliate  petioles ;  scales  of  the  inversely  coni- 
cal involucre  all  oppressed  and  tipped  with  short  green  points,  obtuse  or  acutish.  — 
Woodlands ;  very  common.     Varies  with  the  stem  and  leaves  either  smooth, 
roughish,  or  sometimes  hairy  underneath.     Heads  produced  in  great  profusion, 
but  quite  small. 

15.  A.  sagittifdlillS,  Willd.     Stem  rigid,  erect,  with  ascending  branches 
bearing  numerous  racemose  heads;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed;   the  lower 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  on  margined  petioles ;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear, 
pointed  at  both  ends  ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear,  tapering  into  awl-shaped 
slender  and  loose  tips.  —  Dry  ground,  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and 
Kentucky.  —  Usually  more  or  less  hairy  or  downy;  the  heads  rather  larger 
than  in  the  last,  almost  sessile. — A.  Drummondii,  Lindl.,  which  probably 
grows  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi,  is  apparently  only  a  downy-leaved 
variety  of  this. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped ;  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  narrow,  rigid, 
entire :  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows :  the  coriaceous  scales  oppressed  and 
whitish  at  the  base,  with  abrupt,  and  conspicuous  spreading  herbaceous  tips :  heads 
small  and  very  numerous,  paniculate-racemose :  rays  white. 

16.  A.  ericoides,  L.      Smooth  or  sparingly  hairy   (1°-!^°  high);  the 
simple  branchlets  or  peduncles  racemose  along  the  upper  side  of  the  wand-like 
spreading  branches ;  lowest  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  sometimes  toothed ;  the  others 
linear-lanceolate  or  linear-awl-shaped,  acute  at  both  ends  ;    scales  of  the  involucre 
broadest  at  the  base,  with  acute  or  awl-shaped  green  tips.  —  Var.  viLL6sus  is  a 
hairy  form,  often  with  broader  leaves;  chiefly  in  the  Western  States.  —  Dry 
open  places,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 

17.  A.  flit tl Hi II 01  us,  Ait.     Pale,  or  hoary  with  minute  close  pubescence  (1° 
high),  much  branched  and  bushy;  the  heads  much  crowded  on  the  spreading 
racemose  branches ;  leaves  crowded,  linear,  spreading,  with  rough  or  ciliate  mar- 
gins, the  upper  somewhat  dilated  and  partly  clasping  at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre with  spatulate  spreading  green  tips  broader  than  the  lower  portion,  the  outer 
obtuse.  —  Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soil ;  common. 

17 


194  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*****  Leaves  none  of  them  heart-shaped ;  those  of  tJie  stem  tapering  at  the  base, 
sessile;  involucre  imbricated ;  the  scales  of  unequal  length,  with  short  and  narrow 
oppressed  or  rather  loose  greenish  tips :  heads  small  or  middle-sized :  rays  white  or 
pale  bluish-purple. 

+-  Heads  small.     (Involucre  \'  -  %'  long.) 

18.  A.  dumosilS,  L.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  racemosely  compound,  the 
scattered  heads  mostly  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  spreading  branchlets ;  leaves  linear 
or  the  upper  oblong,  crowded,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  with  rough  margins ; 
scales  of  the  closely  imbricated  involucre  linear-spatulate,  obtuse,  in  4  -  6  rows.  — 
Thickets,  in  dry  or  moist  soil;  common.  —  A  variable  species,  l°-3°  high, 
loosely  branched,  with  small  leaves,  especially  the  upper,  and  an  inversely  con- 
ical or  bell-shaped  involucre,  with  more  abrupt  green  tips  than  any  of  the  suc- 
ceeding.   Kays  pale  purple  or  blue,  larger  than  in  the  next.     Kuns  into  several 
peculiar  forms. 

19.  A.  Ti'JUlesc.aBlti,  L.     Smooth  or  smoothish;  the  numerous  heads  closely 
racemed  along  one  side  of  the  erect-spreading  or  diverging  branches ;  leaves 
lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  the  larger  ones  remotely  sen-ate  in  the  middle  with 
fine  sharp  teeth ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  acute  or  acutish,  imbricated 
in  3  or  4  rows.  —  Var.  FR!GILIS  has  the  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  except  the 
lowest,  and  the  heads  more  scattered.  —  Moist  banks,  &c.,  very  common.  — 
Stems  2°  -  4°  high,  bushy :  heads  very  numerous,  smaller  than  in  the  last. 
Rays  white  or  nearly  so. 

20.  A.  miser,  L.,  Ait.    More  or  less  hairy,  much  branched ;  the  branches 
usually  diverging,  bearing  racemose  often  scattered  heads ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering  or  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle; 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows.  — 
Thickets,  fields,  &c.,  very  common,  and  extensively  variable.  —  Leaves  larger 
than  in  either  of  the  preceding  (2'  -  5') ;  the  involucre  intermediate  between  them, 
as  to  the  form  of  the  scales.    Rays  mostly  short,  pale  bluish-purple  or  white. 

-»-  H-  Heads  middle-sized.     (Involucre  4'-$'  long.) 

21.  A.  Simplex,  Willd.      Smooth   or  nearly   so    (3° -6°  high),   much 
branched;  the  branches  and  scattei-ed  heads  somewhat  corymbose  at  the  summit; 
leaves  lanceolate,  poihted,  the  lower  serrate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped, 
loosely  and  sparingly  imbricated.  —  Shady  moist  banks,  common.  —  Rays  pale. 
Approaches  in  its  different  forms  the  preceding  and  the  two  following. 

22.  A»  tenuifdlillS,  L.     Nearly  smooth ;  stem  much  branched  (2° -3° 
high) ;  the  heads  somewhat  panicled  or  racemed  ;    leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
tapering  into  a  long  slender  point  (2' -6'  long),  with  rough  margins,  the  lower  some- 
what serrate  in  the  middle  ;  scales  of  the  hemisphei'icaL  involucre  linear-awl-shaped, 
very  slender-pointed,  numerous,  closely  imbricated.  —  Low  grounds,  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Rays  short  and  narrow,  pale  purple  or  whitish. 

23.  A,  c&rneilS,  Noes.     Smooth,  or  the  branches  rough  or  pubescent ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  pointed,  or  the  upper  short  and  partly  clasping; 
heads  racemose  along  the  ascending  leafy  branches ;  scales  of  ihe  obovate  invo- 
lucre lanceolate,  abruptly  acute,  closely  imbricated.  —  Moist  soil ;  common.     Leaves 
firm  in  texture,  smooth,  or  i  jugh  above.     Rays  rather  large,  bluish,  purplish, 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  195 

violet-purple,  or  almost  white.  —  On  a  thorough  revision  of  the  genus,  older 
names  will  be  found  and  verified  for  this  and  No.  21,  which  here  cover  a  mul- 
titude of  forms.     A.  mutabilis,  L.,  is  probably  one  of  them. 
*  *  *  *  #  *  Stem-leaves  sessile,  the  upper  more  or  less  clasping :  scales  of  the  hem- 
ispherical involucre  loosely  more  or  less  imbricated,  somewhat  equal,  with  herbaceous 
tips,  or  the  outer  often  entirely  herbaceous :  heads  middle-sized  or  large :  rays  blue 
or  purple.    (The  species  of  this  group  are  still  perplexing.) 

24.  A»  liCSlivus,   Ait.     Stem  slender,  rough,  bushy-branched;  leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  taper-pointed,  entire,  with  rough  margins ;  heads 
corymbose,  loose;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  loose;  rays  large,  apparently  light 
blue.     (A.  laxifolius,  Nees.)  —  Var.  L^JTIFL6RU8  has  very  slender  branches 
and  leaves,  and  the  scales  of  the  involucre  unequal  and  more  appressed. — 
Moist  shady  places,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.    Heads  about  as  large 
as  in  A.  puniceus,  in  some  forms  appearing  more  like  A.  carneus.    Leaves 
4' -7'  long,  y  to  £'  wide. 

25.  A.  Novi-lJi'lgii,  L.     Nearly  smooth;  stem  stout;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, pale,  or  somewhat  glaucous,  serrate  in  the  middle,  acute,  tapering  to  each  end ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  rather  closely  imbricated,  with  broadish  acute  herbaceous  tips  ; 
rays  pale  blue  or  purplish.  —  Low  grounds,  not  clearly  known  in  a  wild  state. 
The  plant  here  in  view  is  intermediate  between  No.  23  and  No.  26.  —  Heads 
smaller  and  less  showy  than  in  the  next. 

26.  A»  loiii;  ilolius,  Lam.    Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem  branched,  corym- 
bose-panicled  at  the  summit ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lower  ovate-lance- 
olate, entire  or  sparingly  serrate  in  the  middle,  taper-pointed,  shining  above;  scales 
of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  —  5  rows,  linear,  with  acute  or  awl-shaped  spreading  or 
recurved  green  tips  ;  rays  large  and  numerous,  bright  purplish-blue.  —  Moist 
places,  along  streams,  &c.,  common  eastward. — Plant  l°-5°  high,  with  large 
and  showy  heads ;  very  variable  in  the  foliage,  involucre,  &c. ;  its  multiform 
varieties  including  A.  thyrsiflorus,  Hqffm.,  A.  laxus,  Wittd.  (a  form  with  more 
leafy  involucres),  A.  praealtus,  Poir.,  A.  elodes,  Torr.  fr  Gr.,  &c. 

27.  A.  puniceus,  L.     Stem  tall  and  stout,  rough-hairy  all  over  or  in  lines, 
usually  purple  below,  panicled  above ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping  by  an  auri- 
cled  base,  sparingly  serrate  in  the  middle  with  appressed  teeth,  rough  above,  nearly 
smooth  underneath,  pointed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  acute,  loose, 
equal,  in  about  2  rows ;  rays  long  and  showy  (lilac-blue,  paler  or  whitish  in 
shade).  —  Low  thickets  and  swamps,  very  common.  —  Stems  3° -6°  high,  in 
open  grounds  rough  with  rigid  bristly  hairs. 

Var.  vim  incus  (A.  vimineus,  Willd.)  is  a  variety  nearly  smooth  through- 
out ;  growing  in  shade. 

28.  A.  prenanthoides,  Muhl.     Stem  low  (l°-3°  high),  corymbose- 
panicled,  hairy  above  in  lines ;  leaves  rough  above,  very  smooth  underneath,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, sharply  cut-toothed  in  the  middle,  conspicuously  taper-pointed,  and  tapering 
below  in  a  long  contracted  entire  portion,  which  is  abruptly  dilated  into  an  auricled' 
heart-shaped  clasping  base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  with  recurved- 
spreading  tips ;  rays  light  blue.  —  Borders  of  rich  woods,  W.  New  York  and 
Penn.  to  Wisconsin. 


196  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*******  Leaves  entire,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  the  base  <.fien  clasping:  head* 
solitary  terminating  ike  branches  or  somewhat  corymbed,  large  or  middle-sized,  showy  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  with  loose  and  spreading  or  recurved  mostly 
foliaceous  tips,  usually  more  or  less  glandular  or  viscid,  as  are  the  branchlets,  fro 
•*-  Involucre  imbricated,  t/te  scales  in  several  or  many  ranks. 

29.  A.  grandifldrus,  L.     Rough  with  minute  hispid  hairs ;  stems  slender 
loosely  much-branched  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  very  small  (£'-!'  long),  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  rigid ;  the  uppermost  passing  into  scales  of  the  hemispherical 
squarrose  many-ranked  involucre ;  rays  bright  violet  (!'  long) ;  achenia  hairy.  — 
Dry  open  places,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Heads  large  and  very  showy. 

30.  A.    OblongifolillS,    Nutt.       Minutely   glandular-puberulent,    much 
branched  above,  rigid,  paniculate-corymbose  (1°- 2°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  mucronate-pointed,  partly  clasping,  thickish  (l'-2'long  by 
2"  -  5"  wide) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear,  appressed  at  the  base ; 
rays  violet-purple;  achenia  canescent.  — Banks  of  rivers,  from  Penn.  (Hunting- 
don County,  Porter!)  and  Virginia  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky. — Flowers  not 
half  as  large  as  those  of  the  next. 

A.  AMETHYSTINUS,  Nutt.,  of  Eastern  Massachusetts,  is  a  still  wholly  obscure 
species. 

•«-  •*-  Involucre  of  many  very  slender  equal  scales  appealing  like  a  single  row. 

31.  A.  Novae-Angliae,  L.     Stem  stout,  hairy  (3° -8°  high),  corymbed 
at  the  summit;  leaves  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  auriculate-dasping, 
clothed  with  minute  pubescence :  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-awl-shaped,  loose,  glan- 
dular-viscid, as  well  as  the  branchlets ;  rays  violet-purple,  sometimes  rose-purple 
(A.  roseus,  Desf),  very  numerous ;  achenia  hairy.  —  Moist  grounds  ;  common. 
—  Heads  large,  corymbed. 

********  Head  and  imbricated  involucre  with  leafy  tips  as  in  the  preceding 
group ;  but  the  foliage  as  in  *  *  *. 

32.  A.  siiiomaliis,  Engelm.    Somewhat  hoary-pubescent ;  stems  slender 
(2° -4°  high),  simple  or  racemose-branched  above ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, pointed,  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  cordate  and  long-petioled,  the  upper 
small  and  almost  sessile ;  scales  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in 
several  rows,  appressed,  with  linear  spreading  leafy  tips ;  achenia  smooth.  — 
Limestone  cliffs,  W.  Illinois  (and  Missouri),  Engelmann.  —  Heads  as  large  as 
those  of  No.  30 :  rays  violet-purple. 

$4.  ORITR6PHIUM,  Kunth. — Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  nearly  equal  and 
almost  in  a  single  row,  more  or  less  herbaceous :  pappus  of  soft  and  uniform  capil- 
lary bristles :  mostly  low  perennials,  bearing  solitary  or  few  heads. 

33.  A.    graminifolillS,    Pursh.     Slightly  pubescent,  slender  (6' -12 
high) ;  leaves  very  numerous,  narrowly  linear;  branches  prolonged  into  slender 
naked  peduncles,  bearing  solitary  small  heads ;  rays  rose-purple  or  whitish.  — 
New  Hampshire,  about  the  White  Mountains  (Mr.  Eddy  in  herb.  Tuckerman), 
L.  Superior,  and  northward. 

§  5.  ORTH6MERIS,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  reguJ.arly  imbricated, 
unequal,  often  carinate,  with  membranaceous  margins,  entirely  Destitute  of  herbaceous 
tips  :  pappus  of  soft  and  unequal  capillary  bristles. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  197 

34.  A.  aciimiiiatiis,  Michx.  Somewhat  hairy ;  stem  (about  1°  high) 
simple,  zigzag,  panicled-corymbose  at  the  summit;  peduncles  slender;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  conspicuously  pointed,  coarsely  toothed  above,  wedge-form  and  en- 
tire at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  few  and  loosely  imbricated,  linear-lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  thin  (3' -5'  long);  heads  few  or  several;  rays  12-18,  white, 
or  slightly  purple.  —  Cool  rich  woods,  common  northward  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies.  Aug.  —  There  is  a  depauperate  narrow-leaved  variety  on  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire. 

85.  A,  nemoraJis,  Ait.  Minutely  roughish-pubescent ;  stem  slender, 
simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  very  leafy  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  small  (!'- 
l£'  long),  rather  rigid,  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  with  revolute  margins,'  scales  of  the 
inversely  conical  involucre  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  passing  into 
awl-shaped  bracts ;  rays  lilac-purple,  elongated.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  Maine  along  the  coast,  and  northward.  Also  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire ;  a  small  form,  with  solitary  heads.  Sept. 

36.  A.  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth  or  roughish  -}/  stems  clus- 
tered (6' -15' high),  simple;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rigid,  entire,  tapering 
to  the  base,  1  -3-nerved,  with  rough  margins  (2' -4'  long) ;  heads  small,  in  aflat 
corymb;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows,  short;  rays  white 
(2" -3"  long).  — Dry  rocks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  along  the  Great  Lakes, 
and  northward.    Aug. 

$  6.  OXYTRIP6LIUM,  DC.  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  without  herba- 
ceous tips,  usually  very  acute,  the  outer  passing  into  scale-like  bracts :  pappus  soft 
and  capillary:  achenia  striate. 

37.  A.  flexnosus,  Nutt.    Stem  zigzag,  rigid,  forked  (6' -20'  high);  the 
branches  bearing  large  solitary  heads ;  leaves  linear,  thick  and  fleshy,  pointed,  entire ; 
scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  imbricated  in  many  rows,  ovate-lanceolate  with 
awl-shaped  points ;  rays  numerous,  large,  pale  purple.  —  Salt  marshes,  on  the 
coast,  Maine  to  Virginia.     Sept. 

38.  A.  liiiifdlius,  L.     Stem  much  branched  (6' -24'  high),  the  branches 
bearing  numerous  racemose  or  panicled  small  heads ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pointed, 
entire,  flat,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear-awl- 
shaped,  in  few  rows ;  rays  somewhat  in  two  rows,  short,  not  projecting  beyond  the  disk, 
more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers,  purplish.     (A.  subulatus,  Michx.)  —  Salt 
marshes,  on  the  coast,  Maine  to  Virginia. 

14.     KKIOERON,    L.        FLEABANE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate,  mostly  flat  or  hemispherical ;  the  narrow  rays 
very  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  nearly  equal  and 
almost  in  a  single  row.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia  flattened,  usually 
pubescent  and  2-nerved.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles,  with  minuter 
ones  intermixed,  or  with  a  distinct  short  outer  pappus  of  little  bristles  or  chaffy 
scales.  —  Herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  and  generally  sessile  leaves,  and  solitary 
or  corymbed  heads.  Disk  yellow:  ray  white  or  purple.  (Name  from  $pt 
17* 


198  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

tprinj,  ani  yepw,  an  old  man,  suggested  by  the  hoary  appearance  of  some  of 
the  vernal  species.) 

$  1.  CJEN6TUS,  Nutt.  —  Rays  inconspicuous,  in  several  rows,  scarcely  longer  titan 
the  pappus:  disk-corollas  4-toothed :  pappus  simpk :  annuals  and  biennials:  heads 
very  small,  cylindrical. 

1.  E.   Canadense,  L.      (HORSE-WEED.     BUTTER-WEED.)      Bristly- 
hairy;  stem  erect,  wand-like  (5' -5°  high);  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire;  those 
from  the  root  cut-lobed ;  heads  very  numerous,  panided.  —  Waste  places ;  a  com- 
mon weed,  now  widely  diffused  over  the  world.    July  -  Oct.  —  Ligules  much 
shorter  than  their  tube,  white. 

2.  E.  di  varic  jituin,  Michx.    Diffuse  and  decumbent  (3'  -  6'  high) ;  leaves 
linear  or  awl-shaped;  heads  loosely  corymbed;  rays  purple:  otherwise  like  No.  1. 
—  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

§  2.  EUERfGERON,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Bays  elongated,  crowded  in  one  or  more 
rows :  pappus  simple.     (Erect  perennials :  heads  somewhat  corymbed.) 

3.  E.  bellidifolium,  Muhl.     (ROBIN'S  PLANTAIN.)     Hairy,  producing 
offsets  from  the  base;  stem  simple,  rather  naked  above,  bearing  few  (1-9)  large 
heads    on  slender   peduncles,    root-leaves  obovate  and    spatulate,  sparingly 
toothed ;  those  of  the  stem  distant,  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  entire  ; 
rays  (about  50)  rather  broadly  linear,  light  bluish-purple.  —  Copses  and  moist 
banks;  conrmon.    May. 

4.  E.  Pliiladelpliicum,  L.     (FLEABANE.)    Hairy ;  stem  leafy,  cor- 
ymbed, bearing  several  small  heads ;  leaves  thin,  with  a  broad  midrib,  oblong ; 
the  upper  smoothish,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  mostly  entire ;  the  lowest 
spatulate,  toothed ;  rays  innumerable  and  very  narrow,  rose-purple  or  flesh-color. 
(E.  purpureum,  Ait.)  —  Moist  ground ;  common.    June  -  Aug. 

43.  STENACTIS,  Cass.  —  Some  of  the  outer  bristles  of  the  pappus  short  and 
minute,  or  rather  chaffy :  otherwise  as  §  2. 

5.  E.  glabclluiil,  Nutt.    Stem  (6' -15'  high)  stout,  hairy  above,  the 
leafless  summit  bearing  1-7  large  heads ;  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  except  the 
margins,  entire,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate  and  pointed,  closely  sessile  or 
partly  clasping,  the  lower  spatulate  and  petioled ;  rays  (more  than  100,  purple) 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  hoary-hispid  involucre.  —  Plains,  St.  Croix 
River,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    June. 

$  4.  PHALACROL6MA,  Cass.  —  Rays  numerous,  but  nearly  in  a  single  row, 
conspicuous :  pappus  plainly  double,  the  outer  a  crown  of  minute  chaffy-bristle-form 
scales ;  the  inner  of  scanty  capillary  bristles  which  are  deciduous,  or  entirely  want- 
ing in  the  ray :  annuals  and  biennials. 

6.  E.  annuiim,  Pers.    (DAISY  FLEABANE.    SWEET  SCABIOUS.)    Stem 
Stout  (3° -5°  high),  branched,  beset  with  spreading  hairs;  leaves  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed ;  the  lowest  ovate,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole ;  the  upper 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  and  entire  at  both  ends ;  heads  corymbed ;  rays  white, 
tinged  with  purple,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  bristly  hrv  olucre.     (E.  hetero- 
phyllum,  Muhl.     E.  strigosum,  Bigd.) — Fields  and  waste  places;  a  very 
common  weed.    (Nat.  in  Europe.)    June -Aug. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  199 

7.  E.  strigfosuni,  Muhl.     (DAISY  FLEABANE.)     Stem  panicled-corym- 
bose  at  the  summit,  roughish  like  the  leaves  with  minute  oppressed  hairs,  or  almost 
smooth;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  upper  lanceolate,  scattered,  the  lowest 
oblong  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  rays  white,  twice  the  length 
of  the  minutely  hairy  involucre.     (E.  integrifolium,  Bigel.)  — Fields,  &c. ;  com- 
mon.   June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  smaller  and  more  simple  than  the  last,  with  smaller 
heads  but  longer  rays. 

§  5.  ERIGERfDIUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.—  Rays  about  30,  in  a  single  row,  rather 
broad:  pappus  simple:  achenia  mostly  ^nerved:  not  perennial. 

8.  E.  verimm,  Torr.   &  Gr.     Glabrous;  leaves  clustered  at  the  root, 
oval  or  spatulate;  scape  leafless,  slender  (l°-2°  high),  bearing  5-12  small 
corymbed  heads ;  rays  white.     (E.  nudicaule,  Michx.    Aster  vernus,  L.)  — Low 
grounds,  E.  Virginia  and  southward.     May. 

15.     DIPL.OPAPPUS,    Cass.        DOUBLE-BRISTLED  ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  8-12,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricated,  appressed,  narrow,  1 -nerved  or  keeled,  destitute  of  herbaceous 
tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenia  flattish.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer 
of  very  short  and  small  stiff  bristles,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles  as  long  as 
the  disk-corolla.  — Perennials  with  corymbose  or  simple  heads  :  disk-flowers  yel- 
low ;  rays  white  or  violet.  (Name  composed  of  SwrAoos,  double,  and  TraTTTroy, 
pappus,  the  character  which  distinguishes  the  genus  from  Aster.) 

$  1.  Rays  violet,  showy:  head  solitary,  pretty  large:  involucre  much   imbricated, 
achenia  silky :  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  all  alike. 

1.  I>.  linariifolius,    Hook.     Stems  (6' -20'  high),  several  from  the 
same  woody  root,  mostly  simple,  very  leafy;  leaves  rigid,  spreading,  linear, 
strongly   1 -nerved,  smooth,  with  very  rough  margins.  —  Dry  soil;  common. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

$  2.  Rays  white:  heads  small,  corymbed:  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  imbricated 
in  about  3  rows :  achenia  smoothish :  bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  unequal,  some  of 
them  thickened  at  the  tip :  leaves  large,  scattered,  membranaceous,  veiny,  entire. 

2.  D.  umbellatUS,  Torr.   &   Gr.     Smooth,  leafy  to  the   top  (2° -6° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  taper-pointed  and  tapering  at  the  base  (3 '-6' 
long) ;  heads  veiy  numerous  in  compound  flat  corymbs ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
rather  closely  imbricated,  obtusish.  —  Moist  thickets ;  common,  especially  north 
ward.    Aug. 

3.  D.  amygdalinus,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth  or  roughish  above,  leafy ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base ;  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre loosely  imbricated,  obtuse. — Low  grounds,  New  Jersey,  Penn.,  and  south- 
ward.   Aug.  — Very  near  the  last,  usually  lower,  roughei ,  and  with  broader  and 
shorter  leaves. 

4.  D.  COrnifdlillS,  Darl.     Stem    (l°-2°   high)  pubescent,  bearing  few 
heads  on  divergent  peduncles  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  point- 
ed at  both  ends,  ciliate,  hairy  on  the  veins  underneath.  —  Woodlands,  E.  Massa- 
chusetts to  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.    July  -  Sept. 


200  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 


16.    BOLTNIA,    L'Hei.        BOLTONIA 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  numeious,  pistillate.  Scales  of  tho 
hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  somewhat  in  '2  rows,  appressed,  with  narrow 
membranaceous  margins.  Receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical,  naked.  Ache- 
nia  flat,  obovate  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  margined  with  a  callous  wing,  or  in 
the  ray  3-wingod,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  several  minute  bristles  and  fre- 
quently with  2-4  longer  awns.  —  Perennial  and  bushy-branched  smooth  herbs, 
pale  green,  with  the  aspect  of  Aster  :  the  thickish  leaves  chiefly  entire.  Heads 
loosely  corymbose  or  panicled  :  disk  yellow  :  rays  white  or  purplish.  (Dedi- 
cated to  /.  Bolton,  an  English  botanist.) 

1.  B.  asteroides,  L'Her.    Leaves  lanceolate;  achenia  broadly  oval; 
pappus  of  few  minute  bristles  and  no  awns.  —  Moist  places  along  streams,, 
Pennsylvania  (Bartram)  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies  :  rare.     Oct.  — 
Plant  usually  6°  high. 

2.  B.  glastifolia,  L'Her.     Leaves  lanceolate,  ascending,  often  turned 
edgewise  by  a  twist  ;  achenia  obovate,  broadly  winged  ;  pappus  of  several  short 
bristles  and,  especially  in  the  disk,  of  2  or  3  short  awns.  —  Rich  moist  soil, 
Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Sept.  —  Plant  2°  -  4°  high. 

17.    B  ELLIS,    Tourn.        DAISY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  herbaceous,  equal,  in  about  2  rows.  Receptacle  conical,  naked. 
Achenia  obovate,  flattened,  wingless,  and  without  any  pappus.  —  Low  herbs 
(all  but  one  species  natives  of  the  Old  World),  either  stemless,  like  the  true 
Daisy,  B.  perennis,  or  leafy-stemmed,  as  is  our  species.  (The  Latin  name, 
from  bdlus,  pretty.) 

1.  B.  integrifolia,  Michx.  (WESTERN  DAISY.)  Diffusely  branched 
and  spreading  (4'  -9'  high),  smoothish;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  lower 
spatulate-obovate  ;  heads  on  slender  peduncles  ;  rays  pale  violet-purple.  ®  ® 
—  Prairies  and  banks,  Kentucky  and  southwestward.  March  -  June. 

18.    BRACHYCH^ETA,    Torr.  &  Gr.        FALSE  GOLDEN-ROD. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Solidago,  except  the  pappus,  which  is  a  row 
of  minute  rather  scale-like  bristles  shorter  than  the  achenia.  —  A  perennial  herb, 
with  rounded  or  ovate  serrate  leaves,  all  the  lower  ones  heart-shaped  ;  the  small 
yellow  heads  in  sessile  clusters  racemed  or  spiked  on  the  branches.  (Name  com- 
posed of  Ppaxvs,  short,  and  X0*1"7/'  bristle,  from  the  pappus.) 

1.  B.  cordata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Solidago  cordata,  Short.)  Wooded  hills, 
E.  Kentucky  and  southward.  Oct.  —  Plant  2°  -4°  high,  slender,  more  or  less 
pubescent. 

19.    SOLIDAGO,    L.        GOLDEN-KOD. 

Heads  few  -many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  1  to  16,  pistillate.  Scales  of 
the  oblong  involucre  appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips  (except  No.  1). 
Receptacle  small,  not  chaffy  Achenia  many-iibbed,  nearly  terete.  Pappus 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  201 

simple,  of  equal  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  wand-like 
stems  and  nearly  sessile  stem-leaves,  never  heart-shaped.  Heads  small,  racemed 
or  clustered :  flowers  both  of  the  disk  and  ray  (except  No.  2)  yellow.  (Name 
from  solido,  to  join,  or  make  whole,  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  vulnerary  quali- 
ties.) Flowering  Aug.  -  Oct. 

$  1.  CHRYSASTRUM,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Scales  of  the  much  imbricated  rigid  in- 
volucre with  abruptly  spreading  herbaceous  tips :  heads  in  clusters  or  glomerate  ra- 
cemes disposed  in  a  dense  somewhat  leafy  and  interrupted  wand-like  compound  spike. 

1.  S.  squarrosa,  Muhl.     Stem  stout  (2° -5°  high),  hairy  above;  leaves 
large,  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oval  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole, 
serrate,  veiny;   disk-flowers  16-24,  the  rays   12-16.  —  Rocky  wooded  hills, 
Maine  and  W.  Vermont  to  Penn.,  and  the  mountains  of  Virginia. 

5  2.  VIRGAtlREA,  Tourn.     Scales  of  the  involucre  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips : 
rays  mostly  fewer  than  the  disk-flowers :  heads  all  more  or  less  pedicelled. 

*  Heads  in  dose  clusters  or  short  clustered  racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  feather-veined 

leaves.     (Rays  3  -6.) 

2.  S.  bicolor,  L.     Hoary  or  grayish  with  soft  hairs ;  stem  mostly  simple ; 
leaves  oblong  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lower  oval  and 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  slightly  serrate ;  clusters  or  short  racemes  from  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  or  crowded  panicle ;  rays  small, 
cream-color  or  nearly  white.  —  Var.  c6NCOLOR  has  the  rays  yellow.  —  Dry  copses 
and  banks,  common :  the  var.  in  Pennsylvania  and  westward. 

3.  S.  latifolia,  L.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  stem  angled,  zigzag,  simple  or 
paniculate-branched  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  very  strongly  and 
sharply  serrate,  conspicuously  pointed  at  both  ends  (thin,  3' -6'  long);  heads   in 
very  short  axillary  sessile  clusters,  or  somewhat  prolonged  at  the  end  of  the 
branches.  —  Moist  shaded  banks,  in  rich  soil ;  common  northward,  and  along 
the  mountains. 

4.  S.    CcCSia,    L.      Smooth;  stem  terete,  mostly  glaucous,  at  length  much 
branched  and  diffuse;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  pointed, 
sessile ;  heads  in  very  short  axillary  clusters,  or  somewhat  racemose-panicled 
on  the  branches.  —  Moist  rich  woodlands ;  common.     Heads  rather  smaller  than 
in  the  lasL 

*  *  Racemes  terminal,  erect,  either  somewhat  simple  and  wand-like,  or  compound  and 

panicled,  not  one-sided :  leaves  feather-veined.     (Not  maritime.) 
•»—  Heads  small :  leaves  nearly  entire,  except  the  lowermost. 

5.  S.  vil'gata,  Michx.     Very  smooth  throughout;   stem  strict  and  simple^ 
wand-like  (2° -4°  high),  slender,  beset  with  small  and  entire  appressed  lanceo- 
late-oblong leaves,  which  are  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  mere  bracts ;  the 
lowest  oblong-spatulate,  all  thickish  and  smooth ;  heads  crowded  in  a  very  narrow 
compound  spicate  receme;  rays  5-7.  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia and  southward. 

6.  S.  pllberilla,  Nutt.      Stem  (l°-3°   high,  simple  or  branched)   and 
panicle  very   minutely  hoary ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate,   acute,   tapering  to  the  base, 
smooth ish;  the  lower  wedge-lanceolate  and  sparingly  toothed;  heads  very  uu- 


202  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

merous,  crowded  in  compact  erect-spreading  short  racemes,  forming  ti  prolonged  and 
dense  narrow  or  pyramidal  panicle ;  scales  of  tlie  involucre  linear-awl-shaped,  ap- 
pressed;  rays  about  10.  —  Sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near 
the  coast. 

7.  S.  Stricta,  Ait.     Very  smooth  throughout;  stem  simple,  strict  (2° -3° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  tapering  gradually  into  winged  peti- 
oles, partly  sheathing  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate  above  with  appressed  teeth ; 
racemes  much  crowded  and  appressed  in  a  dense  wand-like  panicle ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  rays  5-6,  small.  —  Peat-bogs,  Maine  to  Wis- 
consin and  northward.    Root-leaves  6' -10'  long.    It  flowers  earlier  than  its 
allies,  beginning  in  July. 

H-  •*-  Heads  rather  large,  at  least  for  the  size  of  the  plant. 

8.  S.  Speciosa,  Nutt.     Stem  stout  (3° -6°  high),  smooth;  leaves  thickish, 
smooth  with  rough  margins,  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  oblong- 
lanceolate,  the  lower  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole  ;   heads  somewhat 
crowded  in  numerous  erect  racemes,  forming  an  ample  pyramidal  or  thyrsiform  pan- 
icle; peduncles  and  pedicels  rough-hairy  ;  scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre 
oblong,  obtuse ;  rays  about  5,  large.  —  Var.  ANGUST!TA  is  a  dwarf  form,  with 
the  racemes   short  and  clustered,  forming  a  dense  interrupted  or  compound 
epike.  —  Copses,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  A  very  hand- 
some species ;  the  lower  leaves  4'  -  6'  long  and  2'  -  4'  wide  in  the  larger  forms. 

9.  S.  Virga-afirea,  L.    Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous ;  stem  low  (6'  - 18' 
high)  and  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  or  elliptical- 
obovate  and  petioled,  serrate  with  small  appressed  teeth  or  nearly  entire ;  racemes 
thyrsoid  or  simple,  narrow ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute  ; 
rays  8-12.  — An  extremely  variable  species  in  the  Old  World  and  in  our  north- 
ern regions.     (Eu.) 

Var.  alpina,  Bigel.  Dwarf  (l'-8'  high),  with  few  (1-12)  pretty  large 
heads  (3" -4"  long,  becoming  smaller  as  they  increase  in  number);  leaves 
thickish,  mostly  smooth ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish ; 
rays  about  12. — Alpine  region  of  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire, 
and  New  York ;  and  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Var.  Iifmeilis.  Low  (6' -12' high)  and  smooth,  bearing  several  or  nu- 
merous loosely  thyrsoid  smaller  heads,  which,  with  the  peduncles,  &c.,  are 
mostly  somewhat  glutinous ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse ;  rays  6-8,  short ; 
leaves  varying  from  narrowly  lanceolate  and  nearly  entire  to  oblanceolate  and 
serrate.  (S.  humilis,  Pursh,  Ton.  $•  Gr.)  — Eocky  banks,  W.  Vermont,  Lakes 
Huron  and  Superior,  and  northward.  At  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire,  on  gravelly  banks  of  streams,  occurs  a  form,  with  the  mi- 
nutely pubescent  stout  stem  l°-2°  high,  the  leaves  larger  and  broader,  and 
the  heads  very  numerous  in  an  ample  compound  raceme ;  the  rays  occasionally 
almost  white. 

10.  S.  thyrsoldea,  E.  Meyer.     Stem  stout  (l°-4°  high),  wand-like,  pu- 
bescent near  the  summit,  simple ;  leaves  thin,  ovate,  irregularly  and  coarsely  ser- 
rate with  sharp  salient  teeth,  large  (l'-4'  long),  all  but  the  uppermost  abruptly 
contracted  into  long  and  margined  petioles    heads  large  (5" -6"  long),  many- 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  203 

flowered,  crowded  in  an  oblong  or  wand-like  raceme  or  contracted  panicle 
(2' -18'  long) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  loose  and  thin,  long,  lanceolate,  taper 
pointed;  rays  8-10,  elongated;  achenia  smooth.  (S.  Virga-aurea,  Pursh.  S. 
leiocarpa,  DC.)  — Wooded  sides  of  high  mountains  of  Maine  to  New  York  (south 
to  the  Catskills),  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

*  *  *  Heads  in  a  compound  corymb  terminating  the  simple  stem,  showy :  leaves  thick- 
ish,  mostly  feather-veined  from  a  strong  midrib. 

11.  S.  rigida,  L.    Rough  and  somewhat  hoary  with  a  minute  pubescence; 
stem  stout  (3°  -  5°  high),  very  leafy ;  the  short  compact  clusters  densely  cor- 
ymbed  at  the  summit ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  upper  closely  sessile  by  a  broad 
base,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  entire,  veiny,  thick  and  rigid ;  heads  large, 
about  34-flowered;  the  rays  7-10. — Dry  soil,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward. 

12.  S.  Ohiocnsis,  Riddell.      Very  smooth  throughout;  stem  wand-like, 
slender,  leafy  (2° -3°  high);    stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  flat,  entire,  closely 
sessile,  the  lower  and  radical  ones  elongated,  slightly  serrate  towards  the  apex 
somewhat  veiny,  tapering  into  long  margined  petioles ;  heads  numerous  in  a 
flat-topped  compound  corymb,  on  smooth  pedicels,  16-20-flowered;  the  rays 
6  or  7.  —  Moist  meadows  or  prairies,  W.  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin. — 
Root-leaves  1°  long;  the  upper  reduced  to  l'-2',  with  rough  margins,  like  the 
rest.     Heads  smaller  than  in  any  other  of  this  section,  scarcely  one  third  the 
size  of  those  of  No.  11. 

13.  S.  Riddellii,  Frank.     Smooth  and  stout  (2° -4°  high),  very  leafy,  the 
branches  of  the  dense  corymb  and  pedicels  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, elongated  (4' -6'  long),  entire,  acute,  partly  clasping  or  sheathing,  condupli- 
cate  and  mostly  recurved,  the  lowest  elongated-lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  long 
keeled  petiole,  obscurely  3-nerved ;  heads  very  numerous  in  close  clusters,  aggre- 
gated in  a  spreading  flat-topped  compound  corymb,  20  -  24-flowered ;  the  rays 
7-9.  —  Wet  grassy  prairies,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  Illinois.  —  Heads  larger 
than  in  the  last,  2"  -  3"  long.     Stem-leaves  upright  and  partly  sheathing  at  the 
base,  then  gradually  recurved-spreading. 

14.  S.  Ilouglrtonii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  ined.     Smooth ;  stem  rather  low  and 
slender   (l°-l£°  high);   leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolate,   acutish,  fiat,   entire, 
tapering  into  a  narrowed  slightly  clasping  base,  or  the  lower  into  margined  peti- 
oles ;  heads  several,  crowded  in  a  small  nearly  simple  corymb,  20  -  30-flowered ; 
the  rays  9  or  10.  —  North  shore  of  Lake  Michigan;  collected  in  the  Michigan 
State  Survey.     Aug.  — Leaves  smooth,  but  not  shining,  rough-margined,  3' -5 
long,  1 -nerved,  or  the  lower  very  obscurely  3-nerved  above.     Corymb  minutely 
pubescent.     Heads  large,  nearly  £'  long.     Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  mi- 
nutely ciliate. 

#  *  *  *  Heads  in  one-sided  more  or  less  spreading  or  recurved  racemes :  leaves 

veiny,  not  3-ribbed,  but  sometimes  obscurely  triple-nerved. 
*-  Leaves  thickish,  very  smooth,  entire,  elongated,  obscurely  veiny :  heads  rather  large 

15.  S.  sempervirens,  L.    Smooth  and  stout  (l°-8°  high);  leaves 
fleshy,  lanceolate,  slightly  clasping,  or  the  lower  lanceolate-oblong,  obscurely 
triple-nerved ;  racemes  short,  in  an  open  or  contracted  panicle.  —  Varies,  in  icss 


204  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.; 

brackish  swamps,  with  thinner  and  elongated  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  tupering 
to  each  end,  with  more  erect  racemes  in  a  narrower  panicle.  —  Salt  marshes,  or 
rocks  on  the  shore,  Maine  to  Virginia.  —  Heads  showy:  the  golden  rays*  8-10. 
•*-  •»-  Leaves  usually  ample,  serrate,  loosely  feather-veined,  or  rarely  slightly  triple- 
nerved;  heads  middle-sized. 

16.  S.  Clliptica,  Ait.      Smooth;   stem   stout    (l°-3°  high),   very  leafy; 
leaves  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute   (2' -3' long),   closely  sessile,  slightly 
serrate,  strongly  veined,  thick,  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above;  heads  in  dense 
spreading  racemes  which  are  crowded  in  a  close  pyramidal  panicle  ;  peduncles  and 
achenia  strigose-pubescent.  —  Swamps  (fresh  or  brackish)  near  the  coast,  New 
Jersey,  Carey.    Rhode  Island,  Olney.     Sept.,  Oct.  —  Heads  showy,  3"  long ;  the 
rays  8 -12. 

17.  S.  neglecta,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Smooth;   stem   stout    (2° -3°  high); 
leaves  thickish,  smooth  both  sides,  opaque ;  tlie  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acute 
and  nearly  entire ;  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  tapering 
into  a  petiole ;  racemes  short  and  dense,  at  length  spreading,  disposed  in  an  elon- 
gated or  pyramidal  close  panicle ;  peduncles  and  achenia  nearly  glabrous.  — 
Swamps,  Maine  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin.  —  Heads  rather  large,  crowded  ;  the 
racemes  at  first  erect  and  scarcely  one-sided. 

18.  S.  patilla,  Muhl.     Stem  strongly  angled,  smooth  (3° -5°  high);  leaves 
(4' -8'  long)  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  pale,  very  smooth  and  veiny  underneath,  but  the 
upper  surface  very  rough,  like  shagreen ;  racemes  rather  short  and  numerous  on 
the  spreading  branches.  —  Swamps ;  common. 

19.  S.  arguta,  Ait.     Smooth  throughout  (1°-  4°  high);  radical  and  lower 
stem-leaves  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oval,  sharply  serrate  with  spreading  teeth,  pointed, 
tapering  into  winged  and  ciliate  petioles ;  the  others  lanceolate  or  oblong,  slightly 
triple-nerved,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  uppermost  entire ;  racemes  dense,  naked,  at 
length  elongated  and  recurved,  forming  a  crowded  and  Jlat  corymb-like  panicle;  rays 
8-12,  small.  —  Var.  1.  JUNCEA  has  the  leaves  narrower  and  less  serrate,  or 
all  the  upper  entire. — Var.  2.  SCABRELLA  is  somewhat  roughish -pubescent 
(Wisconsin,  &c.).  —  Copses  and  banks,  common,  especially  the  first  variety. — 
Well  distinguished  by  its  long  or  drooping  racemes,  and  the  closely  appressed 
rigid  scales  of  the  involucre,  small  rays,  &c.     But  the  name  is  a  bad  one,  as 
even  the  root-leaves  are  seldom  very  sharply  toothed. 

20.  S.  Mllhlenbergii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth;  stem  angled;  leaves  (large 
and  thin)  ovate,  and  the  upper  elliptical-lanceolate,  very  sharply  and  strongly  ser- 
rate, pointed  at  both  ends,  the  lowest  on  margined  petioles ;  racemes  pubescent, 
spreading,  disposed  in  an  elongated  open  panicle ;  rays  6-7,  large.  —  Copses  and 
moist  woods,    N.  Hapshire  to  Penn.  —  Racemes  much  shorter  and  looser  than 
in  the  last ;  the  involucral  scales  thin  and  more  slender. 

21.  S.  lilioides,  Solander.     Smooth;  stem  slender,  simple  (10' -20'  high); 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate  with  small  appressed  teeth,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
lower  tapering  into  margined  ciliate  petioles,  the  uppermost  oblong ;  raceme* 
short,  crowded  in  one  or  3-4  small  me-sided  panicles  (3' -4'  long)  ;  heads  small 
and  few-flowered;  rays  1-3.  —  Bogs,  New  England  (near  Boston  and  Provi- 
dence), to  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  205 

•»-•»-  -H   LCC.V&I  broad,  not  large,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate, 
copiously  Jaither-veined ;  veinlets  conspicuously  reticulated:  heads  small:  rays  short. 

22.  S.  altcssima,  L.    Rough-hairy,  especially  the  stem  (2° -7°  high) ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  elliptical  or  oblong,  often  thickish  and  very  rugose ;  racemes  parii- 
cled,  spreading ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear ;  rays  6  -  9 ;  the  disk-flowers  4-7. 
—  Borders  of  fields  and  copses  ;  very  common,  presenting  a  great  variety  of 
forms :  but  instead  of  the  tallest,  as  its  name  denotes,  it  is  usually  one  of  the 
lowest  of  the  common  Golden-rods. 

23.  S.  ii  S  in  i  To  I  ia,  Muhl.     Stem  smooth,  the  branches  hairy;  leaves  thin, 
ellipticaJ -ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  tapering  to  the  base,  loosely  veined,  be- 
set with  soft  hairs  beneath ;  racemes  panicled,  recurved-spreading ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate-oblong ;   rays  about  4.  —  Low  copses  ;    common.  —  Too 
near  the  last ;  distinguished  only  by  its  smooth  stem  and  thin  larger  leaves. 

24.  S.  I>riiimii6ii<lii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  (l°-3°  high)  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  broadly  ovate  or  oval  somewhat  triple-ribbed  leaves  minutely  velvety-pubes- 
cent, some  of  the  leaves  almost  entire ;  racemes  panicled,  short ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong,  obtuse;  rays  4  or  5.  —  Rocks,  Illinois  opposite  St.  Louis,  and 
gouthwestward. 

«-  •«-  •»-•*-  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  thickish,  reticulate-veiny,  but  the  veins  obscure. 

25.  S.  pilosa,  Walt.    Stem  stout,  upright  (3° -7°  high),  clothed  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  often  panicled  at  the  summit ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish,  hairy 
beneath,  at  least. on  the  midrib,  serrulate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong 
and  entire,  closely  sessile ;  racemes  many,  recurved,  crowded  in  a  dense  pyram- 
idal panicle;   rays  7-10,  very  short.  —  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

26.  S.  odor  a,  Ait.    (SWEET  GOLDEN-ROD.)    Smooth  or  nearly  so  through 
out;  stem  slender  (2° -3°  high),  often  reclined ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  shin 
ing,  pellucid-dotted ;  racemes  spreading  in  a  small  one-sided  panicle;  rays  3 -4, 
rather  large.  —  Border  of  thickets  in  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Vermont  and  Maine  to 
Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  The  crushed  leaves  yield  a  pleasant  anisate  odor. 
•«-  •»-  -*-  H—  -i—  Leaves  grayish  or  hoary,  thickish,  featker-veined  and  slightly  triple- 
nerved,  obscurely  serrate  or  entire ;  heads  middle-sized. 

27.  S.  nemoraliS)   Ait.     Clothed  with  a  minute  and  close  grayish-hoary 
(soft  or  roughish)  pubescence;  stem  simple  or  corymbed  at  the  summit  (^°-2^° 
high) ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  the  lower  somewhat  crcnatC' 
toothed  and  tapering  into  a  petiole;  racemes  numerous,  dense,  at  length  re- 
curved, forming  a  large  and  crowded  compound  raceme  or  panicle  which  is 
usually  turned  to  one  side;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  appressed; 
rays  6 -9. — Dry  sterile  fields;  very  common.     In  the  "West  occur  less  hoary 
and  rougher  forms.  ^  &d  J *      //.,        f>     V 

•}  •%  *  %.  #  %:  Hea  Is  in  one-sided  spreading  or  recurved  racemes,  forming  an  ample. 

panicle :  leaves  plainly  3-ribbed,  or  triple-ribbed. 

*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  thickish  and  rigid,  closely  imbricated,  with  somewhat  green~ 
ish  tips  or  midrib :  leaves  riqid,  smooth  and  shining. 

28.  S.  Shortii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  slender,  simple  (l°-3°  high),  minute- 
ly  roughish-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  sharply  serrato 

18 


206  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

above  the  middle  with  scattered  fine  teeth ;  racemes  mostly  short  in  a  crowded 
panicle;  achenia  silky-pubescent.  —  Rocks,  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  &c.  —  A 
handsome  species  :  heads  3"  long,  narrow. 

29.  S.  MiSSOlirieilSiS,  Nutt.    Smooth  throughout  (1°-  3°  high);  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  broadly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  with  very 
rough  margins,  the  lower  very  sharply  serrate ;  heads  and  dense  crowded  racemes 
nearly  as  in  No.  19  ;  achenia  nearly  glabrous.  —  Dry  prairies,  from  Illinois  south- 
ward and  westward.  —  Heads  l£"  -  2"  long. 

•*—  •»-  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  thin  and  membranaceous :  racemes  mostly  elon- 
gated and  numerous,  forming  a  crowded  ample  panicle.  (These  all  present  inter- 
mediate forms,  and  perhaps  may  be  reduced  to  one  polymorphous  species.) 

30.  S.  rupestriS,  Raf.     Stem  smooth  and  slender  (2° -3°  high);  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  smooth  and  glabrous,  entire,  or  nearly  so ; 
panicle  narrow;  heads  very  small;  rays  very  short.  —  Rocky  river-banks,  Ken- 
tucky and  Indiana. 

31.  S.  CanadensiS,  L.     Stem  rough-hairy,  tall  and  stout  (3° -6°  high)  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate  (sometimes  almost  entire),  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath  and  rough  above  ;  heads  small ;  rays  very  slwrt.  —  Borders  of  thick- 
ets and  fields ;  very  common.  — Varies  greatly  in  the  roughness  and  hairiness  of 
the  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  oblong-lanceolate  or  elongated  linear-lanceolate ; 
—  in  var.  PR6CERA,  whitish-woolly  underneath ;  and  in  rar.  scABRA  also  very 
rough  above,  often  entire,  and  rugose-veined. 

32.  S.  Serotina,  Ait.     Stem  very  smooth,  tall  and  stout  (4° -8°  high), 
often  glaucous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  roughish  above,  smooth  except 
the  veins  underneath,  which  are  more  or  less  hairy ;  rays  short.  —  Thickets  and  low 
grounds;  common. — Intermediate  in  character,  and  in  the  size  of  the  heads  and 
rays,  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

33.  S.  giganfea,  Ait.     Stem  stout  (3° -7°  high),  smooth,  often  glaucous; 
leaves  quite  smooth  both  sides,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  serrate,  ex- 
cept the  narrowed  base,  rough-ciliate ;  the  ample  panicle  pubescent ;  rays  rather 
long.  —  Copses  and  fence-rows ;  common :  —  presenting  many  varieties,  but  with 
decidedly  larger  heads  and  rays  than  in  the  preceding.     Seldom  very  tall. 

$  4.  EUTHAMIA,  Nutt.  —  Corymbosely  much  branched:  heads  small,  sessile  in 
little  clusters  which  are  crowded  in  Jlat-topped  corymbs ;  tJie  closely  oppressed  scales 
of  the  involucre  somewhat  glutinous :  receptacle  fimbrittate :  rays  6  -20,  short,  moiv. 
numerous  than  the  disk-flowers :  leaves  narrow,  entire,  sessile,  crowded. 

34.  S.  lanceolata,  L.     Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  3-5-nerved,  the  nerves, 
margins,  and  angles  of  the  branches  minutely  rough-pubescent ;  heads  obovoid- 
cylindrical,   in   dense  corymbed   clusters;  rays  15-20.  —  River-banks,   &c.  in 
moist  soil ;  common.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high :  leaves  3'  -  5'  long. 

35  S.  tenuifolia,  Pursh.  Smooth,  slender ;  leaves  very  nairowly  linear, 
mostly  I -nerved,  dotted;  heads  obo void-club-shaped,  in  numerous  clusters  of  2  or 
3,  disposed  in  a  loose  corymb;  rays  6-12.  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts  to 
Illinois,  and  southward ;  common  near  the  coast. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  207 

2O.    BIGEL.6VIA,    DC.        RAYLESS  GOLDEN-ROD 

I 

Heads  3  -  4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular :  rays  none.  Invo- 
lucre club-shaped,  yellowish  ;  the  rigid  somewhat  glutinous  scales  linear,  closely 
imbricated  and  appressed.  Receptacle  narrow,  with  an  awl-shaped  prolongation 
in  the  centre.  Achenia  somewhat  obconical,  hairy.  Pappus  a  single  row  of 
capillary  bristles.  —  A  perennial  smooth  herb;  the  slender  stem  (1°- 2°  high) 
simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  naked  above,  corymbose  at  the  summit,  bear- 
ing small  heads  in  a  flat-topped  corymb.  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  scattered, 
oblanceolate  or  linear,  1-3-nerved.  (Dedicated  by  De  Candolle  to  Dr.  Jacob 
Bigelow,  author  of  the  Florula  Bostoniensis,  and  of  the  American  Medical 
Botany.) 

1.  B.  liudata,  DC. — Low  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  and  southward. 
Sept. 

21.     CHRYSOPSIS,    Nutt.        GOLDEN  ASTER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  tho 
involucre  linear,  imbricated,  without  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenia 
obovate  or  linear-oblong,  flattened,  haiiy.  Pappus  of  all  the  flowers  double, 
the  outer  a  set  of  very  short  and  somewhat  chaffy  bristles,  the  inner  of  elongated 
capillary  bristles.  —  Chiefly  perennial  low  herbs,  woolly  or  hairy,  with  rather 
large  often  corymbose  heads  terminating  the  brandies.  Disk  and  ray-flowers 
yellow.  (Name  composed  of  xpwos,  gold,  and  o^is,  aspect,  from  the  golden 


%•  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear :  achenia  linear. 

1.  C.  gramini  folia,  Nutt.     Silvery-silky  with  long  close-pressed  hairs; 
stem  slender,  naked  above,  the  few  heads  closely  corymbed ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear,  elongated,  grass-like,  nerved,  shining,  entire.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Delaware  to 
Virginia,  and  southward.    July  -  Oct. 

2.  C.  falcata,  Ell.      Stems  (4' -10'  high)  very  woolly;  leaves  crowded, 
linear,  rigid,  about  3-nerved,  entire,  somewhat  recurved  or  scythe-shaped,  hairy,  or 
smooth  when  old,  sessile ;  heads  (small)  corymbed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  on  the 
coast,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Nantucket,  Massachusetts.    Aug. 

*  *  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  mostly  sessile,  veined,  not 
nerved;  achenia  obovate,  flattened. 

3.  C.  gOSSypina,  Nutt.     Densely  woolly  all  over;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
(l'-2'  long);  heads  larger  than  in  the  next. — Pine  barrens,  Virginia  and 
southward.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

4.  C.  Mariana,  Nutt.     Silky  with  long  and  weak  hairs,  or  when  old 
emoothish ;  leaves  oblong ;  heads  corymbed,  on  glandular  peduncles.  —  Dry  bar- 
rens, from  New  York  southward,  near  the  coast.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

5.  C.   Villosa,    Nutt.     Hirsute  and  villous-pubescent ;    stem   corymbosely 
branched,  the  branches  terminated  by  single  short-peduncled  heads ;  leaves  nar- 
rowly oblong,  hoary  with  rough  pubescence  (as  also  the  involucre),  bristiy-ciliate 
toward  the  base. — Dry  plains  and  prairies,  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky,  and  west- 
ward.   July -Sept. 


208  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

22.    INUliA,    L.        ELECAMPANE. 

Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  sometimes  leaf-like.  Achenia  terete  or  4-sided 
Pappus  simple,  of  capillary  bristles.  Anthers  with  2  tails  at  their  base.  Oth- 
erwise much  as  in  the  last  genus.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  I.  HELENIUM,  L.  (COMMON  ELECAMPANE.)  Stout  (3°-5°  high); 
leaves  large,  woolly  beneath;  those  from  the  thick  root  ovate,  petioled,  the 
others  partly  clasping ;  rays  very  many,  narrow.  1J.  —  Road-sides,  escaped  from 
cultivation.  Aug.  — Heads  very  large.  Root  mucilaginous.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2S.    PttJ  CHE  A,    Cass.        MARSH  FLEABANE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular ;  the  central  perfect,  but  sterile, 
few,  with  a  5-cleft  corolla ;  all  the  others  with  a  thread-shaped  truncate  corolla, 
pistillate  and  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated.  Anthers  with  tails.  Achenia 
grooved.  Pappus  capillary,  in  a  single  row.  —  Herbs,  somewhat  glandular, 
emitting  a  strong  and  disagreeable  or  camphoric  odor,  the  heads  in  close  com- 
pound corymbs.  Flowers  purplish,  (Dedicated  to  the  Abbe  Pluche.) 

1.  P.  campliorata,   DC.     (SALT-MARSH  FLEABANE.)     Minutdy  vis- 
cid, pale  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  tlrick- 
ish,  obscurely  veiny,  serrate ;  corymb  flat ;  involucre  viscid-downy.     ®   ( Cony- 
za  campliorata,  Bigel.     C.  MaryMndica,  Pursh.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Massachusetts 
to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  P.  fcetida,  DC.     Almost  smooth  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  distinctly  petioled, 
veiny,  oval-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  serrate  ;  corymbs  panicled ;  invo- 
lucre smooth.     3J.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 

24.     BACCHARIS,    L.        GROUNDSEL-TREE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  dioecious,  viz.  the  pistillate  and 
staminate  flowers  in  separate  heads  borne  by  different  plants.  Involucre  imbri- 
cated. Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like ;  of  the 
staminate,  larger  and  5-lobed.  Anthers  tailless.  Achenia  ribbed.  Pappus  of 
slender  capillary  bristles,  in  the  sterile  plant  scanty  and  tortuous  ;  in  the  fertile 
plant  very  long  and  copious.  —  Shrubs,  commonly  smooth  and  resinous  or  glu- 
tinous. Flowers  whitish  or  yellow.  (The  name  of  some  shrub  anciently  dedi- 
cated to  Bacchus.) 

1.  15.  tialimifolia,  L.     (SEA  GROUNDSEL-TREE.)     Smooth  and  some- 
what scurfy ;    branches   angled ;    leaves   obovate    and  wedge-form,   coarsely 
toothed,  or  the  upper  entire ;  heads  scattered  or  in  leafy  panicles ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  acutish.  —  Sea-beach,  Connecticut  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    Sept.  - 
Oct.  —  Shrub  6°  - 12°  high ;  the  fertile  plant  conspicuous  in  autumn  by  its  very 
long  and  white  pappus. 

2.  B.  glomerillifldra,  Pers.     Leaves  spatulate-oblong ;  heads  larger, 
sessile  in  the  axils  or  in  clusters ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  broader 
and  very  obtuse:   otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Pine  barrens,  Virginia  near  the 
coast,  and  southward. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  209 

25.    POl-iririNIA,    L.        LEAF-CUP. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  several,  pistillate  and  fertile;  the 
disk-flowers  perfect,  but  sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows ;  the  outer 
about  5,  leaf-like,  large  and  spreading ;  the  inner  small  and  membranaceous, 
partly  embracing  the  thickened  round-obovoid  achenia.  Receptacle  flat,  with  a 
membranaceous  chaff  to  each  flower.  Pappus  none.  —  Tall  branching  peren- 
nial herbs,  viscid-hairy,  exhaling  a  heavy  odor.  Leaves  large  and  thin,  oppo- 
site, dr  the  uppermost  alternate,  lobed,  and  with  dilated  appendages  like  stipules 
at  the  base.  Heads  in  panicled  corymbs.  Flowers  light  yellow.  (Dedi- 
cated to  one  of  the  Muses,  for  no  imaginable  reason,  as  the  plants  are  coarse 
and  inelegant.) 

1.  P.  CanadcnsiS,  L.     Clammy-hairy;  lower  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid, 
the  uppermost  triangular-ovate  and  3  -  5-lobed  or  angled,  petioled ;  rays  few, 
obovate  or  wedge-form,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  whitish-yellow.  —  Moist  shaded 
ravines,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  along  the  mountains. 
July -Sept. 

2.  P.  Uvedalia,  L.    Roughish-hairy,  stout  (4° -10°  high) ;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  angled  and  toothed,  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  palmately  lobed,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  winged  petiole ;  outer  involucral  scales  very  large ;  rays  10-15, 
linear-oblong,  much  longer  than  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre,  yellow.  —  Rich  soil, 
W.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.    Aug. 

26.    CHRYSOGONUM,    L.        CHRYSOGONUM. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  about  5,  pistillate  and  fertile ;  the 
disk-flowers  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucre  of  about  5  exterior  leaf-like  oblong 
scales,  which  exceed  the  disk,  and  as  many  interior  shorter  and  chaff-like  concave 
scales.  Receptacle  flat,  with  a  linear  chaff  to  each  disk-flower.  Achenia  all 
in  the  ray,  obovate,  obcompressed,  4-angled,  each  one  partly  enclosed  by  the 
short  scale  of  the  involucre  behind  it ;  those  of  the  disk-flowers  abortive.  Pap- 
pus a  small  chaffy  crown,  2-3-toothed,  and  split  down  the  inner  side.  —  A  low 
(2' -6'  high),  hairy,  perennial  herb,  nearly  stemless  when  it  begins  to  flower,  the 
flowerless  shoots  forming  runners.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  spatulate,  crenate, 
long-petioled.  Heads  single,  long-peduncled.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  com- 
posed of  xpv(ros,  golden,  and  yow,  knee.) 

1.  C.  Virginianum,  L.  Dry  soil,  from  Pennsylvania  (Mercersburg, 
Porttr)  and  Illinois  southward.  May -Aug.  —  Rays  ^'  long. 

27.    SIL.PHIUM,    L.        ROSIN-PLANT. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate  and  fertile,  their 
broad  flat  ovaries  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect,  but  sterile. 
Scales  of  the  broad  and  flattish  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows,  broad  and 
with  loose  leaf-like  summits,  except  the  innermost,  which  are  small  and  resem- 
ble the  linear  chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle.  Achenia  broad  and  flat,  obcompressed, 
surrounded  by  a  wing  which  is  notched  at  the  top,  destitute  of  pappus,  or  with 
2  teeth  confluent  with  the  winged  margin :  achenia  of  the  disk  sterile  and  stalk 
18* 


210  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

like.  —  Coarse  and  tall  rough  perennial  herbs,  with  a  copious  resinous  juice, 
and  large  corymbose-panicled  yellow-flowered  heads.  (2iX<£toi/,  the  ancient 
name  of  a  plant  which  produced  some  gum-resin  (assafoetida?),  was  transferred 
by  Linnaeus  to  this  American  genus.) 

*  Stem  terete,  naked  above,  alternate-leaved  near  the  base  (root  very  large  and  thick). 

1.  S.  laciniatinn,  L.     (ROSIN-WEED.    COMPASS-PLANT.)     Very  rough- 
bristly  throughout ;  stem  stout  (3° -6°  high) ;  leaves  pinnately  parted,  petioled  but 
dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base ;  their  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  cut- 
lobedor  pinnatifid,  rarely  entire;  heads  few  (l'-2'  broad),  somewhat  racemed  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  tapering  into  long  and  spreading  rigid  points ;  achenia 
broadly  winged  and  deeply  notched.  —Prairies,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  thence 
southward  and  westward.    July.    Lower  leaves  12'  -  30'  long,  ovate  in  outline ; 
on  the  wide  open  prairies,  said  to  present  their  edges  uniformly  north  and  south, 
and  hence  called  Compass-Plant. 

2.  S.  terebintlunaceum,  L.    (PEAIEIE  DOCK.)    Stem  smooth,  slen- 
der (4° -10°  high),  panicled  at  the  summit  and  bearing  many  (small)  heads, 
leafless  except  towards  the  base ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  heart- 
shaped,  serrate-toothed,  thick,  rough,  especially  beneath  (l°-2°  long,  and  on 
slender  petioles) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth;  achenia  nar- 
rowly winged,  slightly  notched  and  2-toothed.  —  Var.  FINNAT* FIDUM  has  the 
leaves  deeply  cut  or  pinnatifid,  but  varies  into  the  ordinary  form.  —  Prairies 
and  oak-openings,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    July -Sept. 

#  *  Stem  terete  or  slightly  4-angled,  leafy:  leaves  undivided  (not  large). 

3.  S.  trifoliatimi,  L.    Stem  smooth,  often  glaucous,  rather  slender  (4° -6° 
high),  branched  above,  stenWeaues  lanceolate,  pointed,  entire  or  scarcely  serrate, 
rough,  short-petioled,  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  the  uppermost  opposite ;  heads  loosely 
panicled ;  achenia  rather  broadly  winged,  and  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  top.  — 
Dry  plains  and  banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    Aug. 

4.  S.  AsteriSdlS,  L.     Stem  hispid  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  opposite,  or  the 
hwer  in  whorls  of  3,  the  upper  alternate,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed, 
rarely  entire,  rough-hairy,  the  upper  sessile  ;  heads  nearly  solitary  (large) ;  ache- 
nia obovate,  winged  and  2-toothed.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  S.  1 II  tegri  folium,  Michx.     Stem  rough,  rather  stout  (2° -4°  high), 
rigid,  4-angular  and  grooved ;  leaves  all  opposite,  rigid,  lanceolate-ovate,  entire, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point  from  a  roundish  heart-sJtaped  and  partly  clasping  base, 
rough-pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  thick  (3'  -  5'  long) ;  heads  in  a  close  forking 
corymb,  short-peduncled ;  achenia  broadly  winged  and  deeply  notched.  —  Var. 
L^EVE  has  the  stem  and  leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so.  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.    Aug. 

#  #  #  Stem  square:  leaves  opposite,  connate  (thin  and  large,  6' -15'  long). 

6.  S.  perfoliatum,  L.     (CUP-PLANT.)     Stem  stout,  often  branched 
above  (4° -8°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  united  by  their 
bases  and  forming  a  cup-shaped  disk,  the  lower  abruptly  narrowed  into  winged 
petioles  which  are  connate  by  their  bases ;  heads  corymbose ;  achenia  winged 
and  variously  notched.  —  Rich  soil  along  streams,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward ;  common.    July. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  211 

28.    PARTHENIUM,   L.        PARTHENITJ  M. 

Heads  many-flowered,  inconspicuously  radiate ;  the  5  ray-flowers  with  very 
short  and  broad  obcordate  ligules  not  projecting  beyond  the  woolly  disk,  pistil- 
late and  fertile  ;  the  disk-flowers  staminate  with  imperfect  styles,  sterile.  Invo- 
lucre hemispherical,  of  2  ranks  of  short  ovate  or  roundish  scales.  Receptacle 
conical,  chaffy.  Achenia  only  in  the  ray,  obcompressed,  surrounded  by  a  slen- 
der callous  margin,  crowned  with  the  persistent  ray-corolla  and  a  pappus  of  2 
small  chaffy  scales.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  small,  corymbed  ;  the  flowers 
whitish.  (An  ancient  name  of  some  plant,  from  TrapOevos,  virgin.) 

1.  P.  iiitegri  folium,  L-  Bough-pubescent  (l°-3°high);  leaves  ob- 
long or  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  or  the  lower  (3' -6' long)  cut-lobed  below  the 
middle ;  heads  many,  in  a  dense  flat  corymb.  1|.  —  Dry  soil,  Maryland  to  Wis- 
consin, and  southward. 

29.    IV A,    L.        MARSH  ELDER.        HIGHWATER-SHRUB. 

Heads  several-flowered,  not  radiate;  the  pistillate  fertile  and  the  staminato 
sterile  flowers  in  the  same  heads,  the  former  few  (1-5)  and  marginal,  with  a 
small  tubular  corolla ;  the  latter  with  a  funnel-form  5-toothed  corolla.  Scales 
of 'the  involucre  few,  roundish.  Receptacle  small,  with  narrow  chaff  among 
the  flowers.  Achenia  obovoid  or  lenticular.  Pappus  none.  —  Herbaceous  or 
shrubby  coarse  plants,  with  thickish  leaves,  the  lower  opposite,  and  small 
greenish-white  heads  on  short  recurved  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or 
of  bracts.  (Derivation  unknown.) 

1.  I.  fmtescens,  L.    Shrubby  at  the  base,  nearly  smooth  (3° -8°  high); 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  rather  fleshy,  the  upper 
reduced  to  linear  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  which  the  heads  are  disposed,  forming 
leafy  panicled  racemes ;  fertile  flowers  and  scales  of  the  involucre  5.  —  Salt 
marshes,  coast  of  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    Aug. 

2.  I.  Ciliata,  Willd.    Annual  (2° -8°  high),  rough  and  hairy ;  leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  downy  beneath,  on  slender  dilate  petioles ;  heads  in  dense 
panicled  spikes,  with  conspicuous  ovate-lanceolate  rough-ciliate  bracts ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  and  fertile  flowers  3-5.  —  Moist  ground,  from  Illinois  south- 
ward.   Aug.  -  Oct. 

3O.    AMBROSIA,    Tourn.        RAGWEED. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  same  plant ;  the 
fertile  1-3  together  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  at  the  base  of  the 
racemes  or  spikes  of  sterile  heads.  Sterile  involucres  flattish  or  top-shaped, 
composed  of  7  - 12  scales  united  into  a  cup,  containing  5-20  funnel-form  stami- 
nate flowers ;  with  slender  chaff  intermixed,  or  none.  Fertile  involucre  (fruit) 
oblong  or  top-shaped,  closed,  pointed,  and  usually  with  4-8  tubercles  or  horns 
near  the  top  in  one  row,  enclosing  a  single  flower  which  is  composed  of  a  pistil 
only ;  the  elongated  branches  of  the  style  protruding.  Achenia  ovoid :  pappus 
none.  —  Chiefly  annual  coarse  weeds,  with  opposite  or  alternate  lobed  or  dis 


212  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

sected  leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  or  whitish  flowers.     ('A/x/Spotria,  th 
food  of  the  gods,  an  ill-chosen  name  for  these  worthless  and  coarse  weeds.) 

§  1.  Sterile  heads  sessile,  crowded  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike,  the  top-shaped  involucre 
with  the  truncate  margin  extended  on  one  side  into  a  large,  lanceolate,  hooded, 
recurved,  bristly-hairy  tooth  or  appendage ;  fertile  involucre  oblong  and  1-angled. 

1.  A.  bidentata,  Michx.     Hairy  (l°-3°  high),  very  leafy;  leaves  al- 
ternate, lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  nearly  entire,  except  a  short  lobe  or  tooth 
on  each  side  near  the  base.     ®  —  Prairies  of  Illinois  and  southward.    Aug. 

§  2.  Sterile  heads  in  single  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  the  involucre  regular. 
*  Leaves  opposite,  only  lobed:  sterile  involucre  3-ribbed  on  one  side. 

2.  A.  trifida,  L.     (GREAT  RAGWEED.)      Stem  square,  stout  (4° -12° 
high),  rough-hairy,  as  are  the  large  deeply  3-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  oval-lanceo- 
late and  serrate ;  petioles  margined ;  fruit  obovate,  6-ribbed  and  tubercled.    (J) 
—  Var.  INTEGRIF6LIA  is  only  a  smaller  form,  with  the  upper  leaves  or  all  of 
them  undivided,  ovate  or  oval.  —  Moist  river-banks ;  common.    Aug. 

*  #  Leaves  many  of  them  alternate,  once  or  twice  pinnatiftd. 

3.  A.  artemisiae folia,  L.    (ROMAN  WORMWOOD.    HOG-WEED.   BIT- 
TER-WEED.)    Much  branched   (l°-3°  high),  hairy  or  roughish-pubescent ; 
leaves  thin,  twice-pinnatifid,  smoothish  above,  paler  or  hoary  beneath ;  fruit  obo- 
void  or  globular,  armed  with  about  6  short  acute  teeth  or  spines.     ®  —  Waste 
places  everywhere.     July -Sept. — An  extremely  variable  weed,  with  finely 
cut  leaves,  embracing  several  nominal  species. 

4.  A.  psilostachya,  DC.    Paniculate-branched   (2° -5°  high),  rough 
and  somewhat  hoary  with  short  hispid  hairs ;  leaves  once  pinnatifid,  thickish,  the 
lobes  acute,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  often  incised ;  fruit  obovoid,  without  tuber- 
cles or  with  very  small  ones,  pubescent.    Q)   (A.  coronopifolia,  Torr.  Sf  Gr.)  - 
Prairies  and  plains,  Illinois  and  southwestward.    Aug. 

31.    XANTHIUM,   Tourn.        COCKLEBUR.    CLOTBUR. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  heads  on  the  same  plant ;  the 
latter  clustered  below,  the  former  in  short  spikes  or  racemes  above.  Sterile 
involucres  and  flowers  as  in  Ambrosia,  but  the  scales  separate.  Fertile  invo- 
lucre closed,  coriaceous,  ovoid  or  oblong,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles  so  as  to 
form  a  rough  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered ;  the  flowers  consisting  of  a  pistil  with  a 
slender  thread-form  corolla.  Achenia  oblong,  flat ;  destitute  of  pappus.  — 
Coarse  and  vile  weeds,  with  annual  roots,  low  and  branching  stout  stems,  and 
alternate  toothed  or  lobed  petioled  leaves.  (Name  from  £dv6os,  yettow,  in  allu 
sion  to  the  color  the  plants  are  said  to  yield.) 

1.  X.  Strumaritim,  L.  (COMMON  COCKLEBUR.)  Rough;  stems  un- 
armed; leaves  dilated-triangular  and  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles, 
toothed  and  cut  or  obscurely  lobed;  fruit  oval  or  oblong  (£'-§'  long),  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  part  of  and  between  the  hooked  prickles,  and  with  two  strong 
and  usually  straight  beaks  at  the  summit.  —  Barn-yards,  &c.  (Nat.  from  Eu  )  — • 
Varies  into  forms  with  more  spotted  stems,  and  often  larger  fruit  (§'-!'  long), 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  213 

which  is  either  glabrous,  glandular,  or  glandular  hairy,  the  prickles  longer,  and 
the  beaks  often  incurved.  (X.  Canadense,  Mitt.,  &c.)  —River-banks,  &c.,  com- 
mon  westward ;  apparently  indigenous.  And  this  passes  into 

Var.  CClliliatUHl.  (X.  echinatum,  Murr.,  &c.)  Fruit  turgid  (!'  long), 
thickly  clothed  with  long  prickles,  glandular-hispid,  the  beaks  commonly  in- 
curved. —  Sandy  sea-shore,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  rivers.  Perhaps  an 
immigrant  from  farther  south.  Now  scattered  over  the  warm  parts  of  the  world. 

2.  X.  spiiiosmn,  L.  (THORNY  CLOTBDR.)  Hoary-pubescent;  stems 
slender,  with  srendeFyellow  3-parted  spines  at  the  base  of  the  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  leaves ;  these  taper  into  a  short  petiole,  are  white-downy  beneath,  often 
2-3-lobed  or  cut ;  fruit  (£'  long)  pointed  with  a  single  short  beak.  —  Waste  places 
on  the  sea-board.  Sept.  -Nov.  (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

32.    TETRAOONOTH^CA,    Dill.        TETRAGONOTHECA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  6-9,  fertile.  Involucre  double ;  tho 
outer  of  4  large  and  leafy  ovate  scales,  which  are  united  below  by  their  margins 
into  a  4-angled  or  winged  cup ;  the  inner  of  as  many  small  and  chaffy  scales  as 
there  are  ray-flowers,  and  partly  clasping  their  achenia.  Receptacle  convex  or 
conical,  with  narrow  and  membranaceous  chaff  between  the  flowers.  Achenia 
roundish  and  obovoid,  flat  at  the  top.  Pappus  none.  —  An  erect  perennial  herb, 
viscidly  hairy  when  young,  with  opposite  and  coarsely  toothed  oval  or  oblong 
leaves,  their  sessile  bases  sometimes  connate,  and  large  single  heads  of  pale 
yellow  flowers,  on  terminal  peduncles.  (Name  compounded  of  rerpaywi/of, 
four-angled,  and  OrjKTj,  a  case,  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  T.  heliantllOldes,  L.  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.    June. 

33.    ECL.IPTA,    L.        ECLIPTA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  short,  fertile ;  the  disk-flowers  per 
feet,  4-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  10-12,  in  2  rows,  leaf-like,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate. Receptacle  flat,  with  almost  bristle-form  chaff  between  the  flowers. 
Achenia  short,  3  -  4-sided,  or  in  the  disk  laterally  flattened,  roughened  on  the 
sides,  hairy  at  the  summit;  the  pappus  none,  or  an  obscure  denticulate  crown. — 
Annual  or  biennial  rough  herbs,  with  slender  stems  and  opposite  lanceolate  or 
oblong  leaves.  Heads  solitary,  small.  Flowers  whitish  :  anthers  brown.  (Name 
from  efcXetVo),  to  be  deficient,  alluding  to  the  absence  of  pappus.) 

1.  E.  procumfbeilS,  Michx.  Rough  with  close  appressed  hairs ;  stems 
procumbent,  creeping,  or  ascending;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  sessile,  slightly  serrate;  peduncles  many  times  longer  than  the  head. — 
Var.  BRACHYPODA  has  the  peduncles  not  more  than  twice  the  length  of  tho 
heads.  —  Wet  river-banks,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  June  -  Oct. 

34.    BORRICHIA,    Adans.        SEA  OX-EYE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  fertile.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical 
involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  flat,  covered  with  lanceolate  rigid  and  per- 
sistent chaff.  Achenia  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  3 -4-angled.  Pappus  a  short 


214  COMPOSITES.       (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.^ 

4-toothed  crown.  —  Shrubby  low  maritime  plants,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  with 
opposite  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  terminal  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  :  anthers  blackish.  (Named  for  Olof  Borrich,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  frutcscens,  DC.  Whitened  with  a  minute  silky  pubescence 
(6 '-12' high) ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  toothed  near  the 
base ;  chaff  rigidly  pointed.  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

35.    HELIOPSIS,    Pers.        OX-EYE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  10  or  more,  fertile.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  2  or  3  rows ;  \he  outer  leaf-like  and  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner 
shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical :  chaff  linear.  Achenia  smooth,  4- 
angular.  Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  border.  —  Perennial  herbs,  like  Helianthus. 
Heads  showy,  peduncled,  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Leaves  opposite, 
petioled,  triple-ribed,  serrate.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  composed  of  qXios, 
the  sun,  and  o\^is,  appearance,  from  a  resemblance  to  the  Sunflower.-) 

1.  H.  let'vis,  Pers.  Nearly  smooth  (1° -4°  high);  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  oblong-ovate.  —  Var.  SC!BKA  has  roughish  foliage,  and  the  involucre 
somewhat  hoary.  —  Banks  and  copses;  common.  Aug. 

36.    ECIIINACEA,    Mcench.        PURPLE   CONE-FLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  very  long,  drooping,  pistillate  but 
sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  lanceolate,  spreading.  Receptacle 
conical ;  the  lanceolate  chaff  tipped  with  a  cartilaginous  point,  longer  than  the 
disk-flowers.  Achenia  thick  and  short,  4-sided.  Pappus  a  small  toothed  border. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  the  stout  and  nearly  simple  stems  naked  above  and  ter- 
minated by  a  single  large  head ;  the  leaves  chiefly  alternate,  3  -  5-nerved.  Rays 
rose-purple,  rather  persistent ;  disk  purplish.  (Name  formed  from  'E^Ti/os,  the 
Hedgehog,  or  Sea-urchin,  in  allusion  to  the  spiny  chaff  of  the  disk.) 

1.  E.   purpurea,   Moench.      Leaves  rough,  often  serrate;   the  lowest 
ovate,  5-nerved,  veiny,  long-petioled ;  the  others  ovate-lanceolate ;  involucre  imbri- 
cated in  3-5  rows;  stem  smooth,  or  in  one  variety  (E.  serotina,  DC.)  rough- 
bristly,  as  well  as  the  leaves.  —  Prairies  and  banks,  from  W.  Penn.  and  Ohio 
southward  and  westward.    July.  —  Rays  15-20,  dull  purple  (rarely  whitish), 
1 '  -  2'  long.     Root  thick,  black,  very  pungent  to  the  taste,  used  in  popular  med- 
icine under  the  name  of  Black  Sampson. 

2.  E.  angustifolia,  DC.     Leaves,  as  well  as  the  slender  sin: pie  stem, 
In-istlij-hairy,  lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  entire ;  involucre  less  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  12-15  (2'  long),  rose-color  or  red.  — Plains,  from  Illinois  and  Wis- 
consin south  westward.    June  -  Aug. 

37.    RUDBECKIA,    L.        CONE-FLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
leaf-like,  in  about  2  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  columnai  ,  the  short 
chaff  concave,  not  rigid.  Achenia  4-angular,  smooth,  not  margined,  flat  at  the 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  215 

top,  with  no  pappus,  or  a  minute  crown-like  border.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  showy  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches ;  the 
rays  generally  long  and  drooping,  yellow.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  Professors 
Rudbeck,  father  and  son,  predecessors  of  Linnaeus  at  Upsal.) 

*  Disk  columnar  in  fruit,  dutt  greenish-yellow :  leaves  divided  and  cut. 

1.  R.  laciniata,  L.     Stem  smooth,  branching   (3° -7°  high);  leaves 
smooth  or  roughish,  the  lowest  pinnate,  with  5-7  cut  or  3-lobed  leaflets  ;  upper 
leaves  irregularly  3  -  5-parted ;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  upper- 
most undivided ;  heads  long-peduncled ;  chaff  truncate  and  downy  at  the  tip ; 
rays  linear  (l'-2'  long),  drooping. — Low  thickets;  common.    July- Sept. 

*  *  Disk  globular,  pah  brownish :  lower  leaves  3-parted :  receptacle  sweet-scented. 

2.  R,  subtomeiltosa,  Pursh.     Stem  branching  above  (3° -4°  high), 
downy,  as  well  as  the  lower  side  of  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  serrate  leaves ; 
heads  short-peduncled ;  chaff  downy  at  the  blunt  apex.  —  Prairies,  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  southward. 

#  *  *  Disk  broadly  conical,  dark  purple  or  brown  :  haves  undivided,  except  No.  3. 

3.  R.  triloba,  L.     Hairy,  much   branched  (2° -5°  high),  the  branches 
slender  and  spreading ;  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed,  the  lower 
3-lobed,  tapering  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate  (those  from  the  root  pinnately  parted 
or  undivided);  rays  8,  oval  or  oblong;  chaff"  of  the  black-purple  disk  smooth, 
awned.    (2)  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    Aug.  — Heads  small, 
but  numerous  and  showy. 

4.  R.  Speciosa,  Wender.    Koughish-hairy  (l°-2°high),  branched;  the 
branches  upright,  elongated  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  single  large  heads ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  petioled,  3  -  5-nerved,  coarsely 
and  unequally  toothed  or  incised ;  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  numerous  elon- 
gated (I'-l^')  rays;  chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  acutish,  smooth. — Dry  soil, 
W.  Penn.  to  Ohio  and  Virginia.     July. 

5.  R.  fulgida,  Ait.     Hairy,  the  branches  naked  at  the  summit  and  bear- 
ing single  heads ;  haves  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  triple-nerved, 
the  upper  entire,  mostly  obtuse ;  rays  about  12,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  involucre ; 
chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  nearly  smooth  and  blunt.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to 
Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Variable,  1°  -  3°  high :  the  rays  orange-yellow. 

6.  R.  liirta,  L.     Very  rough  and  bristly-hairy  throughout ;  stems  simple 
or  branched  near  the  base,  stout   (l°-2°  high),  naked  above,  bearing  single 
large  heads ;  leaves  nearly  entire ;  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile ;  the  lower 
spatulate,  triple-nerved,  petioled ;  rays  (about  14)  more  or  less  exceeding  the 
involucre ;  chaff"  of  the  dull  brown  disk  hairy  at  the  tip,  acutish.  —  Dry  soil,  W. 
New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    Also  in  S.  New  York  (White  Plains) 
and  various  parts  of  N.  England,  but  probably  of  recent  introduction.    Aug.  — 
Coarser  and  less  showy  than  the  preceding,  variable  in  the  size  of  the  rays. 

38.     LEPACIIYS,    Kaf.         (OBELISCARIA,  DC.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  few,  neutral.    Scales  of  the  involucre 
few  and  small,  spreading.    Receptacle  oblong  or  columnar :  the  chaff  truncate, 


216  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.} 

thickened,  and  bearded  at  the  tip,  partly  embracing  the  flattened  and  margined 
achenia.  Pappus  none,  or  2  teeth.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnate 
leaves ;  the  grooved  stems  or  branches  naked  above,  and  terminated  by  single 
showy  heads.  Rays  yellow  or  party-colored,  large  and  drooping ;  the  disk  gray- 
ish. (Name  from  \eiris,  a  scale,  and  iraxvs,  thick,  referring  to  the  thickened  tips 
of  the  chaff.) 

1.  lu  pin  until,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hoary  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  slen- 
der (4°  high),  branching;  leaflets  3-7,  lanceolate,  acute;  disk  oblong,  much 
shorter  than  the  large  and  drooping  light-yellow  rays  (which  are  2' long). — 
Dry  soil,  from  Chatauque  County,  New  York  (Sartwell),  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.  July.  —  The  receptacle  exhales  an  anisate  odor  when  bruised. 
Achenia  slightly  margined  on  the  inner  edge,  obscurely  2-toothed  at  the  top. 

39.    HELIANTHUS,    L.        SUNFLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Involucre 
Imbricated.  Receptacle  flattish  or  convex ;  the  persistent  chaff  embracing  the 
4-sided  and  laterally  compressed  achenia,  which  are  neither  winged  nor  mar- 
gined. Pappus  very  deciduous,  of  2  thin  chaffy-awned  scales  on  the  principal 
angles  of  the  achenium,  and  often  2  or  more  little  intermediate  scales. —  Coarse 
and  stout  herbs  (often  exuding  a  resin),  with  solitary  or  corymbed  heads,  and 
yellow  rays  :  flowering  towards  autumn.  (Name  from  rj\ios,  the  sun,  and  avBos, 
a  flower.)  — All  our  wild  species  are  perennial. 

*  Disk  convex,  dark  purple :  leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alternate. 
•*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  tapering  into  narrow  and  spreading  herbaceous  tips. 

1.  H.  angllStifolillS,  L.     Stem  slender  (2° -6°  high);  leaves  long  and 
linear,  sessile,   entire,  with  revolute  margins,  1-nerved,    pale  beneath ;   heads 
(small)  loosely  corymbed,  long-peduncled.  — Low  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to 
Kentucky  and  southward. 

•«-  •*-  Scales  of  the  involucre  regularly  imbricated  and  appressed,  ovate  or  broadly 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  ciliate  ^destitute  of  herbaceous  tips.     (Leaves  nearly  all  opposite.) 

2.  H.  atrdrilbcilS,  L.    Rough-hairy;  stem  slender  (2° -5°  high),  smooth, 
and  naked  and  forking  above ;  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  oval,  or  the  lowest  heart-shaped 
(3' -6'  long),  serrate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole ;  heads  small, 
corymbed;  rays  10-16;  pappus  of  2  fringed  scales.  —  Dry  soil,  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward.  / 

3.  H.  rigid  US,  Desf.      Stem  stout   (l°-3°  high),   simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  rough ;  leaves  very  thick  and  rigid,  rough  both  sides,  oblong-lanceolate, 
usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  nearly  sessile,  slightly  serrate,  the  lowest  oval ; 
heads  nearly  solitary,  pretty  large ;  rays  20  -  25 ;  pappus  of  2  large  and  often 
several  small  scales.  —  Dry  prairies,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and  westward. 

*  *  Disk  convex,  yellow :  scales  of  tJie  involucre  regularly  imbricated  and  appressed^ 
with  somewhat  spreading  and  acute  (but  not  foliaceous)  tips :  leaves  chiefly  opposite. 

4.  H.  IsetifldrilS,  Pers.     Stout  and  rough  (3°  -  4°  high),  branching  above ; 
leaves  oval-lanceolate,  very  rough  both  sides,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  serrate,  taper- 
pointed,  the  uppermost  alternate  and  nearly  entire ;  heads  single  or  corymbed, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  217 

ou  naked  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate -lanceolate,  pointed,  ciliate.  — 
Dry  open  places,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  — Leaves  almost  as  thick  as 
in  No.  3.  Rays  showy,  l'-2'  long. 

5.  II.  occidentals,  Riddell.     Somewhat  hairy;  stem  slender,  simple, 
naked  above  (l°-3°  high,  and  sending  out  runners  from  the  base),  bearing  1-5 
small  heads  on  long  peduncles ;  lowest  leaves  oval  or  lanceolate-ovate,  3-nerved, 
obscurely  serrate,  roughish-pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  contracted  into  long  hairy  peti- 
oles;  the  upper  small  and  remote  (all  opposite),  entire;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  ciliate.  —  Dry  barrens,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky, 
and  southward. 

6.  H.  cmereus,   var.   Sulliviiiitii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Gray  with  a  close 
roughish  pubescence ;  stem  branching  above,  hairy ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sessile  by  a 
narrowed  base,  acute,  obscurely  serrate ;  the  upper  small  and  remote ;  peduncles 
slender ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  hoary.  —  Darby  Plains,  Ohio,  Sutti- 
vant.     Stem  2°  -  3°  high,  bearing  few  heads  as  large  as  those  of  the  next. 

7.  H.  lit 61 1  is,  Lam.     Stem  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs,  simple,  leafy  to 
th^  top  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  ovate,  unth  a  broad  heart-shaped  and  clasping  base, 
pointed,  nearly  entire,  hoary  above,  very  soft  white-woolly  and  reticulated  under- 
neath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  downy.  —  Barrens  and  prairies,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  westward. 

*  #  *  Heads  small:  scales  of  the  involucre  few,  shorter  than  the  yellow  disk,  irregu- 
larly imbricated,  appressed,  the  outer  with  spreading  foliaceous  pointed  tips :  rays 
5  -  8  :  leaves  all  but  the  uppermost  opposite. 

8.  H.  microce plialus,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Stem  smooth  (3°  -  8°  high),  with 
numerous  slender  branches  above ;  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  some- 
what serrate,  veiny,  petioled,  rough  above,  downy  or  hairy  underneath;  pedun- 
cles slender,  rough ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate. 
—  Thickets,  W.  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Heads  J'  broad,  the  rays 
nearly  1'  long. 

9.  H.  laevigatus,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  slender  (l°-4°  high),  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  very  smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  as  well  as  the  slightly 
serrate  lanceolate  leaves.  —  Dry  soil,  Alleghany  Mountains,  west  of  the  Warm 
Springs  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 

*  #  #  #  Heads  middle-sized  or  large :  scales  of  the  involucre  irregularly  imbricated, 

loose,  with  spreading  foliaceous  tips,  as  long  as  the  yellow  disk  or  longer. 
•«-  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  or  scattered,  feather-veined,  sometimes  obscurely  triple-ribbed. 

10.  H.  griganteilS,  L.     Stem  hairy  or  rough  (3° -10°  high),   branched 
above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  very  rough  above,  rough-hairy  beneath, 
narrowed  and  ciliate  at  the  base,  but  nearly  sessile ;  scales  of  the  involucre  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  hairy,  or  strongly  ciliate.  —  Var.  AMBf  GUUS  has  most 
of  the  leaves  opposite  and  closely  sessile  by  an  obtuse  base,  and  approaches  No. 
13.  —  Low  thickets  and  swamps ;.  common.     Heads  somewhat  corymbed  :  the 
pale  yellow  rays  15-20. 

11.  H.  grosse-serratllS,  Martens.     Stem  smooth  and  glaucous,  at  least 
below  (5° -10°  high);   leaves   elongated-lanceolate    or    ovate-lanceolate,  taper- 

19 


218  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

pointed,  serrate,  rough  above,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  base,  petio]ed,  rough 
above,  hoary  and  downy  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-awl-shaped,  slight- 
ly ciliate.  —  Dry  plains,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southwestward. — Probably  runs 
into  the  last. 

12.  H.  tomeiltdsus,  Michx.     Stem  hairy,  stout  (4° -8°  high);  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  ovate,  taper-pointed,  obscurely  serrate,  large  (5'- 12 
long),  somewhat  petioled,  very  rough  above,  soft-downy  beneath ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre with  very  long  and  spreading  tips,  hairy,  the  chaff  and  tips  of  the  disk- 
flowers  pubescent.     (Disk  1' broad;  rays  12-16,  1'  long.)  —  Rich  woods,  Illi- 
nois ?  Virginia  and  southward  along  the  mountains. 

•*-  -»-  Leaves  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  3-nerved  or  triple-ribbed. 

13.  H.  Strumosus,  L.     Stem  rather  simple  (3° -4°  high),  smooth  be- 
low ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  serrate  with  small  oppressed 
teeth,  abruptly  contracted  into  short  margined  petioles,  rough  above,  whitish  and 
naked  or  minutely  downy  underneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  broadly  lanceolate 
with  spreading  tips,  equalling  the  disk;  rays  mostly  10. — Var.  M6LLIS  has  the 
leaves  softly  downy  underneath.  —  Eiver-banks  and  low  copses  ;  common,  espe- 
cially westward. 

14.  H.  divaricatllS,  L.     Stem  simple  or  forked  and  corymbed  at  tho 
top  (l°-4°  high)  smooth;  leaves  all  opposite  and  divaricate,  ovate-lanceolate,  3- 
nervedfrom  the  rounded  or  truncate  sessile  base,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp  point 
(3'  -  6'  long),  serrate,  thickish,  rough  both  sides ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk ;  rays  8-12.  —  Thickets  and  bar- 
rens; common.  —  Disk  £'  wide;  rays  1' long. 

1 5.  H.  hirsutllS,  Raf.     Stem  simple  or  forked  above,  stout  ( 1  °  -  2°  high), 
bristly-hairy  /  leaves  more  or  less  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  pointed,  slightly 
serrate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  very  rough  above,  rough-hairy  underneath ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk ;  rays  about 
12.  —  Dry  plains,  &e.,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Too  near  the  last. 

16.  H.  traclieliifolius,  Willd.     Stem  loosely  branched,  tall,  hairy; 
leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,   sharply  serrate, 
smoothish  or  roughish-pubescent  both  sides,  contracted  into  short  petioles ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate-linear,  elongated  and  very  taper-pointed,  loose,  exceed- 
ing the  disk ;  rays  12-15.  —  Copses,  Penn.  ?  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  — 
Probably  runs  into  the  next. 

17.  H.  decapetalus,  L.     Stem  branching  (3° -6°  high),  smooth  be- 
low; leaves  thin  and  green  both  sides,  smooth  or  roughish,  ovate,  coarsely  serrate, 
pointed,  abruptly  contracted  into  margined  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  loosely  spreading,  the  outer  longer  than  the  disk ; 
rays  about  10. — Var.  FROND6SU8  has  the  outer  involucral  scales  foliaceous  or 
changing  to  leaves.  —  Copses  and  low  banks  of  streams ;  common,  especially 
northward.     (H.  multiflorus,  L.,  is  probably  «,  cultivated  stale  of  this.) 

18.  H.  doronicoides,  Lam.     Stem  stout   (5° -9°  high),  branching, 
rough-hairy  above ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  strongly  triple' 
veined,  rough  above,  smoothish  or  downy  underneath,  the  lower  often  heart-shaped 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  219 

and  on  margined  petioles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  pointed, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  disk;  rays  12-15.  —  River-bottoms,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  —  A  coarse  species,  with  showy  heads,  and  ample  thickish  leaves 
(the  lower  often  1°  long) ;  the  upper  ones  frequently  alternate.  This  is  most 
probably  the  original  of 

H.  TUBER6sus,  L.,  the  JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE,  (i.  e.  Girasole  of  the  Ital- 
ians, meaning  the  same  as  sunflower,  and  corrupted  in  England  into  Jerusalem), 
which  has  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate.  It  has  escaped  from  old  gardens  into 
fence-rows  in  some  places. 

H.  ANNUTJS,  L.,  the  COMMON  SUNFLOWER,  which  sometimes  sows  itself 
around  dwellings,  belongs  to  the  annual  section  of  the  genus,  with  large  flat 
heads  and  a  brownish  disk.  It  probably  belongs  to  the  warmer  parts  of  North 
America. 

4O.    ACTIIVOUIEKIS,    Nutt.        ACTINOMERIS. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  few  or  several,  neutral,  or  rarely  none.  In- 
volucre foliaceous,  nearly  equal,  in  1  to  3  rows.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical, 
chaffy;  the  chaff  embracing  the  outer  margin  of  the  flat  (laterally  compressed) 
and  winged  achenia.  Pappus  of  2  smooth  persistent  awns.  —  Tall  and  branch- 
ing perennial  herbs,  with  serrate  feather-veined  leaves,  tapering  to  the  base  and 
mostly  decurrent  on  the  stem.  Heads  corymbed :  flowers  chiefly  yellow.  (Name 
from  OKTIV,  a  ray,  and  /iepi's,  a  part ;  alluding  to  the  fewness  or  irregularity  of 
the  rays.) 

1.  A.  squarrosa,  Nutt.     Stem  somewhat  hairy  and  winged  above  (4° -8° 
high) ;  leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  point- 
ed at  both  ends ;  heads  in  an  open  corymbed  panicle ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in 
2  rows,  the  outer  linear-spatulate,  reflexed ;  rays  4-10,  irregular ;  achenia  broad- 
ly winged;  receptacle  globular.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  New  York  (Sartwett)  to  Michi- 
gan, Illinois,  and  southward.     Sept. 

2.  A.  heliantlioides,  Nutt.     Stem  hairy  (l°-3°  high),  widely  winged 
by  the  ovate-lanceolate  sessile  alternate  leaves,  which  are  rough  above  and  soft- 
nairy  beneath;  heads   few;  scales   of  the  involucre  not  spreading ;  rays  8-15, 
regular,  narrow;  achenia  oval,  slightly  winged,  tipped  with  2  fragile  bristly 
awns;  receptacle  conical.  —  Prairies  and  copses,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward.    July. 

41.    COREOPSIS,    L.        TICKSEED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  mostly  8,  neutral,  rarely  wanting. 
Involucre  double ;  each  of  about  8  scales,  the  outer  rather  foliaceous  and  some- 
what spreading;  the  inner  broader  and  appressed,  nearly  membranaceous. 
Receptacle  flat,  with  membranaceous  chaff  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenia 
flat  (compressed  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre),  often  winged,  not 
beaked  or  narrowed  at  the  top,  2-toothed,  2-awned,  or  sometimes  naked  at  the 
summit,  the  awns  never  barbed  downwardly.  —  Herbs,  generally  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  yellow  or  party-colored,  rarely  purple,  rays.  (Name  from 
a  bug,  and  o^fis,  resemblance;  from  the  form  of  the  fruit.) 


220  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

4  1.  Cforotta  of  the  ray  and  disk  ydlow :  branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a  pointed 

or  acute  appendage. 

*  Achenia  wingless,  wedge-oblong,  fiat,  2-awned  or  2-toothed:  scales  of  the  outer  invo- 
lucre leafy,  rejlexed:  leaves  opposite,  petiolea,  generally  pinnately  or  ternately  com- 
pound, the  leajlets  serrate :  biennials  ?     (Plants  with  the  aspect  of  Bidens,  but 
the  awns  barbed  upwardly.) 

+-Rays  wanting. 

1.  C.  diSCOidea,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth,  diffusely  branched;  leaves  ter- 
nately divided;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate;  heads  panicu- 
late-corymbed ;  outer  involucre  of  3  -  5  foliaceous  bracts  usually  much  longer  than 
the  heads ;  achenia  hairy  ;  the  awns  or  teeth  as  long  as  the  corolla,  barbed  upward. 
—  Wet  places,  Ohio  and  southward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  1  °  -  2°  high. 

2.  C.  bidentoides,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  diffusely  branched,  smoothish ;  leaves 
lanceolate-linear,  cut-toothed,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;   awns  slender,  upwardly 
barbed,  much  longer  than  the  corolla  or  the  bristly  young  achenium.  —  Near  Phil- 
adelphia, Nuttall.  —  A  very  obscure  species. 

••-  •*-  Rays  conspicuous  (golden-yellow  and  showy). 

B.  C.  trichosperma,  Michx.  (TICKSEED  SUNFLOWER.)  Smooth, 
branched ;  leaves  short-petioled,  5  -  7-divided ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear,  cut- 
toothed,  or  the  upper  leaves  only  3  -  5-cleft  and  almost  sessile ;  heads  panicled- 
corymbose ;  achenia  narrowly  wedge-oblong,  bristly-ciliate  above,  crowned  with  2 
triangular  or  awl-shaped  stout  teeth.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  near 
the  coast.  Sept. 

4.  C.  aristosa,   Michx.      Somewhat  pubescent ;   leaves   1  -  2-pinnately 

5  -  7-divided,  petioled ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  heads  pani- 
cled-corymbose ;  outer  involucre  of  10-12  leafy  bracts;  achenia  oblong-obovate, 
obscurely  margined,  bristly-ciliate,  with  2-4  long  and  slender  diverging  awns  (in 
one  variety  awnless).  —  Swamps,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    Aug. 

*  *  Achenia  elliptical,  narrowly  winged,  the  narrowly  notched  summit  of  the  wing 
minutely  lacerate-toothed :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  foliaceous,  much  smaller  than 
the  inner,  all  united  at  the  base :  rays  obtuse,  entire :  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  3  - 
5-divided:  perennial. 

5.  C.  tripteris,  L.     (TALL  COREOPSIS.)     Smooth;  stem  simple  (4°- 
0°  high),  corymbed  at  the  top;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  entire.     (Chrysostem- 
ma,  Less.)  —  Eich  soil,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Heads 
exhaling  the  odor  of  anise  when  bruised  :  disk  turning  brownish. 

*  *  #  Achenia  oblong,  narrowly  winged,  minutely  or  obscurely  2-toothed  at  the  sum- 
mit :  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  inner,  all  united  at 
the  base :  rays  mostly  entire  and  acute :  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  mostly  3-divided, 
therefore  appearing  as  if  whorled:  perennial  (l°-3°  high). 

6.  C.  senifdlia,  Michx.    Leaves  each  divided  into  3  sessile  ovate-lanceo- 
late entire  leajlets,  therefore  appearing  like  6  in  a  whorl :  plant  minutely  soft- 
pubescent.  —  Sandy  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

Var.  Stellata,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Glabrous ;  the  leaves  narrower.  (C.  ftellata, 
Nutt.)  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  221 

7.  C.  delplunifolia,  Lam.    Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  divided  in- 
to 3  sessile  leaflets  which  are  2  -  ^-parted,  their  divisions  lance-linear  (1"  -  3"  broad), 
rather  rigid ;  disk  brownish.  —  Pine  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.    July. 

8.  C.  verticil  lata,  L.     Glabrous;  leaves  divided  into  3  sessile  leaflets 
which  are  1  -  2-pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  divisions.  —  Damp 
soil,  from  Maryland  and  Michigan  southward.    Also  in  gardens.    July  -  Sept. 

9.  C.  palmata,  Nutt.      Nearly  smooth,  simple ;  leaves  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  deeply  3-cleft,  rigid ;  the  lobes  broadly  linear,  entire,  or  the  middle  one  3- 
lobed. — Prairies,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  and  south  westward.    July. 

#  *  *  *  Achenia  nearly  orbicular,  broadly  winged,  incurved,  furnished  with  a  cottons 
tubercle  on  the  inside  at  the  top  and  bottom,  crowned  with  2  small  chaff-like  denticu- 
late teeth :  outer  involucre  about  the  length  of  the  inner :  rays  large,  coarsely  3-5- 
toothed:  leaves  opposite  or  the  uppermost  alternate :  heads  on  long  naked  peduncles. 

10.  C.  auriculata,  Linn.    Pubescent  or  glabrous;  stems  l°-4°high, 
branching,  sometimes  with  runners ;  leaves  mostly  petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  entire ;  the  lower  oval  or  roundish,  some  of  them  variously  3  -  5-lobed  or 
divided ;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate.     1J.  —  Bich 
woods  and  banks,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    June  -  Sept. 

11.  C.  lanceolata,  L.     Smooth  or  hairy  (l°-2°high);  stems  short, 
tufted,  branched  only  at  the  base ;  leaves  all  entire,  lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lowest 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  petioles ;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre 
ovate-lanceolate.     JJ. — Rich  or  damp  soil,  Michigan  to  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward.    July.    Also  cultivated.  —  Heads  showy:  rays  1'  long. 

§  2.  Branches  of  the  style  truncate:  rays  rose-color :  disk  yellow. 

12.  C.  rosea,  Nutt.    ( ROSE-FLOWERED  COREOPSIS.)    Stem  branching, 
leafy,  smooth  (6' -20'  high) ;  leaves  opposite,  linear,  entire;  heads  small,  some- 
what corymbed,  on  short  peduncles ;  outer  involucre  very  short ;  rays  3-toothed ; 
achenia  oblong,  wingless;  pappus  an  obscure  crown-like  border.     1|. —  Sandy 
and  grassy  swamps,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  to  New  Jersey,  and  southward : 
rare.    Aug. 

C.  TINCT6RIA,  Nutt.,  a  native  of  the  plains  beyond  the  Mississippi,  with, 
the  rays  yellow  above,  and  brown-purple  towards  the  base,  is  now  everywhere 
common  in  gardens. 

42.    B I  DENS,    L.        BUR-MARIGOLD. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  when  present  3-8,  neutral.  Involucre  dou- 
ble, the  outer  commonly  large  and  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flattish,  the  chaff 
deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenia  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre, or  slender  and  4-sided,  crowned  with  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  awns 
which  are  downwardly  barbed.  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  vari 
ous  leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  (Latin  bidens,  two-toothed.) 
*  Achenia  fiat,  not  tapering  at  the  summit.  (All  annuals'1.) 

\.  B.  fronddsa,   L.     (COMMON  BEGGAR-TICKS.)     Smooth  or  rather 
hairy,  tall  (2° -6°  high)  and  branching;  leaves  3-5-divided;  the  leaflets  lancoo 
19* 


222  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

late,  pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  mostly  stalked;  outer  leafy  involucre  much  longer 
than  the  head,  ciliate  below ;  rays  none ;  achenia  wedge-obovate,  2-aumed,  the  mar- 
gins dilate  with  upward  bristles,  except  near  the  summit.  —  Moist  waste  places,  a 
common  coarse  weed,  very  troublesome ;  the  achenia,  as  in  the  other  species, 
adhering  by  their  retrorsely  barbed  awns  to  the  dress,  and  to  the  fleece  of  ani- 
mals. July -Sept.  —  In  Western  New  York,  Dr.  Sartwell  has  found  it  with 
one  or  two  small  rays ! 

2.  B.  connata,    Muhl.    (SWAMP  BEGGAR-TICKS.)    Smooth  (10-20 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate,  tapering 
into  margined  petioles  which  are  slightly  united  at  the  base ;  the  lower  often  3- 
divided;  the  lateral  divisions  united  at  the  base  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole;  scales  of 
the  outer  involucre  longer  than  the  head,  mostly  obtuse,  scarcely  ciliate ;  rays 
none;  achenia  narrowly  wedge-form,  3-  (2-4-)  owned,  and  with  downwardly  barbed 
margins.     (B.  tripartita,  Bigel.)  — A  thin-leaved  more  petioled  form  is  B.  petio- 
lata,  Nutt.  —  Wet  grounds,  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  B.  cemua,  L.     (BUB-MARIGOLD.)    Nearly  smooth  (5' -10'  high); 
leaves  all  undivided,  lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  scarcely  connate ;  heads  nodding, 
with  or  without  (light  yellow)  rays ;  outer  involucre  longer  than  the  head  ;  ache- 
nia wedge-obovate,  4-awned,  the  margins  downwardly  barbed.  —  Wet  places, 
New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Kays,  when  present,  smaller  than 
in  the  next,  the  leaves  irregularly  toothed,  and  the  outer  involucre  more  leaf- 
like.    (Eu.) 

4.  B.  chrysanthemoides,  Michx.     (BUR-MARIGOLD.)     Smooth, 
erect  or  reclining  at  the  base  (6' -30'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both 
ends,  more  or  less  connate,  regularly  serrate ;  heads  erect  or  nodding,  conspicuously 
radiate;  outer  involucre  mostly  shorter  than  the  golden-yellow  (!' long)  rays; 
achenia  wedge-shaped,  with  almost  prickly  downwardly  barbed  margins ;  awns 
2,  3,  or  4.  —  Swamps ;  common.    Aug.  -  Oct.  — Probably  runs  into  No.  3. 

*  #  Achenia  linear-4-sided,  slender,  tapering  at  the  summit. 

5.  B.  Beckii,  Torr.     (WATER  MARIGOLD.)      Aquatic,  smooth;  stems 
long  and  slender,  bearing  crowded  immersed  leaves  many  times  dissected  into  fine 
capillary  divisions ;  the  few  emerging  leaves  lanceolate,  slightly  connate,  toothed ; 
heads  single,  short-peduncled ;  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  showy  (golden-yel- 
low) rays ;  achenia  linear,  thickish,  smooth  (£'  long),  bearing  4-6  stout  diver- 
gent awns  which  are  1'  long,  barbed  only  towards  the  apex.     1J.  — Ponds  and 
slow  deep  streams,  Massachusetts  (rare)  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

6.  B.  bipiimata,  L.    (SPANISH  NEEDLES.)    Smooth,  branched  (1°- 
4°  high) ;  leaves  1  - 3-pinnately  parted,  petioled;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base  ;  heads  small,  on  slender  peduncles ;  outer  involucre  of 
linear  scales,  nearly  as  long  as  the  short  pale  yellow  rays ;  achenia  long  and  slender, 
4-grooved  and  angled,  nearly  smooth,  3  -  4-awned.    (D  —  Dry  soil,  Connecticut 
to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

43.    V  E  R  B  E  S  i  N  A ,  .  L.        CROWNBEARD. 

Heads  several  -  many-flowered ;  the  rays  pistillate,  few,  or  sometimes  none. 
Scales  of  the  erect  involucre  few,  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows.    Receptacle 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  223 

rather  convex,  the  chaff  concave.  Achenia  flat  (compressed  laterally),  winged 
or  wingless,  2-awned.  —  Perennial  herbs;  the  toothed  or  lobed  leaves  decurrent 
on  the  stem.  ("Name  altered  from  Verbena.") 

1.  V.  Siegesbcckia,  Michx.    Stem  tall,  4-winged ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate, 
triple-nerved,  serrate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  often  pubescent  beneath  (large  and 
thin) ;  heads  in  compound  corymbs ;  flowers  yellow;  rays  1-5,  lanceolate;  ache- 
nia  wingless.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  Penn.  to  Illinois',  and  southward.    July. 

2.  V.  Virginica,  L.      Stem  narrowly  or  interruptedly  winged,  downy- 
pubescent,  like  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  feather- veined  alternate  leaves; 
heads  in  compound  corymbs ;  flowers  white ;  rays  3-4,  oval ;  achenia  narrowly 
winged. — Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  ?     Illinois,   and  southward.    Aug. 

44.    DYSODIA,    Cav.        FETID  MARIGOLD. 

Heads  many-flowered,  usually  radiate  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Involucre  of  one 
row  of  scales  united  into  a  firm  cup,  at  the  base  some  loose  bractlets.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  not  chafly,  but  beset  with  short  chaffy  bristles.  Achenia  slender,  4- 
angled.  Pappus  a  row  of  chafly  scales  dissected  into  numerous  rough  bristles. 
—  Herbs,  dotted  with  large  pellucid  glands,  which  give  a  strong  odor ;  the  heads 
terminating  the  branches  :  flowers  yellow.  (Name  SucrcoSia,  an  ill  smell,  which 
the  plants  possess.) 

1.  I>.  chrysantliemoldes,  Lag.  Nearly  smooth,  diffusely  branched 
(6' -18'  high);  leaves  opposite,  pinnately  parted,  the  narrow  lobes  bristly- 
toothed  or  cut;  rays  few,  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  ®  —  Alluvial 
banks  of  rivers,  from  Illinois  southward.  Aug.  -  Oct. 

TAGETES  PATULA,  L.,  the  FRENCH  MARIGOLD  of  the  gardens,  belongs  to 
the  same  group  as  the  foregoing. 

45.    HYMENOPAPPUS,    L'Her.        HYMENOPAPPUS. 

Heads  many -flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre 6-12,  loose  and  broad,  thin,  the  upper  part  petal-like  (usually  white). 
Receptacle  small,  naked.  Corolla  with  large  revolute  lobes.  Achenia  top- 
shaped,  with  a  slender  base,  striate.  Pappus  of  15-20  small  and  blunt  scales 
in  a  single  row,  very  thin  (whence  the  name  of  the  genus,  from  vprjv,  membrane, 
and  iraTnrvs,  pappus). — Biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  corymbed  small  heads  of  usually  whitish  flowers. 

1.  H.  scabios&lis,  L'Her.  Somewhat  flocculent-woolly  when  young 
(l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  1  -2-pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  oblong  lobes  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  roundish,  nearly  all  whitish.  —  Sandy  barrens,  Illinois  and 
southward.  May,  June. 

46.    HELENIUM,    L.       FALSE  SUNFLOWER. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  spreading  wedge-shaped  rays  several,  3  - 
5-cleft  at  the  summit,  fertile.  Involucre  small,  reflexed,  the  scales  linear  or  awl- 
shaped.  Receptacle  globose  or  oblong,  naked.  Achenia  top-shaped,  ribbed 
Pappus  of  5  -  8  thin  and  1-nerved  chaffy  scales,  the  nerve  extended  into  a  bristle 


224  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

or  point.  —  Erect,  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  decurrent  on  the  angled 
stem  and  branches,  which  are  terminated  by  single  or  corymbed  (yellow,  rarely 
purple)  heads;  often  sprinkled  with  bitter  and  aromatic  resinous  globules. 
(Named  after  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus.) 

1.  H.  ailtumnale,  L.  (SNEEZE-WEED.)  Nearly  smooth ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, toothed ;  rays  longer  than  the  globular  disk.  1J. — Alluvial  river-bants ; 
common  (except  in  New  England).  Sept.  —  Plant  l°-3°  high,  bitter:  the 
corymbed  heads  showy. 

47.  L.EPT6PODA,    Nutt.       LEPTOPODA. 

Kays  neutral.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Helenium.  —  In  the  true  species  (of 
which  L.  puberula  and  L.  brevifdia  may  be  found  in  S.  Virginia)  the  stems  are 
simple,  naked  above,  like  a  long  peduncle,  and  bearing  a  single  head  (whence 
the  name,  from  Af  TITOS,  slender,  and  TTOVS,  foot) ;  but  the  following  is  leafy  to  the 
top,  and  branched. 

1.  It.  brachypoda,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  corymbed  at  the  summit  (1° 
-4°  high);  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  decurrent  on  the  stem;  disk  globular, 
brownish;  rays  pretty  large  (£'-§'  long),  yellow,  or  in  one  variety  brownish- 
purple,  sometimes  with  an  imperfect  style.  1|. — Damp  soil,  from  Illinois  south- 
ward. June -Aug. 

48.  BALDWINIA,    Nutt.        BALDWINIA. 

Heads  globular,  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  long  and  narrowly  wedge-shaped 
rays  neutral.  Involucre  short,  of  many  thickish  small  scales  imbricated  in  3  or 
4  rows,  the  outer  obovate  and  obtuse.  Receptacle  strongly  convex,  with  deep 
honeycomb-like  cells  containing  the  obconical  or  >  oblong  silky- villous  achenia. 
Pappus  of  7  -  9  lance-oblong  erect  chaffy  scales.  —  A  perennial  herb,  smoothish, 
with  slender  simple  stems  (2° -3°  high),  bearing  alternate  oblanceolate  leaves, 
and  the  long  naked  summit  terminated  by  a  showy  large  head.  Eays  yellow 
(!'  long) ;  the  disk-flowers  often  turning  dark  purple.  (Named  for  the  late  Dr. 
William  Baldwin.) 

1.  IS.  uniflora,  Nutt.  —  Borders  of  swamps,  Virginia  and  southward. 
Aug. 

49.    JHAltSIIALLIA,    Schreb.        MARSHALLIA. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  th& 
involucre  linear-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  erect,  in  one  or  two  rows,  nearly  equal. 
Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  with  narrowly  linear  rigid  chaff  among  the  flowers. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  slender,  spreading.  Achenia  top-shaped,  5-angled.  Pap- 
pus of  5  or  6  membranaceous  and  pointed  chaffy  scales.  —  Smooth  and  low 
perennials,  with  alternate  and  entire  3-nerved  leaves,  and  solitary  heads  (re- 
sembling those  of  a  Scabious)  terminating  the  naked  summit  of  the  simple  stem 
or  branches.  Flowers  purplish  ;  the  anthers  blue.  (Named  for  Humphry 
Marshall,  of  Pennsylvania,  author  of  one  of  the  earliest  works  on  \\Q  trees  and 
shrubs  of  this  country.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  225 

1.  M.  latifolia,  Pursh.  Stems  leafy;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
sessile. — Dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  (M.  LANCEOLATA  and  M.  AN- 
GUSTIFOLIA  may  occur  in  S.  Virginia.) 

5O.    C*  A  L,  I N  S  6  G  A ,    Ruiz  &  Fav.        GALINSOGA. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate;  tho  rays  4-5,  small,  roundish,  pistillate. 
Involucre  of  4  or  5  ovate  thin  scales.  Receptacle  conical,  with  narrow  chaff 
among  the  flowers.  Achenia  angled.  Pappus  of  small  oblong  cut-fringed 
chaffy  scales  (sometimes  wanting).  — Annual  herbs,  with  opposite  triple-nerved 
thin  leaves,  and  small  heads  :  disk-flowers  yellow :  rays  whitish.  (Named  for 
Galinsoga,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  G.  PARVIFL6RA,  Cav.  Smoothish  (l°high);  leaves  ovate,  acute,  some- 
what toothed  ;  scales  of  the  pappus  8-16. — Waste  places  ;  Cambridge,  Mass., 
New  York,  and  Philadelphia.  (Adv.  from  S.  Amer.) 

51.    MA  RUT  A,  Cass.        MAY-WEED. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  neut  '  Involucre  of  many  small 
somewhat  imbricated  scales,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical,  bearing 
slender  chaff,  at  least  near  the  summit.  Achenia  obovoid,  ribbed,  smooth. 
Pappus  none.  —  Annual  acrid  herbs,  with  a  strong  odor,  finely  thrice-pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  single  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Rays  white,  soon 
reflexed;  the  disk  yellow.  (Derivation  unknown.) 

1.  ]JI.  COTTJLA,  DC.  (COMMON  MAY-WEED.)  Scales  of  the  involucre 
with  whitish  margins.  —  Road-sides ;  very  common.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

52.    ANTHEMIS,    L.        CHAMOMILE. 

Heads  and  flowers  as  in  Maruta,  but  the  rays  pistillate.  Achenia  terete,  stri- 
ate  or  smooth.  Pappus  none,  or  a  minute  crown.  —  Herbs  with  aromatic  or 
Btrong  odor,  1  -  2-pinnately  divided  leaves,  the  branches  terminated  by  single 
heads.  Rays  white,  the  disk  yellow.  (*A.v6fp.is,  the  ancient  name,  given  in 
allusion  to  the  profusion  of  the  flowers.) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (CORX  CHAMOMILE.)  Pubescent ;  leaflets  or  divisions 
linear-lanceolate,  toothed,  very  acute ;  branchlets  leafless  at  the  summit ;  chaff 
lanceolate,  pointed,  membranaceous  ;  achenia  crowned  with  a  very  short  some- 
what toothed  margin ;  those  of  the  ray  sometimes  sterile.  ®  —  Fields,  N.  Eng- 
land and  New  York,  sparingly  introduced.  —  Much  resembles  the  May-weed. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  N6BILI8,  L.,  the  officinal  CHAMOMILE,  is  said  to  be  somewhat  natural- 
ized in  Delaware. 

53.    ACHILLEA,    L.        YARROW. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  few,  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated. 
Beceptacle  chaffy,  flattish.  Achenia  oblong,  flattened,  margined.  Pappus 
none.  — Perennial  herbs,  with  small  corymbose  heads.  (So  named  because  its 
virtues  are  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  Achittes.) 


226  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE   FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  Millefdlium,  L.      (COMMON  YARROW  or  MILFOIL.)      Stems 
simple ;  leaves  twice-pinnately  parted ;  the  divisions  linear,  3  -  5-cleft,  crowded ; 
corymb  compound,  flat-topped;  involucre  oblong;  rays  4-5,  short,  white  (some- 
times rose-color). —  Fields  and  hills ;  common  northward.    Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  PTARMICA,  L.     (SNEEZEWORT.)     Leaves  simple,  lance-linear,  sharply 
serrate  with  appressed  teeth;  corymb  loose;  rays  8 -12,  much  longer  than  the 
involucre;  flowers  white.  — Danvers,  Massachusetts,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

54.    L.EUCANTHEMUM,    Toura.        OX-EYE  DAISY 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  fertile.  Scales  of  tho 
broad  and  flat  involucre  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  flattish, 
naked.  Disk-corollas  with  a  flattened  tube.  Achenia  of  the  disk  and  ray  sim- 
ilar, striate,  destitute  of  pappus. — Perennial  herbs,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  large  single  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Rays  white ; 
disk  yellow.  (Name  composed  of  \CVKOS,  white,  and  (iv6ep,ov,  a  flower,  from 
the  white  rays.) 

1.  li»  VULGARE,  Lam.  (Ox-EYE  or  WHITE  DAISY.  WHITE-WEED.) 
Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  naked  above;  root-leaves  spatulate,  petioled,  the 
others  partly  clasping,  all  cut  or  pinnatifid-toothed ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with 
rusty  brown  margins.  (Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum,  L.) — Fields  and 
meadows;  too  abundant.  June,  July.  A  pernicious  weed,  with  large  and 
showy  heads  :  in  Connecticut  is  a  variety  with  short  rays.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

55.    MATRICARIA,   Tourn.     WILD   CHAMOMILE.    FEVERFEW. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  pistillate,  or  wanting.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
^ucre  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical, 
naked.  Disk-flowers  flattened  or  terete.  Achenia  angular,  wingless.  Pappus 
a  membranaceous  crown  or  border,  or  none.  —  Smooth  and  branching  herbs, 
with  divided  leaves  and  single  or  corymbed  heads.  Rays  white :  disk  yellow. 
(Named  for  reputed  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.  HI.  PARTHENIUM,  L.     (FEVERFEW.)    Leaves  twice-pinnately  divided; 
the  divisions  ovate,  cut;  heads  cort/mb?d,  with  rays.     y.   (Pyrethrum  Parthenium, 
Smith.)  —  Escaped  from  gardens  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  III.  diSCOldea,  DC.    Low  (6' -9' high);  leaves  2-  3-pinnately  parted 
into  short  linear  lobes ;  heads  rayless ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  with  broad 
margins,  much  shorter  than  the  conical  disk  ;  pappus  obsolete.    (J)  (2). — Illi- 
nois, opposite  St.  Louis.    An  immigrant  from  Oregon1?     (Eu.  ?) 

56.    TANACETUM,    L.        TANSY. 

Heads  many-flowered,  nearly  discoid,  all  fertile ;  the  marginal  flowers  chiefly 
pistillate  and  3  -  5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  dry.  Recepta- 
cle convex,  naked.  Achenia  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  large  flat  top.  Pappus  a 
short  crown. — Bitter  and  acrid  strong-scented  herbs,  with  1  -  2-pinnately  dis- 
sected leaves  and  rather  large  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  said 
to  be  a  corruption  of  aCavavia,  undying,  from  its  durable  flowers.) 


COMPOSITES.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  227 

1.  T.  VULGARE,  L.      (COMMON    TANSY.)      Stem  erect,  smooth;  leaves 
twice-pinnately  parted,  the  leaflets  and  the  margined  petiole  cut-toothed ;  cor- 
ymb dense ;  pistillate  flowers  terete ;  pappus  5-lobed.  — Var.  cui SPUM  has  the 
leaves  more  cut  and  crisped.     1J. —  Escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  T.  Huron ense,  Nutt.    Hairy  or  woolly  when  young,  stout  (l°-3° 
high);  leaves  2 - 3-pinnately  dissected,  the  lobes  oblong;  heads  large  (£'-f 
wide)  and  usually  few;  pistillate  flowers  flattened,  3 - 5-cleft ;  pappus  toothed. 
1|. —  Shores  of  L.  Huron,  Superior,  and  northwestward. 

57.    ARTEMISIA,    L.        WORMWOOD. 

Heads  discoid,  few  -  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal 
ones  pistillate,  or  sometimes  all  similar  and  perfect-  Scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated,  with  dry  and  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  small  and  flattish,  na- 
ked. Achenia  obovoid,  with  a  small  summit  and  no  pappus.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby 
plants,  bitter  and  aromatic,  with  small  heads  in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes. 
Corolla  yellow  or  purplish.  (Dedicated  to  Artemis,  the  Greek  Diana.) 

§  1.  Receptacle  smooth :  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile  :  disk-flowers  sterile. 

1.  A.  borealis,  Pallas.    Low  (3'  -6'  high),  tufted,  silky-villous  or  nearly 
smooth ;  lower  leaves  3  -  5-cleft  at  the  apex,  or  like  the  others  1  -  2-pinnately  parted, 
the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear ;  heads  few,  hemispherical,  pretty  large,  spiked  or 
racemed.     1J. —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  Canadcnsis,    Michx.      (CANADA  WORMWOOD.)      Smooth,  or 
hoary  with  silky  down  (l°-2°  high) ;  lower  leaves  twice-pinnately  divided,  the 
upper  3-7-divided;  the  divisions  linear,  rather  rigid;  heads  rather  large  in  pani- 
cled racemes.     1J. —  Shore  of  all  the  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  A.  caudata,   Michx.     (SLENDER   WORMWOOD.)     Smooth  (2° -5° 
high);  upper  leaves  pinnately,  the  lower  2  -  3-pinnately  divided ;  the  divisions 
thread- form,  spreading ;  heads  small,  the  racemes  in  a  wand-like  elongated  panicle.  — 
Sandy  soil,  coast  of  New  Hampshire  to  New  Jersey ;  and  in  Illinois. 

§  2.  Receptacle  smooth :  flowers  all  fertile,  a  few  pistillate,  the  others  perfect. 

4.  A.  Lilldoviciana,  Nutt.     (WESTERN  MUG  WORT.)     Whitened-wool~ 
ly  throughout,  branched  (l°-5°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  mostly  cut- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  upper  mostly  entire,  the  upper  surface  often  becoming 
naked  and  smooth  with  age;  heads  ovoid,  mostly  sessile,  disposed  in  narrow 
leafy  panicles.     1J. — Dry  banks,  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  and  westward; 
especially  the  var.  GNAPHALODES,  which  has  the  elongated  nearly  entire  leaves 
very  woolly  both  sides. 

5.  A.  VULGARIS,  L.     (COMMON   MUGWORT.)     Branches  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  leaves  whitish-woolly ;  stem-leaves  pinnatifld,  with  the  lobes  variously  cut 
or  entire,  linear-lanceolate;  heads  ovoid,  in  open  leafy  panicles,,     1J. — Waste  places, 
near  dwellings.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  A.  biennis,  Willd.     (BIENNIAL  WORMWOOD.)    Smooth,  simple  (1° 
-3°  high) ;  lower  leaves  twice-pinnately  parted,  the  upper  pinnatifld;  lobes  linear, 
acute,  in  the  lower  leaves  cut-toothed  ;  heads  in  short  axillary  spikes,  whith  are 


228  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY/* 

crowded  in  a  narrow  and  clustered  leafy  panicle.     © — River-banks,  Ohio  tt 
Illinois,  and  northward.    Aug. 

§  3.  Receptacle,  hairy :  flowers  all  fertile,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate. 

7.  A.  ABSINTHIUM.  L.  (COMMON  WORMWOOD.)  Bather  shrubby,  silky- 
hoary  ;  leaves  2-  3-pinnately  parted ;  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  heads  panicled,  nod- 
ding. —  Road-sides,  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  ABROTANUM,  L.   (SOUTHERN-WOOD),  is  found  in  some  gardens. 

58.    GNAPHAL.IUM,    L.        CUDWEED. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular ;  the  outer  pistillate  and  very 
slender,  the  central  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or 
colored,  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  a  single 
row  of  capillary  rough  bristles.  —  Woolly  herbs,  with  sessile  or  decurrent  leaves, 
and  clustered  or  corymbed  heads.  Corolla  whitish  or  yellowish.  (Name  from 
yva.d)a\ov,  a  lock  of  wool,  in  allusion  to  the  floccose  down  of  the  leaves.) 

*  Achenia  nearly  terete :  pistillate  Jlowers  occupying  several  rows. 

1.  O.  decurrens,  Ives.     (EVERLASTING.)    Stem  stout,  erect  (2°  high), 
branched  at  the  top,  clammy-pubescent,  white-woolly  on  the  branches,  bearing 
numerous  heads  in  dense  corymbed  clusters ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  partly  clasping, 
decurrent;  scales  of  the  (yellowish- white)  involucre  oval,  acutish.     1J.  —  Hill- 
sides, New  Jersey  and  Penn.  ?  to  Maine  and  northward.     Aug.  -  Sept. 

2.  O.  polyceptialum,    Michx.      (COMMON    EVERLASTING.)      Stem 
erect,  woolly ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base,  with  undulate  margins,  not 
decurrent,  smoothish  above ;  heads  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  panicled-corymbose 
branches,  ovate-conical  before  expansion,  then  obovate ;  scales  of  the  (whitish) 
involucre  ovate  and  oblong,  rather  obtuse ;  perfect  flowers  few.    (D  —  Old  fields 
and  woods;  common. — Plant  fragrant,  l°-2°  high. 

3.  O.  llligrinosillll,  L.     (Low  CUDWEED.)     Diffusely  branched,  woolly 
all  over  (3' -6'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  not  decurrent;  heads  (small) 
in  terminal  sessile  capitate  clusters  subtended  by  leaves ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ob- 
long.    (T)  —  Low  grounds,  and  ditches  by  the  road-side,  everywhere.     (Eu.) 

4.  O.  purpiireuiii,  L.      (PURPLISH    CUDWEED.)      Stem   simple,    or 
branched  from  the  base,  ascending  (6' -20'  high),  woolly;  leaves  oblong-spatu- 
late,  mostly  obtuse^  not  decurrent,  green  above,  very  white  with  close  wool  un- 
derneath ;  heads  in  sessile  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  spiked  at  the 
wand-like  summit  of  the  stem ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-oblong,  tawny-white, 
the  inner  often  marked  with  purple.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  coast  of  Maine  to 
Virginia,  and  southward. 

*  *  Achenia  flattish  :  pistillate  Jlowers  in  a  single  marginal  row. 

5.  O.  supimim,  Villars.    (MOUNTAIN  CUDWEED.)    Dwarf  and  tufted ; 
leaves  linear,  woolly ;  heads  solitary  or  few  and  spiked  on  the  slender  simple 
flowering  stems ;  scales  of  the  involucre  brown,  lanceolate,  acute.     1|.  — Alpine 
summit  of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire :  rare.     (Eu.) 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  229 

59.    ANTENNARIA,    Gsertn.        EVERLASTING. 

Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious  or  nearly  so ;  the  flowers  all  tubular :  pistil* 
late  corollas  very  slender.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or  col- 
ored, imbricated.  Receptacle  convex  or  flat,  not  chaffy.  Pappus  a  single  row 
of  bristles,  which  in  the  fertile  flowers  are  capillary,  and  in  the  sterile  thickened 
and  club-shaped  or  barbellate  at  the  summit. — Perennial  white-woolly  herbs, 
with  entire  leaves  and  corymbed  (rarely  single)  heads.  Corolla  yellowish. 
(So  named  from  the  resemblance  of  the  sterile  pappus  to  the  antenna  of  many 
insects.) 

1.  A.  margaritacea,  R.  Brown.     (PEARLY  EVERLASTING.)     Stem 
erect  (l°-2°  high),  corymbose  at  the  summit,  with  many  heads,  leafy;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sessile ;  fertile  heads  often  with  a  few  imperfect 
staminate  flowers  in  the  centre ;  scales  of  the  pearly-white  involucre  obtuse  or 
rounded.  —  Dry  hills  and  woods ;  common  northward.    Aug. 

2.  A.  plantaginifolia,  Hook.     (PLANTAIN-LEAVED  EVERLASTING.) 
Spreading  by  offsets  and  runners,  low  ( 4' -10' high) ;  leaves  silky -woolly  when 
young,  at  length  green  above  and  hoary  beneath ;  those  of  the  simple  and  scape- 
like  flowering  stems  small,  lanceolate,  appressed ;  the  radical  obovate  or  oval- 
spatulate,  petioled,  ample.  3-nerved ;  heads  in  a  small  crowded  corymb  ;  scales 
of  the  (mostly  white)  involucre  obtuse  in  the  sterile,  and  acutish  and  narrower 
in  the  fertile  plant.  —  Var.  MONOCEPHALA  has  a  single  larger  head.     (Phila- 
delphia, Mr.  Lea.)  —  Sterile  knolls  and  banks,  common.     March -May. 

6O.    FIL.AGO,    Tourn.        COTTON-ROSE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  central  ones  perfect,  but 
often  infertile ;  the  others  pistillate,  very  slender  and  thread-form.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  few  and  woolly.  Receptacle  elongated  or  top-shaped,  naked  at  the 
summit,  but  chaffy  at  the  margins  or  toward  the  base ;  the  chaff  resembling  the 
proper  involucral  scales,  each  covering  a  single  pistillate  flower.  —  Pappus  of  the 
central  flowers  capillary,  of  the  outer  ones  chiefly  none.  —  Annual,  low,  branch- 
ing woolly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  heads  in  capitate  clusters.  (Name 
fromjilum,  a  thread,  in  allusion  to  the  cottony  hairs  of  these  plants.) 

1.  F.  GERMANICA,  L.  (HERBA  IMPIA.)  Stem  erect,  short,  clothed  with 
lanceolate  and  upright  crowded  leaves,  producing  a  capitate  cluster  of  woolly 
heads,  from  which  rise  one  or  more  branches,  each  terminated  by  a  similar  head, 
and  so  on  :  —  hence  the  oommon  name  applied  to  it  by  the  old  botanists,  as  if 
the  offspring  were  undutifully  exalting  themselves  above  the  parent.  —  Dry 
fields,  New  York  to  Virginia.  July -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

61.    ERECHTHITES,    Raf.        FIREWEED. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  fertile  ;  the  marginal  pis 

till  ate,  with  a  slender  corolla.     Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  in  a  single 

row,  linear,  acute,  with  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base.     Receptacle  naked. 

•  Achenia  oblong,  tapering  at  the  end.     Pappus  copious,  of  very  fine  and  white 

20 


230  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

soft  hairs.  —  Erect  and  coarse  annuals,  of  a  rank  smell,  with  alternate  simplo 
leaves,  and  paniculate-corymbed  heads  of  whitish  flowers.  (The  ancient  name 
of  some  species  of  Groundsel,  probably  called  after  Erecktheus.) 

1.  E.  hieracifolia,  Kaf.  (FIREWEED.)  Often  hairy  ;  stem  grooved ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  cut-toothed,  sessile ;  the  upper  often  with  an 
auricled  clasping  base.  (Senecio  hieracifolius,  L.)  —  Moist  woods ;  common, 
especially  northward,  and  in  recent  clearings,  where  the  ground  has  been  burned 
over ;  whence  the  popular  name.  July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  1°  -  5°  high,  with  some- 
what the  aspect  of  a  Sow-thistle. 

62.     C  AC  A  1. 1  A,    L.        INDIAN  PLANTAIN. 

Heads  5  -  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  a  single  row,  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.  Achenia  oblong,  smooth.  Pappus  of  numerous  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  Smooth  and  tall  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  often  petioled 
leaves,  and  rather  large  heads  in  flat  corymbs.  Flowers  white  or  whitish.  (An 
ancient  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

*  Involucre  25  -  30-flowered,  with  several  bracts  at  its  base :  receptacle  flat. 

1.  C.  Sliaveolens,  L.     Stem  grooved  (3° -5°  high);  leaves  triangular- 
lanceolate,  halberd-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  on  winged  petioles. 
—  Rich  woods,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     Sept. 

*  *  Involucre  5-leaved  and  5-flowered,  its  bracts  minute  or  none :  receptacle  bearing  a 
more  or  less  evident  scale-like  pointed  appendage  in  the  centre. 

2.  C.  reiiiioriilis,  Muhl.     (GREAT  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.)     Stem   (4°- 
9°  high)  grooved  and  angled;  leaves  green  both  sides,  dilated  fan-shaped,  or  the  loiv- 
est  kidney-form  (1°-  2°  broad),  repand-toothed  and  angled,  palmately  veined,  peti- 
oled; the  teeth  pointed ;  corymbs  large.  —  Rich  damp  woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois, 
and  southward  along  the  mountains.     Aug. 

3.  C.  atriplicifolia,   L.     (PALE    INDIAN    PLANTAIN.)     Stem  terete 
(3° -6°  high),  and  with  the  palmately  veined  and  angulat.e-ldbed  leaves  glaucous; 
lower  leaves  triangular-kidney-form  or  slightly  heart-shaped ;  the  upper  rhom- 
boid or  wedge-form,  toothed.  — Rich  woodlands,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.    Aug. 

4.  C.  tuberosa,  Nutt.     (TUBEROUS  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.)     Stem  angled 
and  grooved  (2°  -  6°  high),  from  a  thick  or  tuberous  root ;  leaves  green  both  sides, 
thick,  strongly  5-T-nerved;  the  lower  lance-ovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  tapering 
into  long  petioles;  the  upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  sometimes  toothed 
at  the  apex.  —  Wet  prairies,  &c.,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    June. 

63.    SETVI3CIO,    L.        GROUNDSEL. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  tubular,  or  mostly  with  the 
marginal  ones  radiate ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  or  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  of 
numerous  very  soft  and  slender  capillary  bristles.  —  Herbs,  in  the  United  States, 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  231 

with  alternate  leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  chiefly  yellow. 
fName  from  senex,  an  old  man,  alluding  to  the  hoary  hairs  which  cover  many 
species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the  pappus.) 

*  Hays  none  :  root  annual. 

1.  S.  VULGARIS,  L.      (COMMON  GROUNDSEL.)      Nearly  smocith   (6'-  12' 
high);  leaves  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  clasping;  heads  loosely  corymbed.  — 
Waste  grounds,  E.  New  England  and  New  York.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Rays  present  :  root  perennial  :  heads  corymbed. 

2.  S.  aiii'cus,  L.     (GOLDEN   RAGWORT.     SQUAW-WEED.)     Smooth,  or 
Jloccose-wootty  when  young  (10'  -30'  high)  ;  root-leaves  simple  and  rounded,  the  lar- 
ger mostly  heart-shaped,  crenate-toothed,  long-petioled  ;  the  lower  stem-leaves  lyre- 
sJiaped,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  cut-pinnatifid,  sessile  or  partly  clasping  ;  corymb 
umbel-like;  rays  8-12.  —  Varies  greatly,  the  leading  forms  being,  —  Var.  1. 
OBOVATUS,  with  the  root-leaves  round-obovate  (growing  in  drier  places).— 
Var.  2.  BALSAMIT^E,  with  the  root-leaves  oblong,   spatulate,  or  lanceolate, 
sometimes  cut-toothed,  tapering  into  the  petiole.    Kocky  places.  —  Var.  3.  LAN- 
CEOLATE, Oakes,  with  the  leaves  all  lanceolate-oblong,  thin,  sharply  and  un- 
equally toothed,  either  wedge-shaped  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  the 
upper  merely  pinnatifid-cut  towards  the  base.     (Cedar  swamps,  Vermont,  Rob- 
bins.)  —  Common  everywhere  ;  the  primary  form  in  swamps.     May,  June. 

3.  S.  JElli61tii,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Soon  smooth,  stem  simple  (1°  high),  often 
nearly  leafless,  bearing  a  small  corymb  ;  root-leaves  thickish,  obovate  or  roundish, 
narrowed  into  a  short  and  winged  petiole,  or  sessile,  crenate-toothed,  sometimes  ly- 
rate  ;  stem-leaves  small,  cut-pinnatifid.  —  Rich  soil,  Virginia  and  southward 
along  the  mountains.    May. 

4.  S.  tomentdsus,  Michx.     (WOOLLY  RAGWORT.)    Clothed  with  scarce- 
ly deciduous  hoary  wool  (l°-2°   high)  ;  root-leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-toothed, 
on  slender  petioles;  the  upper  sessile;   corymb  flat-topped;   rays  12-  15.— 
Mountains  of  Penn.  (Pursh),  Virginia  and  southward.     May. 

5.  CANUS,  Hook.,  which  too  closely  resembles  the  last,  probably  occurs 
within  our  Northwestern  borders. 


64.    ARNICA,    L.        ARNICA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped 
involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  somewhat  in  2  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  fimbrillate. 
Achenia  spindle-shaped.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  rather  rigid  and  strongly 
roughened-denticulate  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  of  the  mountains  and 
cold  northern  regions,  with  simple  stems,  bearing  single  or  corymbed  large 
heads  arid  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  corruption 
of  Ptarmica.) 

1.  A.  inollis,  Hook.  Soft-hairy;  stem  leafy  (l°-2°  high),  bearing  1  to  5 
heads  ;  leaves  thin,  veiny,  smoothish  when  old,  toothed  ;  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate, 
closely  sessile  ;  the  lower  narrower,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  pointed  ;  pappus  almost  plumose.  —  Alpine  rivulets,  &c.,  White 
Mountains  of  N.  Hampshire  and  mountains  of  N.  New  York  ;  thence  northwest' 
ward.  July.  ,  /•<  Ln.  -  (  ' 


282  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

2.  A.  nildicaillis,  Ell.  Hairy  and  rather  glandular  (l°-3°high); 
leaves  thievish,  3  -  5-nerved,  ovate  or  oblong,  all  sessile,  mostly  entire ;  those  of  the 
naked  stem  small  and  only  1  or  2  pairs ;  heads  several,  corymbed,  showy.  — 
Damp  pine  barrens,  Virginia  and  southward.  April,  May. 

65.    CENT  A  UREA,    L.        STAR-THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  mostly  falsely 
radiate  and  larger,  sterile.  Receptacle  bristly.  Involucre  imbricated,  the  scales 
margined  or  appendaged.  Achenia  compressed.  Pappus  wanting,  or  of  a  few 
bristles.  —  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  single  heads.  (Named  from  the 
Centaur,  Chiron.} 

1.  C»    CYANUS,  L.      (BLUEBOTTLE.)      Scales   of  the  globular  involucre 
fringe-margined ;  fake  rays  large,  pappus  very  short ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  or 
toothed  at  the  base.     (J)  —  Road-sides,  escaped  from  gardens.     July.  — Flowers 
blue,  varying  to  purplish  or  white.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  NIGRA,  L.     (KNAPWEED.)     Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  appen- 
daged, and  with  a  stiff  black  fringe ;  rays  wanting ;  pappus  very  short ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  or  the  lower  lyrate-angled,  rough.     U  —  Waste  places,  E.  New  Eng- 
land.    Aug.  —  Flowers  purple.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  CALCfTRAPA,  L.     (STAR  THISTLE.)     Stem  diffusely  much  branched ; 
leaves  pinnately  lol>ed  or  spinulose-toothed ;  heads  sessile,  the  middle  scales  of  the 
ovoid  involucre  spiny ;  pappus  none ;  flowers  purple,     (f)  —  Norfolk,  Virginia. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

C.  AMERICANA,  Nutt.,  a  showy  species  of  the  Southwestern  States,  —  the 
only  one  which  belongs  to  this  country,  — is  cultivated  in  gardens. 

66.    C  NIC  US,    Vaill.        BLESSED  THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  tubular  and  sterile,  shorter  than  the 
rest,  which  are  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  involucre  coriaceous, 
appressed,  extended  into  a  long  and  rigid  pinnately  spinose  appendage.  Re- 
ceptacle clothed  with  capillary  bristles.  Achenia  terete,  short,  strongly  striate, 
crowned  with  10  short  and  horny  teeth,  and  bearing  a  pappus  of  10  elongated 
rigid  bristles,  and  10  short  bristles  alternate  with  the  last  in  an  inner  row.  —  An 
annual  smoothish  herb,  with  clasping  scarcely  pinnatifid-cut  leaves  and  large 
bracted  heads.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  KVI£O>,  to  prick.) 

1.  C.  BENEDfCTUS,  L.  —  Road-sides ;  scarcely  naturalized.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

67".    CIRSIUM,    Tourn.        COMMON  or  PLUMED  THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  similar,  or  rarely 
imperfectly  dioecious.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  or  spherical  involucre  imbricated  in 
many  rows,  tipped  with  a  point  or  prickle.  Receptacle  thickly  clothed  with 
soft  bristles  or  hairs.  Achenia  oblong,  flattish,  not  ribbed.  Pappus  of  numer- 
ous bristles  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  plumose  to  the  middle,  deciduous  — 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  233 

Herbs,  with  sessile  alternate  leaves,  often  pinnatifid,  and  prickly.  Heads  large, 
terminal.  Flowers  reddish-purple  or  cream-color.  (Name  from  Kipo'^s,  a  swelled 
vein,  for  which  the  Thistle  was  a  reputed  remedy.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  tipped  with  spreading  prickles. 

1.  C.  LANCEOiATUM,  Scop.     (COMMON  THISTLE.)    Leaves  decuirent  on 
the  stem,  forming  prickly  lobed  wings,  pinnatifid,  rough  and  bristly  above, 
woolly  with  decidous  webby  hairs  beneath,  prickly;  flowers  purple.     @  —  Pas- 
tures and  road-sides,  everywhere,  at  the  North.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  oppressed ;  the  inner  ones  not  prickly :  filaments  hairy. 

-«-  Leaves  white-woolly  beneath,  and  sometimes  also  above :  outer  scales  of  the  involucre 

successively  shorter,  and  tipped  with  short  prickles. 

2.  C.  Pitclieri,  Torr.  &  Gr.    White-woolly  throughout,  low;  stem  stout, 
very  leafy  ;  leaves  all  pinnately  parted  into  rigid  narrowly  linear  and  elongated  divis- 
ions, with  revolute  margins ;  flowers  cream-color.     1). —  Sandy  shores  of  Lakes 
Michigan,  Huron,  and  Superior. 

3.  C.  ondulatum,    Spreng.     White-wootty  throughout,  low  and  stout, 
leafy ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  undulate-pinnatifid,  with  prickly 
lobes  ;  flowers  reddish-purple.      @  —  Islands  of  L.   Huron  and  Michigan ; 
thence  westward.    July. 

4.  C.  discolor,  Spreng.     Stem  grooved,  hairy,  branched,  leafy ;  leave$ 
att  deeply  pinnatifid,  sparingly  hairy  and  green  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  be- 
neath ;  the  diverging  lobes  2  -  3-deft,  linear-lanceolate,  prickly-pointed ;  flowers  pale 
purple,    d)  —  Meadows  and  copses;  not  uncommon.     Aug.  —  Plant  3° -6° 
high :  heads  1'  or  more  in  width. 

5.  C.  altissiiniBiii,  Spreng.     Stem  downy,  branching,  leafy  to  the  heads : 
leaves  roughish-hairy  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  oblong-lanceolate, 
sinuate-toothed,  undulate-pinnatifid,  or  undivided,  the  lobes  or  teeth  prickly,  those 
from  the  base  pinnatifid;  lobes  short,  tftong  or  triangular ;  flowers  chiefly  purpl •» 
1J.1  —  Fields  and  copses,  Penn.  to  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 
Plant  3°- 10°  high :  leaves  variable :  the  heads  much  as  in  the  last. 

C.  C,  Virgiiiifimim,  Michx.  Stem  woolly,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  the  branches  or  long  peduncles  naked:  leaves  lanceolate,  green  above 
whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  ciliate  with  prickly  bristles,  entire  or  sparingly 
8inuate-lobed,  sometimes  the  lower  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid ;  outer  scales  of  the 
involucre  scarcely  prickly ;  flowers  purple.  —  Woods  and  plains,  Virginia,  Ohio, 
and  southward.  July. — Plant  1°- 3°  high;  the  heads  seldom  more  than  half 
as  large  as  in  the  last. 

Var.  filipendullim.     Stem  stouter,  more  leafy,  corymbosely  branched 
above ;  the  heads  on  shorter  peduncles ;  leaves  pinnatifid ;  roots  tuberous,  en- 
larged below.     (C.  filipendulum,  Engelm.)  — Illinois  and  south  westward. 
+-  +-  Leaves  green  both  sides,  or  only  with  loose  webby  hairs  underneath :  scales  of  the 
involucre  scarcely  prickly-pointed. 

7.  C.  muticum,  Michx.     (SWAMP  THISTLE.)    Stem  tall  (3° -8°  high), 
angled,  smoothish,  panicled  at  the  summit,  the  branches  sparingly  leafy  and 
bearing  single  or  few  rather  large  naked  heads;  leaves  somewhat  hairy  above. 
20* 


234  COMPOSITE.     "COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

whitened  with  Icose  webby  hairs  beneath  when  young,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  divisions 
lanceolate,  acute,  cut-lobed,  prickly-pointed ;  scales  of  the  webby  and  glutinous  mw>- 
lucre  closely  appressed,  pointless  or  barely  mucronate;  flowers  purple.  }J. — 
Swamps  and  low  woods ;  common.  Aug. 

8.  C.  pumiliim,  Spreng.    (PASTURE  THISTLE.)    Stem  low  and  stout 
(l°-3°  high),  hairy,  bearing  1  -3  very  large  heads  (!£'  broad),  which  are  some- 
what leqfy-braeted  at  the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  green, 
somewhat  hairy,  pinnatifid,  with  short  ana  cut  very  prickly-margined  lobes;  outer 
scales  of  the  involucre  prickly-pointed,  the  inner  very  slender ;  flowers  purple  or 
rarely  white  (fragrant,  2'  long).     (2)  — Dry  fields,  Maine  to  Penn.,  near  the 
coast.    July. 

9.  C.  liorridulum,  Michx.     (YELLOW  THISTLE.)    Stem  stout  (l°-4° 
high),  webby-haired  when  young ;  leaves  partly  clasping,  green,  soon  smooth, 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  short  toothed  and  cut  lobes  very  spiny  with  yellowish 
prickles ;  heads  large  (!'  - 1£'  broad),  surrounded  at  the  base  by  an  involucrate  whorl 
of  leaf-like  and  very  prickly  bracts,  which  equal  or  exceed  the  narrow  and  unarmed 
scales  of  the  involucre ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  often  turning  purple  in  fading.  — 
Sandy  fields,  &c.,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 
June -Aug. 

*  #  #  Outer  scales  of  the  appressed  involucre  barely  prickly-pointed:  filaments  nearly 

smooth:  heads  imperfectly  dioecious. 

10  C.  ARVENSE,  Scop.  (CANADA  THISTLE.)  Low,  branched ;  roots  ex- 
tensively creeping;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  smooth,  or  slightly  woolly 
beneath,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  prickly-margined ;  heads  small  and  numerous ;  flow- 
ers rose-purple.  1J. —  Cultivated  fields  and  pastures;  common  at  the  North:  a 
most  troublesome  weed,  which  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  eradicate.  July,  Aug. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

68.    C  AUDIT  US,    Tourn.       PLUMELESS  THISTLE. 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  naked  (not  plumose),  merely  rough  or  denticulate. 
Otherwise  as  in  Cirsium.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  NtiTANS,  L.  (MusK  THISTLE.)  Leaves  decurrent,  sinuate,  spiny; 
heads  solitary,  drooping;  flowers  purple.  (2) —  Fields  near  Harrisburg,  Penn., 
Prof  Porter.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

69.    ONOP^RDON,    Vaill.        COTTON  THISTLE. 

Heads  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Cirsium.  Scales  of  the  involucre  coriaceous, 
tipped  with  a  lanceolate  prickly  appendage.  Keceptacle  deeply  honeycombed. 
Achenia  4-anj^led,  wrinkled  transversely.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  numerous, 
slender,  not  plumose,  united  at  the  base  into  a  horny  ring.  —  Coarse,  branching 
herbs,  with  the  stems  winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  lobed  and  toothed 
somewhat  prickly  leaves.  Heads  large  :  flowers  purple. 

1.  O.  ACANTHIUM,  L.  Stem  (2° -4°  high)  and  leaves  cotton-woolly;  scales 
linear-awl-shaped.  ©  —  Road-sides.  New  England.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  235 

7O.    L.APPA,    Tourn.        BURDOCK. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar.  Involucre  globular ; 
the  imbricated  scales  coriaceous  and  appressed  at  the  base,  tipped  with  an  abrupt 
and  spreading  awl-shaped  hook-pointed  appendage.  Receptacle  bristly.  Ache 
nia  oblong,  flattened,  wrinkled  transversely.  Pappus  short,  of  numerous  rough 
bristles,  not  united  at  the  base,  deciduous.  —  Coarse  biennial  weeds,  with  very 
large  unarmed  heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  the  lower  surface  somewhat 
woolly.  Heads  small,  solitary  or  clustered :  flowers  purple,  rarely  white. 
(Name  from  Xa$eii>,  to  lay  hold,  the  involucre  forming  a  hooked  bur  which  holds 
tenaciously  to  the  dress,  or  the  fleece  or°>nimals.) 

1.  Li.  MAJOR,  Gaertn.  (COMMON  f  IJRDOCK.)  Upper  leaves  ovate,  the 
lower  heart-shaped  ;  involucre  smoothish.  (Arctium  Lappa,  L.)  —  Waste 
places  in  rich  soil  and  around  dwellings.  —  A  variety  with  woolly  heads  (L. 
tomentosa,  Lam.),  rarely  with  pinnatifid  leaves,  is  occasionally  seen.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

SUBORDER  H    LIGUL.IFL.6mE.    (CICHORACE.E.) 

71.    I,  AM  PS  AN  A,    Tourn.        NIPPLE-WORT. 

Heads  8  -  12-flowered.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  8,  erect,  in  one 
row.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong.  Pappus  none.  —  Slender  branch- 
ing herbs,  with  angled  or  toothed  leaves,  and  loosely  panicled  small  heads : 
flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  \drrra>,  to  purge.  It  should  rather  be  Lapsana,  aa 
written  by  Linnaeus.) 

1.  !L.  COMMAS,  L.  Nearly  smooth ;  lower  leaves  ovate,  sometimes  lyre- 
shaped.  (J)  —  Road-sides,  near  Boston.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

72.    CICHORIUItt,    Tourn.        SUCCORY  or  CICHORY. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Involucre  double ;  the  outer  of  5  short  spreading 
scales,  the  inner  of  8-10  scales.  Achenia  striate.  Pappus  of  numerous  very 
small  chafly  scales,  forming  a  short  crown.  —  Branching  perennials,  with  deep 
roots ;  the  sessile  heads  2  or  3  together,  axillary  and  terminal.  Flowers  bright 
blue,  showy.  (Altered  from  the  Arabian  name  of  the  plant.) 

1.  €!.  INTYBUS,  L.  Stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  the 
lowest  runcinate,  those  of  the  rigid  flowering  branches  minute.  —  Road-sides ; 
common  near  the  coast,  especially  in  Mass.  July- Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

73.    KRIOIA,    Schreber.        DWARF  DANDELION. 

Heads  15- 20-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  in  about  2  rows. 
Achenia  top-shaped,  many-striate  or  angled.  Pappus  double ;  the  outer  of  5 
broad  and  rounded  chafly  scales  ;  the  inner  of  as  many  alternate  slender  bris- 
tles. —  Small  annuals  or  biennials,  branched  from  the  base ;  the  leaves  chiefly 
radical,  lyrate  or  toothed,  the  small  heads  terminating  the  naked  scapes  or 
branches.  Flowers  yellow.  (Named  after  D.  Krieg,  an  early  German  botani- 
cal collector  in  this  country.) 


236  COMPOSITE,    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

< 

I.  K.  Virs?inica,  Willd.  Stems  or  scapes  several,  forking  during  the 
season  (!'-  10'  high) ;  earlier  leaves  roundish,  entire,  the  others  narrower,  often 
pinnatifid. —  Var.  DICHOTOMA  is  a  branched  and  leafy  summer  state.  —  New 
England  to  Virginia  and  southward,  mostly  near  the  coast.  April  -  Aug. 

74.    C  if  NT  HI  A,    Don.        CYNTHIA. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  several,  somewhat  in  2  rows. 
Achenia  short,  striate.  Pappus  double;  the  outer  of  numerous  very  small 
chaffy  bristles ;  the  inner  of  numerous  capillary  elongated  bristles. — Low  pe- 
rennial herbs,  nearly  smooth  and  gl/  ,,ous,  with  scattered  or  radical  leaves; 
the  scapes  or  naked  peduncles  (often  istly  at  the  apex)  bearing  rather  showy 
single  heads.  Flowers  yellow.  (Pr  Gably  named  after  Mount  Cynthus.) 

1.  C»  Virginica,  Don.    Roots  fibrous ;  stem-leaves  1-2,  oblong  or  lance- 
olate-spatulate,  clasping,  mostly  entire ;  the  radical  ones  on  short  winged  peti- 
oles, often  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid ;  peduncles  2-5.  —  Moist  banks,  New  York 
to  Michigan  and  southward.    June.  —  Stem  1°  high,  or  more. 

2.  C.  Dandelion,  DC.    Scapes  leafless,  from  a  tuberous  root  (6' -15* 
high) ;  leaves  varying  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  few- 
lobed.  —  Moist  ground,  Maryland  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.    March  -July. 

75.    L.EONTODON,    L.,  Juss.        HAWKBIT.    FALL  DANDELION. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  but  with  several  bract- 
lets  at  the  base.  Achenia  spindle-shaped,  striate,  all  alike.  Pappus  persistent, 
composed  of  plumose  bristles  which  are  enlarged  and  flattened  towards  the  base. 
—  Low  and  stemless  perennials,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  root-leaves,  the  scapes 
bearing  one  or  more  yellow  heads.  (Name  from  XeW,  a  lion,  and  dSovy,  a  tooth, 
in  allusion  to  the  toothed  leaves.) — The  following  belongs  to  the  subgenus 
OpOKfNiA,  with  a  tawny  pappus  of  a  single  row  of  equal  bristles. 

1.  Li.  AUTUMNALE,  L.  (FALL  DANDELION.)  Leaves  more  or  less  pin- 
natifid ;  scape  branched ;  peduncles  thickened  at  the  summit  and  furnished  with 
small  scaly  bracts.  Meadows  and  road-sides ;  common  hi  E.  New  England 
Aug.  -  Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

76.    IIIERACITJM,    Tourn.        HAWKWEED. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated.  Achenia  oblong 
or  columnar,  striate,  not  beaked.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  tawny  fragile  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  single  or  pan- 
icled  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  fe'pa£,  a  hawk.) 

#  Heads  large  and  broad:  involucre  imbricated:  achenia  tapering  towards  the  base. 
1.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.  (CANADA  HAWKWEED.)  Stems  simple, 
leafy,  corymbed  at  the  summit  (l°-3°  high);  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely  and  very  coarsely  toothed,  somewhat  hairy,  the 
uppermost  slightly  clasping.  —  Dry  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  and 
northward.  Aug. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  287 

#  *  Heads  small :  involucre  cylindrical,  scarcely  imbricated. 

2.  II.   scab  ruin,  Michx.     (ROUGH  HAWKWEED.)     Stem  rather  stout 
(l°-3°  high),  leafy,  rough-hairy;  the  stiff  flexuous  panicle  at  first  racemose, 
at  length  rather  corymbose ;  the  thickish  peduncles  and  the  hoary  40  -  50-flow- 
ered  involucre  densely  clothed  with  dark  glandular  bristles ;  achenia  columnar,  not 
tapering  at  the  summit ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  hairy.  —  Dry  open 
woods ;  common,  especially  northward.     Aug. 

3.  H.  loiigipilum,  Torr.  (LONG-BEARDED  HAWKWEED.)  Stem  wand- 
like,  simple,  stout  (2° -3°  high),  very  leafy  towards  the  base,  naked  above,  and 
bearing  a  small  racemed  panicle ;  the  lower  portion  and  both  sides  of  the  ob- 
long-lanceolate or  spatulate  entire  leaves  thickly  clothed  with  very  long  and  upright 
bristles ;  peduncles  with  the  20  -  30-flowered  involucre  glandular-bristly ;  achenia 
spindle-shaped,  narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  Prairies,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and  west- 
ward.   Aug.  —  Heads  intermediate  between  the  last  and  the  next.    Bristles 
straight  and  even,  as  if  combed,  often  1'  long  ! 

4.  H.  Groiiovii,  L.     (HAIRY  HAWKWEED.)     Stem  wand-like,  mostly 
simple,  leafy  and  very  hairy  below,  naked  above  and  forming  a  long  and  narrow 
panicle ;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  nearly  entire,  hairy ;  the  slender  peduncles 
and  the  20  -  30-flowered  involucre  sparingly  glandular-bristly ;  achenia  spindle- 
shaped,  with  a  very  taper  summit.  —  Dry  sterile  soil ;  common,  especially  south- 
ward.   Aug.  —  Varies  from  l°-4°  high;  with  small  heads  and  almost  beaked 
fruit,  which  well  distinguishes  the  largest  forms  from  No.  2,  and  the  smallest 
naked-stemmed  states  from  the  next. 

5.  II.  venosuin,  L.     (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.)     Stem  or  scape  naked  or 
with  a  single  leaf,  smooth  and  slender,  forking  above  into  a  spreading  loose  corymb  ; 
root-leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  nearly  entire,  scarcely  petioled,  thin  and  pale, 
purplish  and  glaucous  underneath  (often  hairy  along  the  midrib),  marked  with 
purple  veins ;  peduncles  very  slender ;  involucre  20-flowered ;  achenia  linear,  not 
tapering  above.  —  Var.  SUBCAULESCENS  has  the  stem  more  or  less  leafy  next 
the  base.  —  Dry  plains  and  pine  woods ;  common.  —  Plant  1°  -  2°  high. 

6.  H.  paniculatum,  L.     (PANICLED    HAWKWEED.)     Stem   slender, 
leafy,  diffusely  branched,  hairy  below  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  slightly  toothed,  smooth ;  heads  (very  small)  in  a  loose  panicle,  on  slen- 
der diverging  peduncles,  \2-2Q-jlowered;  achenia  short,  not  tapering  at  the  sum- 
mit. —  Open  woods  ;  rather  common. 

77.    NABALdUS,    Cass.        RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. 

Heads  few  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5  to  14  linear  scales  in 
a  single  row,  and  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Achenia  linear-oblong,  stri- 
ate  or  grooved,  not  contracted  at  the  apex.  Pappus  of  copious  straw-color  or 
brownish  roughish  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright  leafy  stems 
arising  from  spindle-shaped  (extremely  bitter)  tubers,  very  variable  leaves,  and 
racemose-panicled  mostly  nodding  heads.  Flowers  greenish-white  or  cream- 
color,  often  tinged  with  purple.  (Name  probably  from  vo/3Xa,  a  harp,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  lyrate  leaves  which  these  plants  sometimes  present.)  Species  of 
Prenanthes,  L. 


238  COMPOSITE.    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

*  Involucre  smooth  or  nearly  so,  5  -  12-flowered. 

1.  HT.    ;ilbus,    Hook.      (WHITE     LETTUCE.      RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.) 
Smooth  and  glaucous   (2° -4°  high)  ;  stem  corymbose-panicled  at  the  summit: 
leaves  angulate  or  triangular-halberd-form,  sinuate-toothed,  or  3-5-cleft;  the 
uppermost  oblong  and  undivided;  involucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scales,  8-12- 
flowered;  pappus  deep  cinnamon-color. — Var.  SERPENTARIA  is  a  form  with  deep- 
ly divided  leaves,  their  margins  often  rough-ciliate.  — Borders  of  woods,  in  rich 
soil ;  common,  especially  northward.    Aug.  —  Stouter  and  more  corymbed  than 
the  next,  with  thickish  leaves  and  often  purplish  branches.    Heads  £'  long. 

2.  N.  altissimus,  Hook.     (TALL  WHITE  LETTUCE.)     Smooth;  stein 
tall  and  slender  (3° -6°  high) ;  the  heads  in  small  axillary  and  terminal  loose 
clusters  forming  a  long  and  uxmd-like  leafy  panicle ;  leaves  membranaceous,  all 
petioled,  ovate,  heart-shaped  or  triangular,  and  merely  toothed  or  cleft,  with 
naked  or  winged  petioles,  or  frequently  3  -  5-parted,  with  the  divisions  entire  or 
again  cleft;  involucre  slender  (greenish),  of  5  scales,  5 - b-flowered ;  pappus  dirty 
white,  or  pale  straw-color.  —  Rich  moist  woods ;  common,  especially  northward. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  N.  Fraseri,   DC.     (LION'S-FOOT.     GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.)     Nearly 
smooth ;  stem  corymbose-panicled  at  the  summit  (l°-4°  high) ;  leaves  mostly  del- 
toid, roughish ;  the  lower  variously  3  -  7-lobed,  on  margined  petioles ;  the  upper 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  nearly  sessile ;  involucre  (greenish  or  pur- 
plish, sometimes  slightly  bristly)  of  about  8  scales,  8 -12-flowered;  pappus  dull 
straw-color.  —  Varies  greatly  in  foliage:  the  var.  INTEGRIF6LIU8  has  the  thick- 
ish leaves  all  undivided  and  merely  toothed.  —  Dry  sandy  or  sterile  soil,  S.  New 
England  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Sept. 

4.  N.  11  ail  US,  DC.     Smooth;  stem  low  and  simple   (5' -10'  high.);  tne 
heads  in  axillary  clusters  forming  a  narrow  racemed  panicle ;  leaves  triangular- 
halberd-shaped  and  very  variously  lobed  or  cleft,  on  slender  petioles ;  involucre 
(livid)  10  -  13-Jlowered,  of  about  8  proper  scales  and  several  very  short  bract-like  ones, 
which  are  triangular-ovate  and  appressed ;   pappus   dark   straw-color.  —  Alpine 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and  Mount  Marcy,  New 
York.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

5.  HT.  Bodttii,  DC.     Stem  simple,  dwarf  (5' -6'  high),  pubescent  at  the 
summit ;  the  heads  in  an  almost  simple  raceme ;  lowest  leaves  halberd-shaped 
or  heart-shaped,  the  middle  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  tapering 
into  a  margined  petiole;  involucre  (livid)  10 - 1  8-fiowered,  of  10-15  very  obtuse 
proper  scales,  and  several  linear  and  loose  exterior  ones  nearly  half  the  length  of  the 
former ;  pappus   straw-color.  —  Higher  alpine  summits   of  the   mountains   of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  N.  New  York.    Aug. 

6.  N.    virgatus,    DC.      (SLENDER    RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.)      Smooth, 
slightly  glaucous;  stem  very  simple  (2° -4°  high) ;  produced  above  into  a  naked 
and  slender  spiked  raceme  (l£°-2°  long),  the  heads  clustered  and  mostly  unilat- 
eral ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts,  the 
lower  tbothed  or  pinnatifid;  involucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scales,  8-  12-Jloivered ; 
pappus  straw-color.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward    Sept. 


COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.)  289 

#  #  Involucre  12  -  40-Jiowered,  hairy,  as  well  as  the  peduncles. 

7.  N.  raceindsus,  Hook.    Stem  wand-like,  simple  (2° -5°  high),  smooth, 
as  well  as  the  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate  denticulate  leaves ;  the  lower  tapering 
into  winged  petioles  (rarely  cut-pinnatifid),  the  upper  partly  clasping;  heads  in 
clusters  crowded  in  a  long  and  narrow  interruptedly  spiked  panicle ;  involucre  about 
12-flowered;  pappus  straw-color. — Plains,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
Also  Hackensack  marshes,  New  Jersey.    Sept.  —  Flowers  flesh-color. 

8.  N.  Stsper,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Stem  wand-like,  simple  (2° -4°  high),  rough- 
pubescent,  as  well  as  the  oval-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate  toothed  leaves ;  heads 
in  small  clusters  (mostly  erect)  disposed  in  a  long  and  narrow  compound  raceme ; 
involucre  12-14-jlowered;  pappus  straw-color.  —  Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Sept.  —  Flowers  larger  than  No.  7,  cream-color. 

9.  IV.  crepidineus,  DC.    Somewhat  smooth ;  stem  stout  (5°  -8°  high), 
bearing  numerous  nodding  heads  in  loose  clusters  on  the  corymbose-panicled 
branches ;  leaves  large    (6'  - 12'  long),  broadly  triangular-ovate  or  halberd-formt 
strongly  toothed,  contracted  into  winged  petioles;  involucre  20 - 40-Jlowered ; 
pappus  brown.  —  Rich  soil,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.    Sept.  —  Involucre 
blackish ;  flowers  cream-color. 

78.    TKOXIMOJV,    Nutt.        TKOXIMON. 

Head  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, pointed,  loosely  imbricated  in  1  or  3  rows.  Aclienia  smooth,  10-ribbed, 
not  beaked.  Pappus  longer  than  the  achenium,  wi'  ">f  ^ious  and  unequal 
rather  rigid  capillary  bristles,  some  of  the  larger  gradually  thickened  towards 
the  base.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  linear  elongated  tufted  root-leaves,  and  a  sim- 
ple naked  scape.  Heads  solitary,  large :  flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  Tpo>£ofiat, 
to  eat,  first  applied  to  a  plant  with  an  edible  root.) 

1.  T.  cuspidftium,  Pursh.  Leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to 
a  sharp  point,  woolly  on  the  margins  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  sharp- 
pointed. —  Prairies,  Wisconsin  (Lapham)  and  westward.  April,  May. 

TO.    TARAXACUM,    Haller.        DANDELION. 

Head  many-flowered.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  short  scales ;  the  inner 
of  long  linear  scales,  erect  in  a  single  row.  Achenia  oblong,  ribbed,  and  rough- 
ened on  the  ribs,  the  apex  prolonged  into  a  very  slender  thread-like  beak,  bear- 
ing the  pappus  of  copious  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
producing  a  tuft  of  pinnatifid  or  runcinate  radical  leaves,  and  slender  naked 
hollow  scapes,  bearing  a  single  large  head  of  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from 
Tapao-0-w,  to  disquiet  or  disorder,  in  allusion  to  its  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  T.  Dens-lednis,  Desf.  (COMMON  DANDELION.)  Smooth,  or  at 
first  pubescent ;  outer  involucre  reflexed.  —  Pastures  and  fields  everywhere : 
probably  indigenous  in  the  North.  April-  Sept.  — After  blossoming,  the  inner 
involucre  closes,  the  slender  beak  elongates  and  raises  up  the  pappus  while  the 
fruit  is  forming,  the  whole  involucre  is  then  reflexed,  exposing  to  the  wind  the 
naked  fruits,  with  the  paopus  displayed  in  an  open  globular  head.  (Eu.l 


240  COMPOSITE.     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY.) 

§O.    PYRRHOPAPPUS,    DC.       FALSE  DANDELION. 

Heads,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Taraxacum ;  the  soft  pappus  reddish  or  rusty-color, 
and  with  a  villous  ring  at  the  top  of  the  long  beak.  —  Mostly  annual  or  biennial 
herbs,  often  branching  and  leafy-stemmed.  Heads  solitary,  pretty  large,  termi- 
nating the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Flowers  deep  yellow. 
(Name  composed  of  irvppos,  flame-colored,  and  iraniros,  pappus.) 

1.  P.  Carol  ill  i;mus,  DC.  Stem  branching  below  (l°-2°  high), 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  cut,  or  pinnatifid,  the  stem-leaves  partly 
clasping.  —  Sandy  fields,  from  Maryland  southward.  April  -July. 

81.    liACTtlCA,    Tourn.       LETTUCE. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  sets 
of  unequal  lengths.  Achenia  flat  (compressed  parallel  to  the  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre), abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  thread-form  beak,  bearing  a  copious  and 
fugacious  pappus  of  very  soft  and  white  capillary  bristles.  —  Leafy-stemmed 
herbs,  with  panicled  heads;  the  flowers  of  variable  color.  (The  ancient  name 
of  the  Lettuce,  L.  saliva;  from  lac,  milk,  in  allusion  to  the  milky  juice.) 

1.  lt»  elongata,  Muhl.     (WILD  LETTUCE.)     Stem  tall  and  stout  (2°- 
9°  high,  hollow) ;  leaves  partly  clasping,  pale  beneath ;  the  upper  lanceolate 
and  entire ;  the  lower  runcinate-pinnatifid ;  heads  in  a  long  and  narrow  naked 
panicle ;  achenia  oval ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  varying  to  purple.  —  Varies  greatly ; 
the  leading  form  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  long  leaves:  —  the  var.  INTEGRI- 
F6LIA  is  mostly  smooth,  with  the  leaves  nearly  all  entire,  and  the  flowers  yel- 
low or  bluish  (L.  integrifolia,  Bigel.) :  —  the  var.  SANGU^NEA  is  smaller,  mostly 
hairy,  and  with  runcinate  leaves,  and  the  flowers  very  variously  colored  (L.  san- 
guinea,  Bigel.).  — Rich  damp  soil,  borders  of  thickets,  &c.    July- Sept. 

82.    MULGEDIUM,    Cass.        FALSE  or  BLUE  LETTUCE. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre,  &c.  as  in  Lactuca.  Achenia  laterally 
compressed,  striate  or  ribbed,  the  summit  contracted  into  a  short  and  thick  beak 
or  neck,  of  the  same  texture,  expanded  at  the  apex  into  a  ciliate  disk,  which 
bears  a  copious  rather  deciduous  pappus  of  soft  capillary  bristles. — Leafy- 
stemmed  herbs,  with  the  general  aspect  and  foliage  of  Lactuca.  Heads  racemed 
or  panicled ;  the  flowers  chiefly  blue.  (Name  from  mulgeo,  to  milk.) 
#  Pappus  bright  white :  flowers  blue. 

1  Iff.  acuminatum,  DC.  Smooth,  panicled  above  (3° -6°  high); 
stem-leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  merely  tooilied,  sometimes  hairy  on 
the  midrib  beneath,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  winged  petiole ;  the  lowest 
often  sinuate ;  heads  loosely  panicled.  @  —  Borders  of  thickets,  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Probably  only  a  state  of  the  next. 

2.  Iff.  Florid  a  11  ll  ill,  DC.     Nearly  smooth  (3° -6°  high);  leaves  allly- 
rate  or  runcinate,  the  divisions  sharply  toothed  ;  heads  in  a  loose  compound  pan- 
icle.    @  — Varies  with  the  upper  leaves  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  &c.  — 
Rich  soil,  Virginia  and  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug. 


LOBELIACEJ3.      (LOBELIA    FAMILY.)  241 

#  *  Pappus  tawny :  corolla  pale  blue,  or  cream-color  turning  bluish. 
3.  M".  leucoph&lim,  DC.    Nearly  smooth ;  stem  tall  (3° -12°  high), 
very  leafy ;  leaves  irregularly  pinnatifid,  sometimes  runcinate,  coarsely  toothed, 
the  uppermost  often  undivided ;  heads  in  a  large  and  dense  compound  panicle 
@  — Low  grounds  ;  common.    Aug.  —  Lower  leaves  often  1°  long. 

M.  PULCHELLUM,  Nutt.,  of  the  plains  of  the  Northwest,  is  to  be  expected  in 
Wisconsin. 

83.    SON  CHITS,    L.        SOW-THISTLE. 

Heads  many-flowered,  becoming  tumid  at  the  base.  Involucre  more  or  less 
imbricated.  Achenia  flattened  laterally,  ribbed  or  striate,  not  beaked.  Pappus 
copious,  of  very  white  exceedingly  soft  and  fine  capillary  bristles. — Leafy- 
stemmed  weeds,  chiefly  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  corymbed  or  umbellate 
heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

*  Annual :  flowers  pale  yellow. 

1.  S.  OLERACEUS,  L.     (COMMON  SOW-THISTLE.)     Stem-leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  or  rarely  undivided,  slightly  toothed  with  soft  spiny  teeth,  clasping 
by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  auricles  acute ;  involucre  downy  when  young ;  acke- 
nia  striate,  wrinkled  transversely.  —  Waste  places  in  manured  soil  and  around 
dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  ASPER,  Vill.     (SPINY-LEAVED  SOW-THISTLE.)     Stem-leaves  mostly 
undivided,  conspicuously  spiny-toothed,  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base  round- 
ed ;  achenia  margined,  3-nerved  on  each  side,  smooth.  —  Waste  places,  like  the  last, 
and  much  resembling  it.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial:  flowers  bright  yellow.     (Heads  large.) 

3.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (CORN  SOW-THISTLE.)    Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid, 
spiny-toothed,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  auricles  obtuse ;  peduncles 
and  involucre  bristly;   achenia  transversely  wrinkled  on    the    ribs. — Essex 
County,  Massachusetts,  Staten  Island,  and  New  Jersey:  rare.    Sept.     (Adv 
from  Eu.) 

ORDER  60.    LOBELIACE^E.     (LOBELIA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers,  an  irregular 
monopetalous  5-lobed  corolla  split  down  to  the  base  on  one  side :  the  5  stamens 
free  from  the  corolla,  and  united  into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and 
always  by  their  anthers.  —  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  many-seeded  pod. 
Style  1 :  stigma  fringed.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  straight  embryo, 
in  copious  albumen.  —  A  family  of  acrid  poisonous  plants,  represented  only 
by  the  genus 

1.    LOBELIA,   L.       LOBELIA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.     Corolla  with  a  straight  tube,  split  down  on 
the  upper  side,  somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect  lobes,  the 
lower  spreading  and  3-cleft.     Two  of  the  anthers  in  our  species  bearded  at  the 
21 


242  LOBELIACE^E.       (LOBELIA    FAMILY.) 

top.     Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  top.  —  Flowers  axillary  of 
chiefly  in  bracted  racemes.     (Dedicated  to  Label,  an  early  Flemish  herbalist.) 
#  Flowers  deep  red,  large :  stem  simple. 

1.  Li.    cardinajis,    L.      (CARDINAL-FLOWER.)      Tall  (2° -4°  high), 
smoothish ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed ;  raceme  elongated,  rather 
1 -sided;  the  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts. — Low  grounds; 
common.    July -Oct. — Perennial  by  offsets,  with  large  and  very  showy  in- 
tensely red  flowers,  —  rarely  varying  to  rose-color!   (Plymouth,  Mr.  Gilbert), 
or  even  to  white ! 

*  *  Flowers  blue,  or  blue  variegated  with  white. 

•*-  Stems  leafy  to  the  top,  simple  (l°-3°  high) :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate: 
sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  conspicuous  deflexed  auricles :  Jlowers  crowded  in  a  long 
spike  or  dense  raceme. 

2.  li.  syptlilitica,  L.    (GREAT  LOBELIA.)    Somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  thin, 
acute  at  both  ends  (2' -6'  long),  irregularly  serrate;  flowers  (nearly  1'  long)  pedi- 
celled,  longer  than  the  leafy  bracts ;  calyx  hirsute,  the  lobes  half  the  length  of 
the  corolla,  the  short  tube  hemispherical,     y. — Low  grounds;  common.    Aug., 
Sept.  —  Flowers  light  blue,  rarely  white. 

3.  L*.  pnbemla,  Michx.     Finely  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  thickish,  obtuse  (!'- 
2'  long),  with  small  glandular  teeth;  spike  rather  1-sided;  calyx-lobes  (and  ovate 
bracts)  little  shorter  than  the  corolla,  the  hairy  tube  top-shaped,     ty — Moist  grounds, 
New  Jersey  to  Ohio  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Corolla  bright  blue,  £'  long. 

4.  l<«  leptopstacliys,  A.  DO.     Smooth  above;  leaves  obtuse,  denticulate, 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  awl-shaped  bracts ;  raceme 
spike-like,  long  and  dense ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  the 
auricles  in  the  form  of  10  awl-shaped  appendages  as  long  as  the  hemispherical  tube. 
U  —  Sandy  soil,  Illinois  and  southward.    July,  Aug.  —  Corolla  3"  -  4"  long. 
••-  H-  Stems  leafy,  mostly  simpk  (l°-2£°  Ugh) :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late: calyx-tube  hemispherical,  the  sinuses  destitute  of  auricles :  Jlowers  pretty  large 
($'-!'  long)  and  showy,  in  a  loose  nearly  l-sided  raceme:  anthers  sometimes  beard- 
ed on  the  back. 

5.  !L.  glandllldsa,  Walt.     Sparingly  hairy  or  pubescent ;  leaves,  bracts, 
and  usually  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  strongly  glandular-toothed;  calyx-tube  densely 
hispid,  rarely  sparsely  so,  or  smoothish.     U — Moist  places,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.   Aug.,  Sept. 

6.  Jit.  amoena,  Michx.     Glabrous   (rarely  minutely  pubescent)  ;  leaves 
and  bracts  scarcely  glandular-toothed ;  calyx-lobes  entire  and  slender.    1J. —  Shady 
moist  places,  Virginia  and  southward.     Sept. 

1    —  -H-  *-  Stems  leafy :  calyx-tube  ovoid  or  tapering  to  an  acute  base,  no  auricles  or  ap- 
pendages at  the  sinuses:  Jlowers  small  (&'-%'  long),  racemed. 
**  Paniculately  much  branched:  racemes  leafy :  root  annual  or  biennial. 

7.  L..  inflata,  L.     (INDIAN  TOBACCO.)     Somewhat  pubescent  (9'-18' 
high) ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  equalling 
the  corolla  (2" -3"  long),  the  tube  and  the  inflated  pod  ovoid.  — D*y  open  soil ; 
common.    July  -  Sept.  —  A  virulent  poison  and  quack  medicine. 


CAMPANULACEJC.   (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.)        243 

**  «-i  Simple  or  sparingly  panicled,  slender :  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  upper 
reduced  to  linear  or  awl-shaped  bracts :  root  perennial  or  biennial. 

8.  li»  spicala,  Lam.    Minutely  pubescent;  stem  wand-like,  simple  (1°- 
3°  high) ;  stem-leaves  obovate-  or  lanceolate-oblong ;  raceme  long  and  spike-like,  com- 
monly dense.     (L.  Claytoniana,  Michx.)  — Dry  grounds,  Massachusetts  to  Wis- 
consin, and  southward.    Aug. — Flowers  pale  blue. 

9.  L,.  Nllttallii,  Kcem.  &  Sch.     Stem  very  slender  (l°-2°  high),  minute- 
ly roughened,  mostly  simple ;  root-leaves  obovate ;  those  of  the  stem  oblong-linear ; 
flowers  loosely  scattered  in  a  small  wand-like  raceme ;  the  thread-form  pedicels 
longer  than  the  bract,  shorter  than  the  flower,  usually  with  minute  bractlets  near  the 
base ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  short,  awl-shaped.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Long  Island,  New 
Jersey,  and  southward.    July  -  Sept.     Much  resembles  the  next. 

10.  It.  Itfiliuii,  L.     Stem  slender,  branching  (4' -18' high),  smooth;  root- 
leaves  oblong-spatulate ;  those  of  the  stem  linear ;  raceme  loose,  few-flowered ;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  linear  leaf-like  bracts,  longer  than  the  flower,  with  2  minute  bract- 
lets  above  the  middle.  —  Damp  limestone  rocks  and  banks,  W.  New  England  to 
Wisconsin  along  the  Great  Lakes.    July  -  Sept. 

4-  t-  •«-  •*-  Stem  simple  and  nearly  leafless,  except  at  or  near  the  base :  flowers  in  a 
simple  loose  raceme :  leaves  fleshy :  calyx-tube  acute  at  the  base ;  auricles  none. 

11.  JL«  paludlosa,  Nutt.    Nearly  smooth ;  stem  slender  (l°-2^°  high); 
leaves  thickish  but  flat,  scattered  near  the  base,  linear-spatulate  or  oblong-linear,  den- 
ticulate, mostly  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  bearded  in  the 
middle.     1J.  — Bogs,  Delaware  and  southward.  —  Flowers  £'  long,  light  blue. 

12.  JL.  I>ortmaima,  L.      (WATER  LOBELIA.)      Very  smooth;  scape 
thickish  (5'  - 12'  high) ,  few-flowered ;  leaves  all  tufted  at  the  root,  linear,  terete,  hollow, 
with  a  partition  lengthwise,,  sessile ;  lower  lip  of  the  pale-blue  corolla  slightly 
hairy.     1|. — Borders  of  ponds,  New  York,  New  England,  and  northward.    July 
-  Sept.  — Flowers  £'  -  §'  long.     Summit  of  the  pod  free  from  the  calyx.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  61.     CAMPANULACE^E.     (CAMPANULA  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers ;  the  calyx 
adherent  to  the  ovary ;  the  regular  5-lobed  corolla  bell-shaped,  valvate  in  the 
bud;  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla  and  usually  distinct. —  Style  1,  be- 
set with  collecting  hairs  above :  stigmas  2  or  more.  Pod  2  -  several-celled, 
many-seeded.  Seed  small,  anatropous,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen.  —  Flowers  generally  blue  and  showy.  —  Sparingly  represented 
in  America,  in  the  Northern  States  by  only  two  genera. 

1.    CAMPANULA,    Tourn.        BELLFLOWER. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  generally  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  separate, 
the  filaments  broad  and  membranaceous  at  the  base.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the 
pod  3  in  our  species,  the  short  pod  opening  on  the  sides  by  as  many  valves  or 
holes.  —  Herbs  with  terminal  or  axillary  flowers.  (A  diminutive  of  the  Italian 
campana,  a  bell,  from  the  shape  of  the  corolla.) 


244  CAMPANULACE.fi.       (CAMPANULA   FAMILY.) 

#  Flowers  panided  (or  rarely  solitary),  long-peduncled :  pods  nodding. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia,   L.     (HAREBELL.)      Slender,  branching   (5'-12- 
high),  1  -10-flowerecl;  root-leaves  round-heart-shaped  or  ovate,  mostly  toothed  or 
crenate,  long-petioled,  early  withering  away ;  stem-leaves-  numerous,  linear  or  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  entire,  smooth ;  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped,  varying  from  £  to  §  the 
length  of  the  bright-blue  corolla,     1J. — Rocky  shaded  banks;  common  north- 
ward, and  along  the  mountains.    July.  —  A  delicate  and  pretty,  but  variable 
species,  with  a  most  inappropriate  name,  since  the  round  root-leaves  are  rarely 
conspicuous.     Corolla  £'  - f  long.     (Eu.) 

Var.  liiiifolia.  Stems  more  upright  and  rather  rigid ;  the  lowest  leaves 
varying  from  heart-shaped  to  ovate-lanceolate ;  corolla  §'-!'  long.  (C.  linifo- 
lia,  Lam.)  —  Shore  of  Lake  Huron,  Lake  Superior,  and  northwestward.  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  aparinoides,    Pursh.      (MARSH  BELLFLOWER.)      Stem  simple 
and  slender,  weak  (8' -20' high),  few-flowered,  somewhat  3-angled,  rough  back- 
wards on  the  angles,  as  are  the  slightly  toothed  edges  and  midrib  of  the  linear-lance- 
olate leaves ;  peduncles  diverging,  slender ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  half  the 
length  of  the  bell-shaped  (nearly  white)  corolla.     IJ.1?  (C.  erinoides,  Muhl.)  — 
Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  among  high  grass.    July.  — Plant  with  somewhat  the 
habit  of  a  Galium ;  the  corolla  barely  $'  long. 

3.  €5.  divaricata,  Michx.     Very  smooth;  stem  loosely  branched  (1°- 
3°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed; 
flowers  numerous  on  the  branches  of  the  large  compound  panicle,  calyx-lobes  awl- 
shaped,  about  half  the  length  of  the  pale-blue  small  (^')  corolla;  style  protruded. 
1J. — Dry  woods  and  rocks,  mountains  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 
July  -  Sept. 

*  #=  Fiowers  numerous,  nearly  sessile,  crowded  in  a  long  more  or  less  leafy  spike: 
corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  deeply  5-lobed :  pods  erect. 

4.  C.  Americana,   L.     (TALL  BELLFLOWER.)     Stem  mostly  simple 
(3° -6°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrate,  mostly 
on  margined  petioles,  thin,  somewhat  hairy  (2^' -6'  long);  the  slender  style 
protruded  and  curved.     1J.  —  Moist  rich  soil,  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.    July.  —  Spike  l°-2°  long.     Corolla  blue,  1'  broad. 

C.  MEDIUM,  L.,  the  CANTERBURY  BELLS,  and  some  other  species,  are  com- 
mon in  gardens.  C.  GLOMERATA,  L.,  has  escaped  from  gardens  at  Danvers, 
Mass. 


2.    SPECUL.ARIA,    Heist.        VENUS'S  LOOKING-GXASS. 

Calyx  5-  (or  3 -4-)  lobed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  sep- 
arate ;  the  membranaceous  hairy  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas 
3.  Pod  prismatic  or  elongated-oblong,  3-celled,  opening  by  6  small  lateral 
valves.  —  Low  annuals ;  the  lower  flowers  in  the  American  species  (§  TRIODAL- 
LUS,  Raf.)  fruiting  precociously  in  the  bud,  without  expanding  their  imperfect 
corolla.  (Name  from  Speculum  Veneris,  the  early  name  of  the  common  Euro- 
pean spepies.) 


ERICACEJS.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  245 

2.  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.  Somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  roundish  or  ovate, 
clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed;  flowers  sessile,  solitary  or  2-3  to- 
gether in  the  axils ;  the  upper  and  later  ones  only  with  a  conspicuous  expanding 
(purple-blue)  corolla ;  pod  oblong,  opening  rather  below  the  middle. — Dry  hills 
or  open  fields ;  common.  May  -  Aug. 

ORDER  62.    ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  sometimes  herbs,  with  the  flowers  regular  or  nearly  so:  the  stan*ent 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  4  —  5-lobed  or  4^  —  5-petalled  corolla,  free 
from  but  inserted  with  it:  anthers  2-celled,  commonly  apper«*aged  or  open- 
ing by  terminal  chinks  or  pores :  style  1 :  ovary  3  -  10-celled.  Seeds  small, 
anatropous.  Embryo  small,  or  sometimes  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A 
large  family,  very  various  in  many  of  the  characters,  comprising  four  well- 
marked  suborders,  as  follows  :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    VACCINIEJS.    THE  WHORTLEBERRY  FAMILY. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  an  edible  berry  or  berry- 
like  fruit,  crowned  with  the  short  calyx-teeth.  Anthers  2-parted.  Pollen 
compound  (of  4  united  grains).  —  Shrubs  or  somewhat  woody  plants,  with 
scaly  buds. 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA.    Ovary  8-10-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.     Fruit  a  berried 

drupe  with  8-10  small  nutlets. 

2.  YACCINIUM.    Berry  4  -  6-celled  (or  imperfectly  8  -10-celled  by  false  partitions),  many- 

seeded.    Anther-cells  tapering  upward  into  a  tube. 

8.  CHIOGENES.    Berry  4-celled,  many-seeded,  its  summit  free.    Anther-cells  not  prolonged 
into  a  tube,  but  each  2-pointed. 

SUBORDER  II.    ERICINE^E.    THE  PROPER  HEATH  FAMILY. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  monopetalous,  or  rarely  nearly  or 
quite  polypetalous,  hypogynous.  Pollen  of  4  united  grains.  —  Shrubs  or 
email  trees. 

TRIBE  I.    ARBTJTE^E.    Fruit  indehiscent,  a  berry  or  drupe.    Corolla  deciduous. 
4.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.    Corolla  urn-shaped.    Drupe  berry-like,  5  -  10-seeded. 
TEIBE  II.    AJVDROMEDE^E.    Fruit  a  pod  opening  loculicidally.    Corolla  deciduous. 

*  Anthers  upright  in  the  bud,  the  cells  opening  lengthwise.    Corolla  salver-shaped. 
6.  EPIGJBA.    Calyx  of  5  separate  dry  and  pointed  sepals.    Anthers  not  appendaged. 
*  *  Anthers  upright  in  the  bud,  opening  only  at  the  top.    Corolla  monopetalous,  either  glob- 
ular, urn-shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  cylindrical. 
*-  Calyx  enlarged  and  berry-like  hi  fruit. 

6.  GAULTIIEIUA.    Calyx  5-cleft,  hi  fruit  enclosing  the  small  many -seeded  pod.    Anthers  4- 

awned  at  the  top. 

«-  «-  Calyx  dry,  not  becoming  fleshy  after  flowering. 

7.  LEUCOTHOE.    Calyx  imbricated  hi  the  bud.    Corolla  cylindraceous,  6-toothed.    Pod  de- 

pressed, 6-lobed,  the  valves  entire. 

8.  CASSANDRA.    Calyx  imbricated.    Corolla  cyliadraceous,  6-toothed.    Pod  splitting  when 

ripe  into  an  outer  and  inner  layer,  the  inner  of  10  valves. 
21* 


246  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

9.  CASSIOPE.    Calyx  imbricated.     Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4-5-cleft.     Pod 
globular-ovoid,  4  -  6-valved,  the  valves  Z-cleft. 

10.  ANDROMEDA.    Calyx  valvate  and  very  early  open  in  the  bud.    Pod  globular.    Beeds 

mostly  hanging. 

11.  OXYDENDRUM.    Calyx  valvate  and  opening  early  in  the  bud.    Pod  oblong-pyramidal. 

Seeds  all  ascending. 

•  *  *  Anthers  turned  over  outwardly  hi  the  bud,  afterwards  upright ;  the  cells  opening  only 
by  a  hole  at  the  top.    Corolla  of  5  separate  petals. 

12.  QLETHRA.    Sepals  5.    Stamens  10.    Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.    Pod  3-valved. 

TRIBE  HI.    RHODOREJE.    Fruit  a  pod  opening  septicidally.    Corolla  deciduous 

*  Anther-cells  opening  by  a  pore  at  the  top. 

1-  Flowers  not  from  scaly  buds  ;  the  bracts  leaf-like  or  coriaceous. 
18.  PHYLLODOCE.    Corolla  ovate  or  urn-shaped.    Leaves  narrow  and  heath-like. 
14.  KALMIA.    Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped,  with  10  pouches.    Leaves  broad. 

«-  «-  Flowers  developed  from  large  scaly  buds,  the  scales  or  bracts  caducous. 
16.  MENZIESIA.    Corolla  globular-bell-shaped,  4-toothed.    Stamens  8.    Leaves  deciduous. 

16.  AZALEA.    Corolla  open  funnel-form,  5-lobed.    Stamens  6.    Leaves  deciduous. 

17.  RHODODENDRON.     Corolla  bell-shaped  or  short  funnel-form,  5-lobed.     Stamens  10. 

Leaves  evergreen. 

18.  RHODORA.    Corolla  irregular,  ringent,  two  of  the  petals  nearly  separate  from  the  rest 

Stamens  10.    Leaves  deciduous. 

19.  LEDUM.    Corolla  regular,  of  6  nearly  distinct  petals.    Leaves  evergreen. 

*  *  Anther -cells  opening  lengthwise.    Buds  not  scaly.    Leaves  evergreen. 

20.  LOISELEURIA.    Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.    Stamens  5,  included. 

21.  LEIOPHYLLUM.    Corolla  of  6  separate  petals.    Stamens  10,  exserted. 

SUBORDER  HI.    PYROLE^.    THE  PYROLA  FAMILY. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  petals.  Pollen,  &c. 
as  in  the  preceding.  Seeds  with  a  very  loose  and  translucent  cellular  cov- 
ering much  larger  than  the  nucleus.  —  Nearly  herbaceous ;  with  evergreen 
foliage. 

22.  PYROLA.    Flowers  in  a  raceme.    Petals  not  spreading.    Filaments  awl-shaped :  anthen 

scarcely  2-horned.    Style  long.    Valves  of  the  pod  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

28.  MONESES.  Flower  single.  Petals  widely  spreading.  Filaments  not  dilated  in  the  mid* 
die :  anthers  conspicuously  2-horned.  Style  straight,  exserted :  stigmas  6,  radiate. 
Valves  of  the  pod  smooth  on  the  edges. 

24.  CHIMAPHILA.  Flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled.  Petals  widely  spreading.  Filaments 
dilated  in  the  middle.  Style  very  short  and  top-shaped,  covered  by  a  broad  and  or- 
bicular stigma.  Valves  of  the  pod  smooth  on  the  edges. 

SUBORDER  IV.    MONOTROPE^.    THE  INDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Suborders  II.  or  III.,  but  the  plants  herbaceous  and 
entirely  destitute  of  green  foliage,  and  with  the  aspect  of  Beechdrops. 
Seeds  as  in  Suborder  III.  Pollen  simple. 

*  Corolla  monopetalous :  anthers  2-cellod. 

26.  PTEROSPORA.  Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed,  withering-persistent.  Anthers  2-horned  on  the 
back,  opening  lengthwise. 

26.  SCHWEINITZIA.    Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.    Anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

*  *  Corolla  of  4  or  6  separate  petals  :  calyx  imperfect  or  bract-like. 

27.  MONOTROPA.    Petals  narrow.    Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  th»  top. 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  247 

SUBORDER  I.    VACCIWI^J^E.     THE  WHORTLEBERKY  FAMILY. 

1.    GAYtUSSACIA,    H.  B.  K.        HDCKLEBEBHT. 

Corolla  tubular,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped  ;  the  border  5-cleft.  Stamens  10  :  an- 
thers awnless ;  the  cells  tapering  upward  into  more  or  less  of  a  tube,  opening 
by  a  chink  at  the  end.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  containing  10  seed-like  nutlets. 
—  Branching  shrubs,  with  the  aspect  of  Vaccinium,  commonly  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots ;  the  flowers  (white  tinged  with  purple  or  red)  in  lateral  and  bracted 
racemes.  (Named  for  the  distinguished  chemist,  Gay-Lussac.) 
*  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  not  resinous-dotted. 

1.  O.   bracliyccra,    Gray.      (BOX-LEAVED   HUCKLEBEBBY.)      Very 
smooth  (1°  high) ;  leaves  oval,  finely  crenate-toothed ;  racemes  short  and  nearly 
sessile;  pedicels  very  short ;  corolla  cylindrical-bell-shaped. — Dry  woods,  Per- 
ry County,  Penn.,  near  Bloomfield  (Prof.  Baird),  and  mountains  of  Virginia. 
May.  —  Leaves  in  shape  and  aspect  like  those  of  the  Box. 

#  #  Leaves  deciduous,  entire,  sprinkled  more  or  less  with  resinous  or  waxy  atoms. 

2.  O.  duuidsa,  Torr.  &  Gr.    (DWABP  HUCKLEBEBBY.)    Somewhat  hairy 
and  glandular,  low  (1°  high  from  a  creeping  base),  bushy;  leaves  obovate-ob- 
iong,  mucronate,  green  both  sides,  rather  thick  and  shining  when  old ;  racemes 
elongated ;  bracts  leaf-like,  oval,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  ovary  bristly  or 
glandular;  corolla  bell-shaped ;  fruit  black  (insipid).  —  Var.  HIBTELLA  has  the 
young  branchlets,  racemes,  and  often  the  leaves  hair}'.  —  Sandy  low  soil,  Maine 
to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.    June. 

3.  G.  frondosa,   Ton-.  &  Gr.      (BLUE   TANGLE.     DANGLEBEBBY.) 
Smooth  (3° -6°  high);  branches  slender  and  divergent;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
blunt,  pale,  glaucous  beneath ;  racemes  slender,  loose ;  bracts  oblong  or  linear,  decid- 
uous, shorter  than  the  slender  drooping  pedicels ;  corolla  globular-bell-shaped ;  fruit 
dark  blue  with  a  white  bloom  (sweet  and  edible). — Low  copses,  coast  of  New 
England  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.    May,  June. 

4.  G.  resinosa,  Torr.  &  Gr.   (BLACK  HUCKLEBEBEY.)   Much  branched, 
rigid,  slightly  pubescent  when  young  (l°-3°  high)  ;  leaves  oval,  oblong-ovate,  or 
oblong,  thickly  clothed  and  at  first  clammy,  as  well  as  the  flowers,  with  shining 
resinous  globules ;  racemes  short,  clustered,  one-sided ;  pedicels  about  the  length 
of  the  flowers;  bracts  and  bractlets  (reddish)  small  and  deciduous;  corolla  ovoid- 
conical,  or  at  length  cylindrical  with  an  open  mouth ;  fruit  black,  without  bloom 
(pleasant).  —  Woodlands  and  swamps ;  common.    May,  June.  —  The  common 
Huckleberry  of  the  North.    It  is  said  sometimes  to  occur  with  white  fruit. 

2.    VACCIHTIUM,    L.        CBANBEBBY.    BLUEBEBBY.    BILBEBBY. 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  urn-shaped,  or  cylindrical;  the  limb  4 -5-cleft,  revolute. 
Stamens  8  or  10 :  anthers  sometimes  2-awned  on  the  back ;  the  cells  separate 
and  prolonged  into  a  tube,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  Berry  4  -  5-celled, 
many-seeded,  or  sometimes  8-10-celled  by  a  false  partition  stretchirg  from  the 
back  of  each  cell  to  the  placenta.  —  Shrubs  with  solitary,  clustered,  >r  racemed 
flowers  :  the  corolla  white  or  reddish.  (An  ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure 
derivation.) 


248  EKICACE^.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

t  1.  OXYC6CCUS,  Tourn.  —  Ovary  4-celied:  corolla  4-parted,  the  long  and  war 
row  divisions  revolute :  anthers  8,  aumless,  tapering  upwards  into  very  Lang  tube* 


*  Stems  very  slender,  creeping  or  trailing ;  leaves  small,  entire,  whitened  beneath,  ever- 
green :  pedicels  erect,  with  the  pale,  rose-colored  flower  nodding  on  their  summit : 
corolla  deeply  4-parted :  berries  red,  acid. 

1.  V.  Oxy coccus,  L.     (SMALL   CRANBERRY.)     Steins  very  slendei 
(4' -9' long);  leaves  ovate,  acute,  unth  strongly  revolute  margins  (2" -3"  long); 
pedicels  1-4,  terminal;  filaments  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  anthers. 
(Oxycoccus  vulgaris,  Pursh.) — Peat-bogs,  New  England  and  Penn.  to  Wis- 
consin, and  northward.    June.  —  Berry  3" -4"  broad,  spotted  when  young,  sel- 
dom sufficiently  abundant  to  be  gathered  for  the  market.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.    iimcrocftrpon,    Ait.      (COMMON    AMERICAN    CRANBERRY.) 
Stems  elongated  (l°-3°  long),  the  flowering  branches  ascending;  haves  oblong, 
obtuse,  glaucous  underneath,  less  revolute  (4" -6"  long);  pedicels  several,  be- 
coming lateral ;  filaments  scarcely  one  third  the  length  of  the  anthers.     (0.  ma- 
crocarpus,  Pers.) — Peat-bogs,  Virginia  to  Wisconsin,  and  everywhere  north- 
ward.   June.  —  Berry  £'  - 1 '  long. 

*  *  Stem  upright  and  leaves  deciduous,  as  in  common  Blueberries :  flowers  axillary 

and  solitary :  corolla  deeply  4-cleft :  berries  turning  purple,  insipid. 

3.  T.  eryttirociirpon,   Michx.     Smooth,  divergently  branched   (1°- 
4°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  bristly  serrate,  thin.  —  Wooded 
hills,  mountains  of  Virginia  and  southward.    July. 

§  2.  VTTIS-nX&A,  Tourn.  —  Ovary  4-5-celled:  corolla  bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed: 
anthers  8-10,  awnless :  fllaments  hairy :  flowers  in  short  and  bracted  nodding  ra- 
cemes :  leaves  evergreen :  berries  red  or  purple. 

4.  V.  VitiS-Id&a,  L.     (COWBERRY.)     Low  (6' -10'  high);  branches 
erect  from  tufted  creeping  stems ;  leaves  obovate,  with  revolute  margins,  dark 
green,  smooth  and  shining  above,  dotted  with  blackish  bristly  points  under- 
neath; corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  —  Higher  mountains  of  New  England,  also 
on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  at  Danvers,  Massachusetts  (Oakes),  and 'north  ward. 
June. — Berries  dark  red,  acid  and  rather  bitter,  mealy,  barely  edible.     (Eu.) 

$  3.  BATODENDRON.  —  Ovary  more  or  less  completely  W-celled  by  false  parti- 
tions :  corolla  spreading-campanulate,  5-lobed :  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back :  flla- 
ments hairy :  berries  mawkish  and  scarcely  edible,  ripening  few  seeds :  flowers  soli- 
tary on  slender  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming  a  sort  of  leafy 
racemes. 

5.  V.   stamineimi,    L.      (DEERBERRY.      SQUAW  HUCKLEBERRY.) 

Diffusely  branched  (2° -3°  high),  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
pale,  whitish  underneath,  deciduous;  tubes  of  the  anthers  much  longer  than  the 
corolla,  short-awned ;  berries  globular  or  pear-shaped,  greenish.  —  Dry  woods, 
Maine  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  May,  June. 

(V.  ARB6REUM,  Michx.,  the  FARKLE-BERRY,  a  tall  species  of  this  section, 
with  evergreen  leaves,  probably  extends  northward  into  Vrginia.) 


ERICACEAE.       (HEATH    FAMILY.)  249 

$  4.  EUVACCf  NIUM.  —  Ovary  4  -  5-cdled,  with  no  trace  of  false  partition* :  co- 
rolla urn-shaped  or  globular,  4-5-toothed:  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back'  filaments 
smooth :  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  2-3  together :  berries  blue  or  black :  northern 
alpine  plants,  with  deciduous  leaves. 

6.  T.  ceespitosum,  Michx.      (DWARF  BILBERRY.)     Dwarf  (3' -5' 

high),  tufted;  leaves  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  membranaceous,  smooth 
and  shining,  serrate ;  flowers  solitary  on  short  peduncles ;  corolla  oblong,  slightly 
urn -shaped  :  stamens  10. —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire ;  and  high  northward. 

7.  V.  iiligiitosuiii,  L.     (Boo  BILBERRY.)    Low  and  spreading  (*'  -8 
high),  tufted;  leaves  entire,  dull,  obovate  or  oblong,  p^le  and  slightly  pubes- 
cent underneath;  flowers  single  or  2-3  together  from  a  scaly  bud,  almost 
sessile;  corolla  short,  urn-shaped;  stamens  chiefly  8. — Alpine  tops  of  the  high 
mountains  of  New  England  and  New  York,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§  5.  CYANOCOCCUS.  —  Ovary  more  or  less  completely  IQ-celled  by  false  parti- 
tions: corolla  oblong-cylindrical  or  slightly  urn-shaped,  5-toothed:  anthers  10, 
awnless :  filaments  hairy :  berries  bine  or  black  with  a  bloom  (sweet) :  flowers  in 
dusters  or  very  short  racemes  from  scaly  buds  separate  from  and  rather  preceding 
the  leaves,  on  short  pedicels,  appearing  in  early  spring.  (Leaves  deciduous  in  the 
Northern  species  or  proper  Blueberries.) 

8.  V.  Peinisylvanicuni,   Lam.      (DWARF  BLUEBERRY.)     Dwarf 
(6' -15' high),  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  distinctly  serrulate  with  bristle- 
pointed  teeth,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides  (or  sometimes  downy  on  the  midrib 
underneath) ;  corolla  short,  cylindrical-bell-shaped.  —  Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIUM  is 
a  high  mountain  or  boreal  form,  3' -6'  high,  with  narrower  lanceolate  leaves. 
(V.  angustifolium,  Ait.)  — Dry  hills  and  woods ;  common  from  Penn.  far  north- 
ward.—  Branches  green,  angled,  warty.  ,  Berries  abundant,  large  and  sweet, 
ripening  early  in  July :  the  earliest  blueberry  or  blue  huckleben-y  in  the  market. 

9.  V.  Canadeiisc,  Kalm.      (CANADA    BLUEBERRY.)      Low   (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptical,  entire,  downy  both  sides,  as  well  as  the 
crowded  branchlets ;  corolla  shorter :  otherwise  as  No.  8.  —  Swamps  or  ,moist 
woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

10.  V.  vacillans,  Solander.    (Low  BLUEBERRY.)    Low  (1°- 2£°  high), 
glabrous ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  pale  or  dull,  glaucous,  at  least  underneath,  minute- 
ly ciliolate-serrulate  or  entire ;  corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  cylindraceous, 
the  mouth  somewhat  contracted.  —  Dry  woodlands,  especially  in  sandy  soil, 
common  from  Massachusetts  and  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania.  —  Branches  yellow- 
ish-green.   Berries  ripening  later  than  those  of  No.  8. 

11.  T.   corymbosum,    L.      (COMMON    SWAMP-BLUEBERRY.)      Tall 
(5° -10°  high);  leaves  ovate,  oval,  oblong,  or  elliptical-lanceolate;  corolla  varying 
from  turgid-ovate  and  ^ylindrical-urn-shaped  to  oblong-cylindrical.  —  Swamps 
and  low  thickets,  everywhere  common.  —  This  yields  the  common  blueberry  or 
blue  huckleberry  at  the  latter  part  of  the  season.     The  typical  form  has  the  leaves 
entire  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  when  young,  as  also  the  branchlets. 
The  species  exhibits  the  greatest  variety  of  forms,  -  -  of  which  the  last  here  men 


250  ERICA  CE^:.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

tioncd  is  the  most  remarkable,  and  the  only  one  which  has  any  claims  to  be 
regarded  as  a  species 

Var.  glabrillll.     Wholly  or  nearly  glabrous  throughout ;  leaves  entire. 

Var.  ailioenum.  Leaves  bristly-ciliate,  shining  above,  green  both  sides, 
beneath  somewhat  pubescent  on  the  veins.  (V.  amcenum,  Ait.,  &c.) 

Var.  pallid  urn.  Leaves  mostly  glabrous,  pale  or  whitish-glaucous,  espe- 
cially underneath,  serrulate  with  bristly  tee,th.  (V.  pallidum,  Ait.) 

Var.  atrococcum*  Leaves  entire,  downy  or  woolly  underneath  even 
when  old,  as  also  the  branchlets ;  berries  smaller,  black,  without  bloom.  (V. 
fuscitum,  Ait.  ?  fr  Ed.  1.) 

3.     CIIIOGENES,    Salisb.        CREEPING  SNOWBERRY. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary ;  the  lirnb  4-parted. 
Corolla  bell-shaped,  deeply  4-cleft.  Stamens  8,  included,  inserted  oh  an  8- 
toothed  epigynous  disk :  filaments  very  short  and  broad :  anther-cells  ovate- 
oblong,  quite  separate,  not  awned  on  the  back,  but  each  minutely  2-pointed  at 
the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  large  chink  down  to  the  middle.  Berry  white,  glob- 
ular, crowned  with  the  4-toothed  calyx,  rather  dry,  4-celled,  many-seeded.  —  A 
trailing  and  creeping  evergreen,  with  very  slender  and  scarcely  woody  stems, 
and  small  Thyme-like  ovate  and  pointed  leaves  on  short  petioles,  with  revolute 
margins,  smooth  above,  the  lower  surface  and  the  branches  beset  with  rigid 
rusty  bristles.  Flowers  very  small,  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  short  nodding  pe- 
duncles, with  2  large  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Name  from  xi^v^  snow>  and 
yevos,  offspring,  in  allusion  to  the  snow-white  berries.) 

1.  C.  hispidllla,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Vaccinium  hispidulum,  L.  Gaultheria 
serpyllifolia,  Pursh.  G.  hispidula,  Muh'l.)  Peat-bogs  and  mossy  mountain 
woods,  in  the  shade  of  evergreens ;  common  northward,  extending  southward  in 
the  Alleghanies.  May.  —  Plant  with  the  aromatic  flavor  of  the  Boxberry,  Win- 
tergreen,  or  Birch.  Leaves  £'  long.  Berries  #  broad,  bright  white. 

SUBORDER  II.    ERICINE^E.     THE  PROPER  HEATH  FAMILY. 

4.    ARCTOSTAPHYL.OS,    Adans.        BEARBERRY. 

Corolla  ovate  and  urn-shaped,  with  a  short  revolute  5-toothed  limb.  Stamens 
JO,  included :  anthers  with  2  reflexed  awns  on  the  back  near  the  apex,  opening 
by  terminal  pores.  Drupe  berry-like,  with  5  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubs  with 
alternate  leaves,  and  scaly-bracted  nearly  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or 
clusters.  Fruit  austere.  (Name  composed  of  apKros^a  bear,  and  oro^vXq, 
a  grape  or  berry,  the  Greek  of  the  popular  name.) 

1.  A.  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.  (BEARBERRY.)  Trailing;  leaves  thick  and 
evergreen,  obovate  or  spatulate,  entire,  smooth;  fruit  red.  (Arbutus  Uva-ursi,  L.) 
—  Rocks  and  bare  hills ;  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  May.  (Eu.) 
•  2.  A.  alpina,  Spreng.  (ALPINE  BEARBERRY.)  '  Dwarf,  tufted  and  de- 
pressed ;  leaves  deciduous,  serrate,  wrinkled  with  strong  netted  veins,  obovate ; 
fruit  black.  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  ^Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Mount 
Katalid in,. Maine,  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 


ERICACEJC.    (HEATH  FAMILY.)  251 


,  L.   GROUND  LAUREL.  TRAILING  ARBUTUS. 

Corolla  salver-form  ;  the  tube  hairy  inside,  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate 
pointed  and  scale-like  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  10,  with  slender  fila- 
ments :  anthers  oblong,  awnless,  opening  lengthwise.  Pod  depressed-glol  alar, 
5-lobed,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  —  A  prostrate  or  trailing  scarcely  shrubby  plant, 
bristly  with  rusty  hairs,  with  evergreen  and  reticulated  rounded  and  heart-shaped 
alternate  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  with  rose-colored  flowers  in  small  axil- 
lary clusters,  from  scaly  bracts.  (Name  composed  of  «ri,  upon,  and  77),  the  earth, 
from  the  trailing  growth.) 

1.  E.  re  pens,  L.  —  Sandy  woods,  or  sometimes  in  rocky  soil,  especially 
in  the  shade  of  pines,  common  in  many  places.  —  Flowers  appearing  in  early 
spring,  and  exhaling  a  rich  spicy  fragrance.  In  New  England  called  MAT- 
FLO  WER. 

6.    GAUL,TH:ERIA,    Kalm.        AROMATIC  WINTERGREEX. 

Corolla  cylindrical-ovoid  or  a  little  urn-shaped,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded :  anther-cells  each  2-awned  at  the  summit,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Pod  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded,  enclosed  when  ripe  by 
the  calyx,  which  thickens  and  turns  fleshy,  so  as  to  appear  as  a  globular  red 
kerry  i  —  Shrubs,  or  almost  herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves 
and  axillary  (nearly  white)  flowers  :  pedicels  with  2  bractlets.  (Dedicated  by 
Kalm  to  "  Dr.  Gaulthier,"  of  Quebec;  Linn.  Amcen.  Acad.  3,  p.  15  ;  very  likely 
the  same  person  as  the  M.  Gautier  who  contributed  a  paper  on  the  Sugar-Maple 
to  the  Memoirs  of  the  French  Academy  ;  but  it  is  too  late  to  alter  the  original 
orthography  of  the  genus.) 

1.  O.  procunibens,  L.  (CREEPING  WINTERGREEN.)  Stems  slender 
and  extensively  creeping  on  or  below  the  surface  ;  the  flowering  branches  as- 
cending, leafy  at  the  summit  (3'  -  5'  high)  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  obscurely 
serrate  ;  flowers  few,  mostly  single  in  the  axils,  nodding.  —  Cool  damp  woods, 
mostly  in  the  shade  of  evergreens  :  common  northward,  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies.  July.  —  The  bright  red  berries  (formed  of  the  calyx)  and  the 
foliage  have  the  well-known  spicy-aromatic  flavor  of  the  Sweet  Birch.  In  the 
interior  of  the  country  it  is  called  Wintergreen,  or  sometimes  Tea-berry.  East- 
ward it  is  called  Checkerberry  or  Partridge-berry  (names  also  applied  to  Mitchell*, 
tiie  latter  especially  so),  and  Boxberry. 

7.    I^EUC^THOE,    Don.        LEUCOTHOE. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  not  enlarged 
fleshy  in  fruit.     Corolla  ovate  or  cylindraceous,  5-toothed.     Stamens  10  :  «u. 
thers  naked,  or  the  cells  with  1  or  2  erect  awns  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  poro 
Pod  depressed,  more  or  less  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  the  sutures  not  thick- 
ened ;  valves  entire  :  the  many-seeded  placentae  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  short^ 
columella,  mostly  pendulous.  —  Shrubs,  with  petioled  and  serrulate  leaves,  and 
white  scaly-bracted  flowers  crowded  in  uxillary  or  terminal  spiked  racemei 
(A  mythological  name.) 


252  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

§  1.  LEUCOTHOE  PBOPEK. — Anthers  awnless;  the  cells  sometimes  obscurely  2- 
pointed:  stigma  depressed-capitate,  5-rayed:  racemes  sessile  (dense),  produced  at 
the  time  of  flowering  from  scaly  buds  in  ike,  axils  of  the  coriaceous  and  shining  per- 
sistent leaves  of  the  preceding  year,  shorter  than  they :  bracts  persistent :  bractlett 
at  the  base  of  the  short  pedicels.  (Seed-coat  loose  and  cellular,  wing-like.) 

1.  IA»  axillaris,  Don.     Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly  pointed  or 
acute,  somewhat  spinulose-serrulate,  on  very  short  petioles;  sepals  broadly  ovate.. 
(Andromeda  axillaris,  Lam.)  —  Banks  of  streams,  Virginia,  in  the  low  coun- 
try, and  southward.     Feb.  -April.  —  Shrub  2° -4°  high. 

2.  L<.  C«ltesl>iei.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrulate  with  cili- 
ate-spinulose  appressed  teeth,  conspicuously  petioled  (3'  -  6'  long) ;  sepals  ovate- 
oblong,  often  acute.     (Andr.  Catesbaei,  Walt.    A.  axillaris,  Michx.    A.  spinu- 
losa,  Pursh.    L.  spinulosa,  Don.)  — Moist  banks  of  streams,  Virginia  along  the 
mountains,  and  southward.     May.  —  Shrub  2° -4°  high,  with  long  spreading 
or  recurved  branches. 

$  2.  EtlBOTRYS,  Nutt. — Anthers  awned:  stigma  simple:  bractlets  close  to  the 
calyx,  and,  like  the  sepals,  of  a  rigid  texture,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed:  placentce 
merely  spreading :  flowers  very  short-pedicelled,  in  long  one-sided  racemes,  which 
mostly  terminate  the  branches,  formed  with  them  in  the  summer,  but  the  flower-buds 
not  completing  their  growth  and  expanding  till  the  following  spring :  bracts  awl- 
shaped,  deciduous :  leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous,  serrulate,  the  midnb  and 


3.  JL.  reciirva.     Branches  and  racemes  recurved-spreading ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate,  taper-pointed;  sepals  ovate;  anther-cells  l-awned ;  pod  5-lobed;  seeds 
flat  and  cellular-winged.     (Andr.  recurva,  Buckley.) — Dry  hills,  Alleghanies  of 
Virginia  and  southward.    April.  -  -  Lower  and  more  straggling  than  the  next. 

4.  L<.  ra.cein.dsa*     Branches  and  racemes  mostly  erect;  leaves  oblong  or 
oval-lanceolate,  acute ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate ;  anther-cells  each  2-awned ;  pod  not 
lobed;  seeds  angled  and  wingless.     (Andr.  racemosa  &  A.  paniculata,  L.)  — Moist 
thickets,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     May,  June. 
—  Shrub  4°  -  6°  high.     Corolla  cylindrical. 

8.    CASSANDRA,    Don.        LEATHER-LEAF. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  rigid  ovate  and  acute  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and 
with  a  pair  of  similar  bractlets.  Corolla  cylindrical-oblong,  5-toothed.  Sta- 
mens 10 :  anther-cells  tapering  into,  a  tubular  beak,  and  opening  by  a  pore  at  the 
apex,  awnless.  Pod  depressed,  5-celled,  many-seeded ;  the  pericarp  of  2  layers, 
the  outer  5-valved,  and  later  the  cartilaginous  inner  layer  10-valved.  Seeds 
flattened,  wingless. — Low  and  much-branched  shrubs,  with  nearly  evergreen 
and  coriaceous  leaves,  which  are  scurfy,  especially  underneath.  Flowers  white, 
in  the  axils  of  the  upper  small  leaves,  forming  small  1 -sided  leafy  racemes ;  the 
.flower-buds  formed  in  the  summer  and  expanding  early  tho  next  spring.  ( Cas- 
sandra, a  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba.) 

1.  C.  calyculata.  Don.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  flat.  (.Andromeda 
calyculata,  L.)  — Bogs,  common  northward.  (Eu.) 


ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  258 

9.    CASSlOPE,    Don.        CASSIOPE. 

Calj  2S  without  bractlets,  of  4  or  £  nearly  distinct  ovate  sepals,  imbricated  in 
the  bud  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  8  or  10  : 
anthers  fixed  by  their  apex ;  the  ovoid  cells  each  opening  by  a  large  terminal 
pore,  and  bearing  a  long  recurved  awn  behind.  Pod  ovoid  or  globular,  4-5- 
celled,  4  -  5-valved  ;  the  valves  2-cleft :  placentae  many-seeded,  pendulous  from 
the  summit  of  the  columella.  Seeds  smooth  and  wingless.  —  Small,  arctic  or 
alpine  evergreen  plants,  resembling  Club-Mosses  or  Heaths.  Flowers  solitary, 
nodding  on  slender  erect  peduncles,  white  or  rose-color.  (Cassiope  was  the 
mother  of  Andromeda.) 

1.  C.  hypiioides,  Don.  Tufted  and  procumbent,  moss-like  (I'- 4' 
high);  leaves  needle-shaped,  imbricated ;  corolla  5-cleft;  style  short  and  coni- 
cal. (Andromeda  hypnoides,  L.)  — Alpine  summits  of  the  Adirondack  Moun- 
tains, New  York  (Dr.  Parry),  White  Mountains,  N.  Hampshire,  and  Mount 
Katahdin,  Maine  (Mr.  Young),  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

1O.     ANDROMEDA,    L.  (in  part. )     (Andromeda,  Zenobia,  Lyonia, 
Nutt.,  &  Pieris,  Don.) 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  nearly  or  partly  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  tho 
early  bud,  but  very  early  separate  or  open.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Stamens  10  : 
anthers  fixed  near  the  middle,  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Pod  glob- 
ular, 5-celled,  5-valved ;  the  many-seeded  placentae  borne  on  the  summit  or 
middle  of  the  columella.  —  Shrubs,  with  umbcllcd,  clustered,  or  panicled  and 
racemed  (mostly  white)  flowers.  (Fancifully  named  by  Linnajus  for  A.  poli- 
folia,  in  allusion  to  the  fable  of  Andromeda.) 

§  1.  ANDR6MEDA  PROPER. —  Corolla  globular -urn-shaped :  filaments  bearded, 
not  appendaged :  anthers  short,  the  cells  each  surmounted  by  a  slender  ascending 
awn :  seeds  turned  in  all  directions,  oval,  with  a  close  and  hard  smooth  coat :  flow- 
ers in  a  terminal  umbel :  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  persistent  scaly  bracts : 
leaves  evergreen. 

1.  A.  polifolia,  L.     Smooth  and  glaucous  (6' -18' high)  ;  leaves  thick, 
lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  with  strongly  rcvolute  margins,  white  beneath.  — 
Cold  bogs,  from  Pennsylvania  northward.     May.     (Eu.) 

§2.  PORTION  A,  Nutt.  —  Corolla  ovoid-urn-shaped  and  ^-angled:  filaments  not 
apj)endaged:  anthers  oblong,  the  cells  each  bearing  a  long  reflexed  awn  near  the  in- 
sertion :  seeds  mostly  pendulous,  and  with  a  loose  cellular  coat :  flowers  in  axillary 
and  terminal  racemes,  which  are  formed  in  summer,  but  the  blossoms  expanding  the 
following  spring :  pedicels  l-sided,  bracted  and  with  minute  bractlets:  leaves  thick 
and  evergreen. 

2.  A.  florilmnda,  Pursh.     Branches  bristly  when  young ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  acute  or  pointed  (2'  long),  petioled,  serrulate  and  bristly-ciliate ;  racemes 
dense,  crowded  in  panicles. — ;  Moist  hills,  in  the  Alleghanics  from  Virginia 
southward.     April.  —  A  very  leafy  shrub,  2° -10°  high,  bearing  abundance  of 
handsome  flowei-s. 

22 


251  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

$  3*  PlfeRIS,  Don.  —  Corolla  ovoid-oblong  or  cylindraceous :  filaments  slender  and 
aid-shaped,  appendaged  with  a  spreading  or  recurved  bristle  on  each  side  at  or  below 
the  apex:  anthers  oblong,  awnless :  sutures  of  the  5-angular  pod  with  a  more  or  less 
thickened  line  or  ridge,  which  often  falls  away  separately  when  the  pod  opens :  seeds 
turned  in  all  directions,  oblong,  with  a  thin  and  rather  loose  reticulated  coat :  fiowers 
in  umbel-like  clusters  variously  arranged. 

3.  A.  Mariana,  L.     (STAGGER-BUSH.)    Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  decid- 
uous, but  rather  coriaceous,  oval  or  oblong,  veiny ;  flowers  large  and  nodding, 
in  clusters  from  axillary  scaly  buds,  which  are  crowded  on  naked  branches  of 
the  preceding  year ;  sepals  pretty  large,  leaf-like,  deciduous  with  the  leaves.  — 
Sandy  low  places,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 
May,  June.  —  Shrub  2°  -4°  high  :  foliage  said  to  poison  lambs  and  calves. 

(A.  NlriDA,  Bartram,  the  FETTERBUSH,  belongs  to  this  group,  and  may 
grow  in  S.  Virginia.) 

§  4.  LY6NIA,  Nutt. —  Calyx  5-deft:  corolla  globular,  pubescent:  filaments  and 
anthers  destitute  of  awns  or  appendages:  pods  prominently  ribbed  at  the  sutures,  the 
ribs  at  length  separating  or  separable :  seeds  slender,  all  pendulous,  with  a  loose  and 
thin  cellular  coat :  Jlowers  small,  mostly  in  clusters  which  are  racemose-panicled : 
bracts  minute  and  deciduous :  leaves  pubescent  or  scurfy  beneath. 

4.  A.  ligTiStrilia,  Muhl.    Leaves  deciduous,  not  scurfy,  smoothish  when 
old,  obovate-oblong  varying  to  oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers  racemose-panicled  on 

/-i     branchlets  of  the  preceding  year.  —  Swamps  and  low  thickets,  N.  England  along 
the  coast  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    June,  July.  —  Shrub  4°  - 10°  high. 

11.    OXYDENDRUM,    DC.        SORREL-TREE.     SOUR-WOOD. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  almost  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Corol- 
la ovate,  5-toothed,  puberulent.  Stamens  10 :  anthers  fixed  near  the  base,  linear, 
awnless,  the  cells  tapering  upwards,  and  opening  by  a  long  chink.  Pod  oblong- 
pyramidal,  5-celled,  5-valved ;  the  many-seeded  placentae  at  the  base  of  the  cells. 
Seeds  all  ascending,  slender,  the  thin  and  loose  reticulated  coat  extended  at  both 
ends  into  awl-shaped  appendages.  —  A  tree  with  deciduous,  oblong-lanceolate 
and  pointed,  soon  smooth,  serrulate  leaves,  on  slender  petiojes,  and  white  flowers 
in  long  one-sided  racemes  clustered  in  an  open  panicle,  which  terminates  the 
branches  of  the  season.  Bracts  and  bractlets  minute,  deciduous.  Foliage  sou? 
to  the  taste  (whence  the  name,  from  o£vsj  sour,  and  devdpov,  tree). 

1.  O.  arfooreum,  DC.  (Andromeda  arborea,  L.) — Rich  woods,  from 
Penn.  and  Ohio  southward,  mostly  along  the  Alleghanies.  June,  July.  —  Tree 
40°  -  60°  high.  Leaves  in  size  and  shape  like  those  of  the  Peach. 

12.    CLETHRA,    L.        WHITE  ALDER.     SWEET  PEPPERBUSH. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovate-oblong 
petals.  Stamens  10,  often  exserted :  anthers  inversely  arrow-shaped,  inverted 
and  reflexed  in  the  bud,  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  short  slits.  Style  slender, 
3-cleft.at  the  apex.  Pod  3-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 
Shrubs,  with  alternate  and  serrate  deciduous  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  termi 


(HEATH  FAMILY.)  255 


nal  hoary  racemes.    Bracts  deciduous.    (KAqtfpa,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the 
Alder,  which  this  genus  somewhat  resembles  in  foliage.) 

1.  C.  a  1  ill  folia,  L.     Leaves  wedge-obovate,  sharply  sen-ate,  entire  towards 
the  base,  prominently  straight-veined,  smooth,  green  both  sides  ;  racemes  uprigld, 
panicled;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers;  filaments  smooth.  —  Wet  copses,  Maine 
to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  3°  -10°  high,  covered  in 
July  and  August  with  handsome  fragrant  blossoms.  —  In  the  South  are  varieties 
with  the  leaves  rather  scabrous,  and  pubescent  or  white-downy  beneath. 

2.  C.  acuillinata,  Michx.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  pointed,  thin,  finely 
serrate  (5'  -7'  long),  pale  beneath;  racemes  solitary,  drooping;  bracts  longer  than 
the  flowers  ;  filaments  and  pods  hairy.  —  Woods  in  the  Alleghanies,  Virginia 
and  southward.    July.  —  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree. 

13.     PIIYLiLODOCE,    Salisb.        PHYLLODOCK. 

Corolla  urn-shaped  or  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10  :  anthers  pointless, 
shorter  than  the  filaments,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pod  5-cellcd,  septici- 
dally  5-valved  (as  are  all  the  succeeding),  many-seeded.  —  Low  alpine  Heath- 
like  evergreens,  clothed  with  scattered  linear  and  obtuse  rough-margined  leaves. 
Flowers  usually  nodding  on  solitary  or  umbelled  peduncles  at  the  summit  of  the 
branches.  ("A  mythological  name.") 

1.  P.  taxi  folia,  Salisb.     Corolla  oblong-urn-shaped,  purplish,  smooth; 
style  included.     (Menziesia  ca^rulea,  Smith.)  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Mount  Katahdin,  Maine  (Young).    July 
Shrub  4'  -  6'  high,  tufted.     (Eu.  ) 

14*    HLALrflttlA,    L.        AMERICAN  LAUREL. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  bell-shaped,  5-lobed, 
furnished  with  10  depressions  in  which  the  10  anthers  are  severally  lodged  until 
they  begin  to  shed  their  pollen  :  filaments  thread-form.  Pod  globose,  5-cellcd, 
many-seeded.  —  Evergreen  mostly  smooth  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite 
entire  coriaceous  leaves,  and  showy  flowers.  Pedicels  bracted.  Flower-buds 
naked.  (Dedicated  to  Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus  who  travelled  in  this 
country  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  afterwards  Professor  at  Abo.) 

§  1.  Flowers  in  simple  or  clustered  umbel-like  corymbs:  cal.yx  smaller  than  the  pod-, 
persistent  :  leaves  glabrous. 

1.  K.  latifolia,  L.      (CALICO-BUSH.     MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.     SPOON- 
WOOD.)     Leaves  mostly  alternate,  bright  green  both  sides,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ellipti- 
cal, tapering  to  each  end,  petioled  ;  corymbs  terminal,  many-flowered,  clammy- 
pubescent;  pod  depressed,  glandular.  —  Rocky  hills  and  damp  soil,  rather 
common  from  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  as  a  shrub  4°  -  8°  high  ;  but  in  the 
mountains  from  Penn.  southward  forming  dense  thickets,  and  often  tree-like 
(10°  -  20°  high).    May,  June.  —  Flowers  profuse,  and  very  showy,  light  or  deep 
rose-color,  clammy. 

2.  K.  angustifolia,  L.     (SHEEP  LAUREL.    LAMBKILL.)    Leaves  -Mm- 
monly  opposite  or  in  threes,  pale  or  whitish  underneath,  light  green  above,  narrowly 


256  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

t 

oblong,  obtuse,  petioled ;  corymbs  lateral  (appearing  later  than  the  ftranches  of  the 
season),  slightly  glandular,  many-flowered;  pod  depressed,  nearly  smooth.— 
Hill-sides,  common.  May -July.  —  Shrub  2° -3°  high,  upright:  the  flowers 
more  crimson,  and  two  thirds  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  K.  glauca,  Ait.     (PALE  LAUREL.)     BrancMets  2-edaed ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, nearly  sessile,  oblong,  white-glaucous  underneath,  with  revolute  margins ;  corymbs 
terminal,  few-flowered,  smooth ;  bracts  large ;  pod  ovoid,  smooth.  —  Var.  ROS- 
MARINIF6LIA  has  linear  and  strongly  revolute  leaves.  —  Cold  peat-bogs  and 
mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  northward.    July.  —  Straggling,  about  1°  high. 
Flowers  £'  broad,  lilac-purple. 

§  2.  Flowers  scattered,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season :  calyx  leafy, 
larger  than  the  pod,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  at  length  deciduous :  leaves  (alter- 
nate and  opposite)  and  branches  bristly-hairy. 

4.  K.  liirsiita,  Walt.     Branches  terete ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  (4" 
long),  becoming  glabrous.  —  Sandy  pine-barren  swamps,  E.  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.    May -Sept.  —  Shrub  1°  high.     Corolla  rose-color. 

15.     MENZIESIA,    Smith.        MENZIESIA. 

Calyx  very  small  and  flattish,  4-toothed  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  cylindraceous- 
urn-shaped  and  soon  bell-shaped,  obtusely  4-lobed.  Stamens  8,  included : 
anther-cells  opening  at  the  top  by  an  oblique  pore.  Pod  ovoid,  woody,  4-celled, 
4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  narrow,  with  a  loose  coat.  —  A  IOAV  shrub,  with 
the  straggling  branches  and  the  oblong-obovate  alternate  deciduous  leaves  (like 
those  of  A/alea)  hairy  and  ciliate,  with  rusty  rather  chaff-like  bristles.  Flowers 
small,  developed  with  the  leaves,  in  terminal  clusters  from  scaly  buds,  greenish- 
white  and  purplish,  nodding.  (Named  for  A.  Mcnzies,  who  in  Vancouver's 
voyage  brought  the  species  from  the  Northwest  Coast.) 

.  1.  M.  ferrilginea,  Smith:  var.  glob  ilia  1'iS.  Corolla  rather  shorter 
and  broader  perhaps  than  in  the  Oregon  plant.  —  Allegheny  Mountains,  S. 
Pennsylvania  to  Virginia,  &c.  June.  —  Leaves  tipped  with  a  gland. 

16.     AZALEA,    L.        FALSE  HONEYSUCKLE.    AZALEA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  minute.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobcd,  slightly  irregu- 
lar; the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  5,  with  long  exserted  filaments,  usually 
declined,  as  well  as  the  similar  style:  anthers  short,  opening  by  terminal  pores, 
pointless.  Pod  5-celled,  5-vaived,  many-seeded.  Seeds  scale-like.  —  Upright 
shrubs,  with  alternate  and  obovate  or  oblong  deciduous  leaves,  which  are  entire, 
ciliate,  and  mucronate  with  a  glandular  point.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  often 
glandular  and  glutinous  outside,  in  umbelled  clusters  from  large  scaly-imbri- 
cated terminal  buds.  (Name  from  a£aXeos,  and,  —  most  inappropriate  as  ap- 
plied to  our  species,  which  grow  in  swamps.) 

*  Flowers  appearing  afler  the  leaves. 

1.  A.  arfoorescens,  Pursh.  (SMOOTH  AZALEA.)  Branchkts  smooth; 
leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  very  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  the 
margins  bristly -ciliate ;  calyx-lobes  long  and  conspicuous ;  corolla  slightly  clammy ; 


(HEATH  FAMILY.)  257 

stamens  and  style  very  much  exserted.  —  Mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.  June.  —  Shrub  3° -10°  high,  with  thickish  leaves,  and  very  fra- 
grant rose-colored  blossoms  larger  than  in  No.  3. 

2.  A.  viscosa,  L.     (CLAMMY  AZALEA.     WHITE  SWAMP-HONEYSUC- 
KLE.)    Branchlets  bristly,  as  well  as  the  margins  and  midrib  of  the  oblong-obo- 
vate  otherwise  smooth  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  minute ;  corolla  clammy,  the  tube  much 
longer  than  the  lobes ;  stamens  moderately,  the  style  conspicuously,  exserted.  — 
Var.  GLAOCA  has  the  leaves  paler  and  often  white-glaucous  underneath  or  both 
sides,  sometimes  rough-hairy.     Var.  N^TIDA  is  dwarf,  with  oblanceolate  leaves 
green  both  sides.  —  Swamps,  Maine  to  E.  Kentucky,  mostly  near  the  coast. 
June,  July.  —  Shrub  4°  - 10°  high,  very  variable,  with  clammy  fragrant  flowers, 
white  or  tinged  with  rose-color. 

*  #  Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A»  micliflora,  L.    (PURPLE  AZALEA.    PINXTER-FLOWER.)    Branch- 
lets  rather  hairy ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  downy  underneath ;  calyx  very  short ; 
tribe  of  the  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  ample  lobes,  slightly  glandular ;  stamens 
and  style  much  exserted.  —  Swamps,  Massachusetts  and  New  York  to  Virginia, 
and  southward.     April,  May.  —  Shrub  2°  -  6°  high,  with  very  showy  flowers 
varying  from  flesh-color  to  pink  and  purple.     There  are  numberless  varieties, 
some  of  them  exhibiting  10  or  more  stamens. 

4.  A*  calendulacea,  Michx.    (FLAME-COLORED  AZALEA.)    Branch- 
lets  and  obovate  or  oblong  leaves  hairy ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  rather  conspicuous ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  shoi-ter  than  the  lobes,  hairy ;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted. 
— Woods,  mountains  of  Penn.  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May. — 
Shrub  3° -10°  high,  covered  just  when  the  leaves  appear  with  a  profusion  of 
large  orange  blossoms,  usually  turning  to  flame-color,  not  fragrant. 

17.    RHODODENDRON,    L.        KOSE-BAY. 

Calyx  5-parted,  minute  in  our  species.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  partly  funnel- 
form,  sometimes  slightly  irregular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  com- 
monly declined :  anthers,  pods,  &c.  as  in  Azalea.  —  Shrubs  or  low  trees,  with 
evergreen  entire  alternate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers  in  compact  terminal 
corymbs  or  clusters  from  large  scaly-bracted  buds.  ('PoSoSei/Spoi/,  rose-tree;  the 
ancient  name.) 

1.  R.  maximum,  L.      (GREAT  LAUREL.)     Leaves  elliptical-oblong  or 
lance-oblong,  acute,  narrowed  towards  the  base,  very  smooth,  with  somewhat  revo- 
lute  margins ;  corolla  bell-shaped.  — Damp  deep  woods,  sparingly  in  New  Eng- 
land, New  York,  and  Ohio,  but  very  common  along  shaded  water-courses  in  the 
mountains  of  Penn.  and  southward.   July.  —  Shrub  or  tree  6°  -  20°  high.    Leaves 
4'  - 10'  long,  very  thick.    Corolla  1'  broad,  pale  rose-color  or  nearly  white,  green- 
ish in  the  throat  on  the  upper  side,  and  spotted  with  yellow  or  reddish. 

2.  R.  CataTVfoiense,  Michx.    Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  at  both  ends, 
smooth,  pale  beneath  (3' -5'  long);  corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  lilac-purple; 
pedicels  rusty-downy.  —  High  summits  of  the  Alleghanies,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.   June.  —  Shrub  3°  -  6°  high. 

3.  R.  JL.ai>p6ntcuiii,  Wahl.     (LAPLAND    ROSE-BAY.)    Dwarf,  pros- 

22* 


258  EEICACE^E.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

trate ;  leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  defied  both  sides  (like  the  branches)  with  rusty  scales ; 
umbels  few-flowered;  corolla  open  bell-shaped,  dotted;  stamens  5  - 10.  — Alpine 
summits  of  the  high  mountaini  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  New  York. 
July.  —  Shrub  6'  high,  forming  broad  matted  tufts ;  the  leaves  #  long.  Corolla 
violet-purple.  (Eu.) 

18.    KIIODORA,    Duham.        RHODOBA. 

Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular  and  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  usu- 
ally 3-lobed  or  3-cleft,  and  the  lower  2-parted  or  of  2  distinct  spreading  petals. 
Stamens  10,  and  with  the  slender  style  declined.  Otherwise  as  in  Azalea. 
(Name  from  podov,  a  rose,  from  the  color  of  the  showy  flowers.) 

1.  R.  Canadensis,  L. — Damp  cold  woods  and  swamps,  New  England 
to  Penn.  and  northward,  or  on  mountains.  May. — A  handsome  low  shrub, 
with  the  oblong  deciduous  leaves  whitish  and  downy  underneath ;  the  showy 
rose-purple  (rarely  white)  flowers  in  clusters  on  short  peduncles,  rather  earlier 
than  the  leaves. 

19.    L.EDUUI,    L.        LABRADOR  TEA. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  very  small.  Corolla  of  5  obovate  and  spreading  distinct 
petals.  Stamens  5-10:  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pod  5-celled, 
splitting  from  the  base  upwards,  many-seeded  :  placenta  borne  on  the  summit 
of  the  columella.  —  Low  evergreen  shrubs,  with  the  alternate  entire  leaves 
clothed  with  rusty  wool  underneath,  the  margins  revolute :  slightly  fragrant 
when  bruised.  Flowers  white,  handsome,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters  from 
large  scaly  buds,  bracts  caducous.  (Aq&w,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Cis- 
tus,  transferred  by  Linnaeus  to  this  genus.) 

1.  JL.  latifolium,  Ait.  Leaves  elliptical  or  oblong ;  stamens  5,  sometimes 
6  or  7 ;  pod  oblong.  —  Cold  bogs  and  damp  mountain  woods,  New  England 
to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin',  and  northward.  June.  —  Shrub  2° -5°  high. — 
(L.  pALtJSTRK,  L.,  grows  in  British  America,  but  is  not  known  to  occur  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  linear  leaves,  uniformly  10  stamens, 
and  oval  pads. )  (Eu. ) 

2O.    LOISELEIJRIA,    Desv.       ALPINE  AZALEA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  nearly  as  long  as  the  rather  bell-shaped  and  deeply  5-cleft 
regular  corolla.  Stamens  5,  not  declined,  included :  anthers  opening  length- 
wise. Style  short.  Pod  ovoid,  2-  3-celled,  many-seeded,  2-  3-valved;  the  valves 
2-cleft  from  the  apex:  placentas  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  columella.  —  A 
dwarf  and  prostrate  evergreen  shrubby  plant,  much  branched  and  tufted,  smooth, 
with  small  and  coriaceous  opposite  elliptical  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  with  revo- 
lute margins.  Flowers  small,  white  or  rose-color,  2  -  5  in  a  cluster,  from  a  ter- 
minal scaly  bud ;  the  scales  or  bracts  thick  and  persistent.  Named  for  Loiseleur 
Delongchamps,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  l<.  prociilllbens,  Desv.  (Azalea  procumbens,  L.} — Alpine  sum- 
mits of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  on  rocks.  June.  (Eu.) 


(HEATH  FAMILY.)  259 

21.    LEIOPH^LLUM,    Pers.        SAND  MYHTLE. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovate-oblong  petals,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 10,  exserted  :  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pod  2-3-celled,  splitting  from 
the  apex  downward,  many-seeded. — A  low  much-branched  evergreen,  with  the 
aspect,  foliage,  &c.  of  the  preceding  genus,  but  the  crowded  leaves  often  alter- 
nate, scarcely  petioled.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters. 
(Name  from  Xelos,  smooth,  and  <^vXXoi/,  foliage,  in  allusion  to  the  smooth  and 
shining  leaves.) 

1.  It.  1> ii \i folium,  Ell.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and 
mountain-tops  in  Virginia  1  and  southward.  May.  —  Shrub  6' -10'  high,  with 
the  oval  or  oblong  leaves  £'-£'  long. 

SUBORDER  III.    PYR6L.EJE.    THE  PYROLA  FAMILY. 

22.    P^ROL-A,    L.       FALSE  WINTERGREEN. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  concave  and  more  or  less  converging, 
deciduous.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  awl-shaped,  naked :  anthers  turned  out- 
wards and  inverted  in  the  bud,  soon  erect,  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  scarcely 
(if  at  all)  2-horned  apex,  more  or  less  4-celled.  Style  long  and  generally  turned 
to  one  side :  stigmas  5,  either  projecting  or  confluent  with  the  ring  or  collar 
which  surrounds  them.  Pod  depressed-globose,  5-lobed,  5-cclled,  5-valved  from 
the  base  upwards  (loculicidal) ;  the  valves  cobwebby  on  the  edges.  Seeds  mi- 
nute, innumerable,  resembling  saw-dust,  with  a  very  loose  cellular-reticulated 
coat. — Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  running  subterranean  shoots, 
bearing  a  cluster  of  rounded  and  petioled  evergreen  root-leaves,  and  a  simple 
raceme  of  nodding  flowers,  on  an  upright  scaly-bracted  scape.  (Name  a  dimin- 
utive of  Pyrus,  the  Pear-tree,  from  some  fancied  resemblance  in  the  foliage, 
which  is  not  obvious.) 

*  Stamens  ascending :  style  declining  and  curved,  at  length  longer  than  the  petals  • 
stigmas  narrow,  soon  exserted  beyond  the  ring :  haves  denticulate  or  entire. 

1.  P.  rot  iimli  folia,  L.  (ROUND-LEAVED  PYROLA.)  Leaves  orbicu- 
lar, thick,  shining,  usually  shorter  than  the  petiole;  raceme  elongated,  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish,  with  somewhat  spread- 
ing tips,  one  half  or  one  third  the  length  of  the  roundish-obovate  nearly  spreading 
(chiefly  white)  petals;  anther-cells  scarcely  pointed  at  the  apex.  —  Damp  or  sandy 
woods;  common,  especially  northward.  June,  July.  —  Scape  6' -12'  high, 
many-bracted  :  flowers  $'  broad.  —  Exhibits  many  varieties,  such  as  Var. 
INCARNATA,  with  flesh-colored  flowers ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate.  — 
Var.  A8ARIF6LIA,  with  oblate  or  round-reniform  leaves,  and  triangular-ovate 
calyx-lobes  of  about  J  the  length  of  the  white  or  flesh-colored  petals.  (P.  asari- 
folia,  Michx.)  Common  northward. — Var.  ULIGIN6SA,  with  roundish-oval  or 
somewhat  kidney-shaped  smaller  leaves  (l'-l£' wide),  and  ovate  acute  calyx- 
lobes  |  the  length  of  the  reddish  or  purple  petals ;  flowers  rather  smaller,  few  or 
several.  (P.  uliginosa,  Torr.  fr  Gr.)  Cold  bogs,  N.  New  England  to  Wiscon- 
sin, and  northward.  (Eu.) 


260  ERICACEAE.     (HEATH  FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  elliptica,  Nutt.     (SHIN-LEAF.)    Leaves  thin  and  dull,  elliptical  or 
obovate-oi>al,  usually  longer  than  the  margined  petiole ;  raceme  many-flowered ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  not  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  obovate  rather  spreading  (green- 
ish-white) petals;   anther-cells  scarcely  pointed  at  the  apex.  —  Rich  woods, 
New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward;  common.    June. 
—  Scape  and  flowers  nearly  as  large  as  in  No.  1. 

3.  P.  Chloral  Htlia,  Swartz.     (SMALL  PYROLA.)    Leaves  smatt  (I1  long), 
roundish,  thick,  dull,  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  scape  few-flowered,  naked  (5'  -  8'  high), 
calyx-kibes  roundish-ovate,  very  short;  the  elliptical  petals  converging  (greenish- 
white);   anther-cells  pointed;  style  strongly  deflexed,   scarcely  exserted.      (P. 
asarifolia,  Bigel.,  ^c.)  —  Open  woods,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  and  north- 
ward.   June.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Stamens  and  style,  straight:  stigmas  thick,  united  unth  the  expanded  ring:  ».  e. 
stigma  peltate,  5-rayed. 

4.  P.  secunda,  L.     (ONE-SIDED  PYROLA.)    Leaves  ovate,  thin,  longer 
than  the  petiole,  scattered,  finely  serrate ;  racemes  dense  and  spike-like,  with  the 
numerous  small  (greenish- white)  flowers  att  turned  to  one  side;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
very  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  and  erect  petals ;  style  long  and  exserted.  — 
Rich  woods  ;  common  eastward  and  northward.    July,  Aug.  —  Scape  3'  -  6' 
high.     (Eu.) 

5.  P.  minor,  L.     (LESSER  PYROLA.)    Leaves  roundish,  slightly  crenu- 
late,  thickish,  mostly  longer  than  the  margined  petiole ;  raceme  spiked ;  calyx- 
lobes  triangular-ovate,  very  much  shorter  than  the  nearly  globose  corolla ;  style 
short  and  included.  —  Woods,  at  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire.   July,  Aug.  —  Scape  5' -10'  high.    Flowers  small,  crowded,  white  or 
rose-color.     (Eu.) 

23.    MONESES,    Salisb.        ONE-FLOWERED  PYROLA. 

Petals  5,  widely  spreading,  orbicular.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  awl-shaped, 
naked :  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  conspicuously  2-horned  at  the  apex,  2-celled. 
Style  straight,  exserted :  the  5  stigmas  long  and  radiating.  Valves  of  the  pod 
naked.  Otherwise  as  in  Pyrola. — A  small  perennial,  with  the  rounded  and 
veiny  serrate  thin  leaves  clustered  at  the  ascending  apex  of  creeping  subterra- 
nean shoots ;  the  1  -  2-bracted  scape  bearing  a  single  terminal  flower.  Parts  of 
the  flower  sometimes  in  fours.  (Name  fiwoy,  single,  and  rj<ris,  desire,  probably 
in  allusion  to  the  handsome  solitary  flower.) 

1.  M.  imifldra.  (Pyrola  uniflora,  L.) — Deep  cold  woods,  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Maine,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  June.  —  Plant  2' -4'  high, 
smooth;  the  corolla  $  broad,  white  or  slightly  rose-color.  (Eu.) 

24.    CHIMAPHILA,    Pursh.       PIPSISSEWA. 

Petals  5,  concave,  orbicular,  widely  spreading.  Stamens  10 :  filaments  en- 
larged and  hairy  in  the  middle  :  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  nearly  2-celled,  some- 
what 2-horned  at  the  apex.  Style  very  short,  inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed 
in  the  depressed  summit  of  the  globular  ovary :  stigma  broad  and  orbicular, 


ERICACE.B.     (HEATH  FAMILY.)  261 

disk-shaped,  the  border  5-crenate.  Pod,  &c.  as  in  Pyrola,  but  splitting  from  the 
apex  downwards,  the  edges  of  the  valves  not  woolly.  — Low,  nearly  herbaceous 
plants,  with  long  running  underground  shoots,  and  evergreen  thick  and  shining 
leaves  somewhat  whorled  or  scattered  along  the  short  ascending  stems:  the 
fragrant  (white  or  purplish)  flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled  on  a  terminal  pe- 
duncle. (Name  from  xe*/*a>  winter,  and  <£tXeo>,  to  love,  in  allusion  to  one  of  the 
popular  names,  viz.  Wintergreen.) 

1.  C.  unibellata,  Nutt.      (PRINCE'S  PINE.     PIPSISSEWA.)      Leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  not  spotted;  peduncles  4-7- 
flowered. — Dry  woods;  common.    June. — Plant  4' -10'  high,  leafy:  petals 
flesh-color:  anthers  violet.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  mac  ill  uta,  Pursh.      (SPOTTED  WINTERGREEN.)     Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  remotely  toothed,  the  upper  surface  variegated  with 
white ;  peduncles  1  -  5-flowered.  —  Dry  woods,  most  common  in  the  Middle 
States.    June,  July.  —  Plant  3'  -  6'  high. 

SUBORDER  IV.    MOMOTROPE^.    THE  INDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY. 

25.    FTEROSPORA,    Nutt.        PINE-DROPS. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  ovate,  urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Stamens 
10 :  anthers  2-celled,  awned  on  the  back,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  short : 
stigma  5-lobed.  Pod  globose,  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculicidal,  but  the 
valves  cohering  with  the  columella.  Seeds  very  numerous,  ovoid,  tapering  to 
each  end,  the  apex  expanded  into  a  broad  reticulated  wing  many  times  larger 
than  the  body  of  the  seed. — A  stout  and  simple  purplish-brown  clammy-pubes- 
cent herb  (l°-2°high);  the  wand-like  stem  furnished  towards  the  base  with 
scattered  lanceolate  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  above  bearing  many  nodding 
(white)  flowers,  like  those  of  Andromeda,  in  a  long  bracted  raceme.  (Name 
from  irrfpov,  a  wing,  and  <nropd,  seed,  alluding  to  the  singular  wing  borne  by 
the  seeds.) 

1.  P.  Andromedea,  Nutt.  — Hard  clay  soil,  parasitic  on  the  roots 
apparently  of  pines,  from  Vermont,  Peekskill  and  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  Penn- 
sylvania northward  and  westward  :  rare. 

26.     SCHWEINITZIA,    Ell.        SWEET  PINE-SAP. 

Calyx  of  5  oblong-Ian ceolatetncute  scale-like  sepals,  erect,  persistent.  Corolla 
persistent,  bell-shaped,  rather  fleshy,  5-lobed,  slightly  5-gibbous  at  the  base. 
Stamens  10:  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments,  fixed  near  the  summit 
awnless ;  the  2  sac-shaped  cells  opening  at  the  top.  Pod  ovoid,  5-celled,  with 
a  short  and  thick  style,  and  a  large  5-angular  stigma.  Seeds  innumerable. — A 
low  and  smooth  brownish  plant,  3'  -  4'  high,  with  the  aspect  of  Monotropa, 
ecaly-bracted,  the  flowers  several  in  a  terminal  spike,  at  first  nodding,  flesh-color, 
exhaling  the  fragrance  of  violets.'  (Named  for  the  late  L.  D.  von  Schweinitz.) 

1.  S.  odorata,  Ell.  —  Woods,  parasitic  on  the  ro-»te  of  herbs,  Maryland 
and  southward  :  rare.  April. 


262  GALACiNE.fi.     (GALAX  FAMILY.; 

27.    MONOTROPA,    L.        INDIAN  PIPE.    PINE-SAP. 

Calyx  of  2-5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales,  deciduous.  Corolla  of  4  or  5 
separate  erect  spatulate  or  wedge-shaped  scale-like  petals,  which  are  gibbous  or 
saccate  at  the  base,  and  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  8  or  10 :  filaments  awl- 
shaped:  anthers  kidney-shaped,  becoming  1 -celled,  opening  across  the  top. 
Style  columnar :  stigma  disk-like,  4  -  5-rayed.  Pod  ovoid,  8  -  10-grooved,  4-5- 
celled,  loculicidal :  the  very  thick  placentae  covered  with  innumerable  minute 
seeds,  which  have  a  very  loose  coat.  —  Low  and  fleshy  herbs,  tawny,  reddish,  or 
white,  parasitic  on  roots,  or  growing  on  decomposing  vegetable  matter  like  a 
Fungus ;  the  clustered  stems  springing  from  a  ball  of  matted  fibrous  rootlets, 
furnished  with  scales  or  bracts  in  place  of  leaves,  1  -  several-flowered  ;  the  flow- 
ering summit  at  first  nodding,  in  fruit  erect.  (Name  composed  of  pWis,  one, 
and  Tpvrros,  turn,  from  the  summit  of  the  stem  turned  to  one  side.) 

$  1.  MONOTROPA,  Nutt.—  Plant  inodorous,  with  a  singk  5-petalled  and  10- 
androus flower  at  the  summit ;  the  calyx  of  2-4  irregular  scales  or  bracts:  ant/ters 
transverse,  opening  by  2  chinks;  style  short  and  thick. 

1.  IH.  imiflora,  L.    (INDIAN  PIPE.    CORPSE-PLANT.)    Smooth,  waxy- 
white  (turning  blackish  in  drying,  3' -8'  high) ;  stigma  naked.  —  Dark  and  rich 
woods :  common.    June- Aug.     (Also  in  the  Himalayas  !) 

§  2.  HYP6PITYS,  Dill. — Plant  commonly  fragrant :  flowers  several  in  a  scaly 
raceme;  the  terminal  one  usually  5-petalled  and  IQ-androus,  while  the  rest  are  4- 
petalled  and  8-androus;  the  bract-like  sepals  mostly  as  many  as  the  petals:  anthers 
opening  by  a  continuous  line  into  2  very  unequal  valves,  the  smaller  one  erect  and  ap 
pearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  filament:  style  longer  than  the  ovary,  hollow. 

2.  M.  Hypopitys,    L.      (PINE-SAP.     FALSE  BEECH-DROPS.)      Some- 
what pubescent  or  downy,  tawny,  whitish,  or  reddish  (4'- 12'  high) ;  pod  globu- 
lar-ovoid or  oval ;  stigma  ciliate  underneath.  —  The  more  pubescent  form  is  M 
lanugiriosa,  Michx.  —  Oak  and  pine  woods ;  common.    July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  63.     GALACIJVE^E.     (GALAX  FAMILY.) 

Character  that  of  the  following  genus ;  the  true  relationship  of  which  is 
still  unknown. 

1.    GALAX,    L.     ,  GALAX. 

Calyx  of  5  small  and  separate  sepals,  persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  obo- 
vate-spatulate,  rather  erect,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous  :  filaments  united 
in  a  10-toothed  tube,  slightly  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  the  5  teeth 
opposite  the  petals  naked,  the  5  alternate  ones  shorter  and  bearing  each  a  round- 
ish 1-celled  anther,  which  opens  across  the  top.  Pollen  simple.  Style  short : 
stigma  3-lobed.  Pod  ovoid,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved:  columella  none. 
Seeds  numerous,  the  cellular  loose  coat  tapering  to  each  end.  Embryo  straight 
in  fleshy  albumen,  more  than  half  its  length.  —  A  smooth  herb,  with  a  thick 
matted  tuft  of  scaly  creeping  rootstocks,  beset  witli  fibrous  red  roots,  sending  up 


AQUIFOLIACE2E.      (HOLLY   FAMILY.)  263 

loand-hcart-shaped  crenate-toothed  and  veiny  shining  leaves  (about  2'  wide)  on 
slender  petioles,  and  a  slender  naked  scape,  l°-2°  high,  bearing  a  wand-like 
spike  or  raceme  of  small  and  minutely-bracted  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
yaXa,  milk,  —  of  no  application  to  this  plant.) 

1 .  G.  ;i|»li  y  I  In,  L.  —  Open  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.    June. 

ORDER  64.     AQUIFOL.IACEJE.     (HOLLY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  axillary  4  -  6-merous  flowers,  a  minute  calyx 
free  from  the  4  -  Q-celled  ovary  and  the  4  -  6-seeded  berry-like  drupe,  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  almost  or  quite  4  -  Q-petalled  corolla 
and  alternate  with  them,  attached  to  their  very  base.  —  Corolla  imbricated 
ih  the  bud.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Stigmas  4-6,  or  united  into 
one,  nearly  sessile.  Seeds  suspended  and  solitary  in  each  cell,  anatropous, 
with  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate. 
Flowers  white  or  greenish.  —  A  small  family,  here  represented  by  only  two 
genera,  since  we  include  Prinos  under  Ilex. 

1.    ILEX,    L.    (Ilex  &  Prinos,  L.)        HOLLY. 

Flowers  more  or  less  dioeciously  polygamous,  but  many  of  them  perfect. 
Calyx  4  -  6-toothed.  Petals  4-6,  separate,  or  united  only  at  the  base,  oval  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  spreading.  Stamens  4-6.  The  berry-like  drupe  containing 
4  -  8  little  nutlets.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Fertile  flowers  inclined  to  be  solitary, 
and  the  partly  sterile  flowers  to  be  clustered  in  the  axils.  (The  ancient  Latin 
name  of  the  Holly-Oak  rather  than  of  the  Holly.) 

$  1.  AQUIFOLIUM,  Tourn.  — Parts  of  the  flowers  commonly  in  fours,  sometimes 
in  fives  or  sixes,  most  of  them  perfect :  drupe  red,  its  nutlets  ribbed,  veiny,  or  one- 
grooved  on  the  back :  leaves  (mostly  smooth)  coriaceous  and  evergreen. 
*  Leaves  armed  with  spiny  teeth :  trees. 

1.  I.  opskca,  Ait.     (AMERICAN  HOLLY.)     Leaves  oval,  flat,  the  wavy 
margins  with  scattered  spiny  teeth ;  flowers  in  loose  clusters  along  the  base  of 
the  young  branches  and  in  the  axils;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Moist  woodlands, 
Maine  to  Penn.  near  the  coast,  and  more  common  from  Virginia  southward. 
June.  —  Tree  20° -40°  high;  the  deep  green  foliage  less  glossy,  the  berries  not 
so  bright  red,  and  their  nutlets  not  so  veiny,  as  in  the  European  Holly. 

*  *  Leaves  serrate  or  entire,  not  spiny :  shrubs. 

2.  I.  Cassine,  L.     (CASSENA.    YAUPON.)    Leaves  lance-ovate  or  elliptical, 
crenate  (I'-l^'  long);  flower-clusters  nearly  sessile,  smooth;  calyx-teeth  obtuse. 
—  Virginia  and  southward  along  the  coast.     May.  —  Leaves  used  for  tea,  as 
they  were  to  make  the  celebrated  black  drink  of  the  North  Carolina  Indians. 

3.  I.  myrtifdlia,  Walt.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  sparingly 
and  sharply  serrate  or  entire  (V  long) ;  peduncles  slender  and  3-9-flowered,  or 
the  more  fertile  shorter  and  1 -flowered,  smooth;  calyx-teeth  acute. — Coast  of 
Virginia  and  southward.     May. 


264  AQUIFOLIACEJE.       (HOLLY    FAMILY.) 

4.  I.  ]>:ilioon,  Walt.     (DAHOON  HOLLY.)     Leaves  obJanceolate  or  oblong, 
entire,  or  sharply  serrate  towards  the  apex,  with  revolute  margins  (2' -3'  long), 
the  midrib  and  peduncles  pubescent ;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Swamps,  coast  of  Virginia 
and  southward.    June. 

$  2.  PRINOlDES.—  Parts  of  the  (polygamous]  flowers  in  fours  or  fives  (rarely  in 
sixes) :  drupe  red  or  purple,  the  nutlets  striate-ribbed  (the  dorsal  ribs  nearly  simj^le]  : 
leaves  membranaceous  and  deciduous :  shrubs. 

5.  I.  dcciclim,  Walt.     Leaves  wedge-oblong  or  lance-obovate,  obtusely  serrate, 
downy  on  the  midrib  beneath ;  peduncles  of  the  sterile  flowers  longer  than  the 
petioles,  of  the  fertile  short ;  calyx-teeth  smooth,  acute.  —  Wet  grounds,  Vir- 
ginia, Illinois,  and  southward.     May. 

6.  I.  iiioiiticolcl.     Leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  ample  (3' -5'  long),  smooth, 
sharply  serrate ;  fertile  flowers  very  short-peduncled ;  calyx  ciliate.    (I.  ambigua, 
Torr.    I.  montana,  ed.  1,  not  Prinos  montanus,  Sw.] — Damp  woods,  Taconic 
and  Catskill  Mountains,  New  York,  and  Alleghanies  from  Penn.  southward. 

$  3.  PRLNOS,  L.  —  Parts  of  the  sterile  flowers  in  fours,  fives,  or  sixes,  those  of  the 
fertile  /lowers  commonly  in  sixes  (rarely  in  Jives,  sevens,  or  eights] :  nutlets  smooth 
and  even:  shrubs. 

#  Leaves  deciduous :  flowers  in  sessile  clusters  or  solitary :  fruit  scarlet. 

7.  I.  verticillata.     (BLACK  ALDER.     WINTERBERRY.)     Leaves  obo- 
vate,  oval,  or  wedge-lanceolate,  pointed,  acute  at  the  base,  serrate,  downy  on  the 
veins  beneath  ;  flowers  all  very  short-peduncled.     (Prinos  verticillatus,  L.) — Low 
grounds ;  common,  especially  northward.     May,  June. 

8.  I.    leevigata.      (SMOOTH    WINTERBERRY.)      Leaves   lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanoeolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  appressed-serrulate,  shining  above,  be- 
neath mostly  glabrous  ;  sterile  flowers  long-peduncled.     (Prinos  laevigatus,  Pursh.) 
—  Wet  grounds,  Maine  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia.    June.  —  Fruit  larger 
than  in  No.  7,  ripening  earlier  in  the  autumn. 

#  *  Leaves  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  shining  above,  often  black-dotted  beneath  :  fruit 
black.     ( Winterlia,  Mcench. ) 

9.  I.  glabra.     (INKBERRY.)    Leaves  wedge-lanceolate  or  oblong,  spar- 
ingly toothed  towards  the  apex,  smooth;  peduncles  (£'  long)  of  the  sterile 
flowers  3  -  6-flowered,  of  the  fertile  1-flowered;  calyx-teeth  rather  blunt.     (Pri- 
nos glaber,  L.)  —  Sandy  grounds,  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts,  to  Virginia  and 
southward  near  the  coast.    June.  —  Shrub  2°  -  3°  high. 

2.    WEMOPANTHES,    Kaf.        MOUNTAIN  HOLLY. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  in  the  sterile  flowers  of  4  -  5  minute  de- 
ciduous teeth ;  in  the  fertile  ones  obsolete.  Petals  4-5,  oblong-linear,  widely 
spreading,  distinct.  Stamens  4  -  5  :  filaments  slender.  Drupe  with  4-5  bony 
nutlets,  light  red.  —  A  much-branched  shrub,  with  ash-gray  bark,  alternate  and 
oblong  deciduous  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  entire,  or  slightly  toothed,  smooth. 
Flowers  on  long  and  slender  axillary  peduncles,  solitary,  or  sparingly  clustered. 
(Name  said  by  the  author  of  the  genus  to  mean  "  flower  with  a  filiform  pedun- 


STTRACACE^E.      (STORAX    FAMILY.)  265 

cle,"  therefore  probably  composed  of  vrjfM,  a  thread,  irovs,  a  foot,  and  avQos, 
a  flower.) 

1.  W.  Canadensis,  DC.  (Hex  Canadensis,  Michx.)—  Damp  cold 
woods,  from  the  mountains  of  Virginia  to  Maine,  Wisconsin,  &c.,  chiefly  north- 
ward. May. 

ORDER  65.     STYRACACE^E.     (STORAX  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  and  per- 
fect regular  flowers  ;  the  calyx  either  free  or  adherent  to  the  2  -  5-celled  ova- 
ry ;  the  corolla  of  4  -  8  petals,  commonly  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  ;  the 
stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  more  numerous f  monadelphous  or  poly- 
adelphous at  the  base ;  style  1 ;  fruit  dry  or  drupe-like,  1  -  5-celled,  the  cells 
commonly  l-seeded.  —  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the 
albumen :  radicle  slender,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  flat  cotyledons. 
Corolla  hypogynous  when  the  calyx  is  free :  the  stamens  adherent  to  its 
base.  Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  cell.  —  A  small  family,  mostly  of  warm 
countries,  comprising  two  very  distinct  groups  or  tribes. 

TRIBE  I.  STYRACEJE.  Calyx  4  -  8-toothed  or  entire.  Stamens  2 - 4  times  as  many  as 
the  petals :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  adnate,  introrse.  Ovules  or  part  of  them  ascend- 
ing. —  Flowers  white,  handsome.  Pubescence  soft  and  stellate. 

1    STYRAX.    Calyx  coherent  only  with  the  base  of  the  3-celled  ovary.    Corolla  mostly  6- 

parted.    Fruit  1-celled,  l-seeded. 
2.  HALESIA     Calyx  coherent  with  the  whole  surface  of  the  2  -  4-celled  ovary,  which  is  2  -  4- 

winged  and  2  -  4-celled  in  fruit.     Corolla  4-lobed. 

TRIBE  II.     SYMPI4OCINE.E.    Calyx  5 cleft.    Stamens  usually  very  numerous:  an- 
thers short,  innate     Ovules  pendulous.  —  Flowers  yellow.    Pubescence  simple. 
8.  SYMPLOCOS.    Calyx  coherent.    Petals  5,  united  merely  at  the  base. 

1.    STYRAX,    Tourn.        STORAX. 

Calyx  truncate,  somewhat  5-toothed,  the  base  (in  our  species)  coherent  with 
the  base  of  the  3-celled  many-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  5-parted  (rarely  4-8- 
parted),  large ;  the  lobes  mostly  soft-downy,  various  in  the  bud.  Stamens  twico 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla :  filaments  flat,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short 
tube :  anthers  linear,  adnate.  Fruit  globular,  its  base  surrounded  by  the  per- 
sistent calyx,  1-celled,  mostly  l-seeded,  dry,  often  3-valved.  Seed  globular, 
erect,  with  a  hard  %coat.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  commonly  deciduous 
leaves,  and  axillary  or  leafy-racemed  white  and  showy  flowers  on  drooping 
peduncles.  Pubescence  scurfy  or  stellate,  (rj  2rvpo£,  the  ancient  Greek  name 
of  the  tree  which  produces  storax.) 

1.  S.  grandifolia,  Ait.    Leaves  obovate,  acute  or  pointed,  white-lomen- 
tose  beneath  (3' -6'  long) ;  flowers  mostly  in  elongated  racemes;  corolla  (J' long) 
convolute-imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Light  soils,  Virginia  and  southward.    April. 

2.  S.  pulverulenta,  Michx.    Leaves  oval  or  obovato  (about  1'  long), 
above  sparingly  puberulent,  and  scurjy-tomentose  beneath ;  flowers  (£'  long)  1  -3  to- 

23 


266  EBENACE.E.       (EBONY    FAMILY.) 

gelher  in  the  axils  and  at  the  tips  of  the  branches.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Virginia 
(Pursh)  and  southward.  —  Shrub  l°-4°  high. 

3.  S»  Americana.,  Lara.  Leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends  (1-3 
long),  smooth,  or  barely  pulverulent  beneath;  flowers  axillary  or  in  3-4-flowered 
racemes  (%'  long) ;  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.  (S.  glabrum  and  S.  laeve,  Ell.)  — 
Margin  of  swamps,  Virginia  and  southward.  May.  —  Shrub  4°  -  8°  high. 

2.  HAL<ESIA,    Ellis.        SNOWDROP  or  SILVER-BELL-TREE. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  4-toothed;  the  tube  4-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  2-4- 
oelled  ovary.  Petals  4,  united  at  the  base,  or  oftener  to  the  middle,  into  an  open 
bell-shaped  corolla,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-  16  :  fila- 
ments united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  and  usually  a  little  coherent  with  the  base 
of  the  corolla :  anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell.  Fruit  large  and 
dry,  2 -4- winged,  within  bony  and  1  -4-celled.  Seeds  single  in  each  cell,  cylin- 
drical. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  veiny  pointed  deciduous  leaves, 
and  showy  white  flowers,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels,  in  clusters  or  short  ra- 
cemes, from  axillary  buds  of  the  preceding  year.  Pubescence  partly  stellate. 
(Named  for  S.  Hales,  author  of  Vegetable  Statics,  &c.) 

1.  H.  tetraptcra,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate;  fruit  4-winged. — Banks 
of  streams,  upper  part  of  Virginia,  also  on  the  Ohio  River  at  Evansville  (Short), 
and  southward.  Fruit  1^'  long. 

3.  SYMPL.OCOS,    Jacq.    §  H6PEA,  L.        SWEET-LEAF. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  3-celled  ovary. 
Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  lightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous, in  5  clusters,  one  cohering  with  the  base  of  each  petal :  filaments  slen  • 
der  :  anthers  very  short.  Fruit  drupe-like  or  dry,  mostly  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded. 
—  Shrubs  or  small  trees ;  the  leaves  commonly  turning  yellowish  in  drying,  and 
furnishing  a  yellow  dye.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  racemes,  yellow. 
(Name  trvpirXoKos,  connected,  from  the  union  of  the  stamens.  Hopea  was  dedi- 
cated to  Dr.  Hope,  of  Edinburgh.) 

1.  S.  tilictdi'ia,  L'Her.  (HORSE-SUGAR,  &c.)  Leaves  elongated-ob- 
long, acute,  obscurely  toothed,  thickish,  almost  persistent,  minutely  pubescent 
and  pale  beneath  (3' -5'  long);  flowers  6-14,  in  close  and  bracted  clusters, 
odorous.  —  Rich  ground,  Virginia  and  southward.  April. — Leaves  sweet, 
greedily  eaten  by  cattle. 

ORDER  66.    EBENACE^E.     (EBONY  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  polygamous  regular  flow- 
ers which  have  a  calyx  free  from  the  3-1 2-celled  ovary ;  the  stamens  2-4 
times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  often  in  pairs  before  them,  their 
anthers  turned  inwards,  and  the  fruit  a  several-celled  berry.  Ovules  1  or  2, 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Seeds  anatropcus,  mostly  single  in 
each  cell,  large  and  flat,  with  a  smooth  coriaceous  inte^amer.t;  the  embryo 


SAPOTACEJE.      (SAPPODILLA   FAMILY.)  267 

shorter  lhan  the  hard  albumen,  with  a  long  radicle  and  flat  -cotyledons. 
Styles  wholly  or  partly  separate.  —  Wood  hard  and  dark-colored.  No 
milky  juice.  —  A  small  family,  chiefly  subtropical,  represented  here  by 

1.    DIOSPYROS,    L.        DATE-PLUM.    PERSIMMON. 

Calyx  4  -  6-lobed.  Corolla  4  -  6-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  com- 
monly 16  in  the  sterile  flowers,  and  8  in  the  fertile,  in  the  latter  imperfect. 
Berry  large,  globular,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  thickish  calyx,  4  -  8-celled, 
4  -  8-seeded.  —  Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  the  fertile  axillary  and  solitary, 
the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered.  (Name,  Atos,  of  Jove,  and  irvpos,  grain.) 

1.  I>.  Virginiana,  L.  (COMMON  PERSIMMON.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong, 
smooth  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  very  short;  calyx  4-parted;  corolla  between 
bell-shaped  and  urn-shaped ;  styles  4,  two-lobed  at  the  apex ;  ovary  8-celled.  — 
Woods  and  old  fields,  Rhode  Island  and  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
June. — A  small  tree  with  thickish  leaves,  a  greenish-yellow  leathery  corolla, 
and  a  plum-like  fruit,  1'  in  diameter,  which  is  exceedingly  astringent  when 
green,  yellow  when  ripe,  and  sweet  and  edible  after  exposure  to  frost. 

ORDER  67.     SAPOTACE^.     (SAPPODILLA  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  simple  and  entire  alternate 
leaves  (often  rusty-downy  beneath),  small  and  perfect  regular  flowers  usually 
in  axillary  clusters;  the  calyx  free  and  persistent ;  the  fertile  stamens  com- 
monly as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  hypogynous  short  corolla  and  opposite 
them,  inserted  on  its  tube,  along  with  one  or  more  rows  of  appendages  and 
scales,  or  sterile  stamens ;  anthers  turned  outwards ;  ovary  4  -  12-celled,  with 
a  single  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell;  seeds  large.  —  Albumen  mostly  none ; 
but  the  large  embryo  with  thickened  cotyledons.  Style  single,  pointed. — 
A  small,  mostly  tropical  order,  producing  the  Sappodilla  or  Star-apple,  and 
some  other  edible  fruits,  represented  in  our  district  only  by  the  genus 

1.    BUM  ELI  A,    Swartz.        BUMELIA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  pair  of  internal  appendages  at  each 
sinus.  Fertile  stamens  5  :  anthers  arrow-shaped.  Sterile  stamens  5,  petal-like, 
alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  5-celled.  Fruit  small,  resem- 
bling a  cherry,  black,  containing  a  large  ovoid  and  erect  seed,  with  a  roundish 
scar  at  its  base.  —  Flowers  small,  white,  in  fascicles  from  the  axil  of  the  leaves. 
Branches  often  spiny.  Leaves  often  fascicled  on  short  spurs.  Wood  very  hard. 
(The  ancient  name  of  a  kind  of  Ash.) 

1.  B.  lycioides,     Gaertn.      (SOUTHERN  BUCKTHORN.)     Spiny   (10°- 
25°  high) ;  leaves  wedge-oblong  varying  to  oval-lanceolate,  with  a  tapering  base,  often 
acute,  reticulated,  nearly  glabrous  both  sides  (2' -4'  long) ;  clusters,  densely  many- 
flowered;  fruit  ovoid.  —  Moist  ground,  S.  Kentucky  and  southward.    May,  June, 

2.  B.  lailllginosa,  Pcrs.     Spiny  (10°-40°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-obovate 
orwedge-obcvate,  rusty-woolly  beneath,  obtuse  (l£'-3'  long) ;  clusters  6  - 1 2-flowered ; 


268  PLANTAGINACEJE.      (PLANTAIN     FAMILY.) 

fruit  globular.  (B.  lanuginosa  &  tomentosa,  A.  DC.)  —  Woods,  Illinois,  oppo- 
site St.  Louis,  and  southward,  —  a  variety  with  the  leaves  less  woolly  and  rusty 
beneath  (B.  oblongifolia,  Nutt.),  passing  towards  No.  1.  July. 


ORDER  68.     PL.ANTAGINACE-3E.     (PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  stemless  herbs,  with  regular  4-merous  spiked  flowers,  the  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  dry  and  membranaceous  veinless  monopelalous 
corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes ;  —  chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.     PL.ANTAGO,    L.        PLANTAIN.    RIBGRASS. 

Calyx  of  4  imbricated  persistent  sepals,  with  dry  membranaceous  margins. 
Corolla  salver-form,  withering  on  the  pod,  the  border  4-parted.  Stamens  4,  or 
rarely  2,  in  all  or  some  flowers  with  long  and  weak  exserted  filaments,  and  fuga- 
cious 2-celled  anthers.  Ovary  2-  (or  falsely  3-4-)  celled,  with  1- several  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Pod  2-cclled,  2  -  several-seeded,  opening  all  round  by  a  transverse 
line,  so  that  the  top  falls  off  like  a  lid,  and  the  loose  partition  (which  bears  the 
peltate  seeds)  falls  away.  Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  ribbed. 
Flowers  whitish,  small,  in  a  bracted  spike  or  head,  raised  on  a  naked  scape. 
(The  Latin  name  of  the  Plantain.) 

$  1.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike:  corolla  glabrous,  the  lobes  reflexed  or  spreading : 
stamens  4,  with  long  capillary  filaments :  pod  ^-celled,  2  -  1 8-seeded :  seeds  not  hol- 
lowed out  on  the  inner  face :  perennials,  with  several-ribbed  (broad)  leaves. 

1.  P.  MAJOR,  L.    (COMMON  PLANTAIN.)    Smooth  or  hairy;  leaves  ovate, 
oval,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  often  toothed,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  chan- 
nelled petiole;  spike  cylindrical ;  pod  T-16-seeded.  —  Moist  grounds,  especially 
near  dwellings.    June-  Sept.     Very  much  varying  in  size.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  "P.  corclata,  Lam.     Very  glabrous ;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  round-ovate 
(3'  -8'  long),  long-petioled,  the  ribs  rising  from  the  midrib;  spike  at  length  loose- 
ly flowered;  bracts  round-ovate,  fleshy;  pod  2  -  ^-seeded.  —  Along  rivulets,  New 
York  to  Wisconsin  (rare),  and  southward.    April- June. 

§  2.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike :  corolla  pubescent  bdow :  stamens  4,  mth  long 
filaments:  pods  2-celled  and  2-seeded,  or  incompletely  3 -^-celled  and  3  -  4-seeded : 
seeds  not  hollowed  on  the  face :  perennials,  with  linear  thick  and  fleshy  leaves. 

3.  P.  maritima,  L.     (SEASIDE  PLANTAIN.)     Leaves  flat   or  flattish 
channelled,  entire  or  rarely  few-toothed,  glabrous ;  spikes  cylindrical  or  oblong; 
bracts  ovate,  convex,  about  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  or  oval  scavious  se- 
pals, which  have  a  thick  keel,  that  of  the  posterior  sepals  crested.  —  Var.  JUN- 
COIDES  is  usually  more  slender,  the  flowers  often  sparser,  and  the  keel  crestless. 
Salt  marshes  on  the  coast  from  New  Jersey  northward ;  the  var.  only  north- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

§  3.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike;  the,  2  anterior  scarious  sepals  generally  united  into 
one:  corolla,  stamens,  £c.  as  in  the  first  group:  seeds  (and  ovules)  2,  hollowed  on 
the  face :  leaves  fiat,  lanceolate,  3  -  5-ribbed. 


PLANTAGINACE.E.       (PLANTAIN   FAMILY.)  269 

4.  P»    IANCEOLATA,    L.       (RlBGRASS.       RlPPLEGRASS.       ENGLISH    PLAN- 
TAIN.)    Mostly  hairy;    scape  grooved-angled,   slender   (l°-2°  high),   much 
longer  than  the  leaves;  spike  short  and  thick,     ty — Dry  fields,  mostly  east- 
ward.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

$  4.  Flowers  all  perfect  and  commonly  fertile,  but  of  2  sorts  on  different  plants,  some 
with  small  anthers  on  short  filaments,  others  with  large  anthers  on  long-exserted  fila- 
ments :  corolla  glabrous,  the  broad  round  lobes  widely  spreading :  seeds  2  (one  in 
each  cell),  boat-shaped,  deeply  hollowed  on  the  face:  mostly  annuals,  with  narrow 
woolly  or  hairy  leaves. 

5.  P.  Patagdnica,  Jacq.     Silky-woolly,  or  becoming  naked;  leaves 
1-3-nerved;  spike  cylindrical  or  oblong,  dense;  sepals  very  obtuse,  scarious, 
with  a  thick  centre.     (Found  through  almost  the  whole  length  of  America.) 

Var.  gnaphalioides.  White  with  silky  wool;  leaves  varying  from 
oblong-linear  to  filiform;  spike  very  dense  (i1  -4'  long),  woolly;  bracts  not 
exceeding  the  calyx.  (P.  Lagopus,  Pursh.  P.  gnaphalioides,  Nutt.) — Dry 
plains,  W.  Wisconsin "?  and  southwestward.  —  Runs  through  var.  spinulosa  and 
var.  nuda  into 

Var.  aristata.  Loosely  hairy  and  green,  or  becoming  glabrous ;  bracts 
awned,  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  flowers.  (P.  aristata,  Michx.,  &c.)  —  Illinois 
and  southward. 

$  5.  Flowers  diceciousl.y  polygamous,  or  of  2  sorts ;  the  mostly  sterile  ones  with  the  usual 
large  anthers  on  long  capillary  filaments,  and  the  lobes  of  the  corotta  refiexed  or 
spreading ;  the  truly  fertile  with  minute  anthers  on  short  included  filaments  and  the 
corolla  closed  over  the  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  beak :  stamens  4 :  pod  2-celled:  seeds  I 
or  rarely  2  in  each  cell,  nearly  fiat  on  the  face :  annuals  or  biennials,  with  rathe* 
obscurely  and  few-ribbed  leaves. 

6.  P.  Virginica,  L.     Hairy  or  hoary-pubescent  (2' -9'  high);  leaves 
oblong,  varying  to  pbovate  and  spatulate-lanceolate,  3-5-nerved,  slightly  or 
coarsely  and  sparingly  toothed ;  spike  dense,  often  interrupted  or  loose  below ; 
sepals  ovate  or  oblong.     (Includes  many  nominal  species.)  —  Sandy  grounds, 
Rhode  Island  to  Kentucky  and  southward.    May-  Sept. 

$  6.  Flowers  of  2  sorts  as  in  §  5,  but  the  stamens  only  2,  and  the  corolla  of  the  truly 
fertile  not  so  much  closed:  pod  2-cetted:  seeds  2-19  in  each  cell,  not  hollowed 
on  tlieface:  small  annuals  or  biennials,  with  narrowly  linear  or  awl-shaped  and 
obscurely  l-ribbed  leaves. 

7.  P.  pusilla,  Nutt.    Minutely  pubescent  (l'-4'  high);  leaves  entire; 
flowers  crowded  or  scattered  ;  pod  short-ovoid,  ^-seeded,  little  exceeding  the  calyx 
and  bract.  —  Dry  hills,  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    April  -  Aug. 

8.  P.  heterophflla,  Nutt.    Leaves  rather  fleshy,  acute,  entire,  or  den- 
ticulate, or  some  of  them  below  2  -4-lobed  or  toothed  ;  scapes  2' -8'  high,  in- 
cluding the  long  and  slender  spike  of  often  scattered  flowers ;  pod  oblong-conoidal, 
lO-28-seeded,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  bract.     (P.  pusilla, 
Decaisne,  in  DC.)—  Low  or  sandy  grounds,  from  Maryland  southward.    April  - 
June. 

23* 


270  PLUMBA  JINACE^E.       (LEADWORT    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  69.     PLUMB  AGIN  ACE^E.     (LEADWORT   FAMILY.) 

Maritime  herbs,  chiefly  stemless,  with  regular  5-merous  flowers,  a  plaited 
calyx,  the  5  stamens  opposite  the  separate  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
and  the  free  ovary  one-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule  hanging  from  a  long  cord 
which  rises  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  —  The  STATIC^JS  or  MARSH-ROSE- 
MARY TRIBE  alone  is  represented  in  our  region  by  the  genus 

1.    STATICE,    Tourn.        SEA-LAVENDER.    MARSH-ROSEMARY. 

Flowers  scattered  or  loosely  spiked  and  1 -sided  on  the  branches,  2-3-bracted. 
Calyx  funnel-form,  dry  and  memhranaceous,  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  or 
quite  distinct  petals,  with  long  claws,  the  5  stamens  attached  to  their  bases. 
Styles  5,  rarely  3,  separate.  Fruit  membranous  and  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  in 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Embryo  straight,  in  mealy  albumen.  —  Sea-side  peren- 
nials, with  thick  and  stalked  leaves ;  the  flowering  stems  or  scapes  branched 
into  panicles.  (STart/cq,  an  ancient  name  given  to  this  or  some  other  herb,  on 
account  of  its  astringency.) 

1.  S.  Limoiiium,  L.  Leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  obovate-lanceolate, 
1 -ribbed,  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristly  point,  petioled ;  scape  much-branched, 
corymbose-panicled  (l°-2°  high);  spikelets  1  -  3-flowered ;  calyx-tube  hairy 
on  the  angles,  the  lobes  ovate-triangular,  with  as  many  teeth  in  the  sinuses.  — 
Boot  thick  and  woody,  very  astringent.  Flowers  lavender-color.  (Eu.) 

Var.  Caroliniana  (S.  Caroliniana,  Walt.,  &c.),  the  plant  of  the  North- 
ern States,  has  a  hollow  scape,  with  more  erect  branches,  at  length  scattered 
flowers,  and  sharper  calyx-lobes.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  extending 
northward  (where  it  passes  into  S.  Bahusiensis,  Fries).  Aug.,  Sept.  (Eu.) 

ARMERIA  VULGARIS,  the  THRIFT  of  the  gardens,  is  a  native  of  Northern 
Canada  as  well  as  of  Europe,  but  not  of  the  United  States  proper. 

ORDER  70.    PRIMIILACEJE.     (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  flowers, 
the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  monopetalous  (rarely  polypetalous) 
corolla  and  inserted  opposite  them  on  the  tube,  and  a  l-celled  ovary  with  a 
central  free  placenta  rising  from  the  base,  bearing  several  or  many  seeds. — 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  in  Samolus  partly  coherent.  (Corolla  none 
in  Glaux.)  Stamens  4-5,  rarely  6-8.  Style  and  stigma  one.  Seeds 
with  a  small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen,  amphitropous  and  fixed  by  the 
middle,  except  in  Tribe  4. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.    PRIMUI^E-flE.    Pod  entirely  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  by  valves  or  teeth. 
«  Stemless  :  leaves  all  in  a  cluster  from  the  root. 

1.  PRIMULA.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  open  at  the  throat.    Stamens  included 

2.  ANDROSACE.    Corolla  short,  constricted  at  the  throat.    Stamens  included 


PRIMULACE2E.       (PRIMROSE    FAMILY.)  271 

8.  DODECATHEON.    Corolla  reflexed,  5-parted.     Stamens  exserted  ;  filamen  te  un!*ed. 
*  *  Stems  leafy  :  corolla  wheel-shaped  (or  hi  Glaux  none). 

4.  TRIENTALIS.    Corolla  mostly  7-parted.     Stem  leafy  at  the  summit. 

5.  LYS1MACHIA.    Corolla  5-parted,  without  intermediate  teeth.    Stems  leafy. 

6.  NAUMBUUGIA.    Corolla  of  5  or  6  petals,  with  intermediate  teeth. 

7.  GLAUX.    Corolla  none  :  the  calyx  petal-like. 

TBIBE  II.    AN AGAI^IjIDE^J.    Pod  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  all  round  by  a  trans- 
verse line,  the  top  falling  off  like  a  lid. 

8.  ANAGALLIS.    Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-parted.     Leaves  opposite. 

9.  CENTUNCDLUS.    Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4  -  5-cleft.    Leaves  alternate. 

TRIBE  III.     SAMOLE^B.    Pod  partly  adherent  to  the  calyx,  opening  by  valves. 

10.  SAMOLUS.    Corolla  bell-shaped  and  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses. 

TEIBB  IV.    HOTTONIEJE.     Pod  entirely  free  from  the  calyx,  opening  by  valves. 
Seeds  fixed  by  the  base,  anatropous. 

11.  iHOTTONIA.    Corolla  salver-shaped.    Immersed  leaves  pectinately  dissected. 

1.    PUIMUL.A,    L.        PRIMROSE.     COWSLIP. 

Calyx  tubular,  angled,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  enlarging  above  the 
insertion  of  the  stamens ;  the  5  lobes  often  notched  or  inversely  heart-shaped. 
Stamens  5,  included.  Pod  many-seeded,  splitting  at  the  top  into  5  valves  or  10 
teeth.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  producing  a  tuft  of  veiny  leaves  at  the  root,  and 
simple  scapes,  bearing  the  flowers  in  an  umbel.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  primus, 
from  the  flowering  of  the  true  Primrose  in  early  spring.) 

1.  P.  farindsa,  L.      (BIRD'S-EYE  PRIMROSE.)      Leaves  elliptical  or 
obovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  surface  and  the  3  -  20-flowered  involucre,  fyc.  covered 
tuith  a  white  mealiness :  corolla  pale  lilac  with  a  yellow  eye.  —  Shores  of  Lakes 
St.  Clair,  Huron,  and  northward.     June,  July.  —  Scape  3'  - 10'  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  Rttstassinica,  Michx.    Leaves  spatulate  or  wedge-oblong,  thin 
and  veiny,  not  mealy ;  involucre  1  -  8-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  flesh-colored  corolla 
broadly  and  deeply  obcordate.  —  Shores  of  the  Upper  Lakes :  also  Crooked 
Lake  (Sartwell)  and   Annsville,  Oneida   County,  New  York  (Knieskern  and 
Vasey),  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vermont  ( Wood,  frc.),  and  northward.     May.  — 
A  pretty  species,  2'  -  6'  high.     (Eu.) 

P.  VERIS  and  P.  VULGARIS  are  the  COWSLIP  and  PRIMROSE  of  Europe, 
from  which  various  cultivated  varieties  are  derived. 

2.    AN  DUOS  ACE,    Tourn.        ANDROSACE. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  short.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-form,  the  tube 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  contracted  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens 
and  style  included.  Pod  5-valved.  —  Small  herbs,  with  clustered  root-leaves 
and  very  small  solitary  or  umbelled  flowers.  (An  old  name,  composed  of 
avbposi  of  man,  and  (TOKOS,  a  shield :  unmeaning. ) 

1.  A.  occidentalis,  Pursh.  Smoothish;  scapes  diffuse  (2' -4'  high), 
many-flowered ;  leaves  and  leaflets  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  entire,  sessile ; 
calyx-lobes  leafy,  triangular-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  (white)  corolla.  ®  — 
Banks  of  the  Mississippi,  Illinois,  and  northwestward. 


272  PRIMULACEJE.       (PRIMROSE   .FAMILY.) 

3.    DODECATHEON,    L.      AMERICAN  COWSLIP. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  the  divisions  lanceolate,  reflexed.  Corolla  with  a  very 
short  tube,  a  thickened  throat,  and  a  5-parted  reflexed  limb ;  the  divisions  long 
and  narrow.  Filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  the  base :  anthers  long  and 
linear,  approximate  in  a  slender  cone. — Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  fibrous 
roots,  a  cluster  of  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves,  and  a  simple  naked  scape,  involu- 
crate  at  the  summit,  bearing  an  ample  umbel  of  showy  flowers,  usually  nodding 
on  slender  peduncles.  Corolla  purple-rose-color,  or  sometimes  white.  (Name 
fancifully  assumed  from  dd>8e/ea,  twelve,  and  foot,  gods.) 

1.  I>.  Itleatlin,  L.  —  Rich  woods,  Penn.  and  Maryland  to  Wisconsin,  and 
south  westward.  May,  June.  —  Very  handsome  in  cultivation.  In  the  West 
called  SHOOTING-STAB. 

4.    TRIEIVTAI^IS,   L.        CHICK  WEED- WINTERGREEN. 

Calyx  mostly  7-parted  ;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  pointed.  Corolla 
mostly  7-parted,  spreading,  flat,  without  any  tube.  Filaments  slender,  united  in 
a  ring  at  the  base :  anthers  oblong,  revolute  after  flowering.  Pod  few-seeded. 

—  Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  simple  erect  stems,  bearing  a  few  alternate 
usually  minute  and  scale-like  leaves  below,  and  a  whorl  of  very  delicate  veiny 
leaves  at  the  summit.     Peduncles  one  or  more,  very  slender,  bearing  a  delicate 
white  and  star-shaped  flower.     (A  Latin  name,  meaning  the  third  part  of  a  foot, 
alluding  to  the  size  of  the  plant.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  Pursh.  (STAR-FLOWER.)  Leaves  elongated-lan- 
ceolate, tapering  to  both  ends;  petals  finely  pointed.  —  Damp  cold  woods; 
common  northward,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.  May. 

5.    EYSIMACHIA,    L.        LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  with  a  very  short  tube,  and  a  spreading  5-parted 
limb.  Stamens  5  :  filaments  often  united  in  a  ring  at  the  base.  Pod  globose, 
5  -  10-valved,  few  -  many-seeded.  (Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  fours  or  sixes. ) 

—  Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  or  racemed  flowers :  corolla 
mostly  yellow.     (Named  in  honor  of  King  Lysimachus,  or  from  \IHTIS,  a  release 

from,  pdx>li  strife.) 

§  1.  TRIDYNIA,  Raf. —  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  sessile,  dotted:  calyx  and 
(/olden-yellow  corolla  streaked  with  dark  lines :  filaments  mostly  unequal,  plainly 
monadelphous  at  the  base,  with  no  interposed  sterile  ones :  anthers  short :  pod  5- 
valved,  ripening  only  2  —  5  seeds.  , 

1.  It.  Stricta,  Ait.  Smooth,  at  length  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves  oppo- 
site or  rarely  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute  at  .each  end ;  flowers  on  slender  pedi 
eels  in-a  long  raceme  (5'- 12'),  which  is  leafy  at  the  base ;  or,  in  var.  PKODUCTA, 
leafy  for  fully  half  its  length :  lobes  of  the  corolla  lance-oblong.  Low  grounds ; 
common.  June -Aug.  —  Stems  l°-2°  high,  often  bearing  oblong  bulblets  in 
the  axils.  i 


PRIMULACE^E.       (PRIMROSE   FAMILY.)  273 

2.  JL.  quadrifolia,  L.  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  simple  (l°-2°high); 
leaves  ivhorled  in  fours  or  fives  (rarely  in  threes  or  sixes)  ovate-lanceolate ;  flowers 
on  long  capillary  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate-oblong.  —  Moist  or  sandy  soil;  common.  June. — A  variety  has  the 
leaves  varying  to  opposite  and  partly  alternate,  some  of  the  upper  reduced  to 
bracts  shorter  than  the  peduncles.  (Near  New  York,  Washington,  &c.) 

§  2.  STEIRONiSMA,  Raf.  —  Leaves  opposite,  not  dotted,  glabrous,  mostly  ciliate  at 
the  base :  floivers  nodding  on  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves : 
corolla  light  yellow,  not  streaked  or  dotted ;  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  with 
undulate  or  denticulate  margins,  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals :  JUaments  nearly 
equal,  scarcely  monadelphous,  with  the  rudiments  of  a  sterile  set  interposed  at  the 
base  in  the  form  of  slender  teeth  or  processes :  anthers  linear,  at  length  curved:  pod 
5-  IQ-valved,  or  bursting  irregularly,  10  -  20-seeded. 

3.  Li.  Ciliata,  L.     Stem  erect  (2°  -3°  high),  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  (3' -6' 
long),  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  all  on  long 
and  fringed  petioles ;  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Low  ground  and  thickets  ; 
common.     July. 

4.  Li.  radical  IS,  Hook.     Stem  slender,  soon  reclined,  the  elongated  branch- 
es often  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  on 
slender  petioles :  corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Swampy  river-banks, 
W.  Virginia  (Aikin)  and  southward.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  nearly  one  half 
smaller  than  in  the  last. 

5.  L..  lanceolata,  Walt.     Stem  erect  (10' -20'  high);  leaves  lanceolate, 
varying  to  oblonc/  and  to  linear,  narrowed  into  a  short  margined  petiole  or  tapering 
base,  or  the  lowest  short  and  broad  on  long  petioles.  —  Var.  HYBRIDA  is  the 
broader-leaved  form.     Var.  ANGUST1F6HA  (L.  angustifolia,  Lam.),  a  slender 
branching  form,  with  the  upper  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  and  acute 
at  both  ends.  — Low  grounds ;  common,  especially  westward.    June  -  Aug. 

6.  Li.  longifolia,  Pursh.     Stem  erect,  4-angled,   slender   (l°-3°  high), 
often  branched  below;  stem-leaves  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  elongated  (2' -4'  long, 
2"  -3"  wide),  smooth  and  shining,  rather  rigid,  obtuse,  the  margins  often  a  little 
revolute,  the  veins  obscure;  the  lowest  oblong  or  spatulate;  corolla  (§'-|' 
broad)  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  conspicuously  pointed.     (L.  revoldta, 
Nutt.)  — Wet  banks,  W.  New  York  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin.    July-  Sept. 

6.     NAUMBtlROIA,    Moench.        TUFTED  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx  6-  (5-7-)  parted.  Corolla  6-  (5-7-)  parted  almost  or  quite  to  the 
base ;  the  spreading  divisions  lance-linear,  with  a  small  tooth  interposed  between 
each.  Filaments  exserted,  distinct.  Pod  few-seeded.  —  Perennial,  with  a  sim- 
ple stem,  and  opposite  lanceolate  entire  leaves,  which  are  dotted,  like  the  yellow 
flower,  &c.,  with  purplish  glands.  Flowers  small,  densely  crowded  in  stalked 
spikes  or  close  racemes,  from  the  axils  of  the  middle  leaves.  (Named  for  J.  S. 
N'mmburg,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1.  N.  thyrsiflora,  Reichenb.  (Lysimachia  thyrsiflora,  L.  L,  capitata, 
Pursh.)  —  Cold  swamps  ;  common  northward.  June.  (Eu.) 


274  PBIMULACE^E.       (PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

7.    OL,AtlX,    L.        SEA-MI  LKWORT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  ovate,  petal-like.  Corolla  wanting.  Sta 
mens  5,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  lobe's.  Pod  5-valved,  few- 
seeded.  —  A  low  and  leafy  fleshy  perennial,  with  opposite  oblong  and  entire  ses- 
sile leaves,  and  solitary  nearly  sessile  (purplish  and  white)  flowers  in  their  axils. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  from  -yXavKos,  sea-green. ) 

1.  O.  inarftima,  L.  —  Sea-shore  of  New  England  from  Cape  Cod 
northward.  June.  (Eu.) 

8.    A  NAG  ALL  IS,    Tourn.        PIMPERNEL. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  almost  no  tube,  5-parted,  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  the  divisions  broad.  Stamens  5  :  filaments  bearded.  Pod  mem- 
branaceous,  circumcissile,  the  top  falling  off  like  a  lid,  many -seeded,  —  Low, 
spreading  or  procumbent  herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  entire  leaves,  and  soli- 
tary flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1  A,  ARVENSIS,  L.  (COMMON  PIMPERNEL.)  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  short- 
er than  the  peduncles  ;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  fringed  with  minute  teeth.  ® 
—  Waste  sandy  fields.  June -Aug.  —  Flowers  variable  in  size,  scarlet,  some- 
times purple,  blue,  or  white,  quickly  closing  at  the  approach  of  bad  weather  ; 
whence  the  popular  name  of  "Poor  Man's  Weather-glass."  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.    CENTtrNCUL,US,    L.        CHAFFWEED. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4  -  5-cleft,  wheel-shaped, 
with  an  urn-shaped  short  tube,  usually  withering  on  the  summit  of  the  pod 
(which  is  like  that  of  Anagallis).  Stamens  4-5:  filaments  beardless.  —  Very 
small  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  inconspicuous  flowers  in 
their  axils.  (Derivation  obscure.) 

1.  C,  minimus,  L.  Stems  ascending  (2' -5'  long);  leaves  ovate,  obo- 
vate, or  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  the  parts  mostly  in  fours.  (C. 
lanceolatus,  Michx. )  —  Low  grounds,  Elinois  and  southward.  (Eu. ) 

1O.     SAMOJLUS,    L.        WATER  PIMPERNEL.    BROOK-WEED. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Corolla  somewhat 
bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  commonly  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses.  Stamens 
5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Pod  5-valved  at  the  summit,  many- 
seeded.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  arid  small  white  flowers  in 
racemes.  ("  According  to  Pliny,  an  ancient  Druidical  name,  probably  same  as 
slanlus  in  Celtic,  the  healing-herb.") 

1.  S.  Valer&iidi,  L.  Stem  erect  (6' -12'  high),  leafy;  leaves  obovate; 
bracts  none ;  bractlets  on  the  middle  of  the  slender  ascending  pedicels ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  (Eu.) 

Var.  Amcric films.  More  slender,  becoming  diffusely  branched;  ra- 
cemes often  panicled,  the  pedicels  longer  and  spreading ;  bractlets,  flowers,  and 
pods  smaller.  (S.  floribundus,  H.  B.  K.)  — Wet  places  ;  common.  June  -  Sept 


LENTIBULACEJi.       (fiLADDERWORT    FAMILY.)  275 

11.    HOTTONIA,    L.        FBATHEHFOIL.    WATER  VIOLET. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  linear.  Corolla  salver-shaptsd,  with  a  short 
tube ;  the  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  5,  included.  Pod  many-seeded,  5  valved ; 
the  valves  cohering  at  the  base  and  summit.  Seeds  attached  by  their  base, 
anatropous.  —  Aquatic  perennials,  with  the  immersed  leaves  pectinate;  and  the 
erect  hollow  flower-stems  almost  leafless.  Flowers  white  or  whitish,  whorled  at 
the  joints,  forming  a  sort  of  interrupted  raceme.  (Named  for  Prof.  Hottan,  a 
botanist  of  Leyden,  in  the  17th  century.) 

1.  H.  iiififita.,  Ell.  Leaves  dissected  into  thread-like  divisions,  scattered 
on  the  floating  and  rooting  stems,  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  cluster  of  pe- 
duncles, which  are  strongly  inflated  between  the  joints ;  pedicels,  corolla,  an- 
thers, and  style  short.  —  Pools  and  ditches,  New  England  to  Kentucky,  and 
southward.  June.  —  The  singularly  inflated  peduncles  are  often  as  thick  as 
one's  finger. 

ORDER  71.    LEJVTIBULACE^E.    (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Small  herbs  (growing  in  water  or  wet  places),  with  a  2-lipped  calyx,  and  a 
2-lipped  personate  corolla,  2  stamens  with  (confluently)  one-celled  anthers, 
and  a,  one-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta,  bearing  several  anatro- 
pous seeds,  with  a  thick  straight  embryo,  and  no  albumen.  —  Corolla  deeply 
2-lipped,  spurred  at  the  base  in  front ;  the  palate  usually  bearded.  Ovary 
free :  style  very  short  or  none :  stigma  1  -  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  larger 
and  revolute  over  the  approximate  anthers.  Pod  often  bursting  irregular- 
ly. Scapes  1  -  few-flowered.  —  A  small  family,  consisting  mostly  of  the 
two  following  genera :  — 

1.    UTRICUL.ARIA,  L.        BLADDERWORT. 

Lips  of  the  2-parted  calyx  entire,  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  personate,  the  palate 
on  the  lower  lip  projecting,  and  often  closing  the  throat.  —  Aquatic  and  im- 
mersed, with  capillary  dissected  leaves  bearing  little  bladders,  which  are  filled 
with  air  and  float  the  plant  at  the  time  of  flowering ;  or  rooting  in  the  mud,  and 
sometimes  with  few  or  no  leaves  or  bladders.  Scapes  1  -  few-flowered.  (Name 
from  utriculus,  a  little  bladder.)  „ 

*  Upper  leaves  in  a  whorl  on  the  otherwise  naked  scape,  floating  by  means  of  large 
bladders  formed  of  the  inflated  petioles ;  the  lower  dissected  and  capillary,  bearing 
little  bladders :  rootlets  few  or  none. 

1.  IT.  inflata,  Walt.  (INFLATED  BLADDERWORT.)  Swimming  free; 
bladder-like  petioles  oblong,  pointed  at  the  ends,  and  branched  near  the  apex, 
bearing  fine  thread-like  divisions;  flowers  5-10  (large,  yellow);  the  appressed 
spur  half  the  length  of  the  corolla ;  style  distinct.  —  Ponds,  Maine  to  Virginia, 
and  southward,  near  the  coast.  Aug. 

*  *  Scapes  naked  (except  some  small  scaly  bracts),  front  immersed  branching  stems, 
whicli  commonly  sioim  free,  and  bear  capillary  dissected  leaies  furnished  with  small 


276  LENTIBULACE^E.       (BLADDERWORT   FAMILY.) 

air-bladders  on  their  lobes :  roots  few  and  not  affixed,  or  none.     (Mostly  perennial, 
propagated  from  year  to  year  by  a  sort  of  buds. ) 

•«-  Flowers  all  alike,  yellow,  several  in  a  raceme  :  pedicds  nodding  in  fruit. 

2.  U.  vulgaris,  L.      (GREATER    BLADDERWORT.)      Immersed  stems 
(l°-3°  long)  crowded  with  2  —  3-pinnately  many-parted  capillary  leaves,  bearing 
many  bladders ;  scapes  5  -  12-flowered  (6'  - 12'  long) ;  lips  of  the  corolla  closed,  the 
sides  reflexed  ;  spur  conical,  stretched  out  towards  the  lower  lip,  shorter  than  it. 
—  Ponds  and  slow  streams;   common.     June -Aug.  —  Corolla  £'-§'  broad; 
the  spur  rather  less  broad  and  blunt  than  in  the  European  plant.     (Eu.) 

3.  U»  minor,  L.     (SMALLER  BLADDERWORT.)     Leaves  scattered  on  the 
thread-like  immersed  stems,  2-4  times  forked,  short ;  scapes  weak,  3  -  7-flow- 
ered  (3' -7'  high) ;  upper  lip  of  the  gaping  corolla  not  longer  than  the  depressed  pal- 
ate ;  spur  very  short,  blunt,  turned  down,  or  almost  none.  —  Shallow  water,  N.  New 
York  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    July.  —  Corolla  2"  -  3"  broad.    (Eu.) 

•»-  •»-  Flowers  of  2  sorts ;  viz.  the  usual  sort  (3-7)  in  a  raceme,  their  pedicels  ascend- 
ing, the  corolla  yellow ;  and  more  fertile  ones  solitary  and  scattered  along  the  leafy 
stems,  on  short  soon  reflexed  peduncles,  fruiting  in  the  bud,  the  corolla  minute  and 
never  expanding. 

4.  U.  claiidestliia,  Nutt.    Leaves  numerous  on  the  slender  immersed 
stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary,  copiously  bladder-bearing ;  scapes  slen- 
der (3' -5'  high) ;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  lower  broader 
and  3-lobcd,  somewhat  longer  than  the  approximate  thick  and  blunt  spur.  — 
Ponds,  E.  Massachusetts,   Rhode   Island,  W.  New  York,  and  New  Jersey 
July.  — Flowers  as  large  as  in  No.  7. 

-i-  •«-  H-  Flowers  all  alike,  few  (1-5)  :  pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 
-t-+  Corolla  yellow :  scape  and  pedicels  filiform. 

5.  U.  intermedia,  Hayne.     Leaves  crowded  on   the  immersed  stems, 
2-ranked,   4-5   times  forked,  rigid;   the   divisions   linear-awl-shaped,   minutely 
bristle-toothed  along  the  margins,  not  bladder-bearing,  the  bladders  being  on  sep- 
arate leafless  branches ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the  palate  ;  spur 
conical-oblong,  acute,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip  and  nearly  as  long  as  it.  —  Shallow 
pools,  New  England  to  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  northward  :  rarte.     June,  July.  — 
Leafy  stems  3' -  6'  long.     Scapes  3'  -  7'  high.     Flowers  £'  broad.     (Eu.) 

6.  U,  si  rife ta,  Le  Conte.     Leaves  crowded  or  whorled  on  the  small  im- 
merse'd  stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary,  bladder-bearing ;  flowers  2  -  5,  on  long 
pedicels ;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal,  broad  and  expanded,  the  upper  undu- 
late, concave,  plaited-striate  in  the  middle ;  spur  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  approaching 
and  almost  equalling  the  lower  lip.  —  Shallow  pools  in  pine  barrens,  Long  Island, 
New  Jersey,  and  southward.    July,  Aug.  —  Scape  8'  - 1 2'  high.    Flowers  £'  broad. 

7.  V.  gibba,  L.     Scape  (l'-3'  high),  1  -2-jlowered,  at  the  base  furnished 
with  very  slender  short  branches,  bearing  sparingly  dissected  capillary  root-like 
leaves,  with  scattered  bladders ;  lips  of  the  corolla  broad  and  rounded,  nearly 
equal ;  the  lower  with  the  sides  reflexed  (4"  -  5"  long),  exceeding  the  approximate 
thick  and  blunt  gibbous  spur.  —  Shallow  water,  Massachusetts  to  Pennsylvania,  and 
southward  along  the  mountains.    June  -  Aug. 


BIGNONIACE^.       (BIGNONIA    FAMILY.)  277 

•*-*•  •*-»•  Corolla  violet-purple. 

8    U.  ptirpurea,  Walt.     (PUBPLE  BLADDERWORT.)     Leaves  whorled 
along  the  long  immersed  free  floating  stems,  petioled,  decompound,  capillary, 
bearing  many  bladders;  flowers  2-4  (£'  wide) ;  spur  appressed  to  the  lower 
3-lobed  2-saccatc  lip  of  the  corolla  and  about  half  its  length.  —  Ponds,  Maine  to 
Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Scape  3'-  6'  high,  not  scaly  below. 
*  *  *  Scape  solitary,  slender  and  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales,  the  base  rooting  in 
the  mud  or  soil:  leaves  small,  awl-shaped  or  grass-like,  often  raised  out  of  the  water, 
commonly  few  or  fugacious :  air-bladders  few  on  the  leaves  or  rootlets,  or  none. 
•*-  Flower  purple,  solitary :  leaves  bearing  a  few  delicate  lobes. 

9.  U.  resilpiliata,  Greene.     Scape  (2' -8'  high)  2-bracted  above  ;  leaves 
thread-like,  on  delicate  creeping  branches ;  corolla  (4"  -5"  long)  deeply  2-parted ; 
spur  oblong-conical,  very  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  dilated  lower  lip  and  remote 
from  it,  both  ascending,  the  flower  resting  transversely  on  the  summit  of  the  scape. 
—  Sandy  margins  of  ponds,  Maine  (Mr.  Chute),  E.  Massachusetts,  and  Khode 
Island.     Aug. 

-i-  -H-  Flowers  2-10,  yellow :  leaves  entire,  rarely  seen. 

10.  U.  Sllbulata,  L.      (TiNr  BLADDERWORT.)     Stem   capillary   (3'- 
5'  high)  ;  pedicels  capillary ;  lower  lip  of  tlie  corolla  fiat  or  with  its  margins  re- 
curved, equally  3-lobed,  much  larger  than  the  ovate  upper  one ;  spur  oblong,  acute, 
straight,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip,  which  it  nearly  equals  in  length.  —  Sandy 
swamps,  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June.  —  Co- 
rolla 3" -4"  broad. 

11.  U.   eoi'iiilta,    Michx.      (HORNED    BLADDERWORT.)      Stem    strict 
(^°  -  1°  high),  2  -  10-flowered  ;  pedicels  not  longer  tha.n  the  calyx ;  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla  large  and  helmet-shaped,  its  centre  very  convex  and  projecting,  while  the 
sides  are  strongly  reflexed ;  upper  lip  obovate  and  much  smaller ;  spur  awl-shaped, 
turned  downward  and  outward,  about  as  long  as  the  lower  lip.  —  Peat-bogs,  or 
sandy  swamps  ;  common.     June -Aug. — Flowers  close  together,  large. 

2.     PINOUICUJLA,    L.        BUTTERWORT. 

Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  an  open  hairy 
or  spotted  palate.  —  Small  and  stemlcss  perennials,  growing  on  damp  rocks, 
with  1 -flowered  scapes,  and  broad  and  entire  leaves,  all  clustered  at  the  root, 
soft-fleshy,  mostly  greasy  to  the  touch  (whence  the  name,  from  pinguis,  fat). 

1.  P.  vulgaris,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical ;  scape  and  calyx  a  little 
pubescent;  lips  of  the  violet  corolla  very  unequal,  the  tube  funnel-form,  spur 
straightish.  —  Wet  rocks,  W.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward 
July.  v"(Eu.) 

ORDER  72.     BIGNONIACE^E.     (BIGNONIA  FAMILY.) 

Woody  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants ,  monopetalous,  didynamous  or  dian- 

drouSj  with  the  ovary  commonly  2-cetted  by  the  meeting  of  the  two  placenta?  or 

of  a  projection  from  them,  many-seeded :  the  large  seeds  with  a  jlat  embryo 

and  no  albumen.  —  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft,  or  entire.     Corolla  tubular  or 

24 


278  BIGNONIACE^.       (BIGNONIA    FAMILY.) 

bell-sl.aped,  5-  obed,  somewhat  irregular  and  2-lipped,  deciduous ;  the  low 
er  lobe  largest.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla ;  the  fifth  or  posterior  one, 
and  sometimes  the  shorter  pair  also,  sterile  or  rudimentary :  anthers  of  2 
diverging  cells.  Ovary  free,  bearing  a  long  style,  with  a  2-lipped  stigma. 
—  Leaves  compound  or  simple,  opposite,  rarely  alternate.  Flowers  large 
and  showy.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family ;  only  two  species  indigenous  within 
our  limits.  It  includes  two  suborders,  viz :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    BIGNONIEJE.    THE  TRUE  BIGNONIA  FAMILY. 

Woody  plants,  with  1  -  2-celled  and  2-valved  pods,  the  valves  separating 
from  the  partition  when  there  is  any.  Seeds  transverse,  very  flat,  winged ; 
the  broad  and  leaf-like  cotyledons  notched  at  both  ends. 

1.  BIGNONIA.    Pod  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition.    Leaves  compound. 

2.  TECOMA     Pod  with  the  convex  valves  contrary  to  the  partition     Leaves  compound. 
8.  CATALPA.    Pod  as  hi  No.  2.    Leaves  simple.    Fertile  stamens  only  2. 

SUBORDER  U.    SESAMES.    THE  SESAMUM  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  the  fruit  more  or  less  4-5-celled.     Seeds  attached  by  one 
end,  not  winged ;  the  cotyledons  thick  and  entire. 
4.  MARTYNIA.    Fertile  stamens  2  or  4.    Fruit  fleshy  without  and  woody  within,  beaked. 

1.    BIONONIA,    Toura.        BIGNONIA. 

Calyx  truncate,  or  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  5-lobed 
and  rather  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  often  showing  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth.  Pod 
long  and  narrow,  2-celled,  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves  and  partition.  Seeds 
transversely  winged.  —  Woody  vines,  with  chiefly  compound  leaves,  climbing  by 
tendrils.  (Named  for  the  Abbe  Bignon.) 

I.  15.  capreolata, -L.  Smooth;  leaves  of  2  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets 
and  a  branched  tendril,  often  with  a  pair  of  accessory  leaves  in  the  axil  resem- 
bling stipules;  peduncles  few  and  clustered,  1-flowered. — Rich  soil,  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  Illinois,  and  southward.  April.  —  Stems  climbing  tall  trees ;  a  trans- 
verse section  of  the  word  showing  a  cross.  Corolla  orange,  2'  long.  Pod  6' 
long.  Seeds  with  the  wing  l£'  long. 

2.    TECOMA,    Juss.        TRUMPET-FLOWER. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  a  little  irregular. 
Stamens  4.  Pod  long  and  narrow,  2-celled,  the  partition  contrary  to  the  convex 
valves.  Seeds  transversely  winged.  —  Woody  vines,  with  compound  leaves. 
/Abridged  from  the  Mexican  name.) 

1.  T.  rsulictins,  Juss.  (TRUMPET  CREEPER.)  Climbing  by  rootlets ; 
leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  5-11,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed;  flowers  corymbed;  sta- 
mens not  protruded  beyond  the  tubular-funnel-form  corolla.  (Bignonia  radi- 
eans,  L. )  —  Rich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  southward ;  but  cultivated 
farther  north.  July.  —  Corolla  2'  -  3'  long,  orange  and  scarlet,  show}. 


OROBANCHACEJE.       (BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY.)  279 

3.    C  A  T  A  L<  P  A ,    Scop.,  Walt.        CATALPA.    INDIAN  BEAN. 

Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  swelling  ;  the  undulate  5-lobed 
spreading  border  irregular  and  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  2,  or  sometimes  4 ; 
the  1  or  3  others  sterile  and  rudimentary.  Pod  very  long  and  slender,  nearly 
cylindrical,  2-celled ;  the  partition  contrary  to  the  valves.  Seeds  broadly  winged 
on  each  side,  the  wings  cut  into  a  fringe.  (The  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  C.  BiGNONiolDES,  Walt.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  downy  beneath ; 
flowers  in  open  compound  panicles.  —  Cultivated  in  the  Northern  States  :  a  well- 
known  ornamental  tree,  with  large  leaves,  and  showy  flowers,  which  arc  white, 
slightly  tinged  with  violet,  and  dotted  with  purple  and  yellow  in  the  throat, 
opening  in  July.  Pods  hanging  till  the  next  spring,  often  1°  long.  (Adv 
froaiS.  W.  States?) 

4.    MARTYNIA,    L.        UNICORN-PLANT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  mostly  unequal.  Corolla  gibbous,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  and 
Bomewhat  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  4,  or  only  2.  Pod  fleshy,  and  with  the 
inner  part  soon  woody,  terminated  by  a  long  beak,  which  at  length  splits  into 
2  hooked  horns,  and  opens  at  the  apex  between  the  beaks,  imperfectly  5-celled, 
owing  to  the  divergence  of  the  two  plates  of  each  of  the  two  partitions  or  pla- 
centa, leaving  a  space  in  the  centre,  while  by  reaching  and  cohering  with  the 
walls  of  the  fruit  they  form  4  other  cells.  Seeds  several,  wingless,  with  a 
thick  and  roughened  coat.  —  Low  branching  annuals,  clammy-pubescent,  exhal- 
ing a  heavy  odor :  stems  thickish :  leaves  simple,  rounded.  Flowers  racemed, 
large.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Martyn,  of  Cambridge,  a  well-known  botanist  of 
the  last  century.) 

1.  HI,  PKOBOScfDEA,  Glox.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  oblique,  entire,  or  undu- 
late, the  upper  alternate ;  the  woody  endocarp  crested  on  one  side,  long-horned. 
—  Escaped  from  gardens  in  some  places.  Corolla  dull  white,  tinged  or  spotted 
with  yellow  and  purplish.  (Adv.  from  S.  W.  States.) 


ORDER  73.     OROBANCHACE^E.     (BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  destitute  of  green  foliage  (root-parasites),  monopetalous,  didyna- 
mous,  the  ovary  one-celled  with  2  or  4  parietal  placentae ;  pod  very  many- 
seeded:  seeds  minute,  with  albumen,  and  a  very  minute  embryo.  —  Calyx  per- 
sistent, 4  -  5-toothed  or  parted.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  2-lipped, 
ringent,  persistent  and  withering ;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed,  the  low- 
er 3"-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla : 
anthers  2-celled,  persistent.  Ovary  free,  ovoid,  pointed  with  a  long  style 
•which  is  curved  at  the  apex  :  stigma  large.  Pod  1-colled,  2-valved ;  the 
valves  each  bearing  on  their  face  one  placenta  or  a  pair.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous, minute,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  transpar- 
ent albumen.  —  Low,  thick  or  fleshy  herbs,  bearing  scales  in  place  of  lea\es, 
lurid  yellowish,  or  brownish  throughout.  Flowers  solitary  or  spiked. 


280  OROBANCHACE.fi.       (BROOM-KAPE    FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  of  two  sorts. 

1.  EJ IPHEGUS.     Upper  flowers  sterile,  with  a  tubular  corolla ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  tho 

corolla  minute  and  not  expanding.     Bracts  inconspicuous. 
*  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect. 

2.  CONOPHOLTS.    Flowers  spiked.    Calyx  with  2  bractlets,  split  on  the  lower  side.    Stamens 

protruded.     Corolla  2-lipped. 

8.  PHELIP.EA.  Flowers  spiked  or  panicled.  Calyx  with  2  bractlets,  regularly  6-cleft.  Co 
rolla  2-lipped.  Stamens  included. 

4.  APHYLLON.  Flowers  solitary,  without  bractlets.  Calyx  regularly  5-cleft.  Corolla  al- 
most regular.  Stamens  included. 

1.    EPIPH13GUS,    Nutt.        BEECH-DROPS.     CANCER-ROOT. 

Flowers  racemose  or  spiked,  scattered  on  the  branches ;  the  upper  sterile,  with 
a  long  tubular  corolla  and  long  filaments  and  style ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  a 
very  short  corolla  which  seldom  opens,  but  is  forced  off  from  the  base  by  the 
growth  of  the  pod ;  the  stamens  and  style  very  short.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Stigma 
capitate,  a  little  2-lobed.  Pod  2-valved  at  the  apex,  with  2  approximate  placentae 
on  each  valve.  —  Herbs  slender,  purplish  or  yellowish-brown,  much  branched, 
with  small  and  scattered  scales,  6' -12'  high.  (Name  composed  of  «ri,  upon, 
and  <pr)jos,  the  Beech,  because  it  grows  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.) 

1.  E.  Virginiana,  Bart.     (E.  America n us,  Nutt..}  —  Common  under  the 
shade  of  Beech-trees,  parasitic  on  their  roots.     Aug. -Oct.  —  Corolla  of  the 
upper  (sterile)  flowers  whitish  and  purple,  6*  -8"  long,  curved,  4-toothed. 

2.  CONOPHOL.IS,    Wallr.        SQUAW-ROOT.     CANCER-ROOT. 

Flowers  in  a  thick  scaly  spike,  perfect,  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  irreg- 
ularly 4  -  5-toothed  calyx ;  the  tube  split  down  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar, swollen  at  the  base,  strongly  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  notched  at  the 
summit ;  the  lower  shorter,  3-parted,  spreading.  Stamens  protruded.  Stigma 
depressed.  Pod  with  4  placenta?,  approximate  in  pairs  on  the  middle  of  each 
valve.  —  Upper  scales  forming  bracts  to  the  flowers ;  the  lower  covering  each 
other  in  regular  order,  not  unlike  those  of  a  fir-cone  (whence  the  name,  from 
K£>VOS,  a  cone,  and  <j>o\is,  a  scale). 

1.  C.  Americana,  Wallroth.  (Orobanche  Americana,  Z.) — Oak  woods; 
not  rare,  growing  in  clusters  among  fallen  leaves.  May,  June. — A  singular 
plant,  chestnut-colored  or  yellowish  throughout,  as  thick  as  a  man's  thumb, 
3-6'  long,  covered  with  scales,  which  are  at  first  fleshy,  then  dry  and  hard. 

3.     PHEL.IPJEA,    Tourn.        BROOM-RAPE. 

Flowers  perfect,  crowded  in  a  spike,  raceme,  or  clustered  panicle,  with  a  pah 
of  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  regular  4  -  5-cleft  calyx.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the 
upper  lip  2-lobed  or  notched ;  the  lower  3-parted.  Stamens  included.  Ovary 
with  a  gland  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side.  Pod  with  4  placentae,  two  on  the 
middle  of  each  valve.  —  Stems  rather  thick,  scaly.  (Named  for  /,.  $  J.  Phdi- 
peaux,  patrons  of  science  in  the  time  of  Tournefort. ) 


SCROPHULA.RJACE2E.      (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  281 

1.  P.  Liuloviciaiia,  Bon.  Glandular-pubescent,  branched  (3' -12 
high) ;  the  flowers  spiked  in  close  clusters ;  corolla  somewhat  curved,  twice  the 
length  of  the  narrow  lanceolate  calyx-lobes;  the  lips  equal  in  length. — Illinois 
(Mr.  E.  Hall)  and  westward.  Oct. 

4.    APHtfL-LOUT,    Mitchell.        NAKED  BROOM-RAPE. 

Flowers  perfect,  solitary  on  long  naked  scapes  or  peduncles,  without  bractlets. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  regular.  Corolla  with  a  long  curved  tube  and  a  spreading  bor- 
der, somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  deeply  2-cleft,  its  lobes  similar  to  the  3 
of  the  lower  lip.  Stamens  included.  Stigma  broadly  2-lipped.  Capsule  with 
4  equidistant  placentas,  2  borne  on  each  valve  half-way  between  the  midrib  and 
the  margin.  Plants  brownish  or  yellowish.  Flowers  purplish,  and  scapes  mi- 
nutely glandular-pubescent.  (Name  from  a  privative  and  (frvXXov,  foliage,  allud- 
ing to  the  naked  stalks.)  — Perhaps  rather  a  section  of  Phelipaea. 

1.  A.  iiiiifloriim,  Torr.&Gr.    (ONE-FLOWERED  CANCER-ROOT.)    Stem 
subterranean  or  nearly  so,  very  short,  scaly,  often  branched,  each  branch  sending 
up  1  -3  slender  one-flowered  scapes  (3' -5'  high) ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-awl- 
shaped,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla.     (Orobanche  uniflora,  L.) — Woods; 
rather  common.     April,  May.  —  Corolla  1 '  long,  with  2  yellow  bearded  folds  in 
the  throat,  the  lobes  obovate. 

2.  A.  fasciciilatuiii,  Torr.  &  Gr.      Scaly  stem  erect  and  rising  3' -4' 
out  of  ground,  mostly  longer  than  the  crowded  peduncles ;  divisions  of  the  calyx 
triangular,  very  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  which  has  rounded  short  lobes. 
(Orobanche  fasciculata,  Nutt.)  — Islands  in  Lake  Huron  (Engelmann),  and  north- 
ward.    May. 

•'          / 

ORDER  74.    SCROPHUL.ARIACEJE.    (FIGWORT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  didynamous  or  diandrous  (or  very  rarely  5  perfect)  sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  2-lipped  or  more  or  less  irregular  corolla,  the 
lobes  of  which  are  imbricated  in  the  bud :  fruit  a  2-celled  and  usually  many- 
seeded  pod  with  the  placentas  in  the  axis :  seeds  anatropous  with  a  small  em- 
bryo in  copious  albumen.  —  Style  single  :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.  Leaves 
and  inflorescence  various ;  but  the  flowers  not  terminal  in  any  genuine  rep- 
resentatives of  the  order.  —  A  large  order  of  bitterish,  some  of  them  nar- 
cotic-poisonous plants,  represented  by  two  great  groups  (which  are  not  differ- 
ent enough  to  be  classed  as  suborders*)  ;  —  to  which  an  anomalous  genus 
(Gelsemium)  is  appended,  since  no  better  place  has  yet  been  found  for  it. 
: 1 

*  The  technical  distinction  between  the  so-called  suborders  is  principally  in  the  aestivation 
of  the  corolla,  which  is  not  likely  to  be  entirely  constant.  Some  years  ago,  my  former  pupil, 
Mr.  Henry  James  Clark,  showed  me  that  in  Mimulus  one  or  both  of  the  lateral  lobes  of  the 
lower  lip  are  occasionally  exterior  in  the  bud,  and  I  hare  since  noticed  a  similar  exception  in 
anomalous  Pentstemon. 

The  plants  of  Tribes  8, 9,  and  10  (which  incline  to  turn  blackish  in  drying),  are  most,  if  not  all, 
of  them  partial  root-parasites.  This  has  been  for  some  time  known  in  Tribe  10  ;  and  has  lately 
been  shown  to  b»  the  case  in  Qerardia  also,  by  Mr.  Jacob  Stauffer,  of  Moun^Toy,  Pennsylvania- 
24* 


282  SCKOPHULARIACEJE.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

I.  ANTIKRHINIDE^.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  covering  the  lower  in 

the  bud  (\vith  occasional  exceptions  in  Mimulus,  &c.).    Pod  usually 
septicidal. 

TEIBE  I.  VERIJASCE.33.  Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped.  Flowers  in  a  simple  spike  or 
raceme.  Leaves  all  alternate. 

1.  VERBASCUM.    Stamens  5,  all  with  anthers,  and  3  or  all  of  them  with  bearded  filaments. 

TRIBE  II.  ANTIRRHINE^E.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base  below, 
the  throat  usually  with  a  palate.  Pod  opening  by  chinks  or  holes.  Flowers  hi  simple 
racemes  or  axillary.  Lower  leaves  usually  opposite  or  whorled. 

2.  LINARIA.    Corolla  spurred  at  the  base ;  the  palate  seldom  closing  the  throat. 

8.  ANTIRRHINUM.    Corolla  merely  saccate  at  the  base ;  the  palate  closing  the  throat. 

TRIBE  HI.    CHE1.OIVE7E.    Corolla  tubular,  or  deeply  2-lipped,  not  spurred  nor  saccate 

below.     Pod  2  -  4-valved.    Leaves  opposite.    Inflorescence  compound ;  the  flowers  hi 

small  clusters  or  cymes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts ;  the  clusters  spiked  or 

racemed.    (Stamens  4,  and  the  rudiment  of  the  fifth.) 

4.  SCROPHULARIA.    Corolla  inflated,  globular  or  oblong,  with  4  short  erect  lobes  and  one 

spreading  one.    Rudiment  of  the  sterile  stamen  a  scale. 

6.  COLLINSIA.    Corolla  2-cleft,  the  short  tube  saccate  on  the  upper  side ;  the  middle  lobe  of 
the  lower  lip  sac-like  and  enclosing  the  declined  stamens. 

6.  CHELONE.    Corolla  tubular,  inflated  above.    Sterile  stamen  shorter  than  the  others 

Seeds  winged. 

7.  PENTSTEMON.    Corolla  tubular.    Sterile  stamen  about  as  long  as  the  rest.   Seeds  wingless. 

TRICK  IV.  CiRA  TIOLiEjE.  Corolla  tubular,  not  saccate  nor  spurred.  Pod  2-valved. 
Inflorescence  simple ;  the  flowers  single  hi  the  axil  of  the  bracts  or  leaves,  the  peduncles 
bractless.  Leaves  all  or  the  lower  opposite. 

*  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing  and  similar. 

8.  MIMULUS.    Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed.    Corolla  elongated. 
9    CONOBEA.    Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  equal.    Corolla  short. 

10.  HERPESTIS.    Calyx  5-parted,  unequal,  the  upper  division  largest.    Corolla  short. 
*  *  Anther-bearing  stamens  2  :  sometimes  also  a  pair  of  sterile  filaments. 

11  GRATIOLA.    Calyx  5-parted.    Stamens  included  ;  the  sterile  pair  short  or  none. 

12  ILYSANTHES.    Calyx  5-parted.    Stamens  included ;  the  sterile  filaments  protruded. 
13.  HEMIANTHUS.    Calyx  4-toothed.     Sterile  filaments  none.     Corolla  irregular. 

II.  RHINANTHIDE.3E.     Under  lip  or  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla 

covering  the  upper  in  the  bud.     Pod  commonly  loculicidal. 

TRIBE  V.    SIBTHORPIEJE.     Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  bell-shaped.    Leaves  alternate, 

or  (with  the  axillary  flowers)  fascicled  in  clusters. 
14   LIMOSELLA.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Corolla  5-cleft.    Stamens  4.     Leaves  fleshy. 

TRIBE  VI.  DIGlTALE-flE  I  Corolla  tubular  or  somewhat  bell-shaped.  Leaves  alter 
nate.  Flowers  in  a  spike  or  raceme. 

15.  SYNTHYRIS.    Calyx  4-parted.    Corolla  irregular.    Stamens  2,  rarely  4. 

TRIBE  VII.  VKIIONICE^E.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped.  Stamens  not  ap» 
preaching  each  other.  Leaves  mostly  opposite.  Flowers  hi  racemes. 

16.  VERONIC  1.    Calyx  4-  (rarely  3-5-)  parted.     Corolla  somewhat  irregular.    Stamens  2. 

TRIBE  VIII.  BUCHNERE.33.  Corolla  salver-shaped.  Stamens  4,  approximate  in 
pairs  :  anthers  1-celled.  Upper  leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  a  spike 


SCROPHULARIACEjE.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  283 

17.  BUCHNERA.    Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.    Limb  of  the  salver-shaped  elongated  corolla  5- 

cleft. 

TRIBE  IX.  CiERAROIE^E.  Corolla  inflated  or  tubular,  with  a  spreading  and  slightlj 
unequal  5  -lobed  limb.  Stamens  4,  approximate  in  pairs :  anthers  2-celled.  Leaves  op- 
posite, or  the  uppermost  alternate. 

18.  SEYMERIA.    Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.    Tube  of  the  corolla  broad,  not  longer  than  the  lobes. 

Stamens  nearly  equal. 

19.  GERARDIA.    Calyx  5-toothed  or  cleft.     Stamens  strongly  unequal. 

TRIBE  X.  ETJPHRASIE-flE.  Corolla  tubular,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  narrow,  erect  or 
arched,  enclosing  the  4  strongly  didynamous  stamens.  Flowers  spiked. 

*  Anther-cells  unequal  and  separated.    Pod  many-seeded. 

20.  CASTILLEIA.    Calyx  cleft  down  the  lower,  and  often  also  on  the  upper,  side. 

*  *  Anther-cells  equal.    Pod  many  -  several-seeded. 

21.  SCHWALBEA.    Calyx  5-toothed,  very  oblique,  the  upper  tooth  smallest. 

22.  EUPHRASIA.     Calyx  4-cleft.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed.     Pod  oblong. 

23.  RHINANTHUS.    Calyx  inflated,  ovate.    Pod  orbicular :  seeds  winged. 

24.  PEDICULARIS.    Calyx  not  inflated.    Pod  ovate  or  sword-shaped  :  seeds  wingless. 

*  *  *  Anther-cells  equal.    Pod  1-4-seeded. 

25.  MELAMPYRUM.    Calyx  4-cleft.    Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.    Pod  flat,  oblique. 

***  GELSEMLNE^). 

26.  QELSEMIUM.    Corolla  equally  6-lobed.    Stamens  5.    Stigmas  2,  two-parted. 

1.    VERBASCUM,    L.        MULLEIN. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-lobed,  open  or  concave,  wheel-shaped ;  the  lobes 
broad  and  rounded,  a  little  unequal.  Stamens  5 ;  all  the  filaments,  or  the  3 
upper,  woolly.  Style  flattened  at  the  apex.  Pod  globular,  many-seeded. — 
Tall  and  usually  woolly  biennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  those  of  the  stem 
sessile  or  decurrent.  Flowers  in  large  terminal  racemes,  ephemeral.  (The 
ancient  Latin  name,  altered  from  Barbascum.) 

1.  V.  THAPSUS,  L.     (COMMON  MULLEIN.)     Densely  woolly  throughout ;  stem 
tall  and  stout,  simple,  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  oblong  acute  leaves  ; 
Jlowers  (yellow)  in  a  prolonged  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike ;  lower  stamens 
usually  beardless.  —  Fields,  &c. ;  common.    (A  white-flowered  variety  was  gath- 
ered at  Montrose,  Penn.,  Mr.  Riley.)     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  V.  BLATTARIA,  L.     (MOTH  MULLEIN.)     Green  and  smoothish,  slender; 
lower  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  doubly -serrate,  sometimes  lyre-shaped,  the  upper 
partly  clasping;  raceme  loose;  filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  wool. — Road- 
sides ;  rather  common.     Corolla  either  yellow,  or  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  LYCHN*TIS,  L.      (WHITE  MULLEIN.)     Clothed  with  a  thin  powdery 
woolliness ;  stem  and  branches  angled  above ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  not  decurrent, 
greenish  above;  Jlowers  (yellow,  rarely  white)  in  a  pyramidal  panicle;  filaments 
with  whitish  wool.  —  Road-sides,  Penn.,  rare,  and  sandy  fields  at  the  head  of 
OnMda  Lake,  New  York ;  —  where  it  hybridizes  freely  with  the  common  Mullein 
(Alv.  from  Eu.) 


284  SCROPHULARIACEJE.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

2.    1,1  TV  A  II I  A,    Tourn.        TOAD-FLAX. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  with  the  prominent  palate  often  nearly 
closing  the  throat,  spurred  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side.  Stamens  4.  Pod 
thin,  opening  below  the  summit  by  one  or  two  pores  or  chinks,  toothed.  Seeds 
many.  —  Herbs,  with  at  least  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate.  (Name  from 
Linum,  the  Flax,  which  the  leaves  of  some  species  resemble.) 
#  Leaves  sessile,  narrow. 

1.  L,.  CanadensiS,  Spreng.     (WILD  TOAD-FLAX.)     Smooth;  stem  slen- 
der, erect,  mostly  simple,  with  scattered  linear  leaves ;  those  from  prostrate  shoots 
oblong,  crowded,  and  mostly  opposite  or  whorled;  flowers  blue  (very  small),  in 
a  slender  raceme,  short-pedicelled ;  spur  thread-shaped  (occasionally  wanting). 
®  @  —  Sandy  soil ;  common,  especially  southward.    June  -  Aug. 

2.  L.  VULGARIS,  Mill.     (TOAD-FLAX.     BUTTER-AND-EGGS.     KAMSTED.) 
Smooth  and  pale,  erect  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  alternate,  crowded,  linear  or  lance 
olate,  acutish;  flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  raceme,  yellow,  pretty  large  (!'  long) ; 
spur  awl-shaped ;   seeds  flattened  and  margined.     1|. —  Old  fields  and  road-sides ; 
common  eastward  :  a  showy  but  pernicious  weed.     Aug.  —  The  Peloria  state, 
with  a  regular  5-cleft  border  to  the  corolla,  J>  spurs,  and  5  stamens,  has  been  ob- 
served in  Pennsylvania  by  Dr.  Darlington.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  L.  GENISTIF6LIA,  Mill.     Very  smooth  and  glaucous,  paniculate-branched ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  often  partly  clasping;  flowers  scattered,  yellow  (smaller 
than  in  No.  2) ;  seeds  angled  and  wrinkled,     ty —  Road-sides,  New  York,  near 
the  city  (H.  J.  Clark,  Lesquereux).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  petioled,  broad,  veiny. 

4.  L.  ELATINE,  Mill.     Hairy,  branched,  procumbent ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate 
and  halberd-shaped,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  axillary  peduncles ;  flowers 
small,  yellow  and  purplish;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute.     (J)  —  Fields  and 
banks,  E.  Massachusetts  to  Virginia;  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    ANTIRRHINUM,    L.        SNAPDRAGON. 

Corolla  saccate  at  the  base,  the  throat  closed  by  the  large  bearded  palate. 
Seeds  oblong-truncate.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Linaria.  Corolla  commonly 
showy,  resembling  the  face  of  an  animal  or  a  mask ;  whence  the  name  (from 
airt,  in  comparison  with,  and  pti/,  a  snout). 

1.  A.  ORONTIUM,  L.  Stem  erect  (6' -12' high) ;  leaves  lance-linear;  spikes 
loosely  few-flowered  ;  sepals  longer  than  the  purplish  corolla.  (|) — Fields, 
Virginia,  &c. ;  scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  MAJUS,  L.,  is  the  common  cultivated  SNAPDRAGON. 

4.    SCROPHUJLARIA,    Tourn.       FIGWORT. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  somewhat  globular  tube ;  the  4  upper 
lobes  of  the  short  border  erect  (the  two  upper  longer),  the  lower  spreading. 
Stamens  4,  declined,  with  the  anther-cells  transverse  and  confluent  into  one ;  the 
vestige  of  the  fifth  stamen  forms  a  scale-like  rudiment  at  .he  summit  of  the  tube 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  285 

of  the  corolla.  Pod  many-seeded.  —  Rank  herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  leaves, 
and  small  greenish-purple  or  lurid  flowers  in  loose  cymes,  forming  a  terminal 
narrow  panicle.  (So  called  because  a  reputed  remedy  for  scrofula.) 

1.  S.  nod  osa,  L.  Smooth  (3° -4°  high);  stem  4-sided;  leaves  ovate, 
oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  cut-serrate,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base. 
1|.  (S.  Marilandica,  //.,  and  S.  lanceolata,  Pursh.) — Damp  copses  and  banks. 
July.  (Eu.) 

5.    COLIuiNSIA,    Nutt.        COLLINSIA. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  declined,  with  the  tube  saccate  or  bulging  at 
the  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  its  lobes  partly 
folded  backwards ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  keeled  and  sac-like,  enclos- 
ing the  4  declined  stamens  and  style.  Fifth  stamen  a  slender  rudiment.  Pod 
many-seeded.  —  Slender  branching  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  handsome 
party-colored  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  appearing  whorled  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves.  (Dedicated  to  the  late  Zaccheus  Collins,  of  Philadelphia,  an 
accurate  botanist.) 

1.  C.  verna,  Nutt.     Slender  (6'  -20'  high);  leaves  ovate;  the  lower  peti- 
oled ;  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed ; 
whorls  about  ^-flowered ;  flowers  long-peduncled ;  corolla  (blue  and  white)  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  —  Rich  shady  places,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Ken- 
tucky.   May,  June. 

2.  C.  pa  rvi  flora,  Dougl.     Small ;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  peti- 
oled;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  entire;  whorls  2  -^-flowered;  flowers 
short-peduncled ;  the  small    (blue)  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  South 
shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Pitcher) ;  thence  westward. 

C.  BGCOLOR,  Benth.,  a  showy  Californian  species,  has  become  common  in 
cultivation. 

6.     CHEL.ONE,    Tourn.        TUETLE-HEAD.     SNAKE-HEAD. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  inflated-tubular,  with  the 
mouth  a  little  open;  the  upper  lip  broad  and  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle, 
notched  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  woolly-bearded  in  the  throat,  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 
the  middle  lobe  smallest.  Stamens  4,  with  woolly  filaments  and  very  woolly 
heart-shaped  anthers ;  and  a  fifth  sterile  filament  smaller  than  the  others.  Seeds 
many,  wing-margined.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  upright  branching  stems,  op- 
posite serrate  leaves,  and  large  white  or  purple  flowers,  which  are  nearly  sessile 
in  spikes  or  clusters,  and  closely  imbricated  with  round-ovate  concave  bracts 
and  bractlets.  (Name  from  ^tXww;,  a  tortoise,  the  corolla  reseml  ling  in  shape 

the  head  of  a  reptile.) 
/ 

1.  C.  glabra,  L.  Leaves  very  short-petioled,  lanceolate  o.  lance-oblong, 
pointed,  variable  in  width,  &c. :  the  flowers  white,  rose-color,  or  purple.  Also 
C.  obliqua,  L.,  &c.  —  Wet  places ;  common.  July  -  Sept.  —  Called  also  SHELL- 
FLOWER,  BALMONY,  &c. 


286  SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (FIGWORT    FAMU  ?.) 

7.    PENTSTEMON,   Mitchell.      BEARD-TONGUE.    PENTSTEMON, 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular  and  more  or  less  inflated,  either  decidedly 
or  slightly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  and  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4, 
declined  at  the  base,  ascending  above ;  and  a  fifth  sterile  filament  usually  as 
long  as  the  others,  either  naked  or  bearded.  Seeds  numerous,  wingless.  —  Pe- 
rennials, branched  from  the  base,  simple  above,  with  opposite  leaves,  the  upper 
sessile  and  mostly  clasping.  Flowers  showy,  thyrsoid-panicled.  (Name  from 
7revre,five,  and  OT^/IO>J/,  stamen;  the  fifth  stamen  being  present  and  conspicu- 
ous, although  sterile.) 

*  Sterile  filament  bearded  down  one  side :  flowers' in  a  loose  panicle,  somewhat  clam- 
my, white  or  whitish  ;  peduncles  slender. 

1.  P.  pubescens,  Solander.    More  or  less  pubescent   (l°-3°high); 
stem-leaves  lanceolate  from  a  clasping  base,  serrate  or  sometimes  entire ;  corolla 
2-lipped,  gradually  widened  upwards,  flattened  and  one-ridged  on  the  upper  side, 
and  with  2  infolded  lines  on  the  lower  which  are  bearded  inside ;  lower  lip  longer 
than  the  upper.  —  Varies  greatly  in  the  foliage,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous, 
when  it  is  P.  Isevigatus,  Soland.,  &c.  —  Dry  banks,  Connecticut  to  Wisconsin, 
and  southward.    June  -  Sept. 

2.  P.  Digitalis,  Nutt.    Nearly  glabrous  (2° -4°  high) ;  stem-leaves  ob- 
long- or  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping,  serrulate  or  entire ;  corolla  slightly  Z-Upped, 
abruptly  inflated  and  almost  bell-shaped  from  a  narrow  base,  beardless.  —  Moist 
ground,  Kentucky  and  southward.  — Flowers  larger  than  in  the  last,  showy. 

*  *  Sterile  filament  nearly  smooth :  flowers  purple,  racemose. 

3.  P.  gTandiflorus,  Fraser.     Very  smooth  and  glaucous ;  stems  sim- 
ple (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  thick,  ovate  or  rounded,  the  upper  clasping;  flowers 
(showy,  2'  long)  on  short  pedicels,  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme  rather  than 
panicle  ;  corolla  oblong-bell-shaped,  almost  regular.  —  Prairies,  W.  Wisconsin  ? 
(Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Lapham.    Dubuque,  Iowa,  Dr.  Hor.) 

8.    IfllHIUIjUS,    L.        MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  largest.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar; the  upper  lip  erect  or  reflexed-spreading,  2-lobed;  the  lower  spreading, 
3-lobed.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  2-lipped,  the  lips  ovate.  Seeds  numerous.  — 
Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  handsome  flowers  on  solitary  axillary 
peduncles.  (Name  from  ^i/xo>,  an  ape,  on  account  of  the  gaping  corolla.) 
#  Erect,  glabrous :  leaves  feather-veined :  corolla  violet-purple. 

1 .  M.  rill  geilS,  L.  Stem  square  (1°  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
pointed,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  serrate;  peduncles  longer  than  tho 
flower;  calyx-teeth  taper-pointed.  1J. — Wet  places;  common.  July -Sept. 
—  Flower  !'-!£'  long. 

"2.  M.  alatUS,  Ait.  Stem  somewhat  winged  at  the  angles ;  leaves  Mong- 
ovate,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx,  which  has  very 
short  and  abruptly  pointed  teeth  :  otherwise  like  the  last.  — Low  grounds,  Con- 
necticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.       (PIGWORT    FAMILY.)  287 

#  #  Diffusdy  spreading :  leaves  several-nerved  and  veiny :  corolla  yellow. 

3.  M.  Jamesii,  Torr.  Smooth ;  stems  creeping  at  the  base ;  stem-leaves 
round  or  kidney-shaped,  nearly  sessile,  equalling  the  peduncles ;  calyx  ovate, 
inflated  in  fruit,  the  upper  tooth  much  the  largest.  —  In  cool  springs,  Mackinaw, 
Wisconsin,  and  westward.  —  Flower  small. 

M.  LtiTEDS,  with  its  varieties,  and  M.  MOSCHATUS,  the  MUSK-PLANT,  from 
Oregon,  are  common  in  cultivation. 

9.    CONOBEA,  Aublet.        (CAPRARIA,  Mkhx.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  3-lobed,  the  lower  3-parted. 
Stamens  4,  fertile  :  anthers  approximate.  Style  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes 
wedge-form.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Low  branching  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
small  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  2-bractleted  peduncles.  (Name  unexplained.) 

1 .  C.  multifida,  Benth.  Diffusely  spreading,  much  branched,  minutely 
pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  pinnately  parted,  the  divisions  linear- wedge-shaped  ; 
corolla  (greenish- white)  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  (I)  —  Sandy  river- 
banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 

1O.     IfCRPESTIS,    Gasrtn.        HERPESTIS. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  upper  division  broadest,  the  innermost  frequently  very 
narrow.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  notched,  or  2-cleft ;  the  lower  3-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  all  fertile.  Style  dilated  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Seeds  numerous. 
Low  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary  axillary  flowers.  (Name  from 
fpjrrjarTrjs,  a  creeping  thing,  the  species  being  chiefly  procumbent.) 

#  Upper  lip  of  the  blue  corolla  merely  notched :  leaves  many-nerved. 

1.  H.  rotund  if olia,  Pursh.      Nearly  smooth,  creeping;  leaves  round- 
obovate,  half  clasping  (£'  - 1'  long) ;  peduncles  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
the  upper  sepal  ovate.     1J.  —  Wet  places,  Illinois  and  southward.    Aug. 

2.  11.  amplcxicaiilis,  Pursh.      Stems  hairy,  creeping  at  the  base; 
leaves  ovate,  clasping ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  upper  sepal  heart-shaped. 
1J. —  Wet  places,  New  Jersey  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Aromatic  when  bruised. 
*  #  Corolla  (bluish)  almost  equally  5-cleft,  the  upper  lip  being  2-parted:  stamens 

almost  equal :  leaves  nearly  nerveless. 

3.  H.  Monniera,  H.  B.  K.     Smooth,  somewhat  creeping;  leaves  obo- 
vate or  wedge-shaped ;  peduncles  rather  long,  2-bracted  at  the  apex.     1J.  — • 
River-banks,  Maryland  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

11.    GRATIOL.A,    L.        HEDGE-HYSSOP. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow  and  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  entire  or  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  poste- 
rior ;  the  anterior  mere  sterile  filaments,  or  wanting.  Style  dilated  or  2-lipped 
at  the  apex.  Pod  4-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  perennial,  with 
opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  1 -flowered  peduncles,  usually  with  2  bract- 
lets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  (Name  from  gratia,  grace  or  favor,  on  account  of 
its  supposed  excellent  medicinal  properties.) 


288  SCROPHULARIACEJS.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

$  1.  Anthers  with  a  broad  connective:  the  cells  transverse:   stems  mostly  diffusely 

branched,  soft  viscid-pubescent  or  smooth. 
*  Sterile  filaments  minute  or  none :  corolla  whitish,  with  the  tube  yellowish. 

1.  G.  Virgfiniana,  L.     Stem  rather  clammy -pubescent  above,  loosely 
branched   (4' -6'  high);  leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparingly 
toothed ;  peduncles  almost  equalling  the  leaves  (£'-!'  long) ;  pod  ovoid  (2"  long). 
—  Wet  places ;  very  common.    June -Aug. 

2.  G.  SphaBrocarpa,  Ell.     Smooth,  rather  stout  (5'- 10'  high);  leaves 
lance-ovate  or  oblong,  toothed,  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  and  the 
large  (3")  globular  pod.  —  Wet  places,  Virginia  7  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

*  Sterile  filaments  slender,  tipped  with  a  little  head:  leaves  short  (£'-!'  long). 

3.  G.  VlSCOSa,  Schweinitz.     Clammy-pubescent  or  glandular;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  toothed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  corolla 
whitish,  yellow  within.  —  Wet  places,  Kentucky  and  southward.     July.  —  Stems 
4'  - 10'  high  from  a  rooting  base,  as  in  the  next. 

4.  G.  aiirea,  Muhl.      Nearly  glabrous;   leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear, 
entire,  equalling  the  peduncles ;  corolla  golden  yellow  (£'  long).  —  Sandy  swamps, 
Vermont  ?  and  Mass,  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.    June  -  Sept. 

§  2.  Anthers  with  no  broad  connective ;  the  cells  vertical :  hairy  plants,  with  erect  rigid 
stems:  sterile  filaments  tipped  with  a  bead. 

5.  G.  pilosa,  Michx.    Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed,  sessile 
(£'  - 1'  long) ;  flowers  nearly  sessile ;  corolla  white,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx 

—  Low  ground,  Maryland  and  southward. 

12.    IL.YSANTHES,    Kaf.        (LINDERNIA,  Muhl.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  short,  erect,  2-lobed ; 
the  lower  larger  and  spreading,  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  posterior ; 
the  anterior  pair  sterile,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  2-lobed,  without 
anthers ;  one  of  the  lobes  glandular ;  the  other  smooth,  usually  short  and  tooth- 
like.  Style  2-lipped  at  the  apex.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Small 
smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  (purplish)  flowers,  or  the 
upper  racemed.  (Name  from  tXvs,  mud  or  mire,  and  avtios,  fiower.) 

1.  I.  gratioloides,  Benth.  (FALSE  PIMPERNEL.)  Much  branched, 
diffusely  spreading  (4' -8' high);  leaves  ovate,  rounded,  or  oblong,  sparingly 
toothed  or  entire,  the  upper  partly  clasping;  pod  ovoid-oblong.  ®  (Capraria 
gratioloides,  L.  Lindernia  dilatata,  &  L.  attenuata,  Muhl.)—  Low  grounds, 
and  along  rivulets ;  common.  June- Sept. 

13.    HEIWIANTHITS,    Nutt.        HEMIANTHUS. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  equal.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  very  short,  entire  ; 
the  lower  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  elongated  and  spreading.  Stamens  2, 
anterior,  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  filaments  :  sterile  filaments  none.  Style 
short.  Pod  globular,  membranaceous,  the  thin  partition  vanishing.  Seeds 
rather  numerous.  — A  very  small  and  inconspicuous  annual,  creeping  and  root- 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.      (PIGWOBT  FAMILY.)  289 

ing  on  the  wet  muddy  banks  of  rivers,  with  crowded  opposite  round  leaves,  and 
minute  solitary  flowers  sessile  in  their  axils.  (Name  from  jjyxt,  half,  *nd  av6ost 
flower,  in  reference  to  the  unequally  divided  corolla.) 

1.  IB.  micranttiemoides,  Nutt.  —Low  banks  of  the  Delaware  below 
Philadelphia.  (Perhaps  only  Micranthemum.) 

14.    L.OIOSEL.L.A,   L.       MUDWOBT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  short,  widely  bell-shaped,  5-cleft, 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  4 :  anthers  confidently  1-celled.  Style  short,  club- 
shaped.  Pod  globular,  many-seeded ;  tho  partition  thin  and  vanishing.  —  Small 
annuals,  growing  in  mud,  usually  near  the  sea-shore,  creeping  by  slender  run- 
ners, without  ascending  stems ;  the  entire  fleshy  leaves  in  dense  clusters  around 
the  simple  1-flowered  peduncles.  Flowers  small,  white  or  purplish.  (Name  a 
diminutive  of  limus,  mud,  in  which  these  little  plants  delight  to  grow.) 

1.  Li.  aqudtica,  L. :  var.  teimifolia,  HofFm.  Leaves  (with  no 
blade  distinct  from  the  petiole)  awl-shaped  or  thread-form.  (L.  tenuifolia,  Nutt. 
L.  subulata,  Ives.) — In  brackish  mud,  from  New  Jersey  northward.  Aug.— 
Plant  1'- 2' high.  (Eu.) 

15.    S\  JVTIIYRIS,    Benth.        SYNTHTRIS. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  variously  2  -4-lobed  or  cleft. 
Stamens  2,  inserted  just  below  the  sinuses  on  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
corolla,  occasionally  with  another  pair  from  the  other  sinuses,  exserted :  anther- 
cells  not  confluent  into  one.  Style  slender:  stigma  simple.  Pod  flattened, 
rounded,  obtuse  or  notched,  2-grooved,  2-celled  (rarely  3-lobed  and  3-celled), 
many-seeded,  loculicidal;  the  valves  cohering  below  with  the  columella. — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  the  simple  scape-like  stems  beset  with  partly-clasping  bract- 
like  alternate  leaves,  the  root-leaves  rounded  and  petioled,  crenate.  Flowers  in 
a  raceme  or  spike,  with  bracted  pedicels.  (Name  composed  of  ovv,  together,  and 
Ovpis,  a  little  door;  evidently  in  allusion  to  the  closed  valves  of  the  pod.) 

1.  S.  HoughtOiiiaiia,  Benth.  Hairy  ;v  root-leaves  round-ovate,  heart- 
shaped ;  raceme  spiked,  dense  (5'- 12') ;  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  usu- 
ally 2-3-parted.  —  High  prairies  and  hills,  Wisconsin,  Houghton,  Lapham. 
Michigan,  Wright.  Illinois,  Mead.  May.  —  Corolla  greenish-white,  for  the 
most  part  deeply  2-parted,  with  the  upper  lip  entire,  a  little  longer  and  narrower 
than  the  lower,  which  is  3-toothed ;  often  3-parted,  with  the  upper  lip  notched 
or  2-lobed.  When  there  are  4  stamens  the  lower  are  later  than  the  others. 

16.    VERONICA,    L.        SPEEDWELL. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  the  border  4-parted 
(rarely  5-parted) ;  the  lateral  lobes  or  the  lower  one  commonly  narrower  than 
the  others.  Stamens  2,  one  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the  corolla,  exserted: 
anther-cells  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  entire :  stigma  single.  Pod  flattened, 
usually  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled,  few -many-seeded.  —  Chiefly 
25 


290  SCROPHULARIACEJE.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.) 

herbs,  with  the  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  whorled ;  the  flowers  blue,  flesh-cofor, 
or  white.     (Name  of  doubtful  derivation ;  perhaps  the  flower  of  St.  Veronica.) 

§1.  Tatt  perennials,  with  mostly  whorled  leaves:  racemes  terminal,  det\se,  spiked: 
bracts  very  small:  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  its  limb  and  much  knof.r  than  the 
calyx.  (Leptandra,  Nutt.) 

1.  V.  Virgiuica,  L.    (CULVER'S-ROOT.    CULVER'S  PHYSIC.)    Smooth 
or  rather  downy;  stem  simple,  straight  (2° -6°  high) ;  leaves  whorled  in  fours 
to  sevens,  short-petioled,  lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  serrate;  spikes  panicled; 
stamens  much  exserted.  — Kich  woods,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward 
often  cultivated.    July.  —  Corolla  small,  nearly  white.    Pod  oblong-ovate,  not 
notched,  opening  by  4  teeth  at  the  apex,  many-seeded. 

4  2.  Perennials  with  opposite  usually  serrate  leaves :  flowers  in  axillary  opposite  ra- 
cemes :  corolla  wheel-shaped  (pale  blue) :  pod  rounded,  notched,  rather  many-seeded. 

2.  V.  Anagiillis,  L.     (WATER  SPEEDWELL.)     Smooth,  creeping  and 
rooting  at  the  base,  then  erect ;  leaves  sessile,  most  of  them  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped 
base,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  entire  (2' -3   long);  pedicels  spreading; 
pod  slightly  notched.  — Brooks  and  ditches,  especially  northward;  not  so  com- 
mon as  the  next.    June  -  Aug.  —  Corolla  pale  blue  with  purple  stripes.    (Eu. ) 

3.  T.  Americana,  Schweinitz.     (AMERICAN  BROOKLIME.)    Smooth, 
decumbent  at  the  base,  then  erect  (8' -15' high);  leaves  mostly  petioled,  ovate  or 
oblong,  acutish,  serrate,  thickish,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ; 
the  slender  pedicels  spreading ;  pod  turgid.     (V.  Beccab6nga,  Amer.  authors.) 
— Brooks  and  ditches;  common  northward.    June -Aug. — Flowers  as  in  the 
last ;  the  leaves  shorter  and  broader. 

§  3.  Perennials,  with  diffuse  or  ascending  branches  from  a  decumbent  base :  leaves 
opposite:  racemes  axillary,  from  alternate  axils :  corolla  wheel-shaped:  pod  strongly 
flattened,  several-seeded. 

4.  T.  Sdltellata,   L.     (MARSH    SPEEDWELL.)      Smooth,  slender  and 
weak  (6'  — 12'  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  acute,  remotely  denticulate;  racemes  1  or 
2,  very  slender  and  zigzag ;  floujers  few  and  scattered,  on  elongated  spreading  or 
reflexed  pedicels ;  pod  very  flat,  much  broader  than  long,  notched  at  both  ends. 
— Bogs ;  common  northward.    June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

5.  V.  officinaliS,  L.     (COMMON  SPEEDWELL.)     Pubescent;  stem  pros- 
trate, rooting  at  the  base ;  leaves  shm-t-petiokd,  obovate-elliptical  or  wedge-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, serrate;  racemes  densely  many-Jlowered ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  pod 
obovate-triangular,  broadly  notched.  —  Dry  hills  and  open  woods ;  certainly  in- 
digenous in  many  places,  especially  in  the  Alleghanies.    July.     (Eu.) 

§  4.  Leaves  opposite :  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  lower  bracts  resembling  tht 

stem-leaves:  corolla  wheel-shaped:  pods  flat,  several-seeded. 

*  Perennials  (mostly  turning  blackish  in  drying). 

6.  T.  alpiiia,  L.     (ALPINE  SPEEDWELL.)     Stem  branched  from  the 
base,  erect,  simple  (2' -6'  high) ;  leaves  elliptical,  or  the  lowest  rounded,  entire 
or  toothed,   nearly  sessile;  raceme  hairy,  few-fiowered,  crowded;   pod  obovate, 
notched.  — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.     (Eu.) 


BCROPHULARIACE^.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  291 

7.  V.    scrpy  Hi  folia,    L.      (THYME-LEAVED    SPEEDWELL.     PAUL'S 

BETONY.)  Much  branched  at  the  creeping  base,  nearly  smooth ;  branches  as- 
cending and  simple  (2' -4'  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  the 
lowest  petioled  and  rounded,  the  upper  passing  into  lanceolate  bracts ;  raceme 
loose;  pod  rounded,  broader  than  long,  obtusely  notched.  —  Road-sides  and 
fields;  common:  introduced  and  indigenous.  May -July. — Corolla  whitish, 
or  pale  blue,  with  deeper  stripes.  (Eu.) 

*  #  Annuals :  Jloral  leaves  like  those  of  the  stem,  so  that  the  flowers  appear  axillary 
and  solitary :  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

8.  V.  peregrina,  L.     (NECKWEED.    PURSLANE  SPEEDWELL.)    Near- 
ly smooth,  erect  (4' -9'  high),  branched ;  lowest  leaves  petioled,  oval-oblong,  toothed, 
thickish ;  the  others  sessile,  obtuse ;  the  upper  oblong-linear  and  entire,  longer 
than  the  almost  sessile  (whitish)  flowers;  pod  orbicular,  slightly  notched,  many- 
seeded.  —  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds ;  common :  appearing  like  an  intro- 
duced weed.    April  -  June. 

9.  V.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (CORN  SPEEDWELL.)     Simple  or  diffusely  branched 
(3' -8' high),  hairy;  lower  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  crenate;  the  uppermost  sessile, 
lanceolate,  entire ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  pod  inversely  heart-shaped, 
the  lobes  rounded.  —  Cultivated  grounds ;  rather  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  5.  Annuals  (prostrate-spreading,  hairy) :  stem-leaves  opposite  (all  petioled),  the 
upper  alternate  and  bearing  solitary  peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils :  corolla  wheel- 
shaped  :  pod  flat :  seeds  cup-shaped. 

10.  V.  AGRESTIS,  L.     (FIELD  SPEEDWELL.)    Leaves  round  or  ovate,  cre- 
nate-toothed  ;  the  floral  somewhat  similar,  about  the  length  of  the  recurved  pedun- 
cles ;  calyx-lobes  oblong ;  flower  small ;  ovary  many-ovuled,  but  the  nearly  orbicu- 
lar and  sharply  notched  pod  1  -  2-seeded. — Sandy  fields ;  rare.   (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

11.  V.  BUXBAUMII,  Tenore.     Leaves  round  or  heart-ovate,  crenately  cut- 
toothed  (§'-!'  long),  shorter  than  the  peduncles;  flower  large   (nearly  |'  wide, 
blue) ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  widely  spreading  in  fruit;  pod  obcordate-triangular, 
broadly  notched,  16 -24-seeded. — Waste  grounds,  Philadelphia  :  rare.     Milton, 
Massachusetts,  D.  Murray.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.  V.  HEDER^EF6LiA,  L.     (IVY-LEAVED  SPEEDWELL.)     Leaves  rounded 
or  heart-shaped,  3  -  7 -toothed  or  lobed,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes  some- 
what heart-shaped;   flowers  small;  pod  turgid,  2-lobed,  2-4-seeded.  —  Shaded 
places,  Long  Island  to  Pennsylvania ;  scarce.     April- June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

17.    BfJCHNERA,    L.        BLUE-HEARTS. 

Calyx  tubular,  obscurely  nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a 
straight  or  curved  tube,  and  an  almost  equally  5-cleft  limb  ;  the  lobes  oblong  or 
wedge-obovate,  flat.  Stamens  4,  included,  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  one- 
celled  (the  other  cell  wanting).  Style  club-shaped  and  entire  at  the  apex.  Pod 
2-valved,  many-seeded. — Perennial  rough-hairy  herbs  (doubtless  root-parasites), 
turning  blackish  in  drying,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  uppermost  alternate ;  the 
flowers  opposite  in  a  terminal  spike,  bracted  and  with  2  bractlets.  (Named  in 
honor  of  J.  G.  Buchner,  an  early  German  botanist.) 


292  SOROPHULARIACEJE.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY  ) 

1.  B.  Americana,  L.  Rough-hairy;  stem  wand-like  (l°-2°  high); 
lower  leaves  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  the  others  oblong  and  lanceolate,  sparingly 
and  coarsely  toothed,  veiny ;  the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate,  entire  ;  spike  in- 
terrupted ;  calyx  longer  than  the  bracts,  one  third  the  length  of  the  deep-purple 
pubescent  corolla.  —  Moist  places,  W.  New  York  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and 
southward .  June  -  Aug. 

18.     SEYIttERIA,    Pursh.        SEYMERIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  not 
longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  equal  and  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
4,  somewhat  equal :  anthers  approximate  by  pairs,  oblong,  2-celled ;  the  cells 
equal  and  pointless.  Pod  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  herbs,  with  the  leaves 
mostly  opposite  and  dissected  or  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  alternate  and  bract- 
like.  Flowers  yellow,  interruptedly  racemed  or  spiked.  (Named  by  Pursh  af- 
ter Henry  Seymer,  an  English  naturalist.) 

1.  S.  macropliylla,  Nutt.  (MULLEIN-FOXGLOVE.)  Bather  pubes- 
cent (4° -5°  high) ;  leaves  large,  the  lower  pinnately  divided,  with  the  broadly 
lanceolate  divisions  pinnatifid  and  incised ;  the  upper  lanceolate ;  tube  of  the 
corolla  incurved,  very  woolly  inside,  as  are  the  filaments  except  their  apex ; 
style  short,  dilated  and  notched  at  the  point ;  pod  ovate,  pointed.  —  Shady  river- 
banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southwestward.  July. 

19.    GERARDIA,    L.        GERARDIA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  bell-shaped-funnel-form,  or 
somewhat  tubular,  swelling  above,  with  5  more  or  less  unequal  spreading  lobes, 
the  2  upper  usually  rather  smaller  and  more  united.  Stamens  4,  strongly  di- 
dynamous,  included,  hairy :  anthers  approaching  by  pairs,  2-celled ;  the  cells  par- 
allel, often  pointed  at  the  base.  Style  elongated,  mostly  enlarged  and  flattened 
at  the  apex.  Pod  ovate,  pointed^  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  herbs  (clan- 
destine root-parasites),  with  the  stfcm-leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alternate, 
the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts-  and  subtending  1 -flowered  peduncles,  which 
often  form  a  raceme  or  spike.  Flowers  showy,  purple  or  yellow.  (Dedicated 
to  the  celebrated  herbalist,  Gerard.) 

§  1.  GERARDIA  PROPER.  —  Calyx-teeth  short:  corolla  purple  or  rose-color:  an- 
thers  all  alike,  nearly  pointless :  leaves  linear,  entire.     (Our  species  are  all  branch- 
ing annuals.) 
*  Peduncles  shorter  (or  in  No.  3  only  twice  longer)  than  the  calyx :  stem  erect. 

1.  G.  purpurea,  L.    (PURPLE  GERARDIA.)    Stem  (8' -20'  high)  with 
long  and  rigid  widely  spreading  branches ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rough-margined ; 
flowers  large  (!' long),  bright  purple,  often  downy);  calyx-teeth  sharp-pointed, 
shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Low  grounds ;  most  common  eastward  and  near  the 
coast.    July,  Aug. 

2.  G.  maritima,  Raf.     (SEA-SIDE  GERARDIA.)     Low  (4' -12' high), 
with  shorter  branches  ;  leaves  rather  fleshy  and  obtuse,  as  are  the  short  calyx-teeth  , 
corolla  £'  long.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast.    Aug. 


SCKOPHULARIACE^.      (FIGWORT   FAMILY.)  293 

3.  G.  itspcra,  Dougl.    Sparingly  branched  (l°-2°high);  leaves  long 
and  narrowly  linear,  rough ;  pedicels  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  which 
has  lanceolate  acute  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube ;  corolla  larger  than  in  No.  1,  glabrous. 
—  Damp  grounds,  Illinois  and  northwestward.    Aug. 

#  *  Peduncles  long  and  filiform,  commonly  exceeding  the  leaves :  stems  diffusely 
branched,  slender  (8' -20'  high) :  corolla  light  purple,  5" -7"  long. 

4.  G.  teimifolia,  Vahl.     (SLENDER  GERARDIA.)    Leaves  narrowly  lin- 
ear, acute,  the  floral  ones  mostly  like  the  others ;  calyx-teeth  very  short,  acute ; 
pod  globular,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Dry  woods ;  common.     Aug. 

5.  O.  setacea,  Walt.    Leaves  bristle-shaped,  as  are  the  branchlets,  or  the 
lower  linear ;  pod  ovate,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  which  has  short  setaceous 
teeth.     (G.  Skinneriana,  Wood.) — Dry  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin, 
and  southward.    Aug. 

$  2.  DASYSTOMA,  Raf.—  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  often  toothed:  corolla  yellow; 
the  tube  elongated,  woolly  inside,  as  well  as  the  anthers  and  filaments :  anthers  all 
alike,  scarcely  included,  the  cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base :  leaves  rather  large,  all  of 
them  or  the  lower  pinnatifid  or  toothed.  ( Perennial. ) 

6.  G.  flava,  L.  partly.     ( DOWNY  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.)    Pubescent  with  a 
fine  close  down ;  stem  (3°  -  4°  high)  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  usually  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid;  peduncles  very 
short ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Open  woods ; 
common,  especially  in  the  Middle  States.    Aug.  —  Corolla  l£'  long. 

7.  O.  quercifolia,  Pursh.     (SMOOTH  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.)    Smooth  and 
glaucous  (3°  -  6°  high),  usually  branching ;  lower  leaves  twice-pinnatifid ;  the  upper 
oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or  entire ;  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  lance- 
linear  acute  lobes  of  which  are  as  long  as  the  at  length  inflated  tube.  —  Rich 
woods ;  common,  especially  southward.    Aug.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

8.  O.  integnrifolia.     Smooth,  not  glaucous;  stem   (l°-2°  high)  mostly 
simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  the  lowest  obscurely  toothed ;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  calyx.     (Dasystoma  quercifolia,  var.  ?  integrifolia,  Benth.)  — 
Woods  and  barrens,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward  along  the  mountains. 
Aug.  —  Corolla  1'  long. 

9.  G.  pedicularia,  L.     Smoothish  or  pubescent,  much  branched  (2°- 
3°  high,  very  leafy) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  cut  and  toothed; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  hairy  calyx.  — Dry  copses ;  common.    Aug.  —  Corolla  1' 
or  more  in  length. 

$  3.  OTOPHYLLA,  Benth.  —  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  unequal :  corolla  pur- 
ple (rarely  white),  sparingly  hairy  inside,  as  well  as  the  very  unequal  stamens: 
anthers  pointless,  those  of  the  shorter  pair  much  smaller  than  the  others.  (Annual?) 

10.  G.  auriClllata,  Michx.     Bough-hairy;   stem  erect,  nearly  simple 
(9' -20' high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  ;  the  lower  entire ; 
the  others  with  an  oblong-lanceolate  lobe  on  each  side  at  the  base;  flowers 
nearly  sessile  in  the  axils.  —  Low  grounds,  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and 
southward.    Aug.  —  Corolla  nearly  1'  long. 

25* 


294  scROPiiULARiACE^s.     (FIG WORT  FAMILY.) 

2O.     €  AS  TIL  1,4)1  A,    Mutis.     -  PAINTED-CUP. 

Calyx  tubular,  flattened,  cleft  at  the  summit  on  the  anterior,  and  usually  on 
the  posterior  side  also ;  the  divisions  entire  or  2-lobed.  Tube  of  the  corolla  in- 
cluded in  the  calyx ;  upper  lip  long  and  narrow,  arched  and  keeled,  flattened 
laterally,  enclosing  the  4  unequal  stamens ;  the  lower  short,  3-lobed.  Anther- 
cells  oblong-linear,  unequal,  the  outer  fixed  by  the  middle,  the  inner  pendulous. 
Pod  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  (parasitic  on  roots),  with  alternate  entire  or  cut- 
lobed  leaves  ;  the  floral  ones  dilated,  colored,  and  usually  more  showy  than  the 
pale  yellow  or  purplish  spiked  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Castittejo,  a  Spanish 
botanist.) 

1.  C.  COCCinea,    Spreng.      (SCARLET   PAINTED-CUP.)      Hairy;   stem 
simple ;  root-leaves  clustered ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate,  mostly  incised ;  the 
floral  3-cleft,  bright  scarlet  towards  the  summit ;  calyx  almost  equally  2-cleft,  the 
lobes  nearly  entire,  about  the  length  of  the  greenish-yellow  corolla.      (1)   (2) 
(Euchroma  coccinea,  Nutt. )  — Low  grounds ;  not  uncommon.    May-  July.  — 
A  variety  is  occasionally  found  with  the  bracts  dull  yellow  instead  of  scarlet. 

2.  C.  septentrionalis,  Lindl.    (MOUNTAIN  PAINTED-CUP.)    Smooth 
or  sparingly  hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  often  incised ;  the  floral  oblong  or  obo- 
vate,  incised  or  toothed,  whitish,  rarely  tinged  with  purple ;  calyx  cleft  more  deeply 
in  front,  the  divisions  2-cleft,  the  ovate-oblong  lobes  mostly  shorter  than  the  whit- 
ish corolla;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  very  short.     1J.   (Bartsia  pallida,  Bigel,)  — 
Alpine  region  of  the  "White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Green  Mountains, 
Vermont ;  also  northward.    August.     (Eu.) 

3.  C.  sessiliflora,  Pursh.    Hairy,  low  (6'  •*•  9'  high) ;  leaves  mostly  3- 
cleft,  with  narrow  diverging  lobes ;  the  floral  broader  and  scarcely  colored:  spike 
many-flowered,  crowded ;  calyx  deeper  cleft  in  front,  the  divisions  2-cleft,  shorter 
than  the  tube  of  the  long  and  narrow  greenish-yellow  corolla ;  which  has  the 
lobes  of  the  lower  lip  slender,  pointed,  half  the  length  of  the  upper.  —  Prairies, 
Wisconsin  (Lapham)  and  westward.  —  Corolla  2'  long. 

21.    SCHWALBEA,    Gronov.        CHAFF-SEED. 

Calyx  oblique,  tubular,  10-12-ribbed,  5-toothed:  the  posterior  tooth  much 
smallest,  the  2  anterior  united  much  higher  than  the  others.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched,  oblong,  entire ;  the  lower  rather  shorter,  erect,  2-plaited,  with  3 
very  short  and  broad  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  upper  lip  :  an- 
ther-ceils equal  and  parallel,  obscurely  pointed  at  the  base.  Pod  ovate,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  linear,  with  a  loose  chaff-like  coat.  —  A  perennial  minutely  pu- 
bescent upright  herb,  with  leafy  simple  stems,  terminated  by  a  loose  spike  of 
rather  large  dull  purplish-yellow  flowers ;  the  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  3-nerved, 
entire,  ovate  or  oblong,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  into  narrow  bracts.  Pedi- 
cels very  short,  with  2  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Dedicated  to  C.  G.  Schwalbe, 
an  obscure  Dutch  botanist.) 

1.  S.  Americana,  L.  — Wet  sandy  soil,  from  Sandwich,  Massachusetts, 
and  New  Jersey,  southward,  near  the  coast :  rare.  May  -  July.  —  Plant  1°  -  2° 
high. 


SCROPHULARIACE-ffi.       (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  295 

22.    K  I' P  UK  ASIA,    Tourn.        EYEBRISHT. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  scarcely  arched, 
2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  tho  lobes 
obtuse  or  notched.  Stamens  4,  under  the  upper  lip :  anther-cells  equal,  pointed 
at  the  base.  Pod  oblong,  flattened.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Herbs  with  branching 
stems,  and  opposite  toothed  or  cut  leaves.  Flowers  small,  spiked.  (Name 
cv(j)pa<ria,  cheerfulness,  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  E.  officinalis,  L.  Low;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  the 
lowest  crenate,  the  floral  bristly-toothed ;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  of  the  (whitish, 
yellowish,  or  bluish)  corolla  notched,  (i) — Alpine  summits  of  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire  (Oakes),  L.  Superior,  and  northward.  A  dwarf 
variety,  l'-5'  high,  with  very  small  flowers.  (E.  pusilla,  Godet,  TOSS.)  (Eu.) 

23.  Bill  NAN  THUS,   L.       YELLOW-BATTLE. 

Calyx  membranaceous,  flattened,  much  inflated  in  fruit,  4-toothed.  Upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  arched,  ovate,  obtuse,  flattened,  entire  at  the  summit,  but  fur- 
nished with  a  minute  tooth  on  each  side  below  the  apex ;  lower  lip  3-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate,  hairy,  transverse ;  the 
cells  equal,  pointless.  Pod  orbicular,  flattened.  Seeds  -many,  orbicular,  winged. 
—  Annual  upright  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves ;  the  lower  oblong  or  linear;  the 
upper  lanceolate,  toothed ;  the  floral  rounded  and  cut-serrate  with  bristly  teeth ; 
the. solitary  yellow  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  their  axils,  and  crowded  in  a  one- 
sided spike.  (Name  composed  of  piV,  a  snout,  and  av6os-,  a  Jlower,  from  the 
beaked  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  in  some  species  formerly  of  this  genus.) 

1.  B.  Grista-galli,  L.  (COMMON  YELLOW-BATTLE.)  Leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate ;  seeds  broadly  winged  (when  ripe  they  rattle  in  the  large  inflated 
calyx,  whence  the  English  popular  name).  —  Moist  meadows,  Plymouth,  Mass, 
(introduced'?),  White  Mountains,  N.  Hampshire,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

24.  PEDICULARIS,    Tourn.        LOUSEWORT. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  variously  2  -  5-toothed,  and  more  or  less  cleft 
in  front.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  arched,  flattened,  often 
beaked  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  erect  at  the  base,  2-crested  above,  3-lobed ;  the 
lobes  commonly  spreading,  the  lateral  ones  rounded  and  larger.  Stamens  4, 
under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  transverse ;  the  cells  equal,  pointless.  Pod  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  mostly  oblique,  several-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly 
pinnatifid  leaves,  the  floral  bract-like,  and  rather  large  flowers  in  a  spike. 
(Name  from  pedicidus,  a  louse ;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  (COMMON  LOUSEWORT.  WOOD  BETONT.) 
Hairy;  stems  simple,  clustered  (5' -12' high) ;  leaves  scattered;  the  lowest  pin* 
nately  parted;  the  others  half -pinnatifid ;  spike  short  and  dense;  calyx  split  in 
front,  otherwise  almost  entire,  oblique ;  upper  lip  of  the  (dull  greenish-yellow 
and  purplish)  corolla  hooded, incurved,  2-toothed  under  the  apex;  podjlat, some- 
what sioord-shaped.  —  Copses  and  banks  ;  common.  May  -  July. 


296          ACANTHACE^E.   (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  lanceolate!,  Michx.  Stem  upright  (l°-3°  high),  nearly  simple, 
mostly  smooth ;  leaves  partly  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  cut-toothed ;  spike 
crowded;  calyx  2-lobed,  leafy-crested;  upper  lip  of  the  (pale  yellow)  corolla 
incurved,  and  bearing  a  short  truncate  beak  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  erect,  so  as 
nearly  to  close  the  throat;  pod  ovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  (P.  pallida, 
Pursh.) ---Swamps,  Connecticut  to  Virginia  and  Wisconsin.  Aug.,  Sept. 

25.    MEL,  AM  PIT  HUM,    Toura.        COW-WHEAT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-cleft ;  the  taper  lobes  sharp-pointed.  Tube  of  the  corol- 
la cylindrical,  enlarging  above ;  upper  lip  arched,  compressed,  straight  in  front ; 
the  lower  erect-spreading,  biconvex,  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  under  the 
upper  lip :  anthers  approximate,  oblong,  nearly  vertical,  hairy ;  the  equal  cells 
minutely  pointed  at  the  base.  Ovary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Pod  flat- 
tened, oblique,  1-4-seeded. — Erect  branching  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves, 
the  lower  entire,  the  upper  mostly  larger  and  fringed  with  bristly  teeth  at  the 
base.  Flowers  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  in  our 
species.  (Name  composed  of  p.e\as,  black,  and  irvpos,  wheat ;  from  the  color 
of  the  seeds  of  field  species  in  Europe,  as  they  appear  mixed  with  grain.) 

1.  M.  A niericsi.il mil,  Michx.  Leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  tho 
lower  entire ;  the  floral  ones  similar,  or  abrupt  at  the  base  and  beset  with  a  few 
bristly  teeth ;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped,  not  half  the  length  of  the  slender 
tube  of  the  pale  greenish-yellow  corolla.  (M.  pratense,  var.  Americanum, 
Benth.)  —  Open  woods ;  common.  Aug.  —  Plant  6'  - 12'  high.  Corolla  4"  -  5" 
long,  more  slender  than  in  M.  pratense,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple. 

261    GELSEMIUM,  Juss.        YELLOW  (FALSE)  JESSAMINE. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  open-funnel-form,  5-lobed,  somewhat  oblique ;  the 
lobes  almost  equal,  the1  posterior  outermost  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  with  oblong 
sagittate  anthers.  Style  long  and  slender.  Stigmas  2,  each  2-parted ;  the  di- 
visions linear.  Pod  elliptical,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition,  2-celled, 
septicidally  2-valved,  the  valves  keeled :  cells  each  ripening  5  or  6  large  flat  and 
winged  seeds.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen ;  the  ovate  flat  cotyledons 
much  shorter  than  the  slender  radicle. — A  smooth  and  twining  shrubby  plant, 
with  opposite  and  entire  ovate  or  lanceolate  shining  nearly  persistent  leaves, 
on  very  short  petioles,  and  large  and  showy  very  fragrant  yellow  flowers,  1-5 
together  in  the  axils.  ( Gelsemino,  the  Italian  name  of  the  Jessamine.) 

1.  O.  sempervirens,  Ait.  (G.  nitidum,  Michx.)  —  Rich  moist  soil 
along  the  coast,  Virginia  and  southward.  March. 

ORDER  75.    ACANTHACE^E.     (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens, 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  more  or  less  %-lipped  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which 
are  convolute  in  the  bud;  fruit  a  2-celled,  ±-12-seededpod;  seeds  anatro- 
pous,  without  albumen,  usually,  flat,  supported  ly  hooked  projections  of  th* 


ACANTHACEJE.   (ACANTHUS  FAMILY.)  297 

placenta.  —  Flowers  much  bracted.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Style  thread-form : 
stigma  simple  or  2-cleft.  Pod  loculicidal,  usually  flattened  contrary  to  the 
valves  and  partition.  Cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  Mucilaginous  and 
slightly  bitter,  not  noxious.  A  large  family  in  the  tropics,  represented  in 
the  Northern  States  only  by  two  genera. 

I 

1.    DlANTHlSRA,    Gronov.        WATER- WILLOW. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  notched ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-parted.  Stamens  2 :  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  placed  one 
lower  down  than  the  other.  Pod  obovate,  flattened,  contracted  at  the  base  into 
a  short  stalk,  4-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  growing  in  water,  with  narrow  and 
entire  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  spikes  or  heads.  (Name 
from  Si's,  double,  and  dvdrjpd,  antJier ;  the  separated  cells  giving  the  appearance 
of  two  anthers  on  each  filament.) 

1.  I>.  Americana.,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated ;  spikes  ob- 
long, dense,  long-peduncled.  (Justicia  pedunculosa,  Michx.) — Borders  of 
streams  and  ponds,  N.  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and  southward. 
July -Sept, 

2.    DIPTERACANTHUS,    Nees.        ( RUELLI A  partly,  L.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  the  spreading  ample  limb  almost 
equally  and  regularly  5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  included,  didynamous :  cells  of  the 
somewhat  arrow-shaped  anthers  parallel  and  nearly  equal.  Pod  somewhat  flat- 
tened, and  stalked  at  the  base,  8  -  12-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  mucilaginous  coat- 
ing. —  Perennial  herbs,  not  aquatic,  with  ovate  or  elliptical  nearly  entire  leaves, 
and  large  and  showy  blue  or  purple  flowers,  solitary,  few,  or  clustered  in  the  axils, 
with  a  pair  of  leafy  bracts  (whence  the  name,  from  StWepos,  two-winged,  and 
amavBos,  the  Acanthus}. 

1.  D.  CilidsilS,  Nees.      Hirsute  with   soft  whitish  hairs    (l°-3°high); 
leaves  nearly  sessile,  oval  or  ovate-oblong  (li'-2'  long) ;  flowers  1-3  and  almost 
sessile  in  the  axils ;  tube  of  the  corolla  (!'- 1£'  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the 
setaceous  calyx-lobes;  the  throat  short.     (Ruellia  ciliosa,  Pursh.     E.  hybridus, 
Pursh.,  is  only  a  Southern  variety  of  this.)  — Dry  soil,  Michigan  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     June -Sept. 

2.  1>.  StrepeilS,  Nees.       Glabrous   or  sparingly  pubescent    (l°-4°high); 
leaves  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole,  ovate,  obovate,  or  mostly  oblong  (2^'  -  5' 
long) ;  tube  of  the  corolla  (about  1'  long)  little  longer  than  the  dilated  portion, 
slightly  exceeding  the  lanceolate  or  linear  calyx-lobes.  —  Flowers  1  -  5  in  each  axil, 
rarely  on  a  slender  peduncle,  usually  almost  sessile ;  sometimes  many  and  closely 
crowded,  and  mostly  fruiting  in  the  bud,  the  corolla  small  and  not  expanding 
(when  it  is  D.  micranthus,  Engelm.  $•  Gr.).  —  Kich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Wis- 
consin, and  southward.    July  -  Sept. 

DiCLfj'TERA  BRAcmATA,  Spreng.  (Justicia  brachiata,  Pursh),  probably 
grows  in  the  southern  part  of  Virginia. 


298  VERBENACEJE.       (VERVAIN    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  76.     VERBENACE^E.     (VERVAIN  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  more  or  less  2-lipped  or  irregular 
corotta,  and  didynamous  stamens,  the  2  -  ^-celled  fruit  dry  or  drupaceous 
usually  splitting  when  ripe  into  as  many  l-seeded  indehiscent  nutlets ;  differ- 
ing from  the  following  order  in  the  ovary  not  being  4-lobed,  the  style  there- 
fore terminal,  and  the  plants  seldom  aromatic  or  furnishing  a  volatile  oil. — 
Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen  ;  the  radicle  of  the  straight  embryo  point- 
ing to  the  base  of  the  fruit.  —  Mostly  tropical  or  nearly  so  ;  represented 
here  only  by  some  Vervains,  a  Lippia,  and  a  Callicarpa ;  to  which  we  may 
still  append  Phryma,  which  has  been  promoted  into  an  order  (of  a  single 
species),  because  its  ovary  and  fruit  are  1-celled  and  l-seeded,  and  the 
radicle  points  to  the  apex  of  the  fruit. 

1.    VERBENA,    L.        VERVAIN. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  one  of  the  teeth  often  shorter  than  the  others.  Co- 
rolla tubular,  often  curved,  salver-form  ;  the  border  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft. 
Stamens  included ;  the  upper  pair  occasionally  without  anthers.  Style  slender : 
stigma  capitate.  Fruit  splitting  into  4  seed-like  nutlets. — Flowers  sessile,  in 
single  or  often  panicled  spikes,  bracted.  (The  Latin  name  for  any  sacred  herb : 
derivation  obscure.)  —  The  species  present  numerous  spontaneous  hybrids. 

§  1 .  Anthers  not  appendaged :  erect  herbs,  with  slender  spikes. 
*  Leaves  undivided :  root  perennial. 

1.  V.  angusti folia,  Michx.    Low  (6'- 1 8'  high),  often  simple;  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile,  roughish,  slightly  toothed; 
spikes  few  or  single ;  the  purple  flowers  crowded,  larger  than  in  the  next.  — Dry 
soil,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    July -Sept. 

2.  V.  ha§tata,    L.    (BLUB  VERVAIN.)     Tall  (4'  -  6'  high) ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  cut-serrate,  petioled,  the  lower  often  lobed  and 
sometimes  halberd-shaped  at  the  base ;  spikes  linear,  erect,  densely  flowered,  corymbed 
or  panicled.     (V.  paniculata,  Lam.,  when  the  leaves  are  not  lobed.)  — Low  and 
waste  grounds,  common.     July -Sept. 

3.  V.  lirticilolia,  L.  (NETTLE-LEAVED  or  WHITE  VERVAIN.)    Bather 
tall ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled;  spikes  very  slender,  at 
length  much  elongated,  with  the  flowers  remote,  loosely  panicled,  very  small,  white. 
—  Old  fields  and  road-sides. 

4.  V»  Stricta,  Vent.    (HOARY  VERVAIN.)    Downy  with  soft  whitish  hairs ; 
stem  nearly  simple  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate;  spikes 
thick  and  very  densely  Jlowered,  somewhat  clustered,  hairy.  —  Barrens,  Ohio  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Flowers  blue,  pretty  large. 

*  #  Leaves  cleft  or  pinnatifld,  narrowed  at  the  base :  root  perennial? 

5.  V.  OFFICINALIS,  L.     (COMMON   VERVAIN.)      Erect,  loosely  branched 
(l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  3-cleft,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  smooth  above, 
the  lobes  cut  and  toothed ;  spikes  p  micled,  very  slender ;  bracts  small,  much 


VERBENACE^E.       (VERVAIN   FAMILY.)  299 

shorter  than  the  very  small  purplish  flowers.     (V.  spuria,  L.) — Road-sides; 
scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  V.  l>i'«ictcos:i,  Michx.     Widely  spreading  or  procumbent,  hairy ;  leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,  cut-pinnatifid  or  3-deft,  short-petioled ;  spikes  single,  remotely 
flowered ;  bracts  large  and  leafy,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  longer  than  the  small  purple 
flowers.  —  River-banks,  Wisconsin  to  Kentucky.    Aug. 

§  2.  Anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  tipped  tvitk  a  glandular  appendage. 

7.  V.  Alible tia,  L.    Rather  hairy,  spreading  or  ascending ;  leaves  obo- 
vate-oblong  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  3-cleft  and  cut  or  pinnatifid;  spikes 
peduncled,  flat-topped  in  flower ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  flowers  showy, 
light  purple.    ©  —  Prairies,  from  Illinois  southward.    Also  cultivated.    July. 

2.    LIP  PI  A,   L.        (ZAPANIA,  Juss.) 

Calyx  often  flattened,  2-4-toothed,  or  2-lipped.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped: 
upper  lip  notched ;  the  lower  much  larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Stylo 
slender :  stigma  obliquely  capitate.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded.  (Dedicated  to 
Lippi,  an  Italian  naturalist  and  traveller.) 

1.  L.  lanceolata,  Michx.  (FOG-FRUIT.)  Procumbent  or  creeping, 
roughish,  green ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  wedge-spatulate,  serrate  above ;  pedun- 
cles axillary,  slender,  bearing  solitary  closely  bracted  heads  of  bluish-white 
flowers ;  calyx  2-cleft,  the  divisions  sharply  keeled.  (Zapania  lanceolata,  &  Z. 
nodiflora,  N.  Amer.  authors.)  — River-banks,  W.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.  July  -  Sept. 

3.    CALLICARPA,    L.        CALLICARPA. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed,  short.  Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed,  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  exserted:  anthers  opening  at  the  apex. 
Style  slender,  thickened  upwards.  Fruit  a  small  drupe,  with  4  nutlets.  —  Shrubs, 
with  scurfy  pubescence  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  (Name  formed  of 
KoXXor,  beauty,  and  Kapnos,  fruit.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  L.  (FRENCH  MULBERRY.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong 
with  a  tapering  base,  toothed,  whitish  beneath ;  calyx  obscurely  4-toothed ; 
fruits  small,  violet-color.  —  Rich  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  May -July. — 
Shrub  3°  high. 

4.    PHRYMA,    L.        LOPSEED. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  of  3  bristle-awl-shaped  teeth;  the 
lower  shorter,  2-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  notched ;  the  lower  much 
larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style  slender :  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  ob- 
long, 1 -celled  ffnd  1 -seeded !  Seed  orthotropous.  Radicle  pointing  upwards: 
cotyledons  convolute  round  their  axis.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  slender  branch- 
ing stems,  and  coarsely  toothed  ovate  leaves,  the  lower  long-petioled ;  the  small 
opposite  flowers  in  elongated  and  slender  terminal  spikes,  reflexed  in  fruit,  and 
bent  close  against  the  common  peduncle.  Corolla  purplish  or  pale  rose-color. 
(Derivation  of  the  name  unknown.) 


300  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  Leptostachya,  L.— Kich  copses,  common.  July.— Plant  2° - 
3°  high :  leaves  3' -5'  long,  thin.  (Also  in  the  Himalaya  Mountains  !) 

OKDEB  77.    LABIAT^E.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  square  stems,  opposite  aromatic  leaves,  more  or  less  2- 
lipped  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  a  deeply  4-lobed  ovary, 
which  forms  in  fruit  4  little  seed-like  nutlets,  or  achenia,  surrounding  the  base 
of  the  single  style  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx,  each  Jilled  with  a  sin- 
gle erect  seed.  —  Albumen  mostly  none.  Embryo  straight  (except  in  Scu- 
tellaria)  :  radicle  at  the  base  of  the  fruit.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2- 
lobed  or  sometimes  entire ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens,  as  in  all  the  al- 
lied families,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  2-lobed  at  the 
apex.  Flowers  axillary,  chiefly  in  cymose  clusters,  which  are  often  aggre- 
gated in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Foliage  mostly  dotted  with  small 
glands  containing  a  volatile  oil,  upon  which  depends  the  warmth  and  aro- 
ma of  most  of  the  plants  of  this  large  and  well-known  family.  (More  abun- 
dant in  the  Old  World  than  the  New.  One  third  of  our  genera  and  many 
of  the  species  are  merely  introduced  plants.) 

Synopsis. 

TBIBE  I.    AJIIGOIDE^E.    Stamens  4,  ascending  (curved  upwards)  and  parallel,  usually 
projecting  from  the  notch  of  the  upper  side  of  the  (not  evidently  2-lipped)  5-lobed  corolla. 
Nutlets  reticulated  and  pitted,  obliquely  attached  by  the  inside  near  the  base. 
*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  all  declined  (turned  forwards) :  stamens  exserted. 
1.  TEUCRIUM.    Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  much  larger  than  the  others.     Calyx  5-toothed. 

3.  TEICHOSTEMA.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  scarcely  unequal.    Calyx  5-cleft,  oblique. 

*  *  Lobes  of  the  corolla  almost  equally  spreading  :  stamens  nearly  included. 
8.  ISANTHUS.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-«left,  almost  equalling  the  small  corolla. 

TRIBE  II.     SATUREIEJE.    Stamens  4,  the  inferior  pair  longer,  or  only  2,  distant, 
straight,  diverging,  Or  converging  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  2-celled.    Lobes  of  th« 
corolla  flat  and  spreading.    Nutlets  smooth  or  minutely  roughened,  fixed  by  the  base. 
*  Corolla  not  evidently  2-lipped,  but  almost  equally  4-lobed.     Stamens  erect,  distant. 

4.  MENTHA.    Fertile  stamens  4,  nearly  equal. 

6.  LYGOPUS.    Fertile  stamens  2 ;  and  often  2  sterile  filaments  without  anthers. 
*  *  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped ;  the  tube  naked  within. 
•*-  Stamens  only  2,  distant :  no  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair 

6.  CTJNILA.    Calyx  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed.     Corolla  small. 

•i-  •«-  Stamens  4,  all  with  anthers. 

7.  HYSSOPUS.    Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed.    Stamens 

exserted,  diverging. 

8.  PYCNANTHEMUM.    Calyx  ovate  or  short-tubular,  10- 13-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat, 

equally  5-toothed  or  somewhat  2-lipped.    Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  clusters. 

9.  ORIGANUM.     Calyx  ovate-bell-shaped,  hairy  ha  the  throat,  13-nerved,  5-toothed.    Stamens 

diverging.    Flowers  spiked,  and  with  large  colored  bracts. 

10.  THYMUS.    Calyx  ovate,  nodding  in  fruit,  hairy  in  the  throat,  10  - 13  nerved,  2-lipped. 
Stamens  distant.    Bracts  minute.    Leaves  very  small. 


LABIATES.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  301 


11.  RA  rUREIA.    Caly*  bell-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.    Sta- 

mens somewhat  ascending. 

12.  CALAMINTHA.     Calyx  tubular,  often  hairy  in  the  throat,  13-nerved,  2-lipped.     Tube  of 

the  corolla  straight.     Stamens  connivent  at  the  summit  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip 
18.  MELISSA.    Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  2-lipped,  flattish  on  the  upper  side.    Tube  of  th 
corolla  curved  upwards.     Stamens  curved  above,  connivent  under  the  erect  upper  lip 
•)-•*-•(-  Stamens  only  2  with  anthers,  ascending,  and  a  pair  of  small  sterile  filaments. 

14.  HEDEOMA.     Calyx  gibbous  on  the  lower  side,  hairy  in  the  throat.    Flowers  loose. 

*  *  *  Corolla  2-lipped,  with  a  bearded  ring  inside  at  the  bottom  of  the  enlarged  throat.    Sta- 
mens 2  or  4,  long,  diverging. 

15.  COLLINSONIA.    Calyx  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped.    Lower  lobe  of  the  corolla 

much  larger  than  the  other  four. 

TRIBE  in.  MONARDE^E.  Stamens  2  (sometimes  with  mere  rudiments  of  the  upper 
pair),  ascending  and  parallel :  anthers  apparently  or  really  1-celled.  Corolla  2-lipped. 
Nutlets  as  in  Tribe  II. 

16.  SAL VI A.     Calyx  2-lipped.    Anthers  with  a  long  connective  astride  the  filament,  bearing 

a  linear  cell  at  the  upper  end,  and  none  or  an  imperfect  one  on  the  lower. 

17.  MONARDA.     Calyx  tubular  and  elongated,  equally  5-toothed.    Anthers  of  2  cells  conflu- 

ent into  one  :  connective  inconspicuous. 

18.  BLEPHILIA.     Calyx  ovate-tubular,  2-lipped.    Anthers  as  in  No.  17. 

TBIBK  IV.  NEPETE  JK.  Stamens  4,  the  superior  (inner)  pair  longer  than  the  inferior ! 
ascending  or  diverging.  Corolla  2-lipped :  the  upper  lip  concave  or  arched,  the  lower 
spreading.  Calyx  mostly  15-nerved.  Nutlets  as  in  Tribes  II.  and  III. 

19.  LOPHANTHUS.    Stamens  divergent ;  the  upper  pair  curved  downwards ;  the  lower  as- 

cending :  anther-cells  nearly  parallel. 

20.  NEPETA.     Stamens  all  ascending  ;  the  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  ;  the  cells  at  length 

widely  diverging.     Calyx  curved. 

21.  DRACOCEPHALUM.     Stamens  nearly  as  in  No.  20.    Calyx  straight,  the  upper  lip  or  tooth 

commonly  larger. 

22.  CEDRONELLA.    Stamens  all  ascending.    Anther-cells  parallel. 

TRIBE  V.  STACHYDE JE.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel ;  the  inferior  (outer) 
pair  longer  than  the  superior,  except  in  No.  33  Anthers  usually  approximate  in  pairs. 
Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  concave  or  arched.  Calyx  6-10  nerved.  Nutlets  as  in 
the  preceding. 

*  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  thin  and  membranaceous,  inflated-bell-shaped  in  fruit. 

23.  SYNANDRA      Calyx  4-lobed  !    Anther-cells  widely  diverging  from  each  other. 

24.  PHYSOSTEGIA.     Calyx  5-toothed.    Anther-cells  parallel. 

*  *  Calyx  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit. 

25.  BRUNELLA.    Calyx  nerved  and  veiny  ;  upper  lip  flat,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft. 

26.  SCCTELLARIA.     Calyx  with  a  helmet-like  projection  on  the  upper  side ;  the  lips  entire 

*  *  *  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  nor  the  tube  inflated,  5  -  10-toothed. 
•t-  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

27.  MAR11UBIUM.    Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-nerved,  and  with  6  or  10  awl-shaped  teeth 

•i-  -t-  Stamens  projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
•H-  Anthers  opening  transversely  by  2  unequal  valves  ;  the  smaller  valve  ciliate. 

28.  GALEOPS1S.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped  ;  the  5  teeth  spiny-pointed. 

•H-  ++  Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

29.  STACHYS.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped.    Nutlets  rounded  at  the  top.    Stamens  after  shed- 

ding the  pollen  often  turned  downward. 

80.  LEONURUS.    Calyx  top-shaped,  the  rigid  and  spiny-pointed  teeth  soon  spreading     Nut- 

lets  truncate  and  acutely  3-angled  at  the  top. 

81.  LAMIUM.    Calyx-teeth  not  spiny  pointed.    Nutlets  sharply  3-angled,  truncate  at  the  top. 

26 


302  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMII.Y.) 

82.  BALLOTA.    Calyx  somewhat  funnel-form,  the  5  -  10-teeth  united  at  the  base  into  a  spread- 

ing border.  ,  Nutlets  roundish  at  the  top.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect. 

83.  PHLOMIS.    Calyx  tubular,  the  6  short  and  broad  teeth  abruptly  awned.   Upper  lip  of  the 

corolla  arched. 

1.    TEtlCRIUM,    L.        GERMANDER. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  oblong,  turned 
forward,  so  that  there  seems  to  be  no  upper  lip ;  the  lower  one  much  larger. 
Stamens  4,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft  between  the  2  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla : 
anther-cells  confluent.  (Named  for  Teucer,  king  of  Troy.) 

1.  T.  Canadense,  L.  (AMERICAN  GERMANDER.  WOOD  SAGE.) 
Herbaceous,  downy;  stem  erect  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate, 
rounded  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  hoary  underneath ;  the  floral  scarcely  longer 
than  the  oblique  unequally-toothed  calyx ;  whorls  about  6-flowered,  crowded  in 
a  long  and  simple  wand-like  spike,  ty— Low  grounds;  not  ra?c.  July. — 
Corolla  pale  purple,  rarely  white. 

AJUGA  CHAMJEPITHYS,  L.,  the  YELLOW  BUGLE  of  Europe,  gathered  in 
Virginia  by  Clayton,  has  not  been  noticed  since.  i 

2.    TRICHOSTEMA,    L.       BLUE  CURLS. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  oblique,  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  3  upper  teeth  elongated  and 
partly  united,  the  2  lower  very  short.  Corolla  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  narrowly  ob- 
long, declined,  nearly  equal  in  length ;  the  3  lower  more  or  less  united.  Sta- 
mens 4,  with  very  long  capillary  filaments,  exserted  much  beyond  the  corolla, 
curved:  anther-cells  divergent  and  at  length  confluent.1  —  Low  annuals,  some- 
what clammy-glandular  and  balsamic,  branched,  with  entire  leaves,  and  mostly 
solitary  1 -flowered  pedicels  terminating  the  branches,  becoming  lateral  by  the 
production  of  axillary  branchlets,  and  the  flower  appearing  to  be  reversed, 
namely,  the  short  teeth  of  the  calyx  upward,  &c.  Corolla  blue,  varying  to  pur- 
ple, rarely  white,  small.  (Name  composed  of  6pi£,  hair,  and  or^/ia,  stamen, 
from  the  capillary  filaments.) 

1.  T.  dicliotoimuii,   L.     (BASTARD  PENNYROYAL.)     Leave*  lancer 
oblong  or  rhombic-lanceolate,  rarely  lance-linear,  short-petioled.  —  Sandy  fields, 
New  England  to  Kentucky,  and  southward,  chiefly  eastward.    July  -  Sept.  — 
The  curved  stamens  £'  long. 

2.  T.  lilieiare,  Nutt.     leaves  linear,  nearly  smooth.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens 
of  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Bather  taller  and  less  forked  than  the  last 
(8* -12'  high),  the  corolla  larger. 

3.    ISANTHUS,    Michx.        BALSE  PENNYROYAL. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  equal,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  little  longer  than 
the  calyx ;  the  border  bell-shaped,  with  5  nearly  equal  and  obovate  spreading 
lobes.  Stamens  4,  slightly  didynamous,  incurved-ascending,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  corolla.- — A  low,  much  branched,  annual  herb,  clammy-pubescent,  with 
nearly  entire  lance-oblong  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers  on  short 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  303 

axillary  1 -3-flowered  peduncles.     (Name  from  terop,  equal,  and  avdos,  flower, 
referring  to  the  almost  regular  corolla.) 

1.  I.  cseruleus,  Michx. — Gravelly  banks,  Maine  to  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward. July,  Aug.  —  Corolla  2"  long. 

4.    IflENTHA,    L.        MINT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  5-toothed,  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  with  a 
short  included  tube ;  the  bell-shaped  border  somewhat  equally  4-cleft ;  the  upper 
lobe  broadest,  entire  or  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  equal,  erect,  distant 
(either  exserted  or  included  in  different  individuals  of  the  same  species).  —  Odor- 
ous herbs,  with  the  small  flowers  mostly  in  close  clusters,  forming  axillary  capi- 
tate whorls,  sometimes  approximated  in  interrupted  spikes.  Corolla  pale  purple 
or  whitish.  (MtWfy  of  Theophrastus,  from  a  Nymph  of  that  name,  fabled  to 
have  been  changed  into  Mint  by  the  jealous  Proserpine.) 

1.  M.  vfRiDis,  L.      (SPEARMINT.)      Nearly  smooth;    leaves  almost  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  serrate ;  whorls  of  flowers  approximate  in  loose  pani- 
cled  spikes.     1J. —  Wet  places ;  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  I?I.  PIPER!TA,  L.     (PEPPERMINT.)      Smooth  leaves  petioled,  ovate-obloru/, 
acute,  serrate  ;  whorls  crowded  in  short  obtuse  spikes,  interrupted  at  the  base,    ty 
—  Low  grounds,  and  along  brooks  :  less  naturalized  than  the  last.    Aug.  —  Mul- 
tiplying, like  the  Spearmint,  by  running  under-ground  shoots.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  ME.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (CORN  MINT.)     Stem  fairy  downwards;  leaves  peti- 
oled, ovate  or  oblong,  serrate ;  the  floral  similar  and  longer  than  the  globose 
remote  whorls  of  flowers.      1J.  —  Fields,  Penn.  and  Ohio  :  rare.  —  Odor  like 
that  of  decayed  cheese.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  Canadensis,  L.      (WILD  MINT.)      Stems  ascending   (l°-2° 
high),  whitish-hairy;  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends,  the  upper- 
most lanceolate ;  flowers  crowded  in  globular  axillary  whorls.    (Odor  like  Penny- 
royal).    Var.  GLABRATA,  Benth.,  is  smoothish,  the  leaves  usually  less  tapering 
at  the  base,  "the  smell  pleasanter,  more  like  that  of  Monarda"  (Porter}.     (M. 
borealis,  Michx.)     Ij.  — Wet  banks  of  brooks,  New  England  to  Kentucky,  and 
northward.    July -Sept. 

5.    LiYCOPUS,    L.        WATER  HOREHODND. 

Calyx  ,bell-shaped,  4  -  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  bell-shaped, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  equally  4-lobed.  Stamens  2,  distant ;  the 
upper  pair  either  sterile  rudiments  or  wanting.  Nutlets  with  thickened  mar- 
gins.—  Perennial  low  herbs,  resembling  Mints,  with  sharply  toothed  or  pin- 
natifid  leaves,  the  floral  ones  similar  and  much  longer  than  the  dense  axillary 
whorls  of  small  mostly  white  flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  \VKOS,  a  wolf,  and 
TTOWS,  foot,  from  some  fancied  likeness  in  the  leaves.) 

1.  L..  Virginicus,  L.  (BUGLE-WEED.)  Stem  obtusely  4-angled  (6'- 
18'  high),  producing  long  and  slender  runners  from  the  base  ;  leaves  oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  toothed,  entire  towards  the  base,  short-petioled ;  calyx-teeth  4, 


304  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

ovate,  bluntish  and  pointless.  —  Shady  moist  places ;  common,  especially  north- 
ward. -  Aug.  —  Smooth,  often  purplish,  with  small  capitate  clusters  of  very 
small  flowers. 

2.  L,.  Europ&us,  L.  Stem  sharply  4-angled  (l°-3°~high),  with  or 
without  runners  from  the  base ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sinu- 
ate-toothed or  pinnatifid,  more  or  less  petioled ;  whorls  many-flowered ;  calyx- 
teeth  5,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  rigid  very  sharp  point ;  nutlets  (smooth  or 
-glandular-roughened  at  the  top)  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx-tube.  (Eu.) 
—  Includes  several  nominal  species,  among  them  in  our  district  is  • 

Var.  si  11  il  ;at  us.  (L.  sinuatus,  Benth.  L.  exaltatus  £  L.  sinuatus,  EU.) 
Much  branched,  smooth  or  smoothish ;  runners  short  or  none ;  leaves  mostly 
more  tapering  to  both  ends  than  in  the  European  form,  varying  from  cut-toothed 
to  pinnatifid.  —  Common  in  wet  grounds.  July,  Aug. 

Var.  integrifolillS.  Stems  more  simple,  often  producing  slender  run- 
ners; leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  varying  to  narrowly  lanceolate  (L.  angustifolius, 
Nutt,  &c.),  much  acuminate  at  both  ends  (2' -4'  long),  sharply  serrate. — 
Common  westward. 

6.    CUNIL.A,    L.        DITTANY. 

Calyx  ovate-tubular,  equally  5-toothed,  very  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2- 
lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  mostly  notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft. 
Stamens  2,  erect,  exserted,  distant:  no  sterile  filaments. — Perennials,  Avith 
small  white  or  purplish  flowers,  in  corymbed  cymes  or  clusters.  (An  ancient 
Latin  name,  of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  C.  Muriuiui,  L.  (COMMON  DITTANY.)  Stems  tufted,  corymbosely 
much  branched  (1°  high);  leaves  smooth,  ovate,  serrate,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  nearly  sessile,  dotted  (!'  long) ;  cymes  peduncled;  calyx  striate. — 
Dry  hills,  S.  New  York  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 

7.    HYSSOPUS,    L.        HYSSOP. 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
short,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  obscurely  notched ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  with 
the  middle  lobe  larger  and  2-cleft.  Stamens  4,  exserted,  diverging.  — A  peren- 
nial herb,  with  wand-like  simple  branches,  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves,  and 
blue-purple  flowers  in  small  clusters,  crowded  in  a  spike.  (The  ancient  name.) 

1.  H.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  —  Road-sides,  Michigan,  &c. ;  escaped  from  gardens. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

8.     PYCNANTHEMUUI,    Michx.      MOUNTAIN  MINT.    BASIL. 

Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  tubular,  about  13-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  or  the 
three  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united, .naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  short,  more 
or  less  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  straight,  nearly  flat,  entire  or  slightly  notched  : 
the  lower  3-cleft,  its  lobes  all  ovate  and  obtuse.  Stamens  4,  distant,  the  lower 
pair  rather  longer:  anther-cells  parallel.  — Perennial  upright  herbs,  with  a  pun- 
gent mint-like  flavor,  corymbosely  branched  above;  the  floral  leaves  often 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  805 

whitened ;  the  many-flowered  whorls  dense,  crowded  with  bracts,  and  usually 
farming  terminal  heads  or  close  cymes.  Corolla  whitish  or  purplish,  the  lips 
mostly  dotted  with  purple.  Varies,  like  the  Mints,  with  the  stamens  exserted 
or  included  in  different  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  TTVKVOS,  dense,  and  avdepov, 
a  blossom ;  from  the  inflorescence.) 

#  Calyx  scarcely  at  all  2-lipped,  the  teeth  and  bracts  awl-shaped  and  aim-pointed, 
rigid,  naked,  as  long  as  the  corolla :  flowers  in  rather  dense  mostly  terminal  heads : 
leaves  rigid,  slightly  petioled. 

1.  P.  a  i  isl  at  si  ill,  Michx.  Minutely  hpary-puberulent  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  ovate-oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  denticulate-serrate 
(l'-2'  long),  roundish  at  the  base.  —  Pine  barrens,  from  New  Jersey  southward. 

Var.  liyssopi  foil  urn.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  broadly  linear,  nearly 
entire  and  obtuse.  (P.  hyssopifolium,  Benih.)  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

*  *  Calyx  2-lipped  from  the  greater  union  more  or  less  of  the  3  upper  teeth,  which, 
with  the  bracts,  are  subulate  and  bearded  with  some  spreading  hairs :  flowers  in 
dense  and  compound  flattened  cymes,  which  become  considerably  expanded  in  fruit : 
leaves  membranaceous,  petioled. 

2.  P.  iiicaiiiim,  Michx.    Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely  toothed, 
downy  above  and  mostly  hoary  with  whitish  wool  underneath,  the  uppermost  whitened 
both  sides ;  cymes  open ;  bracts  linear-awl-shaped  and,  with  the  calyx-teeth,  more 
or  less  awn-pointed. — Rocky  woods  and  hills,  New  England  to  Michigan,  and 
southward.     Aug.  —  Plant  2°  -  4°  high,  the  taste  intermediate  between  that  of 
Pennyroyal  and  Spearmint,  as  in  most  of  the  following  species.     Very  variable. 

3.  P.  clinopodioides,  Torr.  &  Gr.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely 
toothed,  short-petioled,  not  whitened;  the  upper  surface  often  smooth,  the  lower 
as  well  as  the  stem  downy;  cymes  contracted;  bracts  and  calyx-teeth  short  subu- 
late, the  latter  nearly  one  half  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Dry  copses  around  New 
York.    Aug.,  Sept.  — Perhaps  an  extreme  state  of  No.  2. 

#  *  *  Calyx  usually  almost  equally  5-toothed:  flowers  crowded  in  loose  heads  or  dense 
clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches  and  in  the  uppermost  axils ;  the  bracts  sJiorter 
than  the  2-lipped  corollas :  leaves  almost  sessile. 

4.  P.  Torreyi,  Benth.      Somewhat  pubescent;  stem  strict  and  nearly 
simple  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends  (mostly 
2'  long  and  2" -3"  wide),  nearly  entire;  the  awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  and  bracts 
canescent.  —  Dry  soil,  S.  New  York  and  New  Jersey.    Aug.  —  Intermediate  in 
aspect  between  No.  3  and  No.  7. 

5.  P.  pilosum,  Nutt.     More  or  less  downy  with  long  and  soft  whitish  hairs, 
much  branched  above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lower  ovate- 
lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  the  floral  not  whitened;  calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  and  with  the  bracts  hoary-haired.  —  Dry  hills  and  plains,  W.  Penn., 
Ohio,  to  Illinois,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    July  -  Sept.  —  A  smoother 
form  of  this,  approaching  the  next,  is,  if  I  mistake  not,  Brachystemum  verticil- 
latum,  Michx.     (Mountains  of  Penn.  and  southward.) 

6.  P.  iniltiriim,  Pers.     Minutely  hoary  throughout,  or  almost  smooth, 
corymbosely  much  branched  (l°-2£°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  ovate-lanceo* 

26* 


806  LABIATJE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

late,  varying  to  lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  acute,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at 
the  base,  mostly  sessile  and  minutely  sharp-toothed,  prominently  veined,  green 
when  old ;  the  floral  ones,  bracts,  and  triangular-ovate  calyx-teeth,  hoary  with 
a  fine  dose  down.  —  Dry  hills,  Maine  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  Aug. 
—Flowers  in  very  dense  clusters ;  the  outer  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed, 
the  others  pointless. 

#  #  #  *  Calyx  equally  5-toothed:  flowers  collected  in  dense  and  globular,  often  fasci- 
cled, small  and  numerous  heads,  which  are  crowded  in  terminal  corymbs:  bracts 
rigid,  closely  appressed,  shorter  than  the  flowers :  lips  of  the  corolla  very  short : 
leaves  narrow,  sessile,  entire,  rigid,  crowded  and  clustered  in  the  axils. 
1.  P.  lanceolatlim,  Pursh.     Smoothish  or  minutely  pubescent  (2°  high); 

leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  obtuse  at  the  base ;  heads  downy ;  calyx-teeth  short 

and  triangular.  —  Dry  thickets  ;  common.    July  -  Sept. 

8.  P.  I i n U oli ii in,  Pursh.     Smooth  or  nearly  so  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
narrower  and  heads  less  downy  than  in  the  last ;  the  narrower  bracts  and  lance- 
awl-shaped  calyx-teeth  pungently  pointed.  —  Thickets,  S.  New  England  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.    July  -  Sept. 

*#:*;:**:  Calyx  equally  5-toothed:  flowers  collected  in  few  and  solitary  large  and 
globular  heads  (terminal,  and  in  the  upper  axils  of  the  membranaceous  petioled 
leaves) ;  the  bracts  loose,  ciliate-bearded. 

9.  P.  moiit famuli,  Michx.    Stem  (1° -3°  high)  and  ovate- or  oblong- 
lanceolate  serrate  leaves  glabrous ;  bracts  very  acute  or  awl-pointed,  the  outer- 
most ovate  and  leaf-like,  the  inner  linear ;  teeth  of  the  tubular  calyx  short  and 
acute.  —  Alleghanies,  from  S.  Virginia  southward.    July.  —  Flavor  warm  and 
pleasant.    Foliage  and  heads  like  a  Monarda. 

9.    ORIGANUM,    L.       WILD  MABJORAM. 

Calyx  ovate-bell-shaped,  hairy  in  the  throat,  striate,  5-toothed.  Tube  of  the 
corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  rather  erect  and 
slightly  notched ;  the  lower  longer,  ef  3  nearly  equal  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
4,  exserted,  diverging. — Perennials,  with  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  purplish 
flowers  crowded  in  cylindrical  or  oblong  spikes,  which  are  imbricated  with  col- 
ored bracts.  (An  ancient  Greek  name,  said  to  be  from  opos,  a  mountain,  and 
ydvos-,  delight.) 

1,  O.  VULGARE,  L.  Upright,  hairy,  corymbose  at  the  summit;  leaves  peti- 
oled, round-ovate ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  purplish.  —  Dry  banks,  sparingly  intro- 
duced eastward.  June  -  Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.    TH^MITS,    L.        THYME. 

Calyx  ovate,  2-lipped,  13-nerved,  hairy  in  the  throat;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed, 
spreading;  the  lower  2-cleft,  with  the  awl-shaped  divisions  ciliate.  Corolla 
short,  slightly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  straight  and  flattish,  notched  at  the  apex ; 
the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  straight  and  distant,  usually  exserted.  — Low  pe- 
rennials, with  small  and  entire  strongly-veined  leaves,  and  purplish  or  whitisk 


LABIATE.       (MINT   FAMILY.  J  807 

flowers.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Thyme,  probably  from  0uo>,  to  6unr 
perfume,  because  it  was  used  for  incense.) 

1.  T.  SERPYLLUM,  L.  (CREEPING  THYME.)  Prostrate  ;  leaves  green, 
flat,  ovate,  entire,  short-petioled,  flowers  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  — 
Old  fields,  E.  New  England  and  Perm. :  rare.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

T.  VULGARIS,  L.,  is  the  GARDEN  THYME,  or  STANDING  THYME. 

11.    SATUREIA,    L.        SAVOBT. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  nearly  entire,  the  lower  nearly  equally  3-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  somewhat  ascending.  — Aromatic  plants,  with  narrow  entire  leaves, 
often  clustered  in  the  axils,  and  somewhat  spiked  purplish  flowers.  (The  an- 
cient Latin  name.) 

1.  S.  HORTENSIS,  L.  (SUMMER  SAVORY.)  Pubescent ;  clusters  few-flow- 
ered ;  bracts  small  or  none.  ®  —  Prairies  of  Illinois,  and  rocky  islands  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio,  Short:  escaped  from  gardens.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.    CAL.AMINTHA,    Mcench.        CALAMINTH. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  mostly  hairy  in  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip 
3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  and  an  inflated  throat, 
distinctly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  entire ;  the  lower  spreading,  3- 
parted,  the  middle  lobe  usually  largest.  Stamens  4,  mostly  ascending;  the 
anthers  usually  approximate  in  pairs.  —  Perennials,  with  mostly  purplish  or 
•whitish  flowers :  inflorescence  various.  (Name  composed  of  /caXos,  beautiful, 
and  fiivda,  Mint.) 

§  1.  CALAMfNTHA  PROPER,  Benth.  —  Calyx  striate,  scarcely  gibbous  at  ike 
base :  clusters  of  flowers  loose  and  peduncled  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  forming 
a  raeeme  at  the  summit :  bracts  minute. 

1.  C.  NEPETA,  Link.     (BASIL-THYME.)     Soft  hairy;  stem  ascending  (1°- 
3°  high) ;  leaves  petioled,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate ;  corolla  (3"  long) 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Dry  hills,  Virginia,  &c.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

$  2.  CALOMELf  SSA,  Benth.  —  Calyx  nearly  as  §  1 :  whorls  few-several-flow- 
ered,.sessile;  flowers  on  slender  naked  pedicels ;  the  bracts  at  their  base  linear  or 
oblong,  leaflike. 

2.  C.  glabella,  Benth.      Smooth;  stems  diffuse  or  spreading   (l°-2° 
long) ;  leaves  slightly  petioled,  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  narrowed  at  the  base 
(§'-1'  long,  or  the  largest  l£'-2'  long),  sparingly  toothed,  or  nearly  entire; 
clusters  6  -  10-flowered ;  corolla  (purplish,  5"  -  6"  long)  fully  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  the  teeth  of  the  latter  awl-pointed.    (Cunila  glabella,  Michx.    Mi- 
cromeria,  Benth.) — Limestone  banks,  near  Frankfort,  Kentucky  (Short),  and 
southward.    June. 

Var.  Nuttallii.  Smaller;  the  flowering  stems  more  upright  (5' -9'  high), 
with  narrower  mostly  entire  leaves  and  fewer-flowered  clusters ;  while  sterile 
the  runners  from  the  base  bear  ovate  thickish  leaves  only  2"  -  5"  long.  (C.  Nut- 


308  LABIATJE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

tallii,  Benth.  Micromeria  glabella,  var.  angustifolia,  Torr.)  —  Wet  limestone 
rocks,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin,  Central  Ohio  (Sullivant),  and  southwestward. 
July-  Sept.  — Appearing  very  distinct,  but  united  by  Southwestern  forms,  &c. 

i  3.  CLINOPODIUM,  L.  —  Calyx  more  or  less  gibbous  Mow:  dusters  sessile  and 

many-flowered,  crowded  with  awl-shaped  bracts. 

3.  C.  CLINOP6DIUM,  Benth.  (BASIL.)  Hairy,  erect  (1°- 2°  high) ;  leaves 
ovate,  petioled,  nearly  entire ;  flowers  (pale  purple)  in  globular  clusters ;  hairy 
bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx.  (Clinopodium  vulgare,  L.) — Borders  of  thickets 
and  fields.  July.  (Nat,  from  Eu.) 

13.    U1EL.ISSA,    L.        BALM. 

Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  flattened  and  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
with  a  recurved-ascending  tube.  Stamens  4,  curved  and  conniving  under  the 
Tipper  lip.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Calamintha.  —  Clusters  few-flowered,  loose, 
one-sided,  with  few  and  mostly  ovate  bracts  resembling  the  leaves.  (Name  from 
/leXio-aa,  a  bee;  the  flowers  yielding  abundance  of  honey.) 

1.  WI.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (COMMON  BALM.)  Upright,  branching;  leaves 
broadly  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  exhaling  the  odor  of  lemons  ;  the  corolla  white 
or  cream-color.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

14.    HEDEOMA,    Pers.        MOCK  PENNYROYAL. 

Calyx  ovoid  or  tubular,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  13-nerved, 
bearded  in  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Co- 
rolla 2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  notched  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  spread- 
ing, 3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2 ;  the  upper  pair  reduced  to  sterile  filaments  or 
wanting.  —  Low,  odorous  plants,  with  small  leaves,  and  loose  axillary  clusters 
of  flowers,  often  forming  terminal  leafy  racemes.  (Altered  from  'H^vocr/iov, 
an  ancient  name  of  Mint,  from  its  sweet  scent.) 

1.  H.  pulegioides,  Pers.    (AMERICAN  PENNYROYAL.)    Erect,  branch- 
ing, hairy ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong-ovate,  obscurely  serrate,  the  floral  similar ;  whorls 
few-flowered ;  corolla  (bluish,  pubescent)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx ;  sterile 
filaments  tipped  with  a  little  head.    (J)  —  Open  barren  woods  and  fields ;  com- 
mon.   July  -  Sept.  —  Plant  6'- 10'  high,  with  nearly  the  taste  and  odor  of  the 
true  Pennyroyal  (Mentha  Pulegium)  of  Europe. 

2.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.    Erect  hairy  (2' -5'  high);  leaves  sessile,  linear, 
entire,  the  floral  similar  and  exceeding  the  flowers ;  corolla  scarcely  longer  than 
the  ciliate  hispid  calyx.    Q)  —  Illinois,  opposite  St.  Louis,  and  southwestward. 

15.    COI^L-INSONIA,    L.        HORSE-BALM. 

Calyx  ovate,  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  truncate  and 
flattened,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  elongated,  expanded  at  the 
throat,  somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  but  the  lower  much 
larger  and  longer,  pendent,  toothed  or  lacerate-fringed.  Stamens  2  (sometimes 
4,  the  upper  pair  shorter),  much  exserted,  diverging :  anther-cells  divergent.  — 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.;  309 

Strong-scented  perennials,  with  large  ovate  leaves,  and  yellowish  flowers  on 
slender  pedicels,  in  loose  and  panicled  terminal  racemes.  (Named  in  honor  of 
Peter  Cottinson,  a  well-known  patron  of  science  and  correspondent  of  Linnaeus, 
and  who  introduced  this  plant  into  England.) 

1.  C.  CanadcnsiS,  L.  (RICH-WEED.  STONE-ROOT.)  Nearly  smooth 
(l°-3°  high);  leaves  serrate,  pointed,  petioled  (3' -9'  long);  panicle  loose, 
many-flowered;  stamens  2. —  Rich  moist  woods,  New  England  to  Michigan, 
Kentucky,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Corolla  §'  long,  exhaling  the  odor 
of  lemons. 

16.    SAL.VIA,    L.        SAGE. 

Calyx  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed  or  entire,  the 
lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  ringent ;  the  upper  lip  straight  or  scythe- 
shaped,  entire  or  barely  notched ;  the  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lohed,  the 
middle  lobe  larger.  Stamens  2,  on  short  filaments,  jointed  with  the  elongated 
transverse  connective,  one  end  of  which  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  bears  a 
linear  1-celled  (half-)  anther,  the  other  usually  descending  and  bearing  a"n  im- 
perfect or  deformed  (half-)  anther.  —  Flowers  mostly  large  and  showy,  in  spiked, 
racemed,  or  panicled  whorls.  (Name  from  salvo,  to  save,  in  allusion  to  the 
reputed  healing  qualities  of  Sage.) 

1.  S.  lyrikta,  L.     (LYRE-LEAVED  SAGE.)    Low  (10' -20'  high),  somewhat 
hairy ;  stein  nearly  simple  and  naked;  root-leaves  obovate,  lyre-shaped  or  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  sometimes  almost  entire  ;  those  of  the  stem  mostly  a  single  pair,  smaller 
and  narrower ;  the  floral  oblong-linear,  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  whorls  loose 
and  distant,  forming  an  interrupted  raceme ;  upper  lip  of  the  blue-purple  pubes- 
cent corolla  short,  straight,  not  vaulted.     1J.  —  Woodlands  and  meadows,  New 
Jersey  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    June. 

2.  S.  lirticifolia,  L.     (NETTLE-LEAVED  SAGE.)     Downy  with  clammy 
hairs,  leafy ;   leaves  rhombic-ovate,  pointed,  crenate,  rounded  or  slightly  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  the  floral  nearly  similar; 
whorls  remote,  many-flowered ;  upper  lip  of  the  blue  corolla  erect,  one  third  the 
length  of  the  lower ;  style  bearded.     1J.  —  Woodlands,  from  Maryland  south- 
ward. —  Corolla  $'  long ;  the  lateral  lobes  deflexed,  the  middle  notched. 

S.  OFFICINALIS,  L.,  is  the  well-known  GARDEN  SAGE.  I  Several  scarlet 
species  from  Tropical  America  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

17.    MONARDA,    L.        HORSE-MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  15-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  usually  hairy 
in  the  throat.  Corolla  elongated  with  a  slightly  expanded  throat,  and  a  strongly 
2-lipped  limb ;  the  lips  linear  or  oblong,  somewhat  equal ;  the  upper  erect,  en- 
tire or  slightly  notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lateral 
lobes  ovate  and  obtuse,  the  middle  one  narrower  and  slightly  notched.  Sta- 
mens 2,  elongated,  ascending,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla :  anthers  lin 
ear  (the  divaricate  cells  confluent  at  the  junction).  —  Odorous  erect  herbs,  with 
entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  pretty  large  flowers  in  a  few  whorled  heads,  closely 
surrounded  with  bracts.  (Dedicated  to  Monardez,  an  early  Spanish  botanist.) 


810  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

*  Stamens  and  style  exserted  beyond  the  very  narrow  a-\d  acute,  upper  lip  of  the  carol- 
la:  root  perennial. 

1.  M.  (liclyma,  L.    (OSWEGO  TEA.)    Somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  petioled, 
ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  the  floral 
ones  and  the  large  outer  bracts  tinged  with  red ;  calyx  smooth,  incurved,  nearly 
naked  in  the  throat ;  corolla  smooth,  much  elongated  (2'  long),  bright  red.  —  Moist 
woods  by  streams,  N.  England  to  Wisconsin  northward,  and  southward  in  the 
Alleghanies :  often  cultivated  (under  the  name  of  Balm  or  Bee-Balm).    July.  — 
Plant  2°  high,  with  very  showy  flowers. 

2.  M.  fistillosa,  L.     (WILD  BERGAMOT.)    Smoothish  or  downy;  leaves 
petioled,  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base  ;  the  upper- 
most and  outer  bracts  somewhat  colored  (whitish  or  purplish) ;  calyx  slightly 
curved,  very  hairy  in  the  throat;  corolla  purplish,  rose-color  or  almost  white,  smooth 
or  haiiy .  —  Woods  and  rocky  banks,  W.  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  south- 
ward, principally  westward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Very  variable  in  appearance,  2°- 
5°  high ;  the  pale  corolla  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  M.  Bracllmriaiia,  Beck.     Leaves  nearly  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  round- 
ed at  the  base,  clothed  with  long  soft  hairs,  especially  underneath ;  the  floral  and  the 
outer  bracts  somewhat  heart-shaped,  purplish ;  calyx  smoothish,  contracted  above, 
very  hairy  in  the  throat,  with  awl-shaped  awned  teeth ;  corolla  smoothish,  bearded 
at  the  tip  of  the  upper  lip,  scarcely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  pale  purplish, 
the  lower  lip  dotted  with  purple. — Oak-openings  and  woods,  Ohio  to  Illinois, 
and  westward.    July. 

*  *  Stamens  not  exceeding  the  notched  upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla. 

4.  M.  punctata,  L.     (HORSE-MINT.)     Minutely  downy  (2°  -3°  high); 
leaves  petioled,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  bracts  lanceolate,  obtuse  at 
the  base,  sessile,  yellowish  and  purple ;  teeth  of  the  downy  calyx  short  and 
rigid,  awnless ;  corolla  nearly  smooth,  yellowish,  the  upper  lip  spotted  with  pur- 
ple, the  tube  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  banks,  New 
York  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Very  odorous  and  pungent. 

18i    BLEPHILIA,    Raf.        BLEPHILIA. 

Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  13-nerved,  2-lipped,  naked  in  the  throat;  upper  lip  with 
3  awned  teeth,  the  lower  with  2  nearly  awnless  teeth.  Corolla  inflated  in  the 
throat,  strongly  and  nearly  equally  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire ;  tho 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  lateral  lobes  ovate  and  rounded,  larger  than 
the  oblong  and  notched  middle  one.  Stamens  2,  ascending,  exserted  (the  rudi- 
ments of  the  upper  pair  minute  or  none) :  anthers,  &c.  as  in  Monarda.  —  Pe- 
rennial herbs,  with  nearly  the  foliage,  &c.  of  Monarda ;  the  small  pale  bluish- 
purple  flowers  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  globose  capitate  whorls. 
(Name  from  /3Xe<£apis,  the  eyelash,  in  reference  to  the  hairy-fringed  bracts  and 
calyx-teeth. ) 

1.  B.  Ciliata,  Raf.  Somewhat  downy;  leaves  almost  sessile,  oblong-ovafa, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  whitish-downy  underneath ;  outer  bracts  ovate,  acute,  col- 
ored, ciliate,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  (Monarda  ciiiata,  L.)—  Dry  open  places. 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  311 

Pcnn.  to  Kentucky  and  Wisconsin.    July.  — Plant  l°-2°  high,  less  branched 
than  the  next,  the  hairy  corolla  shorter. 

2.  15.  liii  siita,  Benth.  Hairy  throughout;  leaves  long-pooled,  ovate,  pointed, 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  the  lower  floral  ones  similar,  the  uppermost 
and  the  bracts  linear-awl-shaped,  shorter  than  the  long-haired  calyx.  (B.  nepe- 
toides,  Raf.  Monarda  hirsuta,  Pursh.) — Damp  rich  woods,  N.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  July.  —  Plant  2°  -  3°  high,  with  spreading  branches, 
and  numerous  close  whorls,  the  lower  remote.  Corolla  smoothish,  pale,  with 
darker  purple  spots. 

19.    JLOPHANTHUS,    Benth.        GIANT  HYSSOP. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  15-nerved,  oblique,  5-toothed,  the  upper  teeth  rather 
longer  than  the  others.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2-lobed  ; 
the  lower  somewhat  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4, 
exserted ;  the  upper  pair  declined ;  the  lower  and  shorter  pair  ascending,  so  that 
the  pairs  cross.  Anther-cells  nearly  parallel.  —  Perennial  tall  herbs,  with  petioled 
serrate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  crowded  in  interrupted  terminal  spikes.  (Name 
from  A6<£o£,  a  crest,  and  avdos,  a  flower.) 

1.  JL»  nepetoides,  Benth.     Smooth,  or  nearly  so;  leaves  ovate,  some- 
what pointed,  coarsely  crenate-toothed  (2' -4'  long);  calyx-teeth  ovate,  rather  ob- 
tuse, little  shorter  than  the  pale  yreenish-ydlow  corolla.  —  Borders  of  woods,  W. 
Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Stem  stout,  4° -6°  high, 
sharply  4-angled.     Spikes  2'  -  6'  long,  crowded  with  the  ovate  pointed  bracts. 

2.  Li.  SCroplmlariaefolillS,  Benth.      Stem   (obtusely  4-angled)  and 
lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  acute  leaves  more  or 
less  pubescent ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  short.er  than  the  purplish  corolla  (spikes 
4'  - 15  long) :  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Same  geographical  range. 

3.  L..  anisalns,    Benth.     (ANISE    HYSSOP.)    Smooth,  but  the  ovate 
acute  leaves  glaucous-white  underneath  with  minute  down ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate, 
acute. — Plains,  Wisconsin  ?  and  northwestward.  —  Foliage  with  the  taste  and 
smell  of  anise. 

20.    WE  PET  A,    L.        CAT-MINT. 

Calyx  tubular,  often  incurved,  obliquely  5-toothed.  Corolla  dilated  in  the 
throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  rather  concave,  notched  or  2-cleft ;  the  low- 
er spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  either  2-lobed  or  entire.  Stamens 
4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair  shorter.  Anthers  approximate 
in  pairs ;  the  cells  divergent.  — Perennial  herbs.  (The  Latin  name,  thought  to 
be  derived  from  Nepete,  an  Etrurian  city.) 

$  1.  Cymose  clusters  rather  dense  and  many-flowered,  forming  interrupted  spikes  or 

racemes:  upper  floral  leaves  small  and  bract-like. 

1.  TV.  CATA.RIA,  L.  (CATNIP.)  Downy,  erect,  branched;  leaves  heart- 
shaped,  oblong,  deeply  crenate,  whitish-downy  underneath ;  corolla  whitish,  dot- 
ted with  purple.  —  Manured  and  cultivated  grounds,  a  very  common  weed 
July,  Aug.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


312  LABIATJG.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

§  2.  GLECH6MA,  L.  —  Leaves  all  alike :  the  axillary  dusters  loosely  few-flowered. 
2.  N.  GLECH6MA,  Benth.  (GROUND  IVY.  GILL.)  Creeping  and  trailing ; 
leaves  petioled,  round  kidney-shaped,  crenate,  green  both  sides ;  corolla  thrice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  light  blue.  (Glechoma  hederacea,  L.)  —  Shaded,  waste 
grounds  near  dwellings.  May -Aug.  —  Anthers  with  the  cells  diverging  at  a 
right  angle,  each  pair  approximate  and  forming  a  cross.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

91.    DRACOCEPHAL.UM,    L.       DRAGON-HEAD. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-15-nerved,  straight,  5-toothed;  the  upper  tooth  usually 
much  largest.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  slightly  arched  and  notched ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  with  its  middle  lobe  largest  and  2-cleft  or  notched^at  the 
end.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  tho  upper  lip ;  the  lower  pair  shorter.  An- 
thers approximate  by  pairs,  the  cells  divergent.  — Whorls  many-flowered,  mostly 
spiked  or  capitate,  and  with  awn-toothed  or  fringed  leafy  bracts.  (Name  from 
Spd/ooi',  a  dragon,  and  Ke(f>a\rj^  head,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  corolla.) 

1.  I>.  parviflomm,  Nutt.  Stem  erect,  leafy  (8' -20'  high);  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  cut-toothed,  petioled ;  whorls  crowded  in  a  terminal 
head  or  spike ;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  ovat£,  nearly  equalling  the  bluish  small 
slender  corolla.  &  —  Rocky  places,  Jefferson  and  St.  Lawrence  Counties, 
New  York ;  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northwestward.  May  -  Aug. 

22.    CEDRONELLA,    Mcench.        CEDRONELLA. 

Calyx  rather  obliquely  5-toothed,  many-nerved.  Corolla  ample,  expanded  at 
the  throat,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  flattish  or  concave,  2-lobed;  the  lower  3- 
cleft,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  ascending ;  the  lower  pair 
shorter.  Anther-cells  parallel.  —  Sweet-scented  perennials,  with  pale  purplish 
flowers.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Kedpiov,  oil  of  Cedar,  from  the  aromatic  leaves 
tof  the  originial  species,  C.  triphylla,  the  Balm-of-Gilead  of  English  gardens.) 

1.  C.  cordata,  Benth.  Low,  with  slender  runners,  hairy  ;  leaves  broadly 
heart-shaped,  crenate,  petioled,  the  floral  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  whorls  few- 
flowered,  approximate  at  the  summit  of  short  ascending  stems ;  corolla  hairy 
inside  (1^'  long) ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  upper  lip.  (Dr^cocephalum  corda- 
tum,  Nutt.)  — Low  shady  banks  of  streams,  W.  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward along  the  mountains.  June. 

23.    SYNANDRA,    Nutt.        SYNANDRA. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  inflated,  membranaceous,  irregularly  veiny,  almost  equally 
4-toothed  !  Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  much  expanded  above  and  at  the  throat ; 
the  upper  lip  slightly  arched,  entire  ;  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft,  with  ovate 
lobes,  the  middle  one  broadest  and  notched  at  the  end.  Stamens  4,  ascending : 
filaments  hairy :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  two 
upper  each  with  one  fertile  and  one  smaller  sterile  cell,  the  latter  cohering  with 
each  other  (whence  the  name;  from  crvv,  together,  and  avrjp^  for  anther). 

1 .  S.  gfraiidiflora,  Nutt.  —  Shaded  banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward. June.  — A  perennial  ?  hairy  herb,  1°  high.  Lower  leaves  long-petioled, 


i 

J 

V    c.,  ,r^sV^ 
LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  313 

broadly  ovate,  heart-shaped,  crenate,  thin ;  the  floral  sessile,  gradually  reduced 
to  bracts,  each  with  a  single  sessile  flower.     Corolla  1^  long,  yellowish- white. 

24.    PHYSOSTEGIA,    Benth.        FALSE  DBAGON-HEAD. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  obscurely  10-nerved,  short-tubular  or  bell- 
shaped,  enlarged,  and  more  or  less  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  funnel-form  with  a 
much  inflated  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  rather  erect,  concave,  nearly 
entire ;  the  lower  3-parted,  spreading,  small :  its  middle  lobe  larger,  broad  and 
rounded,  notched.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  approxi- 
mate; the  cells  parallel. — Perennial  smooth  herbs,  with  upright  wand-liko 
stems,  and  sessile  lanceolate  or  oblong  mostly  serrate  leaves.  Flowers  large 
and  showy,  rose  or  flesh-color  variegated  with  purple,  opposite,  crowded  in  sim- 
ple or  panicled  terminal  leafless  spikes.  (Name  from  <£u<ra,  a  bladder,  and  ore-yea, 
to  cover,  on  account  of  the  inflated  corolla  and  fruiting  calyx.) 

1.  P.  Virginiana,  Benth.  (Dracocephalum  Virginianum,  L.,  &c.)  — 
Low  or  wet  banks  of  streams,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July -Sept. — Varies  from  l°-4°high,  stout  or  slender;  the  leaves  from  ob- 
long-obovate  (the  lower)  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  and  from  very  sharply  toothed 
to  nearly  entire;  the  flowers  either  crowded,  imbricated,  or  scattered;  the  in- 
flated fruiting  calyx  varying  from  obovate  or  ovate  to  globular ;  the  corolla  from. 
6"  or  7"  to  12"  long  :  no  definite  marks  are  yet  found  for  distinguishing  two  or 
more  species. 

25.    BRUNEL.L.A,    Tourn.    (Prunella,  L.)        SELF-HEAL. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  somewhat  10-nerved  and  reticulated-veiny,  flattened 
on  the  upper  side,  naked  in  the  throat,  closed  in  fruit,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip 
broad  and  flat,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth  ;  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  ascend- 
ing, slightly  contracted  at  the  throat,  and  dilated  at  the  lower  side  just  beneath  it, 
2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  arched,  entire ;  the  lower  reflexed-spreading,  3-cleft ; 
its  lateral  lobes  oblong ;  the  middle  one  rounded,  concave,  crenulate.  Stamens 
4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  filaments  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  lower 
tooth  bearing  the  anther.  Anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  their  cells  diverging. 
— Low  perennials,  with  nearly  simple  stems,  and  3-flowered  clusters  of  flowers 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  round  and  bract-like  membranaceous  floral  leaves,  imbri- 
cated in  a  close  spike  or  head.  (Name  said  to  be  taken  from  the  German  braune, 
a  disease  of  the  throat,  for  which  this  plant  was  a  reputed  remedy.) 

1.  15.  vulgaris,  L.  (COMMON  SELF-HEAL  or  HEAL-ALL.)  Leaves 
ovate-oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  petioled,  hairy  or  smoothisk ;  corolla  (violet  or 
flesh-color)  not  twice  the  length  of  the  purplish  calyx.  —  Woods  and  fields ; 
common.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

26.    SCUTEL.L.ARIA,    L.        SKULLCAP. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  in  flower,  2-lipped ;  the  lips  entire,  closed  in  fruit,  the  upper 
with  a  helmet-like  at  length  concave  and  enlarged  appendage  on  the  back  (the 
upper  sepal) ;  calyx  splitting  to  the  base  at  maturity,  the  upper  lip  usually  fall- 
27 


314  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

ing  away.  Corolla  with  an  elongated  curved  ascending  tube,  dilated  it  the 
throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  barely  notched ;  the  lateral  lobea 
mostly  connected  with  the  upper  rather  than  the  lower  lip ;  the  lower  lobe  or  lip 
spreading  and  convex,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the 
upper  lip  :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  ciliate  or  bearded ;  those  of  the  lower 
stamens  1-celled  (halved),  of  the  upper  2-celled  and  heart-shaped.  —  Bitter  pe- 
rennial herbs,  not  aromatic,  with  axillary  or  else  spiked  or  racemed  flowers ;  the 
short  peduncles  chiefly  opposite,  1 -flowered,  often  1 -sided.  (Name  from  seutdla, 
a  dish,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  appendage  to  the  fruiting  calyx.) 
*  Flowers  (blue)  in  terminal  racemes ;  the  floral  'leaves,  except  the  lower  ones,  being 

small,  and  reduced  to  bracts. 

•*-  Lips  short,  nearly  equal  in  length ;  the  lateral  lobes  rather  distinct,  and  almost  as 
long  as  the  straightish  or  scarcely  incurved  upper  lip :  leaves  on  slender  petioles. 

1.  S.  versicolor,  Nutt.     Sojl  hairy,  the  hairs  of  the  inflorescence,  &c. 
partly  viscid-glandular;  stem  mostly  erect  (l°-3°high);  leaves  ovate  or  round' 
ovate,  chiefly  heart-shaped,  crenate-toothed,  very  veiny,  rugose,  the  floral  reduced 
to  broadly  ovate  entire  bracts  about  equalling  the  glandular-hairy  calyx ;  ra- 
cemes mostly  simple.  —  River-banks,  &c.,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin  and  southward. 
July.  —  Corolla  |'  long,  with  a  slender  tube,  below  whitish,  the  lower  lip  purple- 
spotted  ;  the  upper  deep  blue ;  the  lateral  lobes  belonging  as  much  to  the  lower 
as  to  the  upper  lip.  —  S.  saxatilis,  var.  ?  pilosior,  Benth.,  is  probably  a  smaller 
form  of  this,  as  is  S.  rugosa,  Wood.     (Harper's  Ferry,  Aikin,  Wood.) 

2.  S.  saxatilis,  Eiddell.     Smoothishor  slightly  hairy ;  stem  weak,  ascend- 
ing (6' -18'  long),  often  producing  runners,  branched;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong 
and  mostly  heart-shaped,  coarsely  crenate-toothed  (l'-2'  long),*Am,  obtuse;  upper 
bracts  oblong  or  ovate,  small;  racemes  loose.  —  Moist  shaded  banks,  S.  Ohio, 
Virginia,  and  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  the  mountains.     June,  July.  —  Co- 
rolla f  long,  the  lateral  lobes  connected  with  the  straightish  upper  lip. 

•«-  •»-  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  small,  much  shorter  than  the  decidedly  arched  or 
incurved  upper  lip,  and  connected  with  it :  stem  erect :  leaves  moderately  petioled, 
except  in  No.  6. 

3.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.     Stem  branched  (2° -4°  high),  above,  with  the 
panicled  many-flowered  racemes,  flowers,  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  acute  (at  the  base  acute,  obtuse,  or  cordate)  crenate  leaves,  whitish  with  fine 
soft  down,  often  becoming  rather  glabrous ;  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  lower.  —  Rich  ground,  Penn.  to  Michigan  and 
southward.    July.  —  Corolla  f '  long. 

4.  S»  serrata,  Andrews.     Green  and  nearly  glabrous ;  stem  rather  simple 
(l°-3°  high),  with  single  loosely-flowered  racemes;  leaves  serrate,  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong ;  calyx,  &c.  somewhat  hairy ;  lips  of  the  corolla 
equal  in  length  (corolla  1'  long,  the  tube  more  tapering  below  than  in  the  last, 
which  this  resembles).  —  Woods,  Maryland,  Illinois,  and  southward.    July. 

5.  S.  pilosa,    Michx.      Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs;  stem  nearly  sim- 
ple (l°-3°  high)  ;  leaves  railier  distant,  crenate,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  varying  to 
roundish-ovate,  the  lower  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  long-petioled, 
the  upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  veiny ;  bracts  oblong-spatulate ;  racemes 


LABIATE.       (MINT   FAMILY.)  315 

short,  often  branched;  corolla  (£'-§'  long)  rather  narrow,  the  lower  lip  a  little 
shorter.  (S.  hirsuta,  Short,  is  a  large  form.)  —  Dry  open  woods,  &c.,  S.  New 
York  to  Michigan  and  southward.  June -Aug. 

6.  S.  iiltcgrifolia,  L.    Downy  all  over  with  a  minute  hoariness;  stem  com- 
monly simple  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  entire,  obtuse, 
very  short-petioled ;  raceme  often  branched ;  corolla  (V  long)  much  enlarged  above, 
the  ample  lips  equal  in  length. — Borders  of  thickets,  &c.  from  Bridgewater, 
Mass.  (Mr.  Howard),  to  Pennsylvania  and  southward.    June -Aug. 

*  *=  Flowers  (blue  or  violet,  short-peduncled)  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  mostly 

sessile  leaves,  which  are  similar  to  the  lower  ones. 

+-~  Corolla  (2" -3"  long)  seldom  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  the  short  lips  nearly 
equal  in  length,  the  upper  lip  concave. 

7.  S»  nervosa,  Pursh.     Smooth,  simple  or  branched,  slender   (10'-20f 
high) ;  lower  leaves  roundish;  the  middle  ones  ovate,  toothed,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(V  long) ;  the  upper  floral  ovate-lanceolate,  entire;  the  nerve-like  veins  promi- 
nent underneath.     (S.  gracilis,  Nutt.) — Moist  thickets,  New  York  to  Illinois 
and  Kentucky.    June. 

8.  S.  parvula,  Michx.    Minutely  downy,  dwarf  (3' -6'  high),  branched 
and  spreading ;  lowest  leaves  round-ovate ;  the  others  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  all 
entire  or  nearly  so,  slightly  heart-shaped  (£'-§'  long).     (S.  ambigua,  Nutt.)  — 
Dry  banks,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    May,  June. 

*  •*-  Corolla  (§'  - 1'  long),  with  a  slender  tube :  lower  lip  large  and  rather  longer  than 

the  somewhat  arched  upper  lip. 

9.  S.  galeiiculata,  L.     Smooth  or  a  little  downy,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  roundish  and  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the 
base   (l'-2'  long).  —  Wet  shady  places;    comm6n  everywhere    northward. 
Aug.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  small  (blue,  3"  long),  in  axillary,  and  often  also  in  terminal  one-sided 

racemes ;  the  lower  jloi'al  leaves  like  the  others,  the  upper  small  and  bract-like. 

10.  S.  latcriflora,  L.     Smooth;  stem  upright,  much  branched  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate,  round- 
ed at  the  base,  petioled  (2' -3'  long).  —  Wet  shaded  places;  common.    Aug. 
—  A  quack  having  formerly  vaunted  its  virtues  as  a  remedy  for  hydrophobia, 
this  species  bears  the  name  of  Mad-dog  Skullcap. 

27.    MARRUBIUM,    L.        HOREHOTJND. 

Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5  -  10-toothed ;  the  teeth  more  or 
less  spiny-pointed  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect, 
notched;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  broadest.  Stamens  4, 
included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Nutlets  not  truncate.  —  Whitish-woolly  bitter- 
aromatic  perennials,  branched  at  the  base,  with  rugose  and  crenate  or  cut  leaves, 
and  many-flowered  axillary  whorls.  (A  name  of  Pliny,  said  to  be  derived  from 
the  Hebrew  marrob,  a  bitter  juice.) 

1.  HI.  VULGA.RE,  Lr  (COMMON  HOREHOUND.)  Stems  ascencing;  leaves 
rcund-ovate,  petioled,  crenate-toothed ;  whorls  capitate ;  caKx  with  10  recurved 


316  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

teeth,  the  alternats  ones  shorter;  corolla  small,  white.  —  Escaped  from  garden! 
into  waste  places.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

28.    GALEOPSIS,    L.        HEMP-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-nerved,  with  5  somewhat  equal  and  spiny- 
tipped  teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  ovate,  arched,  entire ; 
the  lower  3-cleft,  spreading ;  the  lateral  lobes  ovate,  the  middle  one  inversely 
heart-shaped ;  palate  with  2  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip  :  anther-cells  transversely  2-valved;  the  inner  valve  of  each  cell  bristly- 
fringed,  the  outer  one  larger  and  naked.  —  Annuals,  with  spreading  branches, 
and  several  -  many-flowered  whorls  in  the  axils  of  floral  leaves  which  are  nearly 
like  the  lower  ones.  (Name  composed  of  ya\€T),  a  weasel,  and  ctyts,  resem- 
blance, from  some  likeness  of  the  corolla  to  the  head  of  a  weasel.) 

1.  O.  TETRAHIT,  L.     (COMMON  HEMP-NETTLE.)     Stem  swollen  below  the 
joints,  bristly-hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate ;  corolla  purplish,  or  variegated, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  or,  in  var.  GRANDIFL6RA,  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  often  yellowish  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  lower  lip. — 
Waste  places,  rather  common.    Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  O»  LADANUM,  L.      (RED  HEMP-NETTLE.)     Stem  smooth  or  pubescent; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  downy ;  corolla  red  or  rose-color  (the  throat 
often  spotted  with  yellow),  usually  much  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Chelsea  Beach, 
near  Boston,  Bigelow.    Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2f>.    STACHYS,    L.        HEDGE-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  or  the  upper  teeth 
united  to  form  an  upper  lip.  Corolla  not  dilated  at  the  throat;  the  upper  lip 
erect  or  rather  spreading,  often  arched,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  the  lower  usually 
longer  and  spreading,  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  nearly  entire. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  (often  reflexed  on  the  throat  after 
flowering) :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs.  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate. — 
Whorls  2 -many-flowered,  approximate  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike  (whence 
the  name,  from  ora^us,  a  spike). 

*  Root  annual :  stems  decumbent,  low. 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.     (WOTJNDWORT.)     Hairy ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, crenate,  heart-shaped  at  the  base;  axillary  whorls  4— 6-flowered,  distant; 
corolla  (purplish)  scarcely  longer  than  the  soon  declined  unarmed ,  calyx.  — 
Waste  places,  E.  Massachusetts;  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  #  Root  perennial :  stem  erect. 

2.  S.  palustriS,  L.     Stem  4-angled   (2° -3°  high),  leafy,  hirsute  with 
spreading  or  reflexed  hairs,  especially  on  the  angles ;  leaves  sessile,  or  the  lower 
short-petioled,  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  crenately  serrate,  rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  do^ny  or  hairy -pubescent,  obtusish  (2' -4'  long),  the  upper 
floral  ones  shorter  than  the  nearly  sessile  calyx  ;  whorls  6-  10-flowered,  the  up- 
per crowded  into  an  interrupted  spike ;  calyx  hispid,  the  lance-subulate  teeth 


LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.)  317 

somewhat  spiny,  half  the  length  of  the  purple  corolla,  diverging  in  fruit.  — Wet 
banks  of  streams,  &c.,  mostly  northward.  June -Aug.  (Eu.)  —  To  this,  for 
the  present,  we  must  refer  all  the  following  as  varieties,  different  as  some  of  them 
are:  — 

Var.  aspera.  (S.  aspera,  Michx.)  Stem  more  commonly  smooth  on  tho 
sides,  the  angles  beset  with  stiff  reflexed  bristles ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish, 
pointed,  the  lower  petioled,  the  lower  floral  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  spike  often 
slender  and  more  interrupted ;  calyx-tube  rather  narrower  and  the  teeth  more 
awl-shaped  and  spiny.  —  Common  in  wet  grounds.  —  This  passes  into 

Var.  glabra.  (S.  glabra,  Riddell,  suppl.  cat.  Ohio  pi.  1836.)  More  slen- 
der, smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  or  with  few  bristly  hairs  ;  leaves  oblong-  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  more  sharply  toothed,  mostly  rounded  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  all  petioled.  —  W.  New  York  (Sartwdl)  to  Michigan  and  south- 
westward. 

Var.  cordata.  (S.  cordata,  Riddell,  I.  c.  S.  Nuttallii,  Shuttlew.)  Stem 
beset  with  spreading  or  reflexed  bristly  hairs  ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish,  oblong, 
heart-shaped  at  the  narrowed  base,  all  more  or  less  petioled ;  calyx-teeth  some- 
times shorter.  —  Common  westward  and  southward. 

3.  S.  hyssopifdlia,  Michx.  Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  nearly  so ;  stems 
slender  (1°  high),  the  angles  sometimes  reflexed-bristly ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  or 
Inarrowty  linear,  sessile,  obscurely  toothed  towards  the  apex ;  whorls  4  -  6-flowered, 
rather  distant;  corolla  (violet-purple)  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  triangu- 
lar-awl-shaped  spreading  calyx-teeth.  1J. — Wet  sandy  places,  Massachusetts  to 
Michigan,  and  southward  :  rather  raw.  July. 

BBT6NICA  OFFICINALIS,  the  WOOD  BETONY  of  Europe, —  of  a  genus  hard- 
ly distinct  from  Stachys,  —  was  found  by  C.  J.  Sprague  in  a  thicket  at  Newton, 
Massachusetts. 

3O.    IiEONtJRUS,    L.        MOTHERWORT. 

Calyx  top-shaped,  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth  which  are  awl-shaped, 
and  when  old  rather  spiny-pointed  and  spreading.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
oblong  and  entire,  somewhat  arched;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed;  its  mid- 
dle lobe  larger,  broad  and  inversely  heart-shaped,  the  lateral  ones  oblong. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip :  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  the 
valves  naked.  Nutlets  truncate  and  sharply  3-angled.  —  Upright  herbs,  with 
cut-lobed  leaves,  and  close  whorls  of  flowers  in  their  axils.  (Name  from  Aeow, 
a  lion,  and  ovpa,  tail.,  i.  e.  Lion's-tail.) 

1.  Li.  CARD*ACA,  L.     (COMMON  MOTHERWORT.)     Tall;  leaves  long-peti- 
oled ;  the  lower  rounded,  palmately  lobed ;  the  floral  wedge-shaped  at  the  base, 
3-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  upper  lip  of  the  pale  purple  corolla  bearded.     1|. 
—  Waste  places,  around  dwellings,  &c.    July-  Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  It.  MARRUBIASTRUM,  L.     Tall,  with  elongated  branches;  stem-leaves 
oblong-ovate,  coarsely  toothed ;  corolla  (whitish)  shorter  than  the  calyx-teeth; 
the  tube  naked  within ;  lower1  lip  rather  erect.    (2)  —  Road-sides,  Pennsylvania : 
rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

27* 


818  LABIATE.     (MINT  FAMILY.) 

31.    L.AMIUM,    L.        DEAD-NETTLE. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  awl-pointed 
teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  ovate  or  oblong,  arched, 
narrowed  at  the  base ;  the  middle  lobe  of  the  spreading  lower  lip  broad,  notched 
at  the  apex,  contracted  as  if  stalked  at  the  base ;  the  lateral  ones  small,  at  the 
margin  of  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  ap- 
proximate in  pairs,  2-celled,  the  cells  divergent.  Nutlets  truncate  at  the  apex. 
—  Herbs,  decumbent  at  the  base,  the  lowest  leaves  small  and  long-petioled,  the 
middle  ones  heart-shaped  and  doubly  toothed,  the  floral  similar  but  nearly  ses- 
sile, subtending  the  axillary  whorled  clusters  of  flowers.  (Name  from  Xat/xos, 
the  throat,  in  allusion  to  the  ringent  corolla.) 

1.  L.  AMPLEXICAULE,  L.    Leaves  rounded,  deeply  crenate-toothed  or  cut, 
the  upper  ones  clasping ;  corolla  (purple)  elongated,  upper  lip  bearded,  the  lower 
spotted;  lateral  lobes  truncate.     ®  —  Cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  PURPUREUM,  L.    Leaves  roundish  or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  crenate- 
toothed,  all  petioled.  —  Cult,  groundf,  Pennsylvania.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

32.    BALL  OTA,    L.        FETID  HOREHOUND. 

Calyx  nearly  funnel-form,  the  10-ribbed  tube  expanded  above  into  a  spreading 
regular  border,  with  5-10  teeth.  Anthers  exserted  beyond  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rolla, approximate  in  pairs.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Marrubium.  (The  Greek 
name,  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  B.  NiGRA,  L.  (BLACK  HOREHOUND.)  More  or  less  hairy,  but  green, 
erect ;  leaves  ovate,  toothed ;  whorls  many-flowered,  dense  ;  calyx-teeth  5,  long- 
er than  the  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla.  1J.  —  Waste  places,  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut:  scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

33.     PIILOMIS,    L.        JERUSALEM  SAGE. 

Calyx  tubular,  5  -  10-ribbed,  truncate  or  equally  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  approx- 
imate in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip  ;  the  filaments  of  the  upper  pair  with  an  awl- 
shaped  appendage  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  others  in  P.  tuberosa,  &c. :  anther- 
cells  divergent  and  confluent.  —  Leaves  rugose.  Whorls  dense  and  many-flow- 
ered, axillary,  remote,  bracted.  (An  old  Greek  name  of  a  woolly  species, 
of  obscure  derivation.) 

1.  P.  TUBER6SA,  L.  Tall  (3° -5°  high),  nearly  smooth;  leaves  ovate- 
heart-stiaped,  crenate,  petioled ;  the  floral  oblong-lanceolate ;  bracts  awl-shaped, 
hairy ;  upper  lip  of  the  purple  corolla  densely  bearded  with  white  hairs  on  the 
inside.  H.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Ontario  near  Kochester,  Prof.  Hadley,  Prof.  Dewey. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

The  familiar  cultivated  plants  of  this  family,  not  mentioned  above,  are  the 
SWEET  BASIL  (Ocymum  Basilicum) ;  the  LAVENDER  (Lavdndula  vera)',  and 
the  SWEEE  MARJORAM  (Origanum  Major&na). 


BORRAGINACEJE.       (BORAGE   FAMILY.)  819 

ORDER  78.    BORRAGINACE^E.     (BORAGE  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  rough-hairy  herbs  (not  aromatic),  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
symmetrical  flowers  with  a  5-parted  calyx,  a  regular  5-lobed  corolla  (except 
in  fro.  1),  5  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  style  and  a  deeply  Globed 
ovary  (as  in  Labiatoe),  which  forms  in  fruit  4  seed-Like  nutlets,  each  with  a 
single  seed.  —  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex :  radicle  pointing 
to  the  apex  of  the  fruit.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Calyx  valvate,  the  corolla  im- 
bricated (in  Myosotis  convolute)  in  the  bud.  Flowers  axillary,  or  on  one 
side  of  the  branches  of  a  reduced  cyme,*  which  is  rolled  up  from  the  end, 
and  straightens  as  the  blossoms  expand,  often  bractless.  (Innocent,  muci- 
laginous, and  slightly  bitter  plants ;  the  roots  of  many  species  yielding  a 
red  dye.)  A  rather  large  family. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     BOIill A  (•  E^E.    Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  as  many  separate  1-seeded 
nutlets  in  fruit ;  the  style  rising  from  the  centre  between  them.    (Root  frequently  red.) 
»  Corolla  naked  and  open  (without  scales)  in  the  throat,  somewhat  irregular !    Nutlets  fixed 
by  their  base  (separate  from  the  style) ;  the  scar  flat. 

1.  ECHIUM.    Corolla  funnel-form,  unequally  5-lobed.    Stamens  protruded. 

« *  *  Corolla  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.    Nutlets  not  prickly,  fixed  by  their  base  (separate 
from  the  style) ;  the  scar  broad  and  hollowed  out. 

2.  LYCOPSIS.     Corolla  funnel-form,  slightly  curved  and  oblique :  scales  blunt  and  hairy. 

3.  SYMPHYTUM     Corolla  tubular,  and  enlarged  at  the  summit :  scales  awLshaped. 

*  *  *  Corolla  naked  and  open,  or  with  folds  rather  than  scales  in  the  throat,  regular.    Nutlets 

not  prickly,  fixed  by  their  base  (separate  from  the  style) ;  the  scar  very  small  and  flat. 
•i-  Lobes  of  the  tubular  corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

4.  ONOSMODIUM.    Nutlets  stony,  smooth.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  acute  and  erect. 

6.  LITHOSPERMUM.     Nutlets  stony,  smooth.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  spreading,  rounded. 

6.  MERTENSIA.     Nutlets  rather  fleshy,  oblique.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded. 

•i-  t-  Lobes  of  the  short  salver-shaped  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 

7.  MYOSOTIS.    Nutlets  hard  and  smooth.    Flowers  all  of  them,  or  all  but  the  lowest,  bract- 

less. 

*  *  *  *  Corolla  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.    Nutlets  prickly,  laterally  fixed  to  the  central 

column  or  the  base  of  the  style. 

8.  ECHINOSPERMUM.    Corolla  salver-shaped     Nutlets  erect,  prickly  on  the  margin. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM.     Corolla  funnel-form.    Nutlets  oblique  or  depressed,  prickly  all  over. 

TEIBE  II.    HEMOTROPEJE.    Ovary  not  lobed,  tipped  with  the  simple  style :  the 
fruit  separating  when  ripe  into  2  or  4  nutlets 

10.  HELIOTROPIUM.    Throat  of  the  short  salver-shaped  corolla  open.    Nutlets  1-celled. 

11.  HELIOPHYTUM.    Throat  of  the  corolla  contracted.    Nutlets  2,  each  2-celled. 

1.    ECHIUIW,    Tourn.        VIPER'S  BUGLOSS. 

Corolla  with  a  cylindraceous  or  funnel-form  tube,  and  a  more  or  less  unequal 
spreading  5-lobed  border ;  the  lobes  rounded,  the  expanded  throat  naked.  Sta- 


*  In  the  descriptions  we  call  these  clusters  racemes  or  spikes,  for  convenience,  since  they 
00  closely  Imitate  them.   But  the  flowers  are  not  in  the  axils  of  $he  bracts  when  these  aw 


. 


820  BORRAGINACE.3E.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.) 

mcns  mostly  exscrted,  unequal.      Style  thread-form.    Nutlets  roughened  of 
wrinkled,  fixed  by  a  flat  base.     (A  name  of  Dioscorides,  from  e^ts,  a  viper.) 

1.  E.  VULGARE,  L.  (BLUE-WEED.)  Rough-bristly;  stem  erect  (2°  high), 
mostly  simple;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  showy,  in  short 
lateral  spikes,  disposed  in  a  long  and  narrow  raceme ;  corolla  reddish-purple 
changing  to  brilliant  blue  (rarely  pale).  (2)  —  Eoad-sides  and  meadows :  rather 
rare  northward ;  a  troublesome  weed  in  Virginia.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.    L.YCOPSIS,    L.       BUGLOSS. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  curved  tube  and  a  slightly  unequal  limb ;  the 
throat  closed  with  5  convex  obtuse  bristly  scales  placed  opposite  the  lobes. 
Stamens  and  style  included.  Nutlets  rough-wrinkled,  hollowed  out  at  the  base. 
—  Annuals.  (Name  from  \VKOS,  a  wdf,  and  ctyis,  face.) 

1.  !L*  ARVENSIS,  L.  (SMALL  BUGLOSS.)  Very  rough-bristly  (1'high); 
leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  leafy  racemes ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
small  blue  corolla.  —  Dry  or  sandy  fields,  New  England  to  Virginia :  scarce. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    SYMPHYTUM,    Tourn.        COMFREY. 

Corolla  oblong-tubular,  inflated  above,  5-toothed ;  the  short  teeth  spreading ; 
the  throat  closed  with  5  converging  linear-awl-shaped  scales.  Stamens  in- 
cluded: anthers  elongated.  Style  thread-form.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovate,  fixed 
by  a  large  hollowed  base.  —  Coarse  perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  mucilagi- 
nous roots ;  the  nodding  racemes  either  single  or  in  pairs.  (Name  from  crudely, 
to  grow  together,  probably  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  healing  virtues.) 

1.  S.  OFFICINA.LE,  L.  (COMMON  COMFREY.)  Hairy,  branched,  winged 
above  by  the  decurrent  leaves ;  the  lower  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a 
petiole,  the  upper  narrower;  corolla  yellowish- white,  rarely  purplish.  —  Moist 
places;  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.    ONOSM6l>IU]TI,    Michx.        FALSE  GROMWELL. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  divisions  linear  and  erect.  Corolla  tubular  or  tubular- 
funnel-form,  naked  in  the  throat  (the  sinuses  minutely  hooded-inflexed) ;  the  5 
acute  lobes  converging  or  somewhat  spreading.  Anthers  oblong-linear  or  arrow- 
shaped,  mucronate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  thread-form,  much 
exserted.  Nutlets  bony,  ovoid,  smooth,  fixed  by  the  base ;  the  scar  minute,  not 
hollowed  out.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  coarse  and  hispid,  with  oblong  and 
sessile  ribbed-veined  leaves,  and  white,  greenish,  or  yellowish  flowers,  in  at  length 
elongated  and  erect  leafy  racemes.  —  Our  species  all  belong  to  ONOSMODIUM 
PROPER,  having  the  anthers  all  included,  smooth,  and  on  very  short  filaments ; 
the  corolla  only  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  (Named  from  the  re- 
semblance to  the  genus  Onosma.) 

1.  O.  Virgillit|llllin,  DC.  Clothed  all  over  with  harsh  and  rigid  oppressed 
bristles;  stems  rather  slender  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  or  oblong- 


BORRAGINACE^E.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.)  821 

lanceolate  (l'-2|;  long),  the  lower  narrowed  at  the  base;  corolla  rather  longer 
than  the  calyx  (3"  long) ;  the  lobes  lanceolate-awl-shaped,  bearded  with  long  bristles 
outside;  anthers  oblong-arrow-shaped,  on  very  short  flattened  filaments.  (O. 
hispidum,  Michx.  Lithospermum  Virginianum,  L.!) — Banks  and  hill-sides, 
S.  New  England  to  Virginia  and  southward.  June  -  Aug. 

2.  O.  Carolinianum,  DC.  (excl.  syn.  Michx.)     Clothed  all  over  with 
long  and  spreading  bristly  hairs;  stem  stout,  upright  (3° -4°  high) ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oldong-lancedate,  acute ;  corotta  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  lobes 
deltoid-ovate,  obtusish;  anthers  oblong,  longer  than  the  narrow  filaments.     (O. 
molle,  Beck,  &c.     Lithosp.  Carolinianum,  Lam.)  — Kiver-banks,  W.  New  York, 
Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and  southward.     June,  July.  —  Stouter  and  larger-leaved 
than  the  last,  thickly  clothed  with  less  rigid  but  long  and  shaggy  whitish  hairs. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  back,  appearing  slightly  heart- 
shaped  by  the  inflexion  of  the  sinuses.     This  has  been  confounded  by  some 
authors  with  No.  1 ;  by  others  with  No.  3,  which  it  most  resembles. 

3.  O.  niolle,  Michx.      Hoary  with  Jine  and  close  strictly  oppressed  hairs ; 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtusish,  soft-downy  underneath;  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  the 
lobes  lance-ovate  or  triangular,  acute ;  anthers  linear,  much  longer  than  the  verti- 
cally dilated  filaments.  —  Dry  grounds,  Illinois  and  southward.     Corolla  rathei 

-larger  than  in  the  last;  the  lobes  more  or  less  hairy  along  the  middle. 

5.    L.ITHOSPERMUM,    Tourn.        GROMWELL.    PUCCOON. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  or  sometimes  salver-shaped ;  the  open  throat  naked,  or 
with  a  more  or  less  evident  transverse  fold  or  scale-like  appendage  opposite  each 
lobe ;  the  spreading  limb  5-cleft ;  its  lobes  rounded.  Anthers  oblong,  almost 
sessile,  included.  Nutlets  ovate,  smooth  or  roughened,  mostly  bony  or  stony, 
fixed  by  the  base ;  the  scar  nearly  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  thickish  and  commonly 
red  roots,  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  or  often  spiked  or  racemed  leafy-bracted 
flowers  (occasionally  of  2  forms  as  to  stamens  and  style,  as  in  Oldenlandia,  p. 
171,  &c.).  (Name  compounded  of  Xi'tfos,  stone,  and  orrep/ia,  seed,  from  the  hard 
nutlets.) 

$  1.   Nutlets  tubercled  or  rough-wrinkled  and  pitted,  gray  and  dull:  throat  of  the 
(nearly  white)  corolla  destitute  of  evident  folds  or  appendages. 

1.  L*.  ARVENSE,  L.     (CORN  GROMAVELL.)     Minutely  rough-hoary;   stems 
erect  (6'  - 12'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  veinless ;  corolla  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx.     (J)  —  Sandy  banks  and  road-sides,  New  England  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Michigan.     May- Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining,  mostly  white  like  ivory,  occasionally  doited  with  pores: 
corolla  in  our  species  greenish-white  or  cream-color,  small,  with  5  small  but  distinct 
pubescent  scales  in  the  throat.  ( Root  perennial.) 

2.  L..  aiiifiisii  folium,  Michx.     Minutely  and  slightly  hoary,  roughish, 
much  branched,  erect  or  spreading  (6' -15' high) ;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  \-nerved, 
corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  short  peduncles  in  fruit  mostly  recurved  ; 
nutlets  more  or  less  pitted  when  young,  rarely  bright  white,  but  smooth  and  shin- 
ing. —  Kiver-banks,  from  Illinois  southward  and  westward.     May. 


822  BORRAGINACEJE.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.) 

3.  I*  OFFICINALE,  L.     (COMMON  GROMWELL.)    Much  branched  above, 
erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  thinnish,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  few  distinct 
veins,  rough  above,  soft-pubescent  beneath;  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx:  nutlets 
very  smooth  and  even.  —  Road-sides,  &c. :  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  L,.  latifolium,  Michx.     Stem  loosely  branched,  erect  (2° -3°  high), 
rough ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  taper-pointed  (even  the  floral  ones 
2' -4' long),  ribbed-veined,  roughish  above,  finely  soft-pubescent  beneath,  the 
root-leaves  large  and  rounded ;  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  nutlets  very  smooth 
or  sparingly  impressed-punctate,  shining,  turgid  (2"  long).  —  Borders  of  woods, 
Michigan  to  Kentucky.    June. 

§  3.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining :  corolla  large,  salver-shaped  or  nearly  so,  deep  orange- 
yellow,  somewhat  piil)escent  outside :  the  tube  2-4  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  the 
throat  more  or  less  appendaged.  (Roots  perennial,  long  and  deep,  yielding  a  red 
dye.)  (Batschia,  Gmel.) 

*  Tube  of  the  corolla,  from  one  half  to  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  not  much  longer 
than  its  ample  limb,  the  lobes  entire ;  the  appendages  glandular  and  adherent  (espe- 
cially in  the  state  with  the  stamens  at  the  base  of  the  tube],  or  slightly  arched. 

5.  It.  liirtllill,  Lehm.     (HAIRY  PUCCOOK.)      Hispid  with  bristly  hairs 
(l°-2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  those  of  the  flowering  branches 
ovate-oblong,  bristly-ciliate ;  corolla  woolly-bearded  at  the  base  inside  ;  flowers  dis- 
tinctly peduncled ;  fruiting  calyx  (£'  long)  3-4  times  longer  than  the  nutlets. 
(Also  L.  sericeum,  Lehm.     Batschia  Carolinierisis,  Gmel.     B.  Gmclini,  Michx.) 
—  Dry  woods,  Michigan  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  and  southward  and  northwest- 
ward.   April  -  June.  —  Flowers  crowded,  showy :  limb  of  the  corolla  |'  - 1  broad. 

6.  It,  caiiescens,  Lehm.      (HOARY  PUCCOON  or  ALKANET.)      Softly 
hairy  and  more  or  less  hoary  (6'-15'  high) ;  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the 
upper  ovate-oblong,  more  or  less  downy  beneath  and  roughish  with  close  ap- 
pressed  hairs  above ;  corolla  naked  at  the  base  within ;  flowers  sessile ;  fruiting  calyx 
(3"  long)  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  nutlets.     (Batschia  canescens,  Michx.)  — 
Open  woods  and  plains,  W.  New  York  to  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  northwest- 
ward.   May.  —  Limb  of  the  showy  corolla  smaller  and  the  calyx  shorter  than 
in  the  last. 

*  *  Tube  of  the  corolla  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx,  and  of  its  erose-toothed  or 
crenulate  lobes  ;  the  appendages  at  the  throat  more  projecting  or  arched.     (Pentalo- 
phus,  A.  DC.) 

7.  Li.  I  oil  £if  lor  mil,    Spreng.      Minutely  strigose-hoary ;  stem  simple 
(6'-18f  high) ;  leaves  linear;  tube  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx 
(f  -l£'  long).     (Batschia  longiflora,  Pursh.    L.  incisum,  Lehm.    Pentalophus 
longiflorus,  A.  DC.)  —  Prairies  and  plains,  from  W.  Illinois  and  Wisconsin 
westward.    May. 

6.    UIERTENSIA,    Roth.        SMOOTH  LUNGWORT. 

Corolla  trumpet-shaped  or  bell-funnel-shaped,  much  longer  than  the  deeply  5- 
cleft  or  5-parted  calyx,  naked,  or  with  5  small  glandular  folds  or  appendages  in 
the  open  throat ;  the  spreading  ^border  5-lobed.  Stamens  protruding  from  the 


BORRAGINACE.fi.      (BORAGE   FAMILY.)  323 

throat :  filaments  equalling  or  longer  than  the  oblong  or  somewhat  arrow-shaped 
anthers.  Style  long  and  thread-form.  Nutlets  ovoid,  fleshy  when  fresh,  smooth 
or  wrinkled,  obliquely  attached  next  the  base  by  a  prominent  internal  angle ;  the 
scar  small.  —  Smooth !  or  soft-hairy  perennial  herbs,  with  pale  and  entire  leaves, 
and  handsome  purplish-blue  (rarely  white)  flowers,  in  loose  and  short  panicled 
or  corymbed  racemes,  only  the  lower  ones  leafy-bracted  :  pedicels  slender. 
(Named  for  Prof.  Mertens,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

§  1.  Corolla  perfectly  naked  in  the  throat;  the  broad  trumpet-mouthed  limb  slightly  5 
lobed :  filaments  slender,  much  longer  than  the  anthers. 

1.  M.  Virginica,  DC.    (VIRGINIAN  COWSLIP  or  LUNGWORT.)    Very 
smooth,  pale,  erect  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  thin,  obovate,  veiny,  those  of  the  root 
(4' -6'  long)  petioled;  corolla  trumpet-shaped,  1'  long,  many  times  exceeding 
the  calyx,  rich  purple-blue,  rarely  white.     (Pulmonaria  Virginica,  L.) — Allu- 
vial banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 
May.  —  Cultivated  for  ornament. 

§  2.   Corolla  with  5  glandular  folds  or  appendages  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  more  deeply 
lobed :  filaments  shorter  and  fiat. 

2.  M.  maritima,  Don.     (SEA  LUNGWORT.)     Spreading  or  decumbent, 
smooth,  glaucous ;  leaves  fleshy,  ovate  or  obovate,  the  upper  surface  becoming  pa- 
pillose ;  corolla  bell-fnnnel-form,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  (3"  long) ;  nutlets 
smooth,  flattened.  —  Sea-coast,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts  (Russell),  Maine  ?  and 
northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  M.  panicnlata,  Don.     Roughish  and  more  or  less  hairy,  erect  (l°-2° 
high),  loosely  branched;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  thin;  co- 
rolla somewhat  funnel-form,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  hairy  calyx  (£'  long) ; 
nutlets  rough-wrinkled  when  dry.     (Probably  also  M.  pilosa,  DC.)  —  Shore  of 
Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

7.    MYOSOTIS,    L.        SCORPION-GRASS.    FORGET-ME-NOT. 

Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  5-toothed  or  5-cleft  calyx, 
the  throat  with  5  small  and  blunt  arching  appendages  opposite  the  rounded 
lobes ;  the  latter  convolute  in  the  bud  !  Stamens  included,  on  very  short  fila- 
ments. Nutlets  smooth,  compressed,  fixed  at  the  base ;  the  scar  minute.  —Low 
and  mostly  soft-hairy  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  and 
with  small  flowers  in  naked  racemes,  which  are  entirely  bractless,  or  occasion- 
ally with  one  or  two  small  leaves  next  the  base,  prolonged  and  straightened 
in  fruit.  (Name  composed  of  /uvs,  mouse,  and  ovs,  O>TOS,  ear,  in  allusion  to  the 
aspect  of  the  short  and  soft  leaves  in  some  species :  one  popular  name  is 
MOUSE-EAR.) 

*  Calyx  open  in  fruit,  its  hairs  appressed,  none*of  them  hooked  nor  glandular. 

1.  Itt.  palustris,  With.  (TRUE  FORGET-ME-NOT.)  Stems  ascending 
from  an  obliquely  creeping  base  (9' -20' high),  loosely  branched,  smoothish ; 
leaves  rough-pubescent,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong;  calyx  moderately 
5-cleft,  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels ;  corolla  (rather  large  in  the  genuine 
plant)  pale  blue  with  a  yellow  eye.  1J. —  Cultivated  occasionally.—  Varies  into 


324  BORRAGINACEJE.       (BORAGE    FAMILY.) 

gmaller-flowered  forms,  among  which  high  authorities  rank  M.  csespitosa  and 
.'with  yet  more  reason)  the  intermediate 

Var.  Irixa.  (M.  laxa,  Lehm.)  Creeping  base  of  the  stem  short;  flowers 
1  w  £  smaller;  pedicels  longer.  —  Wet  places  ;  common,  especially  northward. 
May -Aug.  (Eu.) 

*  *  Calyx  closing,  or  the  lobes  erect  in  fruit,  clothed  with  spreading  hairs,  a  part  of 
them  minutely  hooked  or  glandular  at  the  apex. 

2.  HI,  m'Vi'iisis,  L.  Hoffm.     Hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  or  as- 
cending (6' -15'  high);  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish ;  racemes  naked  at  the 
iWse  and  stalked;  corolla  small,  blue  (rarely  white);  pedicels  sheading  in  fruit 
i*nd  larger  than  the  5-cleJl  equal  calyx.     (£)  (g)  (M.  intermedia,  Link.    M.  scor- 
pioides,  var.  arvensis,  L.) — Fields,  &c. ;   not  very  common.     (Indigenous?) 
May -Aug.     (Eu.) 

3.  M.  verna,  Nutt.    Bristly-hirsute,  branched  from  the  base,  erect  (4'- 
12'  high);  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong ;  racemes 
leafy  at  the  base ;  corolla  very  small  and  white,  with  a  short  limb ;  pedicels  in 
fruit  erect  and  appressed  at  the  base,  usually  abruptly  bent  outward?  near  the 
apex,  rather  shorter  than  the  deeply  5-cleft  unequal  (somewhat  2-lipped)  very  hispid 
calyx.     (£)  (2)   (M.  inflexa,  Engelm.    M.  stricta,  erf.  1.     M.  arvensis,  Torr.  fl. 
N.  Y.)  —  Dry  hills,  &c.,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.     May- 
July. 

8.  ECHINOSPERMUM,    Swartz.        STICKSEED. 

Corolla  salver-form,  short,  nearly  as  in  Myosotis,  but  imbricated  in  the  bud ; 
the  throat  closed  with  5  short  scales.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed 
laterally  to  the  base  of  the  style  or  central  column,  triangular  or  compressed, 
the  back  armed  with  1-3  marginal  rows  of  prickles  which  are  barbed  at  the 
apex,  otherwise  naked.  —  Kough-hairy  and  grayish  herbs,  with  small  blue  flow- 
ers in  bracted  racemes.  (Name  compounded  of  e'^Ivos,  a  hedgehog,  and  aireppa, 
seed,  from  the  prickly  nutlets.) 

»1.  E.  LApprjLA,  Lehm.  Stem  upright,  branched  above  (l°-2°  high);  the 
short  pedicels  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough-hairy ;  nutlets  each  with  a  double 
row  of  prickles  at  the  margins,  and  tubercled  on  the  back.  (J)  (g)  —  Waste 
places ;  common.  July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.  CYNOGL-OSSUUI,    Tourn.        HOUND'S-TONGTJE. 

Corolla  funnel-form ;  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  5-parted  calyx ;  the 
throat  closed  with  5  obtuse  scales;  the  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  included. 
Nutlets  depressed  or  convex,  obliqtie,  fixed  near  the  apex  to  the  base  of  the 
style,  roughened  all  over  with  short  barbed  or  hooked  prickles.  —  Coarse  herbs, 
with  a  strong  unpleasant  scent,  and  mostly  panicled  racemes  which  are  naked 
above  but  usually  bracted  at  the  base.  Lower  leaves  petioled.  (Name  from 
KUCOI/J  a  dog,  and  yXcoomi,  tongue;  from  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  C.  OFFICINA.LE,  L.  (COMMON  HOUND'S-TONGUE.)  Clothed  icith  short 
soft  hairs,  leafy,  panicled  above;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  closely  sessile  by  a 
rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base ;  racemes  nearly  bractless ;  c  trolla  reddish- 


BORRAGINACEJS.       (BORAGE  FAMILY.)  325 

purple  (rarely  white,  Sartwell] ;  nutlets  flat  on  the  broad  upper  face,  somewhat 
margined.  (2)  — Waste  grounds  and  pastures :  a  familiar  and  troublesome 
weed;  the  large  nutlets  adhering  to  the  fleece  of  sheep,  &c.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  Virginicum,  L.     (WiLD  COMFREY.)     Roughish  with  spreading 
bristly  hairs ;  stem  simple,  few-leaved  (2° -3°  high);  stem-leaves  lanceolate-ob 
long,  clasping  by  a  deep  heart-shaped  base ;  racemes  few  and  corymbed,  raised  on 
a  long  naked  peduncle,  bractless ;  corolla  pale  blue ;  nutlets  strongly  convex.     1J. 
—  Eich   woods,  Vermont  to  Virginia  along  the  mountains,   and  westward. 
June.  —  Flowers  much  smaller  than  in  the  last,  much  larger  than  in  the  next. 

3.  C.   lloi  isoiii,  DC.     (BEGGAR'S  LICE.)      Stem  hairy,  very  broadly 
branched,  leafy  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper^)ointed,  also  tapering 
at  the  base,  thin,  minutely  downy  underneath  and  roughish  above  ;  racemes  pani- 
cled,  forking,  diverging,  hairy,  leafy-bracted  at  the  base ;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue 
(minute) ;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit ;  nutlets  convex,  the  prickles  with  barbed 
points,     ij    (Myosotis  Virginica,  L.    Echinospermum,  Lehm.)  —  Copses;  com- 
mon.   July.  —  A  vile  weed. 

10.     HEL,IOTROPIUM,    Tourn.        HELIOTROPE. 

Corolla  salver-shaped,  short,  5-lobed ;  the  sinuses  more  or  less  plaited  in  the 
bud ;  the  throat  open.  Anthers  nearly  sessile.  Style  short :  stigma  conical. 
Nutlets  4,  when  young  united  by  their  whole  inner  faces  into  a  4-celled  ovary, 
but  separating  when  ripe,  each  1 -seeded. — Herbs  or  low  shrubby  plants,  the 
small  flowers  in  1-sided  spikes.  (The  ancient  name,  from  rj\ios,  the  sun,  and 
rpoiTT],  a  turn.) 

1.  H.  EUROPIUM,  L.  Erect  (6' -18' high),  hoary-pubescent;  leaves  oval, 
long-petioled ;  lateral  spikes  single,  the  terminal  in  pairs ;  calyx  spreading  in 
fruit,  hairy,  (i,  —  Waste  places,  Maryland,  Virginia,  &c.  in  a  few  places. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

H.  CuRASsAvicuM,  L.,  has  been  gathered  at  Norfolk,  Virginia:  probably 
brought  in  the  ballast  of  vessels.  It  also  grows  at  St.  Louis. 

H.  PERUVIANUM,  L.,  is  the  well-known  SWEET  HELIOTROPE  in  cultivation. 

11.     HELIOPHYTUM,  (Cham.)   DC.       INDIAN  HELIOTROPE. 

Corolla  constricted  at  the  throat.  Style  very  short.  Nutlets  2,  each  2-celled 
(i.  e.  4,  in  pairs),  and  sometimes  with  a  pair  of  empty  false  cells  besides  :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Heliotropium.  (Name  composed  of  fj\ios,  sun,  and  (frvrov, 
plant.) 

1.  H.  f  HIM  CUM,  DC.  Erect,  hairy;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oval  and 
somewhat  heart-shaped  ;  spikes  single ;  fruit  2-cleft,  mitre-shaped,  splitting  into 
2  halves  with  an  empty  false  cell  before  each  seed-bearing  cell,  and  these  at 
length  separable  again  into  2  one-seeded  and  2-celled  nutlets,  (£)  (Heliotropium 
Indicum,  L.) — Waste  places,  Illinois,  opposite  St.  Louis,  and  southward. 
(Adv.  from  India.) 

BORRAGO  OFFICINA.LIS,  L.,  the  cultivated  BORAGE,  is  sometimes  sponta- 
neous in  gardens. 

28 


826  HYDROPHYLLACE.fi.       (WATERLEAF   FAMILY.) 

ORDER  79.     HYDROPHYLLACE^E.     (WATERLEAF  FAM.) 

Herbs,  commonly  hairy,  with  mostly  alternate  and  cut-lobed  leaves,  regular 
5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers,  in  aspect  between  the  foregoing  and  the  next 
order;  but  the  ovary  ovoid  and  entire,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  ±-many- 
ovuled  placenta.  —  Style  2-cleft  above.  Pod  globular  or  oblong,  2-valved, 
4  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  reticulated  or  pitted,  amphitropous,  with  a  small 
embryo  in  cartilaginous  albumen.  —  Flowers  chiefly  blue  or  white,  in  one- 
sided cymes  or  racemes,  which  are  mostly  coiled  from  the  apex  when  young, 
and  bractless,  as  in  the  Borage  Family.  (A  small  order  of  plants,  of  no 
marked  properties,  s6W  of  them  cultivated  for  ornament.) 

Synopsis. 

»  Ovary  lined  with  the  broad  and  fleshy  placentae,  which  enclose  the  ovules  and  seeds  (in  our 

plants  only  4  in  number)  like  an  inner  pericarp. 

••-  Corolla-lobes  convolute  hi  the  bud. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM.    Stamens  exserted  :  anthers  linear.    Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 

2.  NEMOPHILA.    Stamens  included :  anthers  ovoid.    Calyx  with  appendages  at  the  sinusefl, 

somewhat  enlarged  hi  fruit. 

•«-  i-  Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
8.  ELLISIA.    Stamens  included.    Calyx  destitute  of  appendages,  enlarged  in  fruit. 

*  *  Ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentae,  in  fruit  projecting  inwards  more  or  less. 
4.  PHACELIA.    Corolla  with  its  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.    Calyx  destitute  of 
appendages. 

1.    HYDROPH^I^UM,    L.        WATERLEAF. 

Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  with  a  small  appendage  in  each  sinus,  early  open 
in  the  bud.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud ;  the 
tube  furnished  with  5  longitudinal  linear  appendages  opposite  the  lobes,  which 
cohere  by  their  middle,  while  their  edges  are  folded  inwards,  forming  a  nec- 
tariferous groove.  Stamens  and  style  mostly  exserted :  filaments  more  or  less 
bearded.  Ovary  bristly-hairy  (as  is  usual  in  the  family) ;  the  2  fleshy  placentae 
expanded  so  as  to  line  the  cell  and  nearly  fill  the  cavity,  soon  free  from  the 
walls  except  at  the  top  and  bottom,  each  bearing  a  pah-  of  ovules  on  the  inner 
face.  Pod  ripening  1-4  seeds,  spherical.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  petioled  am-, 
pie  leaves,  and  white  or  pale  blue  cymose-clustered  flowers.  (Name  formed  of 
vda>p,  water,  and  0uXXoi/,  leaf;  of  no  obvious  application  to  these  plants.) 
*  Calyx  naked  or  occasionally  with  minute  appendages  at  the  sinuses:  rootstocks 
creeping,  thickish,  scaly-toothed. 

1.  II.  lliacropliylluill,  Nutt.     Rough-hairy;  leaves  oblong, pinnate,  and 
pinnatifid;  the  divisions  9-13,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  cut-toothed;  peduncle  very 
long ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-pointed  from  a  broad  base,  very  hairy.  —  Rocky, 
shaded  banks,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    July.  —  Boot-leave6 
1°  long :  cyme  globular,  crowded 

2.  II.  VirgiiiiCUlli,  L.      Smoothish   (l°-2°high);  leaves  pinnately  di- 
vided; the  divisions  5  -  7 ,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed,  sharply  cut-toothed, 


HYDROPHYLLACEjE.   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.)       327 

the  lowest  mostly  2-parted,  the  uppermost  confluent ;  peduncles  longer  than  tht 
petioles  of  the  upper  leaves,  forked ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear,  bristly-ciliate. 
—  Damp  rich  woods,  Maine  to  Virginia  and  westward.  June.  —  Peduncles 
forked :  clusters  rather  dense. 

3.  H.  Canadense,  L.     Nearly  smooth  (l°high);  leaves  palmately  5-7- 
lobed,  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  unequally  toothed ;  those  from  the  root 
sometimes  with  2-3  small  and  scattered  lateral  leaflets ;  peduncles  much  shorter 
than  the  long  petioles,  forked,  the  crowded  (nearly  white)  flowers  on  very  short 
pedicels;  calyx-lobes   linear-awl-shaped,  nearly  smooth.  —  Damp  rich  woods, 
W.  New  England  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  northward.    June,  July.  — 
Rootstocks  thickened  and  very  strongly  toothed  in  2  rows  by  the  persistent  bases 
of  the  stout  petioles  :  leaves  3' -5'  broad. 

#=  *  Calyx  with  a  small  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus :  stamens  sometimes  not  ex- 
serted  (probably  two  forms  of  flowers,  as  in  some  BorraginacecE,  p.  321,  $*c.). 

4.  H.  a  p  pen  die  ill  a.  til  m,  Michx.     (HAIRY  WATERLEAF.)     Hairy; 
stem-leaves   palmately  5-lobed,  rounded,  the  lobes  toothed  and  pointed,  the 
lowest  pinnate ly  divided ;  cymes  rather  loosely  flowered ;  pedicels  (at  length 
slender)  and  calyx  bristly-hairy.  —  Open  woods,  W.  New  York  to  the  Alle- 
ghanies  of  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  and  westward.    June. 

2.    NEMOFHILA,    Nutt.        NEMOPHILA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  and  with  a  reflexed  tooth  or  appendage  in  each  sinus,  more 
or  less  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  almost  wheel-shaped ;  the  lobes 
convolute  in  the  bud ;  the  tube  mostly  with  10  small  folds  or  scales  inside.  Sta- 
mens included:  anthers  ovoid  or  heart-shaped.  Placentas  (bearing  each  2-12 
ovules),  pod,  and  seeds  much  as  in  Hydrophyllum ;  the  embryo  larger. — Dif- 
fuse and  fragile  annuals,  with  opposite  or  partly  alternate  pinnatifid  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  one-flowered  peduncles  ;  the  corolla  white,  blue,  or  marked  with  pur- 
ple. .(Name  composed  of  j/e'/xos,  a  grove,  and  <£tXe'o>,  to  love;  from  the  place  of 
growth  they  affect.) 

1.  N.  microcalyx,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Small,  roughish-pubescent ;  stems 
diffusely  spreading  (2' -8'  long) ;  leaves  parted  or  deeply  cleft  into  3-5  round- 
ish or  wedge-obovate  sparingly  cut-lobed  divisions,  the  upper  leaves  all  alter- 
nate ;  peduncles  opposite  the  leaves  and  shorter  than  the  long  petioles  ; 
flowers  minute ;  coroDa  white  (1|"  long),  longer  than  the  calyx ;  placentae  each 
2-ovuled ;  pod  1  -  2-seeded.  (Ellisia  microcalyx,  Nutt.  Nemophila  evanescens, 
Darby.)  —  Rich  moist  woods,  Virginia  (near  Washington),  and  southward. 
April  -  June. 

N.  iNsfGNis,  N.  MACULATA,  &c.  are  showy  Califoraian  species,  now  com- 
mon in  gardens. 

3.    EL  LI  SI  A,    L.        ELLISIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  appendages,  enlarged  and  foliaceous  in  fruit.  Corol- 
la bell-shaped,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-lobed  above ;  the  lobes  imbricated 
In  the  bud,  the  tube  with  5  minute  appendages  within.  Stamens  included. 


828       HYDROPHYLLACEJE.   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY.) 

Placentae  (each  2-ovuled),  fruit,  and  seeds  much  as  in  Hydrophyllum,  — Delicate 
and  branching  annuals,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  the  lower  opposite,  and 
small  whitish  flowers.  (Named  for  John  Ellis,  a  distinguished  naturalist,  long  a 
correspondent  of  Linnaeus.) 

1 .  E.  Nyctelea,  L.  Minutely  or  sparingly  roughish-hairy,  divergently 
branched  (6'- 12'  high) ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-13  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong  sparingly  cut-toothed  divisions ;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  oppo- 
site the  leaves,  1 -flowered;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  peduncle,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla,  in  fruit  becom- 
ing almost  £'  long.  —  Shady  places,  from  Pennsylvania  (opposite  Trenton, 
New  Jersey,  Mr.  Laning)  to  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  May- 
July. 

4.     PHACELIA,    Juss.        (Phacelia  &  Eutoca,  R.  Br.) 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  open-bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  th« 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Filaments  slender,  often  (with  the  2-cleft  style) 
exserted :  anthers  ovoid  or  oblong.  Ovary  with  2  narrow  linear  placentas  ad- 
herent to  the  walls,  in  fruit  usually  projecting  inwards  more  or  less,  the  two  often 
forming  an  imperfect  partition  in  the  ovoid  4  -  many-seeded  pod.  (Ovules  2- 
30  on  each  placenta.) — Perennial  or  mostly  annual  herbs,  with  either  simple, 
lobed,  or  divided  leaves,  and  commonly  handsome  (blue,  purple,  or  white) 
flowers  in  one-sided  racemes.  (Name  from  (francos,  a  fascicle ;  the  flowers 
or  racemes  being  often  clustered.) 

§  1.  PHACELIA  PROPER.  —  Seeds  and  ovules  only  4   (two  on  each  placenta): 
corolla  with  narrow  folds,  appendages,  or  scales  within  ;  the  lobes  entire. 

1.  P.  bipiimatificia,  Michx.      Stem  upright,  much   branched,   hairy 
(l°-2°high);  leaves  long-petioled,   pinnately  3-5-divided;  the   divisions  or 
leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  often  sparingly  cut-lobed  or 
pinnatifid  ;    racemes   elongated,   loosely    many-flowered,   glandular-pubescent ; 
pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  spreading  or  recurved.     1J.  ?  —  Shaded 
banks,  in  rich  soil,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  moun- 
tains.    May,  June.  —  Corolla  bright  blue,  ^'  broad,  with  5  pairs  of  longitudinal 
folds.     Stamens  bearded  below :  these,  with  the  style,  are  either  somewhat  in- 
cluded (P.  brevistylis,  Buckley}  or  exserted  in  different  individuals. 

{  2.  COSMANTHUS.  (Cosmanthus,  Nolte.  Sect.  Eucosmanthus,  A.  DC., 
in  part. )  —  Seeds  and  ovules  only  4  :  corolla  naked  within  ;  its  lobes  beautifully 
fringe-toothed :  filaments  villous-bearded  below:  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  upper  clasp- 
ing at  the  base :  fiowers  long-pediceUed. 

2.  P,  Pfirsllii,    Buckley.      Sparsely  hairy;    stem  erect  or    ascending, 
branched  (8'  - 12'  high) ;  lobes  of  the  stem-leaves  5-9,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute ; 
raceme  many-flowered-,  calyx-lobes  lance-linear ;  corolla  blue  (about  £'  in  diameter).' 
Q)  (P.  fimbriata,  Pursh.,  not  of  Michx.     Cosmanthus  fimbriatus,  Ndte,  $-c.)  — 
Moist  wooded  banks,  "W.  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.     April -Jane. 

3.  P.  fimbriata,  Michx.     Slightly  hairy,  slender;  stems  spreading  or 
ascending  (5' -8'  long),  few-leaved;  lowest  leaves  3-5  Jivic'ed  intD  roundish 


POLEMONIACE^E.       (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.)  329 

leaflets;  the  upper  5 - 7-cleft  or  cut-toothed,  the  lobes  obtuse;  raceme  3-lQ-flow- 
ered;  calyx-lobes  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  becoming  spatulate;  corolla  white  OJ'-J' 
broad),  (l)  — Woods,  high  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  southward.  May. 

§  3.  EtTTOCA.  (Eutoca,~72.  Br.)  — Seeds  (or  at  least  the  ovules)  several  or  many, 
rarely  only  3  or  4  on  each  placenta :  corolla  usually  with  small  and  inconspicuous 
folds  or  appendages  within,  its  lobes  entire. 

4.  P.  ]>:n*Yi(lor:i,  Pursh.     Somewhat  hairy,  slender,  diffusely  spreading 
(3'  -  8'  high) ;  leaves  pinnately  cleft  or  the  lower  divided  into  3-7  short  lobes ; 
racemes  solitary,  loosely  5  -  15-flowered ;  pedicels  filiform,  at  length  several  times 
longer  than  the  oblong  calyx-lobes;  corolla  bluish  or  white  (£'- $'  broad) ;  pod 
few-seeded.    ®  —  Shaded  banks,  Penn.  to  Virginia  and  southward.    April  -  June. 

5.  P.  Franklinii.     Soft-hairy;  stem  erect  (6' -15'  high),  rather  stout; 
leaves  pinnately  parted  into  many  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  lobes,  which  are 
crowded  and  often  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  racemes  short,  dense,  crowded  into  an 
oblong  spike ;  calyx-lobes   linear :   corolla  blue ;  pod  many-seeded.     (X)  (Eutoca 
Franklinii,  R.  Br.)  —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Prof.  Joy,  $-c.);  thence  north- 
ward and  westward. 

ORDER  80.     POLEMOJVIACE^.     (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and  5-androus 
flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  (in  one  tribe  imbricated)  in  the  bud, 
a  3-celled  ovary  and  3-lobed  style;  the  pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,few- 
many-seeded;  the  valves  usually  breaking  away  from  the  triangular  central 
column.  —  Seeds  amphitropous,  the  coat  frequently  mucilaginous  when 
moistened  and  emitting  spiral  threads.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  co- 
pious albumen.  Calyx  persistent,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  with  a 
5-parted  border.  Anthers  introrse.  Flowers  cymose-panicled.  -  (Insipid 
and  innocent  plants  ;  many  are  ornamental  in  cultivation.) 

TRIBK  I.  POIjEMONIEJE.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  -with  the  lobes  convolute  in  the 
bud.  Filaments  filiform,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  cells  of  the  anther  parallel, 
opening  lengthwise. 

1.  POLEMONIUM.    Calyx  and  corolla  open-bell-shaped.    Filaments  slender,  equal. 
2   PHLOX.    Calyx  narrow.    Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  long  tube,  including  the  unequally 
inserted  filaments. 

TBIBB  II.  DIAPENSIEJE.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  with  the  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  and  with  the  broad  and  flat  filaments  in  the  sinuses.  Anthers  with  the  cells 
opening  transversely. 

3.  DIAPENSIA.    Anther-cells  pointless,  opening  by  an  obliquely  transverse  line. 

4.  PYXIDANTHERA.    Anther-cells  awn-pointed  underneath,  opening  straight  across. 

1.    POliEMONIUM,    Tourn.        GREEK  VALERIAN. 

Calyx  bell-shaped.     Stamens  equally  inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  very  short 
tube  of  .the  open-bell-shaped  corolla ;  filaments  slender,  declined,  hairy-appen- 
daged  at  the  base.    Pod  few  -  several-seeded.  —  Low,  branching  herbs,  with  al« 
28* 


830  POLEMONIACE^5.       (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY.) 

teraate  pinnate  leaves,  the  upper  leaflets  sometimes  confluent;  the  (blue  or 
white)  corymbose  flowers  nearly  bractless.  (An  ancient  name,  from  woXe/iof, 
uwr,  of  doubtful  application.) 

1.  P.  rep  tans,  L.  (JACOB'S  LADDER.)  Smooth,  weak,  diffusely  branched 
(6'  -  10'  high)  ;  leaflets  7-11,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  corymbs  few-flowered  ; 
flowers  (blue)  nodding  ;  calyx-lobes  acute  ;  pods  about  3-seeded.  U.  —  Shady 
river-banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  May.  —  Smaller  and 
much  fewer-flowered  than  the  P.  c^RtLEUM,  which  is  common  in  gardens. 


2.    PHLOX,    L.       PHLOX. 

Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  prismatic,  or  plaited  and  angled.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  with  a  long  tube.  Stamens  very  unequally  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Pod  ovoid,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  —  Chiefly  peren- 
nials, with  opposite  and  sessile  perfectly  entire  leaves,  the  floral  often  alternate. 
Flowers  cymose,  mostly  bracted  ;  the  open  clusters  terminal  or  crowded  in  the 
upper  axils.  ($Xo£,  flame,  an  ancient  name  of  Lychnis,  transferred  to  this 
North  American  genus.)  x 

#  Stem  strictly  upright  :  panicle  pyramidal  or  oblong,  many-flowered  :  peduncles  and 

pedicels  very  short  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  entirf. 

1.  P.  paniculata,  L.     Stem  stout  (2°  -4°  high),  smooth;  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate and  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  large,  tapering  at  the  base,  the 
upper  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base;  panicle'  ample,  pyramidal-corymbed  ;  calyx- 
teeth  awn-pointed.     (P.  undulata,  Ait.,  &c.)  —  Var.  ACUMINATA  (P.  acuminata, 
Pursh)  has  the  broader  and  taper-pointed  leaves  beneath  downy,  like  the  stem, 
which  is  also  sometimes  rough-hairy  and  occasionally  spotted  below.  —  Rich 
woods,  from  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    June,  July.  —  Common  in  gar 
dens.    Flowers  pink-purple,  varying  to  white. 

2.  P.  maculata,  L.     (WILD  SWEET-WILLIAM.)     Smooth,  or  barely 
roughish;  stem  spotted  with  purple,  rather  slender  (l°-2°high);  lower  leaves 
lanceolate,  the  upper  nearly  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  from  the 
broad  and  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base  ;  panicle  narrow,  oblong,  leafy 
below  ;   calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  short,  scarcely  pointed  ;  corolla  purple 
(sometimes  white,  when  it  is  P.  suaveolens,  Ait.).    Lower  branches  of  the  pani- 
cle rarely  elongated,  so  as  to  become  pyramidal,  when  it  is  P.  pyramidalis, 
Smith.  —  Rich  woods  and  river-banks,  common  from  N.  Penn.  to  Michigan, 
Kentucky,  and  southward  :  very  common  in  gardens.    June. 

#  #  Stems  ascending  or  upright,  often  from  a  decumbent  base  ;  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbed  cymes  /  the  whole  plant  smooth  and  glabrous  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  round 
and  entire  :  calyx-teeth  short,  triangular-lanceolate. 

3.  P.  Carolina,  L.     Stems  ascending  (£°-  2°  high),  often  from  a  pros- 
trate base;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  and  sometimes 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  acute  or  pointed  ;  flowers  crowded,  short-peduncled  ; 
calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Var.  OVATA,  Benth.,  has  broad  leaves  (P.  ovata,  L).     Var. 
NfTiDA,  Benth.,  has  narrower  leaves  (P.  nitida,  Pursh.),  and  verges  to  the  next 
—  Woods,  W.  Penn.  to  Michigan,  Virginia,  and  southward.    June,  July.  — 
Corolla  1'  long  ;  the  limb  1'  broad,  pink-purple. 


POLEMONIACE^.       (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY.)  331 

4.  P.  glabcrrima,  L.     Stems  slender,  erect  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  or  rarely  oblong-lanceolate,  very  smooth  (except  the  rough  and  sometimes 
revolutc  margins),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point  (3' -4'  long);  cymes  few- 
flowered  and  loosely  corymbed;  flowers  peduncled  (pink  or  whitish) ;  calyx-teeth 
sharp-pointed.      (P.   carnea,  Sims.     P.   revoluta,  Ai/dn.)  —  Prairies   and  open 
woods,  Ohio  and  Wisconsin  to  Virginia  and  southward.     July. 

*  *  *  Stems  ascending  (or  in  No.  5  often  erect]  from  a  spreading  or  prostrate  base, 
more  or  less  clammy-pubescent,'  as  well  as  the  calyx  and  the  oblong,  lanceolate,  or 
linear  leaves :  flowers  in  terminal  corymbed  cymes,  mostly  peduncled :  calyx  deeply 
cleft,  the  teeth  linear-awl-shaped  or  setaceous.  . 

5.  P.  pilosa,    L.      Stems  slender,  nearly  erect  (l°-l£°  high),  usually 
hairy,  as  are  the  lanceolate  or  lance-linear  leaves,  which  commonly  taper  to  a  sharp 
point ;  cymes  at  length  open ;  calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped  and  awn-like,  longer 
than  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the  pink  or  rose-red  corolla  obovate,  entire.    (P.  aristata, 
Michx.    P.  aristata  &  pilosa  in  part,  Benih.  in  DC.)  —  Borders  of  thickets  and 
prairies,  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    May,  June.  — Leaves  l'-2' 
long,  l£"- 3"  wide. 

Var.?  Walteii.  Stems  ascending  (£°-l£°  high),  mostly  simple;  leave* m 
broadly  linear,  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  blunt  (l'-l£'  long,  on 
sterile  shoots  often  ovate) ;  cyme  compact  and  sessile,  leafy-bracted ;  calyx-teeth 
rather  shorter  and  broader;  corolla  purple.  (P.  pilosa,  Walt.,  Michx.,  Ell., 
Benth.  in  part,  not  of  L.)  — Barrens  of  Kentucky  (Short),  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward. May.  —  Ordinarily  this  appears  quite  distinct  from  the  Linnaean  P. 
pilosa,  which  is  the  P.  aristata  of  Michaux. 

6.  P.  reptans,  Michx.    Runners  creeping,  bearing  roundish-obovate  smooth- 
ish  and  thickish  leaves ;  flowering  stems  (4'  -  8'  high)  and  their  oblong  or  ovate 
obtuse  leaves  (^'  long),  clammy-pubescent;  cyme  close,  few-flowere*d ;  calyx-teeth 
awl-shaped-linear,  acutish,  about  the  length  of  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the  reddish-pur- 
ple corolla  round-obovate,  entire.  — Damp  woods,  Penn.,  Kentucky,  and  southward : 
also  cultivated.    May,  June. — Flowers  showy:  tube  of  the  corolla  1'  long; 
limb  1'  broad. 

7.  P.  divaricata,  L.     Stems  spreading  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent 
base  (9' -18'  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate  (1^'  long), 
acutish ;    cyme   corymbose-panicled,    spreading,    loosely-flowered ;    peduncles 
slender ;  calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped,  much  longer  than  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the 
pale  lilac  or  bluish  corolla  obcordate  or  wedge-obovate  and  notched  at  the  end,  or  often 
entire  (var.  Laphamii,  Wood),  $'-%'  long,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube 
with  rather  wide  sinuses  between  them.  —  Rocky  damp  woods,  mountains  o' 
Virginia  to  N.  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 

8.  P.  bifida,  Beck.     Stems  ascending,  branched  (5' -8' high);  leaves  hn- 
ear,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  (£'-!£' long,  l£"  wide) ;  flowers  few,  on  slen- 
der peduncles ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  tube ;  lobes  of  the 
pale  purple  corolla  2-cleft  to  or  below  the  middle  (J'  long),  equalling  the  tube,  the 
divisions  linear-oblong.  —  Prairies  of  Illinois,  Mead  (and  Missouri).     May. 

#  *  *  *  Stems  creeping  and  tufted  in  broad  mats,  the  short  flowerinj  shoots  ascend- 

ing,  glandular-pubescent ;  the  rigid  narrow  leaves  crowded  and  fascicled 


332      CONVOLVULACE.ZE.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

9.  P.  siibnlata,  L.  (GROUND  or  Moss  PINK.)  Depressed;  leaves 
awl-shaped,  lanceolate,  or  narrowly  linear  (£-$'  long);  cymes  few-flowered; 
calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  rigid ;  corolla  pink-purple  or  rose-color  with  a  darker 
centre  (sometimes  white),  the  lobes  wedge-shaped,  notched,  rarely  entire.  (P. 
setacea,  L.)  Dry  rocky  hills  and  sandy  banks,  S.  New  York  to  Michigan  and 
southward.  April,  May.  —  Commonly  cultivated ;  the  broad  matted  tufts  very 
handsome  in  blossom. 

P.  DRUMMONDII,  Hook.,  a  showy  annual  from  Texas,  is  now  common  in 
gardens. 

3.    DIAPENSIA,    L.       DIAPENSIA. 

Calyx  of  5  concave  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  the  lobes 
rounded.  Filaments  broad  and  flat,  adherent  to  the  corolla  up  to  the  sinuses, 
short :  anthers  adnate,  of  2  ovoid  pointless  cells,  diverging  below,  each  opening 
therefore  by  a  transverse-descending  line.  Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  cartilagi- 
nous ;  the  cells  few-seeded.  —  An  alpine  dwarf  evergreen,  growing  in  very  dense 
convex  tufts,  with  the  stems  imbricated  below  with  cartilaginous  narrowly  spat- 
ulate  mostly  opposite  leaves,  terminated  by  a  nearly  naked  scape-like  1 -flow- 
ered peduncle,  3-bracted  under  the  calyx.  Corolla  white  (£'  wide).  (The  an- 
cient Greek  name  of  the  Sanicle,  of  obscure  meaning,  strangely  applied  by 
Linnaeus  to  this  plant.) 

1.  D.  L,api>6ilica,  L. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Adirondack  Mountains,  N.  New  York.  July.  (Eu.) 

4.    PYXIDANTHERA,    Michx.       PYXIDANTHERA. 

Anther-cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base,  opening  by  a  strictly  transverse  line. 
Otherwise  much  as  in  Diapensia. — A  small  prostrate  and  creeping  evergreen, 
with  narrowly  oblanceolate  and  awl-pointed  crowded  leaves,  which  are  mostly 
alternate  on  the  sterile  branches,  and  somewhat  hairy  near  the  base.  Flowers 
solitary  and  sessile,  very  numerous,  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from  irv£isj 
a  small  box,  and  dvOrjpa,  anther,  the  anther  opening  as  if  by  a  lid.) 

1.  P.  barb  ill  ata,  Michx.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and 
southward.  April,  May. 

ORDER  81.     CONVOL.VUL.ACE-3E.     (CONVOLVULUS  FAM.) 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  often  with  some  milky  juice,  with  alternate 
leaves  (or  scales)  and  regular  5-androus  flowers;  a  calyx  of  5  imbricated 
sepals ;  a  5-plaited  or  5-lobed  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud ;  a  2- 
celled  (rarely  S-ceUed)  ovary,  or  in  one  tribe  2  separate  pistils,  with  a  pair  of 
erect  ovules  in  each  cell,  the  cells  sometimes  doubled  by  a  false  partition  be- 
tween the  seeds,  so  becoming  A-cetted;  the  embryo  large,  curved  or  coiled  in 
mucilaginous  albumen.  —  Fruit  a  globular  2  -  6-seeded  pod.  Flowers  most- 
ly showy :  pedicels  articulated,  often  2-bracted.  (Many  are  cultivated  for 


CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)      333 

ornament,  and  one,  the  Sweet  Potato,  for  its  edible  farinaceous  roots :  those 
of  several  species  are  cathartic ;  e.  g.  Jalap.)  —  There  are  three  suborders, 
or  rather  strongly  marked  tribes. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.    CON  VOL  VTIIjE  JE*    Embryo  with  broad  and  foliaceous  cotyledons  crumpled 
in  the  seed.    Ovary  2  -  3-  (or  falsely  4-)  celled.    Pod  usually  septifragal.  —  Leafy  plants. 

*  Style  1,  undivided. 
•»-  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.  not  enclosed  or  surrounded  by  bracts. 

1.  QUAMOCLIT.    Stamens  exserted.    Corolla  cylindrical-tubular,  with  a  spreading  border. 

Stigma  capitate-2-lobed.    Pod  4-celled ;  the  cells  1-seeded. 

2.  IPOMQSA.    Stamens  included.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped.    Stigma  capitate,  of- 

ten 2  -  3-lobed.     Pod2-3-celled;  cells  2-seeded. 

8.  CONVOLVULUS.    Stigmas  2,  elongated,  linear.    Otherwise  much  as  in  No.  2. 
•»-  •*-  Calyx  surrounded  by  2  broad  bracts. 

4.  CALYSTEGIA.    Stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong.    Pod  imperfectly  2-celled,  4-seeded. 

*  *  Style  2-cleft,  or  styles  2,  rarely  3. 

5.  STYLISMA.    Styles  or  their  divisions  simple :  stigma  depressed-capitate. 

TRIBE  II.    DICHONDRE^.    Pistils  2,  separate.    Otherwise  nearly  as  Tribe  1 

6.  DICHONDRA.    Corolla  bell-shaped.    Pods  2,  each  1-seeded. 

TRIBE  III.    CUSCTJTINEJE.    Embryo  spiral,  slender,  destitute  of  cotyledons.    Ovary 
2-celled.  —  Leafless  parasitic  twiners. 

7.  CUSCUTA.    The  only  genus  of  the  group. 

1.    qiTAMOCL.IT,    Tourn.        CYPRESS- VINE. 

Sepals  mostly  mucronate  or  awned.  Corolla  cylindrical-tubular,  with  a  small 
spreading  border.  Stamens  and  style  protruded.  Stigma  capitate-2-lobed. 
Pod  4-celled;  the  cells  1-seeded. — Annual  twiners,  with  red  or  crimson  flowers. 
(An  aboriginal,  probably  Mexican,  name.) 

1.  Q.  coccfNEA,  Moench.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  entire,  or 
angled ;  sepals  awn-pointed ;  corolla  light  scarlet  (!'  long).  (Ipomoea  coccinea, 
L.) — River-banks,  &c.,  Ohio,  Virginia,  and  southward.  (Nat.  from  Trop. 
Amer.  or  Ind.) 

Q.  VULGARIS,  the  cultivated  CYPRESS-VINE,  is  becoming  spontaneous  in 
the  South. 

2.    IPOMCEA,    L.        MORNING-GLORY. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  &c.  Stamens 
included.  Stigma  capitate,  often  2  -  3-lobed.  Pod  2-celled,  or  in  one  group  3- 
celled ;  the  cells  2-seeded.  (Name,  ex  L.  from  ty,  ITTOS,  a  Bindweed  [which  it  is 
not],  and  o/xoios,  like.) 

§  1.  PHARBITIS,  Choisy.  —  Pod  3-  (rarely  4-)  celled;  the  cells  2-seeded. 
1.  I.  puRpfrREA,  Lam.     (COMMON  MORNING-GLORY.)     Stems  retrorsely 
hairy ;  leaves  heart-sJiaped,  '.icuminate,  entire ;  peduncles  long  umbellately  3-5- 
flowered ;  calyx  bristly-hai  y  below ;  corolla  funnel-form  (9-  long),  purple  vary- 


334      CONVOLVULACE2E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

ing  to  white.    ®    (Convolvulus  purpureus,  L.    Pharbitis  raspida,  Choisy  )  — 
Around  dwellings,  escaping  from  cultivation.     (Adv.  from  T/op.  Amer.) 

2.  I.  NIL,  Roth.    (MORNING-GLOBY.)    Stems  retrorsely  hairy ;  leaves  heart' 
shaped,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate ;  peduncles  short,  or  rather  long, 
1  -  3-flowered ;  calyx  densely  hairy  below ;  corolla  white  and  purple  or  pale 
blue.     ©  (Conv.  Nil.  &  C.  hederaceus,  L.) — Banks  and  near  dwellings,  from 
Maryland  southward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

,  §2.  IPOMQEA,  Choisy.—  Pod  2-celled, -  the  cells  2-seeded. 

3.  I.  lacundsa,  L.    Rather  smooth;  stem  twining  and  creeping,  slen- 
der ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire  or  angled-lobed,  long-petioled ;  pedun- 
cles short,  1  -  3-flowered ;  sepals  lance-oblong,  pointed,  bristly-dliate  or  hairy,  half 
the  length  of  the  sharply  5-lobed  (white)  corolla;  pod  sparingly  hairy,     (l)  (C. 
micranthus,  Riddell.)  —  Woods  and  fields,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward.   Aug.  —  Corolla  ^'  -  J'  long. 

4. 1.  pandurata,  Meyer.  (WILD  POTATO-VINE.  MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) 
Smooth  or  nearly  so  when  old,  trailing  or  sometimes  twining ;  leaves  regularly 
heart-shaped,  pointed,  occasionally  some  of  them  contracted  at  the  sides  so  as 
to  be  fiddle-shaped ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles ;  1  -  5-flowered ;  sepals  smooth, 
ovate-oblong,  very  obtuse;  corolla  open-funnel-form  (3'  long),  white  with  purple  in 
the  tube.  1|.  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  banks,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois  and 
southward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Stems  long  and  stout,  from  a  huge  thick  root,  which 
often  weighs  10-20  pounds.  Flowers  opening  in  bright  sunshine. 

I.  SAGITTA.TA  (Conv.  sagittifolius,  Michx.)  is  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  in 
Virginia ;  but  it  has  not  lately  been  met  with  so  far  north.  —  I.  COMMUTAT A, 
Ram.  Sf  Sch.  (I.  tricocarpa,  Ell.},  with  purple  flowers  larger  than  those  of  No.  3, 
is  likely  to  occur  in  S.  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

BATATAS  EDULIS,  Choisy  (Conv.  Batatas,  L.),  is  the  cultivated  SWEET 
POTATO. 

3.    CONVOI.VITL.US,  L.        BINDWEED. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base.  Corolla  mostly  bell-shaped.  Stamens  included. 
Style  1 :  stigmas  2,  linear,  often  revolute.  Pod  2-celled ;  the  cells  2-seeded.  — 
Stems  twining,  procumbent,  or  often  erect-spreading.  Flowers  mostly  opening 
at  dawn.  (Name  from  convolvo,  to  entwine.) 

1.  C.  ARVENSIS,  L.  (BINDWEED.)  Stem  procumbent  or  twining,  and 
low ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes  at  the  base  acute ;  pe- 
duncles mostly  1 -flowered;  bracts  minute,  remote ;  corolla  (f  long)  white  or 
tinged  with  reddish.  1J. — Fields,  near  the  coast:  likely  to  become  a  trouble- 
some weed.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.    CAL.YSTEGIA,    R.  Br.        BRACTED  BINDWEED, 

Calyx  enclosed  in  2  large  and  mostly  heart-shaped  leafy  bracts :  sepals  equal. 
Corolla  bell-funnel-form,  the  border  obscurely  5-lobe4  or  entire.  Staiaens  in- 
cluded. Style  1 :  stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong.  Poc  imperfectly  2-celled  or  1- 
cclled,  4-seedcd.  —  Perennials,  with  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped  leaves,  and 


CONVOLVULACE-fi.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)      835 

axillary  1-flowered  peduncles.     (Name  from  «aXv£,  calyx,  and  oreyo),  to  cover, 
alluding  to  the  bracts  enclosing  the  calyx.) 

1.  C.  sepium,  R.  Br.     (HEDGE   BINDWEED.)     Smooth;  stem  twining; 
leaves  broadly  arrow-shaped  or  triangular-halberd-form,  pointed,  the  lobes  at  the 
base  obliquely  truncate  and  often  somewhat  toothed ;  peduncles  4-angled ;  co- 
rolla white,  or  rose-color  (l£'-2'  long).     (Convolvulus  sepium,  L.) — Var. 
BEPENS  (Convolvulus  repens,  L.)  is  more  or  less  prostrate,  the  flowers  tinged 
with  pink;  a  form  growing  on  gravelly  shores. — Moist  grounds;  common. 
June,  July.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  spitlianiffcci,  Pursh.     (Low  BINDWEED.)     Downy;  stem  low  and 
mostly  simple,  upright  or  ascending  (6' -12' Jong) ;  leaves  oblong,  with  a  more  or 
less  heart-shaped  or  auricled  base,  obtuse  or  pointed  at  the  apex ;  peduncles 
usually  longer  than  the  leaf;  corolla  white  (2'  long).     Open  sandy  woods  and 
plains,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.    July. 

5.    STYL.ISMA,    Baf.        STTLISMA. 

Styles  2  (rarely  3),  distinct  and  simple,  or  united  to  above  the  middle :  stig- 
mas (small)  depressed-capitate.  Otherwise  as  in  Convolvulus  and  Evolvulus. 
—  Stems  slender,  branched,  prostrate  or  spreading.  Corolla  white,  somewhat 
downy  outside.  (Name  compounded  of  orvXoy,  style,  and  la pa,  foundation ;  per- 
haps because  the  style  is  divided  to  the  base  in  the  original  species.) 

1.  S.  evolvilloides,  Choisy.     Soft-pubescent;  leaves  linear,  lanceolate, 
or  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends  or  obscurely  heart-shaped  at  the  base  (f'-l£' 
long),  short-petioled ;  peduncles  1  -  5-flowered ;  bracts  awl-shaped,  shorter  than  the 
pedicels;  styles  distinct  or  nearly  so.     1|.  (Convolvulus  aquaticus,  Walt.     C.  tri- 
chosanthes,  Michx.     C.  tenellus,  Lam.,  frc.)  —  Sandy  woods,  Ohio,  Ridddl  (?), 
Virginia,  and  southward.    June  -  Sept.  —  Corolla  5"  -  8"  long. 

2.  S»  Pickeringii.     Soft  and  loosely  pubescent ;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  scarcely  petioled ;  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered ;  bracts  re- 
sembling  the  leaves,  equalling  the  flower ;  styles  united  to  far  above  the  middle.     ty 
(Convolvulus  Pickeringii,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  (and  N. 
Carolina).    July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  prostrate,  2°  -  3°  long.     Corolla  3"  -  5"  long. 

6.    DICIIONBKA,    Forst.        DICHONDBA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Stamens  included. 
Styles,  ovaries,  and  the  utricular  1  -  2-seeded  pods  2,  distinct.  Stigmas  thick.  — 
Small  creeping  perennial  herbs,  soft-pubescent,  with  kidney-shaped  entire  leaves, 
and  axillary  1-flowered  bractless  peduncles.  Corolla  small,  yellowish  or  white. 
(Name  composed  of  dis,  double,  and  xovdpos,  grain,  or  roundish  mass ;  from  the 
fruit.) 

I.  D.  repens,  Forst. :  var.  Carolinensis,  Choisy.  Leaves  round- 
kidney-shaped,  pubescent,  green  both  sides;  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx 
(1"  - 1£"  long) .  (D.  Carolinensis,  Michx. )  —  Moist  ground,  Virginia,  near  Nor- 
folk,  and  southward.  (Widely  diffused  in  the  Southern  hemisphere.) 


336  CONVOLVULACE^E.      (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY.) 

7.    C 17  SCUT  A,    Tourn.        DODDER. 

Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft,  or  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped,  bell- 
shaped,  or  somewhat  tubular,  the  spreading  border  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft.  Stamens 
furnished  with  a  scale-like  often  fringed  appendage  at  their  base.  Ovary  2- 
celled,  4-ovuled :  styles  distinct,  or  rarely  united.  Pod  mostly  4-seeded.  Em- 
bryo thread-shaped,  spirally  coiled  in  the  rather  fleshy  albumen,  destitute  of 
cotyledons !  sometimes  with  a  few  alternate  scales  (belonging  to  the  plumule  ?) : 
germination  occurring  in  the  soil.  —  Leafless  herbs,  chiefly  annuals,  yellowish 
or  reddish  in  color,  with  thread-like  stems,  bearing  a  few  minute  scales  in  place 
of  leaves ;  on  rising  from  the  ground  becoming  entirely  parasitic  on  the  bark  of 
herbs  and  shrubs  over  which  they  twine,  and  to  which  they  adhere  by  means  of 
papillae  developed  on  the  surface  in  contact.  Flowers  small,  cymose-clustered, 
mostly  white.  (Name  of  uncertain,  supposed  to  be  of  Arabic,  derivation.) 

The  following  account  of  our  species  is  contributed  by  DR.  ENGELMANN. 

\  1 .  Stigmas  elongated :  pod  opening  regularly  around  the  base  by  circumcissile  dekis- 
cence,  leaving  the  partition  behind.     (Natives  of  the  Old  World.) 

1.  C«  EpiLiNUM',  Weihe.     (FLAX  DODDER.)     Stems  very  slender ;  flowers 
sessile  in  dense  scattered  heads ;  corolla  globular,  5-parted,  cylindrical,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  broadly  ovate  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx,  left  surrounding  the 
pod  in  fruit ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  limb ;  scales  short,  broad,  crenulate, 
shorter  than  the  globose  ovary.  —  In  Flax-fields,  where  it  is  sometimes  very 
injurious :  sparingly  introduced  with  flax-seed  into  the  Northern  States.    June. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Stigmas  capitate :  pods  indehiscent,  rarely  bursting  irregularly. 

*  Flowers  more  or  less  pedicelled :  bracts  Jew  and  distant :  calyx  4  -  5-cleft. 

•«—  Corolla  cylindrical,  in  fruit  covering  the  top  of  the  pod. 

2.  C.  teiniiflora,  Engelm.     Much  branched,  twining  high,  pale-colored , 
flowers  at  length  peduncled  and  in  rather  loose  cymes  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  (ven- 
tricose  after  flowering)  twice  the  length  of  the  obtuse  spreading  lobes  and  of  the  ovate 
obtuse  calyx-lobes  ;  scales  ovate,  cut-fringed ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobos  of 
the  corolla;  pod  depressed,  membranaceous,  thin,  yellowish.     (C.  Cephalinthi, 
Engelm.)  —  Swamps,  Illinois  and  westward;  on  Cephalanthus  and  various  tall 
herbs.  —  Flower  the  narrowest  of  all  our  Northern  species. 

3.  C.  umbrosfi,  Beyrich.    Flowers  peduncled  in  umbel-like  cymes ;  tube 
of  the  (mostly  4-cleft)  fleshy  corolla  as  long  as  the  ovate  acutish  and  minutely  crenate 
erect  inflexed  lobes  and  the  acute  keeled  calyx-lobes ;  scales  minute  and  few-toothed, 
appressed ;  pod  depressed,  somewhat  umbonate,  of  a  thicker  texture,  brown, 
covered  or  surrounded  with  the  remains  of  the  corolla.     (C.  Coryli,  Engelm.)  — 
Prairies  and  barrens,  in  rather  dry  soil,  on  Hazels,  Ceanothus,  and  other  shrubs 
or  herbs ;  from  W.  Virginia  and  Illinois  southward  and  westward. 

H-  -i-  Corolla  bell-shaped,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  ripe  pod, 

4.  C.  arvensiS,  Beyrich  (in  herb.   Berlin).      Low  ;   flowers  small,   5- 
parted,  peduncled  in  loose  umbel-like  cymes ;  tube  of  the  corolla  included  in  or 
little  exceeding  the  broad-lobed  calyx,  shorter  than  its  lanceolate  acuminate 


CONVOLVULACE^E.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.)      837 

spreading  or  reflexed  lobes ;  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla ; 
scales  ovate,  fimbriate,  converging  and  often  exceeding  the  tube ;  pod  globose, 
thin,  yellowish.  ( C.  pentagona,  Engdm. )  —  In  fields,  prairies,  and  barrens,  from 
Virginia  southward  and  westward  to  Illinois  and  Missouri ;  on  smaller  herbs, 
and  flowering  (in  June  and  July)  earlier  than  any  other  of  our  species.  —  Stems 
low,  scarcely  over  a  foot  high ;  flowers  smaller  than  in  any  of  our  species,  and 
quite  variable :  when  with  a  large  5-angled  calyx  it  is  C.  pentagona  (Virginia) : 
with  a  small  one,  it  is  var.  mierocalyx  (Illinois) :  with  a  large  and  hemispheri- 
cal one,  var.  calyclna  (Texas) :  with  a  fleshy  verrucose  calyx,  it  is  C.  verrucdsa, 
Engdm.  (Texas). 

5.  C.  clilorocarpa,  Engelm.    Low,  orange-colored ;  flowers  mostly  4 
cleft,  short-pedicelled,  in  scattered  clusters ;  corolla  open  bell-shaped,  the  tube 
nearly  the  length  of  the  acute  lobes  and  calyx-teeth ;  stamens  as  long  as  the 
lobes ;  scales  small,  appressed,  incised ;  the  thick  styles  as  long  as  the  large 
depressed  ovary;  pod  depressed,  thin,  yellowish.     (C.  Polygonorum,  Engdm.) 
—  Low  grounds  onPolygonum  and  other  herbs,  in  the  Western  States.  — Flow- 
ers much  larger  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species ;  the  ovary  usually  pro- 
truding from  the  tube  of  the  corolla* 

6.  C.  Oroiiovii,  Willd.     Stems  coarse,  climbing  high ;  flowers  mostly 
5-cleft,  peduncled,  in  close  or  mostly  open  paniculate  cymes ;  corolla  bell-shaped, 
the  tube  longer  than  (or  sometimes  only  as  long  as)  the  ovate  obtuse  entire 
spreading  lobes;  scales  large,  converging,  copiously  fringed,  confluent  at  the 
base ;  pod  globose,  urnbonate,  brown.    (C.  Americina,  Pursh,  &c.    C.  vulgivaga, 
Engelm.     C.  umbrosa,  Terr.)  — Low,  damp  grounds, especially  in  shady  places; 
everywhere  common  both  east  and  west,  and  the  only  species  northward  and  east- 
ward :  chiefly  on  coarser  herbs,  also  on  Rubus,  Cephalanthus,  and  other  shrubs. 
Aug.  -  Oct.  —  The  close-flowered  forms  occur  in  the  Northeastern  States ;  the 
loosely-flowered  ones  Westward  and  southward ;  a  form  with  4-parted  flowers 
was  collected  in  Connecticut.     C.  Saurian,  Engdm.,  is  a  form  with  more  open 
flowers,  of  a  finer  texture,  in  the  Mississippi  valley. 

7.  C.  rostrata,  Shuttle  worth.      Stems  coarse,  climbing  high  ;  flowers 
(large)  5-parted,  peduncled,  in  umbel-like  cymes ;  corolla  deep  bell-shaped,  the 
tube  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  teeth  of  the  calyx  and  its  ovate  obtuse 
entire  spreading  lobes ;  the  large  scales  fimbriate,  confluent  at  the  base ;  styles 
slender,  as  long  as  the  acute  ovary ;  the  large  pod  pointed.  —  Shady  moist  val- 
leys of  the  Alleghanies,  from  Maryland  and  Virginia  southward ;  on  tall  herbs, 
rarely  on  shrubs.    The  flowers  (2" -3"  long)  and  fruit  larger  than  in  any  other 
of  our  species. 

#  #  Flowers  sessile  in  compact  and  mostly  continuous  clusters :  calyx  of  5  separate 
sepals  surrounded  by  numerous  similar  bracts ;  remains  of  the  corolla  borne  on  the 
top  of  the  globose  somewhat  pointed  pod.  (Lepidanche,  Engdm. ) 

8.  C.  COmpacta,  Juss.     Stems  coarse;  bracts  (3 -  5)  and  sepals  orbicular, 
concave,  slightly  crenate,  appressed,  nearly  equaling  or  much  shorter  than  the  cy- 
lindrical tube  of  the  corolla ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  oblong  obtuse  spreading 
lobes  of  the  latter ;  scales  pinnatifid-fringed,  convergent,  confluent  at  the  base. 
C.  coronata,  Beyrich.,  (C.  compacta,  Choisy,)  is  the  Eastern  and  Southern  form 

29 


338  SOLANACEJE.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.) 

with  a  smaller,  slenderer,  more  exserted  corolla;  C.  (Lepidwiche)  adpressa, 
Engelm.,  is  the  Western  form,  with  a  larger,  shorter,  nearly  included  corolla. 
Both  grow  almost  entirely  on  shrubs ;  the  first  in  the  Alkghanies,  from  Pennsyl- 
vania southward;  the  latter  from  Western  Virginia  to  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri,  in  fertile  shady  bottoms.  The  clusters  in  fruit  are  sometimes  2'  in 
diameter. 

9.  C.  glomcritUl,  Choisy.  Flowers  very  densely  clustered,  forming 
knotty  masses  closely  encircling  the  stem  of  the  foster  plant,  much  imbricated 
with  scarious  oblong  bracts  urith  recurved-spreading  tips;  sepals  nearly  similar, 
shorter  than  the  oblong-cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla ;  stamens  nearly  as  long 
as  the  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  spreading  or  reflexed  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  scales 
large,  fringed-pinnatifid ;  styles  slender,  longer  than  the  pointed  ovary;  the 
pointed  pod  mostly  1  -  2-seeded.  (Lepidanche  Compositarum,  Engelm.)  —  Moist 
prairies,  from  Ohio  and  Michigan  southwestward :  growing  mostly  on  tall  Com- 
positse.  —  The  orange-colored  stems  soon  disappear,  leaving  only  the  close  coils 
of  flowers,  appearing  like  whitish  ropes  twisted  around  the  stems. 

ORDER  82.     SOLANACE^E.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  rarely  shrubs),  with  a  colorless  juice  and  alternate  leaves,  regu- 
lar b-merous  and  5-androus  flowers,  on  bractless  pedicels  ;  the  corolla  plaited- 
imbricate,  plaited-convolute,  or  infolded-valvate  in  the  bud,  and  the  fruit  a 
2-ceUed  (rarely  3  -  5-cetted)  many-seeded  pod  or  berry.  —  Seeds  campy- 
lotropous  or  amphitropous.  Embryo  mostly  slender  and  curved  in  fleshy 
albumen.  Calyx  usually  persistent.  Stamens  mostly  equal,  inserted  on  the 
corolla.  Style  and  stigma  single.  Placentae  in  the  axis,  often  projecting 
far  into  the  cells.  (Foliage  and  usually  the  fruits  more  or  less  narcotic, 
often  very  poisonous.)  —  A  large  family  in  the  tropics,  but  very  few  indige- 
nous in  our  district.  It  shades  off  into  Scrophulariaceae,  from  which  the 
plaited  regular  corolla  and  5  equal  stamens  generally  distinguish  it. 

Synopsis. 

*  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  6-parted  or  cleft ;  the  lobes  valvate  with  the  margins  turned  inwards 

In  the  bud.    Anthers  connivent.    Fruit  a  b«jrry. 

1.  SOLANUM.    Anthers  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  tip. 

»  *  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  bell-funnel-form,  somewhat  6-lobed  or  entire,  plaited  in  the  bud 
Anthers  separate.    Calyx  enlarged  and  bladdery  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  berry. 

2.  PHYSALIS.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Berry  juicy,  2-ceUed. 

8.  NICANDRA.    Calyx  6-parted.    Corolla  nearly  entire.    Berry  dry,  3  -  5-celled. 

*  *  *  Corolla  funnel-form  or  tubular,  the  spreading  border  6-lobed  or  toothed,  plaited  In  the 

bud.     Anthers  separate     Fruit  a  dry  pod. 
+-  Pod  enclosed  in  the  urn-shaped  calyx,  opening  by  a  lid. 
4.  HYOSCYAMUS.    Corolla  with  a  short  tube,  the  border  somewhat  unequal. 

t-  ••-  Pod  openinf  lengthwise.    Corolla  elongated. 

6.  DATURA.    Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed.    Pod  prickly,  more  or  lees  4-celled,  naked. 
6.  NICOTIANA.    Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-cleft.    Pod  smooth,  enclosed  in  the  calyx, 
2-celled. 


SOLANACE^.     (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.) 

1.    SOLANUM,   L.       NIGHTSHADE. 

Calyx  and  the  wheel-shaped  corolla  5-parted  or  5-cleft  (rarely  4-  10-parted), 
the  latter  plaited  in  the  bud,  with  the  margins  of  the  lobes  induplicate.  Sta- 
mens exserted,  converging  around  the  style :  filaments  very  short :  anthers 
opening  at  the  tip  by  two  pores  or  chinks.  Berry  usually  2-celled.  —  Herbs,  or 
shrubs  in  warm  climates,  the  larger  leaves  often  accompanied  by  a  smaller  lateral 
(rameal)  one ;  the  peduncles  also  mostly  lateral  and  extra-axillary.  (Name  of 
unknown  derivation.) 

*  Anthers  blunt.     (Plants  not  prickly.) 

1.  S.  DULCAMARA,  L.     (BITTERSWEET.)     Stem  somewhat  shrubby,  climbing, 
nearly  smooth;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  the  upper  halberd-shaped,  or  with  two 
ear-like  lobes  at  the  base ;  flowers  (purple)  in  small  cymes;  berries  oval,  scarlet. 
—  Moist  banks  and  around  dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  NiGRUM,  L.     (COMMON  NIGHTSHADE.)    Annual,  low,  much  branched 
%nd  often  spreading,  rough  on  the  angles;  leaves  ovate,  wavy-toothed;  flowers 
(very  small,  white)   in  small  and  umbel-like  lateral  clusters,  drooping;   berries 
globular,  black.  —  Shaded  grounds,  and  fields;   common.     July,  Aug. — A 
homely  weed,  said  to  be  poisonous.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Anthers  elongated,  lanceolate,  pointed.     (Plants  mostly  prickly.) 

3.  S.  Carolineiise,  L.     (HORSE  NETTLE.)    Perennial, low  (1°  high); 
stem  erect,  prickly;    leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,   sinuate-toothed  or  angled, 
roughish  with  stellate  pubescence,  prickly  along  the  midrib,  as  also  the  calyx ; 
flowers  (pale  blue  or  white,  large)  in  simple  loose  racemes ;  berries  globular, 
orange-yellow.  —  Sandy  soil;  Connecticut  to  Illinois  and  southward,    June 
Aug.     (S.  Virginianum,  L.,  is  not  here  identified  as  distinct.) 

S.  MAMM6suM,  L.,  is  not  a  native  of  our  district. 

S.  TUBER6suM,  L.,  is  the  cultivated  POTATO,  and  S.  MELONGENA,  L.,  the 
EGG-PLANT. 

LYCOPERSICUM  ESCULENTUM,  Mill.,  is  the  TOMATO,  now  separated  from 
Solanum. 

2.    PIIYSAI^IS,    L.        GROUND  CHERRY. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  reticulated  and  enlarging  after  flowering,  at  length  much  in- 
flated and  enclosing  the  2-celled  globular  (edible)  berry.  Corolla  spreading- 
bell-shaped  or  somewhat  funnel-form,  with  a  very  short  tube,  marked  with  5 
concave  spots  at  the  base ;  the  plaited  border  somewhat  5-lobed  or  5-toothed. 
Stamens  5,  erect:  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  —  Herbs  (in  this  coun- 
try), with  the  leaves  often  unequally  in  pairs,  and  the  1 -flowered  nodding  pe- 
duncles extra-axillary.  Corolla  greenish-yellow  in  our  species,  often  with 
brownish  spots  in  the  throat.  (Name,  <j>vcra\is,  a  bladder,  from  the  inflated 
calyx.) 

#  Root  annual :  anthers  blue  or  violet. 

1.  P.  angiilsita,  L.  Glabrous,  erect,  much  branched  (2° -3°  high); 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  very  sharply  toothed ;  corolla  somewhat  5- 


340  SOLANACE^E.       (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.) 

lobed,  small  (3" -4"  long),  not  spotted;  calyx  with  broadly  triangular-subulate 
teeth  as  long  as  the  tube,  in  fruit  conical-ovate  and  sharply  5-angled  (I'-l^ 
long).  —  Light  soils,  not  rare  southward.  Perhaps  introduced. 

Var.  ?  Philadelphia.  Nearly  glabrous ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  and  broader, 
less  closed  or  open  at  the  summit  in  fruit ;  corolla  sometimes  brownish  in  the 
throat.  (P.  Philadelphia,  Lam.,  &c.) — New  England?  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward. July  -  Sept. 

2.  P,  pubescens,  L.     Pubescent  or  clammy-hairy,  diffusely  much  branched 
or  at  length  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped  (very  variable) ;  corolla 
(4'  -  5"  long)  dark  brown  in  the  throat ;  calyx  with  triangular-lanceolate  acute 
teeth,  in  fruit  ovate-pointed.     (P.  hirsuta,  DunaL    P.  obscura,  Michx.  in  part, 
&c.)  — Low  grounds ;  common  southward  and  westward. 

#  #  Root  perennial:  anthers  yellow.     ( Corolla  £'  - f  long.) 

3.  P.   viscosa,    L.      Clammy-pubescent,  diffusely  much  branched  and 
widely  spreading,  or  at  first  erect  (^°-2°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  sometimes  oblong,  often  roughish-downy  underneath,  repand-toothed, 
obtusely  toothed,  or  entire ;  corolla  almost  entire,  brownish  in  the  throat ;  teeth 
of  the  clammy-hairy  calyx  ovate-lanceolate.     (P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.,  P.  hetero- 
phylla,  Nees,  and  P.  nyctaginea,  Dunal,  appear  to  be  only  states  of  this.)  — 
Light  or  sandy  soils,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward ;  very  common. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Corolla  |'  - 1'  broad  when  expanded. 

3.    NICANDRA,    Adans.        APPLE  OF  PERU. 

Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  divisions  rather  arrow-shaped,  enlarged  and 
bladder-like  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  3-5-celled  globular  dry  berry.  Corolla 
open-bell-shaped,  the  plaited  border  nearly  entire.  Otherwise  much  like  Phy- 
salis.  —  An  annual  smooth  herb  (2° -3°  high),  with  ovate  sinuate-toothed  or 
angled  leaves,  and  solitary  pale  blue  flowers  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles. 
(Named  after  the  poet  Nicander  of  Colophon.) 

1.  Bf.  PHYSALoh>ES,  Gffirtn.  —  Waste  grounds,  near  dwellings.  (Adv. 
from  Peru.) 

4.    HYOSCYAMUS,    Toura.        HENBANE. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  5-lobed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  oblique,  with 
a  5-lobed  more  or  less  unequal  plaited  border.  Stamens  declined.  Pod  en- 
closed in  the  persistent  calyx,  2-celled,  opening  transversely  all  round  near  the 
apex,  which  falls  off  like  a  lid.  —  Clammy-pubescent,  fetid,  narcotic  herbs,  with 
lurid  flowers  in  the  axils  of_  angled  or  toothed  leaves.  (Name  composed  of 
vs,  vds,  a  hog,  and  Kua/ios,  a  bean ;  the  plant  said  by  JElian  to  be  poisonous  to 
swine.) 

1.  H.  NIGER,  L.  (BLACK  HENBANE.)  Leaves  clasping,  sinuate-toothed 
and  angled ;  lowers  sessile,  in  one-sided  leafy  spikes ;  corolla  dull  yellowish, 
strongly  reticulated  with  purple  veins.  ®  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  road- 
sides. (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


GENTIANACE.E.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.)  841 

£.    DATURA,    L.        JAMESTOWN-WEED.    THORN-APPLE. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed,  separating  transversely  above  the  base  in  fruit, 
the  upper  part  falling  away.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  large  and  spreading 
5-1 0-toothed  plaited  border.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  globular,  prickly,  4-valved, 
2-celled,  with  2  thick  placentae  projected  from  the  axis  into  the  middle  of  the 
cells,  and  connected  with  the  walls  by  an  imperfect  false  partition,  so  that  the 
pod  is  4-celled  except  near  the  top,  the  placentas  seemingly  borne  on  the  middle 
of  the  alternate  partitions.  Seeds  rather  large,  flat.  —  Bank  weeds,  tfarcotic- 
poisonous,  with  a  rank  odor,  bearing  ovate  angular-toothed  leaves,  and  large 
and  showy  flowers  on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  branching  stem.  (Al- 
tered from  the  Arabic  name  Tatorah.) 

1.  D.  STRAM6NIUM,  L.  (COMMON  STRAMONIUM.)  Leaves  ovate,  smooth ; 
stem  green ;  corolla  white,  with  5  teeth.  —  Var.  TATULA  has  the  stem  and 
corolla  tinged  with  purple.  (D  —  Waste  grounds ;  a  well-known  weed,  with 
large  flowers  (3'  long).  July-  Sept.  (Adv.  from  Asia  or  Trop.  Amer.) 

6.    NICOTIANA,   L.        TOBACCO. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form,  usu- 
ally with  a  long  tube ;  the  plaited  border  5-lobed.  Stigma  capitate.  Pod  2- 
celled,  2  -4-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds  minute.  — Bank  acrid-narcotic  herbs, 
mostly  clammy-pubescent,  with  ample  entire  leaves,  and  lurid  racemed  or  pani- 
cled  flowers.  (Named  after  John  Nicot,  who  was  thought  to  have  introduced  the 
Tobacco  into  Europe.) 

1.  N.  RUSTICA,  L.  (WILD  TOBACCO.)  Leaves  ovate,  petioled;  tube  of 
the  dull  greenish-yellow  corolla  cylindrical,  two  thirds  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  lobes  rounded.  ©  —  Old  fields,  from  New  York  westward  and  southward  : 
a  relic  of  cultivation  by  the  Indians.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

N.  TABACUM,  L.,  is  the  cultivated  TOBACCO. 


ATROPA  BELLADSNNA,  L.  (DEADLY  NIGHTSHADE),  a  plant  with  pur- 
plish-black poisonous  berries,  has  escaped  from  gardens  in  one  or  two  places. 

LYCIUM  BARBARUM,  L.  (BARBARY  BOX-THORN,  or  MATRIMONY-VINE), 
a  slightly  thorny  trailing  shrubby  vine,  well  known  in  cultivated  grounds,  is  yet 
hardly  spontaneous. 

CAPSICUM  ANNUUM,  L.,  is  the  CAYENNE,  or  BED  PEPPER  of  the  gardens. 

ORDER  83.    GENTIANACEJE.    (GENTIAN  FAMILY.) 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  colorless  bitter  juice,  opposite  and  sessile  entire  and 
simple  leaves  (except  in  Tribe  II.)  without  stipules,  regular  fencers  with  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  are  convolute  (rarely  im- 
bricated, and  sometimes  valvate)  in  the  bud,  a  l-celled  ovary  with  2  parietal 
placentce ;  the  fruit  mostly  a  1-valved  (septidddT)  many-seeded  pod.  —  Flow- 
ers solitary  or  cymose.  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  wither!  ng-per- 
29* 


#42  GENTIANACE^.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

flistent;  (he  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  minute 
embryo  in  fleshy  albumen,  sometimes  covering  the  entire  face  of  the  peri- 
carp !  (Bitter-tonic  plants.) 

Synopsis. 

TMBK  I.  GENTIANE^E.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  (twisted  to  the  right)  in.  the 
bud  (with  the  sinuses  mostly  plaited),  hi  Obolaria  imbricated.  Leaves  almost  always 
opposite  or  whorled,  entire,  those  of  the  stem  sessile.  Seeds  very  small  and  numerous, 
wjth  a  cellular  coat ;  in  Obolaria,  Bartonia,  and  several  Gentians,  the  ovules  and  seeds 
covering  the  whole  face  of  the  pericarp. 

*  Style  distinct  and  slender,  deciduous. 

1.  SABBATIA.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  6-  12-parted :  anthers  curved. 

2.  ERYTHRJEA.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  4-5-cleft :  anthers  spiral. 

*  *  Style  (if  any)  and  stigmas  persistent :  anthers  straight. 

+-  Corolla  with  a  glandular  spot  or  hollow  spur  to  each  lobe. 
8.  FRASBEA.    Corolla  4-parted,  wheel-shaped,  spurless.    Pod  flat 
4.  HALENIA.    Corolla  4- 6-cleft,  bell-shaped,  and  with  as  many  spurs  from  the  base. 

••-  •«-  Corolla  without  glands  or  spurs. 
6.  GBNTIANA.    Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.    Corolla  mostly  with  plaited  folds  at  the  sinuses. 

6.  BARTONIA.    Calyx  4-parted.    Corolla  4-parted,  with  no  plaits  at  the  sinuses. 

7.  OBOLARIA.    Calyx  2-leaved.    Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  4-lobed,  with  no  plaits,  th* 

lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ! 

TRIBE  II.  MEIV  YAIVTHE  JE.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud,  with  the  edge* 
turned  inwards.  Stem-leaves  alternate,  petioled.  Seed-coat  hard  or  bony. 

8.  MENYANTUES.    Corolla  bearded  inside.    Leaves  3-foJiolate. 

9.  LIMNANTHEMUM.    Corolla  smooth  above.    Leaves  simple,  rounded. 

1.     SABBATIA,    Adans.        AMERICAN  CENTATJRY. 

Calyx  5 -12-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  5 -12-parted,  wheel- 
shaped.  Stamens  5-12:  anthers  recurved.  Style  2-parted,  slender.  —  Bien- 
nials or  annuals,  with  slender  stems,  and  cymose-panicled  handsome  (white  or 
rose-purple)  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Sabbati,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

*  Corolla  5-parted,  or  rarely  6  -  7  -parted. 
**  Corolla  white,  often  turning  yellowish  in  drying :  cymes  corymbed,  inany-flowered. 

1.  S.  paniClllata,  Pursh,  Ell.     Stem  brachiatdy  much-branched  (l°-2° 
high),  rather  terete,  but  angled  with  4  sharp  lines ;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  ob- 
long, obtuse,  l-nerved,  nearly  equalling  the  internodes  ;  calyx-lobes  linear-thread- 
form,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla. — Damp  pine  woods,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward.   June -Aug. 

2.  S.  lanccolata,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Stem  simpk  (1°  -  3°  high)  bearing  a  flat- 
topped  cyme;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  3-nerved,  the  upper  acute,  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes ;  calyx-lobes  longer  than  in  No.  1 ;  the  flowers  lar 
ger.     (Chironia  lanceolata,  Walt.     S.  corymbosa,  Baldw.)  — Wet  pine  barrens, 
from  New  Jersey  southward.    June,  July. 

«-  i-  Corolla  rose-color  or  pink,  rarely  white,  mostly  with  a  yellowish  or  greenish,  eye. 
*+  Erect,  pyramidally  many-flowered :  branches  opposite,  erectish :  peduncles  short. 

3.  S.  bracllisita,  Ell.     Stem  slightly  angled,  simple  below  (l°-2°  high) ; 
leaves  linear  and  linear-oblonq,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute ;  branches  rather  few- 


GENTIANACEJE.       (GENTIAN   FAMILY.)  343 

flowered,  forming  an  oblong  panicle ;  calyx-lobes  £  or  J  shorter  than  the  corol- 
la. (S.  concinna,  Wood,  ex  char.) — Dryish  grassy  places,  Virginia,  Indiana 
( Wood),  and  southward.  June  -  Aug.  —  Corolla  1 '  -  1|'  broad ;  the  lobes  nar- 
rower than  in  the  next. 

4.  S.  angularis,  Pursh.     Stem  somewhat  1-winged-angled,  much  branched 
above  (l°-2£°  high),  many-flowered;  leaves  ovate,  acutish,  5-nerved,  with  a 
somewhat  heart-shaped  clasping  base ;  calyx-lobes  £  to  £  the  length  of  the  corolla. 
—  Dry  river-banks,  &c.,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward.    July,  Aug.  — 
Corolla  l£'  wide,  deep  rose-purple;  the  lobes  obovate. 

**  ++  Erect  or  soon  diffuse,  loosely  branched;  the  branches  alternate  or  forking  (stems 
terete  or  slightly  4-angled) :  peduncles  elongated  and  \-flowered. 

5.  S.  ealycosa,  Pursh.    Diffusely  forking   (£°-l°  high),  pale;  leaves 
oblong  or  lance-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base  (l£'-2'  long);  calyx-lobes  fdiaceous, 
spatulate-lanceolate  (f'-l'  long),  exceeding  the  almost  white  corolla.  —  Marshes, 
coast  of  Virginia,  and  southward.    June  -  Sept. 

6.  S.  StellariS,  Pursh.    Loosely  branched  and  forking  (5' -15'  high); 
leaves  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  linear ;  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped-linear, 
varying  from  half  to  nearly  the  length  of  the  bright  rose-purple  corolla.  —  Salt  marsh- 
es, Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    July -Sept.  —  This  may  run 
into  the  next. 

7.  S.  gracilis,  Salisb.    Stem  very  slender,  at  length  diffusely  branched 
(l°-2°  high) ;  the  branches  and  long  peduncles  filiform;  leaves  linear,  or  the 
lower  lance-linear,  the  uppermost  similar  to  the  setaceous  calyx-lobes,  which  equal  the 
rose-purple  corolla.     (Chironia  campanulata,  L.) — Brackish  marshes  and  river- 
banks,  New  Jersey   (Burlington,   Mr.   Cooley)   to  Virginia,   and   southward. 
June -Sept. 

#  *  Corolla  9-  12-parted,  large  (about  2'  broad).     (Lapithea,  Griseb.) 

8.  S.  chloroides,  Pursh.     Stem  nearly  round   (l°-2°  high),  loosely 
panicled  above  ;  the  peduncles  slender,  1 -flowered ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ; 
calyx-lobes  linear,  half  the  length  of  the  deep  rose-colored  (rarely  white)  corol- 
la.—  Borders  of  brackish  ponds,  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  to  Virginia,  and 
southward.    July  -  Sept.  —  One  of  our  handsomest  plants. 

2.    ERYTHRJBA,    Pers.        CENTATJRY. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form, 
with  a  slender  tube  and  a  4  -  5-parted  limb,  which  in  withering  twists  on  the 
pod.  Anthers  exserted,  erect,"  twisting  spirally.  Style  slender,  single :  stigma 
capitate  or  2-lipped.  —  Low  and  small  branching  annuals,  chiefly  with  rose- 
purple  or  reddish  flowers;  whence  the  name,  from  epvOpos,  red.  (All  our 
Northern  species  were  probably  introduced  from  Europe,  and  occur  only  in  a 
few  localities.) 

1 .  E.  CENTATJRIUM,  Pers.  (  CENTAURY.  )  Stem  upright,  corymbosely  branched 
above ;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  acutish ;  the  uppermost  linear ;  cymes  clus- 
tered, flat-topped,  ike  flowers  all  nearly  sessile;  tube  of  the  (purple-rose-colored) 


344  GENTIANACE.E.      (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

corolla  not  twice  the  length  of  the  oval  lobes.  —  Oswego,  New  York,  near  the 
old  fort.    July.  —Plant  6'- 12'  high :  corolla  3"-  4"  long.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  E.  RAMOSf SSIMAJ  Pers.,  var.  PULCHELLA,  Griseb.    Low  (2'  -  6'  high) ; 
stem  many  times  forked  above  and  forming  a  diffuse  cyme ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or 
oval ;  flowers  all  on  short  pedicels;  tube  of  the  (pink-purple)  corolla  thrice  the 
length  of  the  elliptical-oblong  lobes.     (E.  Muhlenbergii,  Griseb.,  as  to  Penn. 
plant.     Exacum  pulchellum,  Pursh.)  —  Wet  or  shady  places,  Long  Island  to  E. 
Virginia:  scarce. — Flowers  smaller  than  in  No.  1.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  E.  SPICATA,  Pers.     Stem  strictly  upright ;  the  flowers  sessile  and  spiked 
along  one  side  of  the  simple  or  rarely  forked  branches ;  leaves  oval  and  oblong, 
rounded  at  the  base,  acutish;  tube  of  the  (rose-colored  or  whitish)   corolla 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  oblong.     (E.  Pickeringii,  Oakes.)  — 
Sandy  shore,  Massachusetts  (Nantucket,  Oakes)  and  Virginia  (Norfolk,  Rugel). 
—  Plant  6'- 10'  high,  remarkable  for  the  spike-like  arrangement  of  the  flowers. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.  ?) 

3.    Fit  A  SERA,    Walt.        AMERICAN  COLUMBO. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted,  wheel-shaped,  each  division 
with  a  glandular  and  fringed  pit  on  the  upper  side.  Filaments  awl-shaped, 
usually  somewhat  monadelphous  at  the  base :  anthers  oblong,  versatile.  .Style 
persistent:  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  oval,  flattened,  4-14-seeded.  Seeds  large 
and  flat,  wing-margined.  —  Tall  and  showy  herbs,  with  upright  and  mostly 
simple  stems,  bearing  whorled  leaves,  and  numerous  peduncled  flowers  in  open 
cymes,  which  are  disposed  in  an  ample  elongated  panicle.  (Dedicated  to  John 
Eraser,  a  well-known  and  indefatigable  collector  in  this  country  towards  the 
close  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  F.  Carolincnsis,  Walt.  Smooth,  tall  (3° -8° high);  leaves  mostly 
in  fours,  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  spatulate  (1°  long),  veiny;  panicle  pyramidal, 
loosely  flowered ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong,  mucronate,  longer  than  the 
narrowly  lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  each  with  a  large  and  round  gland  on  their 
middle;  pod  much  flattened  parallel  with  the  flat  valves.  1J.  (D  "?  —  Rich  dry 
soil,  S.  W.'New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky,  and  southward.  July. — 
Boot  very  thick  and  bitter.  Corolla  1'  broad,  light  greenish-yellow,  marked 
with  brown-purple  dots. 

4.    HAL.EWIA,    Borkh.        SPURRED  GENTIAN. 

Calyx  4-5-parted.  Corolla  short  bell-shaped,  4-5-cleft,  without  folds  or 
fringe,  prolonged  at  the  base  underneath  the  erect  lobes  into  spurs,  which  are 
glandular  in  the  bottom.  Stigmas  2,  sessile,  persistent  on  the  oblong  flattish 
pod.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  oblong.  —  Small  and  upright  herbs,  with  yellow- 
ish or  purplish  panicled-cymose  flowers.  (Name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  H.  deflexa,  Griseb.  Leafy  (9' -18'  high),  simple  or  branched  above; 
leaves  3  -  5-nerved,  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate  and  petioled ;  the  others  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute ;  spurs  cylindrical,  obtuse,  curved  and  descending,  half  the 
length  of  the  acutely  4-lobed  corolla.  (J)  02)  ('Swertia  corniculata,  I..,  partly.) 


GENTIANACE^E.      (GENTIAN   FAMILY.)  345 

—  Davnp  woods,  from  the  northern  parts  of  Maine,  to  N.  Wisconsin,  and  north 
ward.    July,  August. 

5.    GENTIANA,    L.        GENTIAN. 

Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  regular,  usually  with  intermediate 
plaited  folds,  which  bear  appendages  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Style  short  or 
none:  stigmas  2,  persistent.  Pod  oblong,  2-valved;  the  innumerable  seeds 
either  borne  on  placentae  at  or  near  the  sutures,  or  in  most  of  our  species  cov- 
ering nearly  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  pod.  (H.  J.  Clark!)  —  Flowers  solitary 
or  cymose,  showy.  (Name  from  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  used  some  spe- 
cies medicinally.) 

$  1.  AMARELLOlDES,  Torr.  &  Gr.  —  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form,  without 
crown  or  plaited  folds,  and  with  the  lobes  naked :  anthers  separate,  fixed  by  the 
middle,  introrse  in  the  bud,  but  retrorsely  reversed  after  the  flower  opens :  seeds 
wingless:  annuals. 

1.  O.  qwinquefldra,  Lam.    (FIVE-FLOWERED  GENTIAN.)    Stem  rath- 
er slender,  branching  (1°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  partly  clasp- 
ing and  heart-shaped  base,  3  -  7-nerved,  tipped  with  a  minute  point ;  branches 
racemed  or  panicied,  about  5-flowered  at  the  summit ;  lobes  of  the  small  5-cleft 
calyx  awl-shaped-linear ;  lobes  of  the  pale-blue  corolla  triangular-ovate,  bristle- 
pointed,  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  slender  obconical  tube.  —  Var.  OCCIDEN- 
TAL! s  has  linear-lanceolate  calyx-lobes  which  are  more  leaf-like,  and  about  half 
the  length  of  the  corolla.  — Dry  hilly  woods,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 
ward, especially  along  the  Alleghanies :  the  var.  is  the  common  form  in  the 
Western  States.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Corolla  light  purplish-blue,  nearly  1'  long;  in 
the  variety  proportionally  shorter. 

§2.  CROSSOPETALUM,  Froel. —  Corolla  funnel-form,  gland-bearing  between 
the  bases  of  the  filaments,  without  crown  or  plaited  folds ;  the  lobes  fringed  or  toothed 
on  the  margins :  anthers  as  i n  §  1  :  pod  somewhat  stalked :  seeds  wingless,  clothed 
with  little  scales :  annuals  or  biennials. 

2.  O.  crinita,  Frcel.     (FRINGED  GENTIAN.)     Flowers  solitary  on  long 
peduncles  terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  from  a  partly  heart-shaped  or  rounded  base ;  lobes  of  the  4-cleft  calyx 
unequal,  ovate  and  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  bell-shaped  tube  of  the  sky-blue 
corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  wedge-obovate,  and  strongly  fringed  around  the  sum- 
mit ;  ovary  lanceolate.  —  Low  grounds,  New  England  to  Kentucky  and  Wiscon- 
sin; rather  common,  and  sparingly  beyond,  both  northward  and  southward. 
Sept.  — Plant  l°-2°  high :  the  showy  corolla  2'  long. 

3.  €r.  dctoiisa,  Fries.     (SMALLER  FRINGED  GENTIAN.)     Stem  simple 
or  with  slender  branches,  terminated  by  solitary  flowers  on  very  long  peduncles ; 
leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-linear ;  lobes  of  the  4-  (rarely  5-)  cleft  calyx  unequal, 
ovate  or  triangular  and  lanceolate,  pointed;  lobes  of  the  sky-blue  corolla  spatulate- 
oblong,  with  ciliate-fringed  margins,  the  fringe  shorter  or  nearly  obsolete  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  Ocary  elliptical  or  obovate.  —  Moist  grounds,  Niagara  Falls  to  Wisconsin 
(Lapham),  and  northwestward.     Sept.     (Eu.) 


346  GENTIANACE^E.       (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

§  3.  PNEUMONANTHE,   Necker.  —  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  obconical,  5-ldbed, 
with  plaited  folds  which  project  into  appendages  in  the  sinuses :  anthers  erect,  tfixed 
by  the  deep  sagittate  base,  extrorse,  often  converging  or  cohering  with  each  other  in  a 
ring  or  tube,  stalked:  seeds  commonly  winged:  perennials. 
•  #  Flowers  nearly  sessile,  clustered,  rarely  solitary,  2-bracteolate. 

•»-  Anthers  entirely  separate :  seeds  wingless. 

4.  G.  oclirolcuca,   Froel.     (YELLOWISH- WHITE  GENTIAN.)     Stems 
ascending,  mostly  smooth ;  the  flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster  and  often  also 
in  axillary  clusters ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  the  lowest  broadly  obovate  and  obtuse, 
the  uppermost  somewhat  lanceolate,  all  narrowed  at  the  base;  calyx-lobes  linear, 
unequal,  much  longer  than  its  tube,  rather  shorter  than  the  greenish-white  open  co- 
rolla, which  is  painted  inside  with  green  veins  and  lilac-purple  stripes ;  its  lobes 
ovate,  very  much  exceeding  the  small  and  sparingly  toothed  oblique  appendages ; 
pod  included  in  the  persistent  corolla.  —  Dry  grounds,  S.  Penn.  (rare)  to  Vir 
ginia,  and  common  southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 

H-  -t—  Anthers  cohering  with  each  other  more  or  less  firmly :  seeds  winged. 

5.  G.  rtllm,  Muhl.  Cat. !     (WHITISH  GENTIAN.)     Stems  upright,  stout, 
very  smooth ;  flowers  closely  sessile  and  much  crowded  in  a  dense  terminal  clus- 
ter, and  sometimes  also  clustered  in  the  upper  axils ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from 
a  heart-shaped  closely  clasping  base,  gradually  tapering  to  a  point ;  calvx-lobes 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube,  and  many  times  shorter  than  the  tube  of 
the  corolla,  reflexed-spreading ;  corolla  white  more  or  less  tinged  with  greenish  or 
yellowish,  inflated-club-shaped,  at  length  open,  its  short  and  broad  ovate  lobes  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  toothed  appendages ;  pod  nearly  included ;  seeds  broadly 
winged.    (G.  flavida,  Gray,  in  Sill.  Jour.    G.  ochroleuca,  Sims.,  Darlingt.,  Griseb. 
in  part,  &c.)  —  Glades  and  low  grounds,  S.  W.  New  York  to  Virginia  along  the 
Alleghanies,  and  west  to  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  &c.     July  -  Sept. 

6.  G.    Andre WSii,    Griseb.      (CLOSED     GENTIAN.)      Stems    upright, 
smooth ;  flowers  closely  sessile  in  terminal  and  upper  axillary  clusters ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  and  lanceolate  from  a  narrower  base,  gradually  pointed,  rough-mar- 
gined ;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  recurved,  shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube, 
and  much  shorter  than  the  inflated  club-shaped  blue  corolla,  which  is  closed  at  the 
mouth,  its  proper  lobes  obliterated,  the  apparent  lobes  consisting  of  the  broad  fringe- 
toothed  and  notched  appendages ;  pod  finally  projecting  out  of  the  persistent 
corolla;  seeds  broadly  winged.     (G.  Saponaria,  Froel.,  frc.,  not  of  L.)  —  Moist 
rich  soil;  common,  especially  northward.     Sept.  —  Corolla  1'  or  more  long, 
blue  fading  to  purplish,  striped  inside ;  the  folds  whitish. 

7.  G.  Sapoiiiti'isi,  L.     (SOAPWORT  GENTIAN.)    Stem  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, smooth ;  the  flowers  clustered  at  the  summit  and  more  or  less  so  in  the  ax- 
ils ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate-obovate,  with  rough  margins,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base ;   calyx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate,  acute,  equalling  or  exceed- 
ing the  tube,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla ;  lobes  of  the  club-bell-shaped  light-blue 
corolla  obtuse,  erect  or  converging,  short  and  broad,  but  distinct,  and  more  or  less  longer 
than  the  conspicuous  2-cleft  and  minutely  toothed  appendages ;  seeds  acute,  narrowly 
winged.    (G.  Catesbaei,  Walt.)  —  Moist  woods,  S.  Penn.  ?  Maryland,  to  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  and  southward,  principally  in  the  Alleghanies.    Aug.,  Sept. 


GENTIANACEJE.      (GENTIAN   FAMlff .)  347 

Var.  linearis.  Slender,  nearly  simple  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  linear  of 
lance-linear  (2' -3'  long),  acutish;  appendages  of  the  corolla  shorter  and  less 
cleft,  or  almost  entire.  (G.  Pneumonanthe,  Amer.  auth.  $-  ed.  1 :  also  G.  Sapo- 
naria  var.  Froelichii.  G.  linearis,  Frod.) — Mountain  vret  glades  of  Maryland 
and  Penn.,  L.  Superior,  Northern  New  York,  New  Hampshire  (near  Concord), 
and  Maine  (near  Portland).  Aug. 

8.  G.  pubcrula,  Michx.    Stems  erect  or  ascending  (8'- 16'  high),  most- 
ly rough  and  minutely  pubescent  above ;  leaves  rigid  varying  from  linear-lanceo 
late  to  oblong-lanceolate,  rough-margined  (l'-2;  long);  flowers  clustered,  rarely 
solitary ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  not  longer  than  the  tube,  much  shorter  than  the 
bell-funnd-form  open  bright-blue  corolla,  the  spreading  ovate  lobes  of  which  are  acut- 
ish and  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  cut-toothed  appendages.     (G.  Catesbaei, 
Ett.     G.  Saponaria,  var.  puberula,  ed.  1.) — Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Corolla  large  for  the  size  of  the 
plant,  l£'-2'  long.     Seeds  (also  in  G.  Pneumonanthe)  not  covering  the  walls, 
as  they  do  in  the  rest  of  this  division. 

*  *  Flower  solitary  and  terminal,  peduncled,  mostly  bractless. 

9.  G.  angustifolia,  Michx.     Stems  slender  and  ascending  (6'  -15' 
high),  simple;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblanceolate,  rigid;  corolla  open-fun- 
nel-form, azure-blue  (2'  long),  about  twice  the  length  of  the  thread-like  calyx- 
lobes,  its  ovate  spreading  lobes  twice  the  length  of  the  cut-toothed  appendages ; 
the  tube  striped  with  yellowish.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey,  and  south- 
ward (where  there  is  a  white  variety).     Sept. -Nov. 

6.    BART  ONI  A,    Muhl.        (CENTAURSLLA,  Michx.) 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  destitute  of  glands,  fringes,  or  folds. 
Stamens  short.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  pointed  with  a  large  persistent  at  length 
2-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  minute,  innumerable,  covering  the  whole  inner  surface 
of  the  pod  !  —  Small  annuals,  or  biennials,  with  thread-like  stems,  and  little  awl- 
shaped  greenish  scales  in  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  small,  white,  peduncled. 
(Dedicated,  in  the  year  1801,  to  the  distinguished  Prof.  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.) 

1.  B.  tenella,  Muhl.    Stems  (3' -10' high)  branched  above;  the  branches 
or  peduncles  mostly  opposite,  1  -  3-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  acutish, 
rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  or  sometimes  twice  as  long ;  anthers  roundish ;  ovary 
4-angled,  the  cell  somewhat  cruciform.  —  Open  woods,  E.  New  England  to  Vir- 
ginia and  southward ;  common.     Aug.  —  Centaurella  Moseri,  Griseb.,  is  only  a 
variety  with  the  scales  and  peduncles  mostly  alternate,  and  the  petals  acute. 

2.  B.  verna,  Muhl.     Stem  (2' -6'  high)  1- few-flowered;  lobes  of  the  co 
rolla  spatulate,  obtuse,  spreading,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  anthers  oblong; 
ovary  flat.  —  Bogs  near  the  coast,  Virginia  and  southward.    March.  —  Flowers 
&t-±it  long,  larger  than  in  No.  1. 

7.    OB  OL.  ARIA,    L.        OBOLARIA. 

Calyx  of  2  spatulate  spreading  sepals,  resembling  the  leaves.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent,  4-cleft;  the  lobes  oval-oblcng,  or  with  ago 


348  GENTIANACE^E.      (GENTIAN   FAMILY.) 

spatulate,  imbricated  in  the  bud !  Stamens  inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla, 
short.  Style  short,  persistent :  stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  ovoid,  1 -celled,  the  cell 
cruciform :  the  seeds  covering  the  whole  face  of  the  walls.  —  A  low  and  very 
smooth  purplish-green  perennial  (3'-8'  high),  with  a  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  stem,  opposite  wedge-obovate  leaves;  the  dull  white  or  purplish 
flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  three,  terminal  and  axillary,  nearly  sessile. 
(Name  from  o^SoXos,  a  small  Greek  coin ;  to  which,  however,  the  leaves  of  this 
plant  bear  no  manifest  resemblance.) 

1.  O.  Virginica,  L.  (Gray,  Chlor.  Bar. -Am.,  t.  3.)— Eich  soil,  in 
woods,  from  New  Jersey  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward  :  rather  rare. 
April,  May. 

8.    JttENYANTHES,    Tourn.        BUCKBEAN. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short  funnel-form,  5-parted,  deciduous,  the  whole 
upper  surface  white-bearded,  valvate  in  the  bud  with  the  margins  turned  inward. 
Style  slender,  persistent :  stigma  2-lobed.  Pod  bursting  somewhat  irregularly, 
many-seeded.  Seed-coat  hard,  smooth,  and  shining.  —  A  perennial  alternate- 
leaved  herb,  with  a  thickish  creeping  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the  membranous 
bases  of  the  long  petioles,  which  bear  3  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  at  the  summit ; 
the  flowers  racemed  on  the  naked  scape  (1°  high),  white  or  slightly  reddish. 
(The  ancient  Theophrastian  name,  probably  from  pqv,  month,  and  avOos,  a  flower, 
some  say  from  its  flowering  for  about  that  time.) 

1.  Id,  trifoliata,  L.  — Bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.  May,  June.  (Eu.) 

9.    I^IMNATVTHElfllJlJI,    Gmelin.        FLOATING  HEART 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  the  divisions  fringed 
or  bearded  at  the  base  or  margins  only,  folded  inwards  in  the  bud,  bearing  a 
glandular  appendage  near  the  base.  Style  short  or  none :  stigma  2-lobed,  per- 
sistent. Pod  few -many-seeded,  at  length  bursting  irregularly.  Seed-coat 
hard. — Perennial  aquatics,  with  rounded  floating  leaves  on  very  long  petioles, 
which,  in  most  species,  bear  near  their  summit  the  umbel  of  (polygamous) 
flowers,  along  with  a  cluster  of  short  and  spur-like  roots,  sometimes  shooting 
forth  new  leaves  from  the  same  place,  and  so  spreading  by  a  sort  of  proliferoua 
stolons.  (Name  compounded  of  Xt'fii/?/,  a  marsh  or  pool,  and  avdepov,  a  blossom, 
from  the  situations  where  they  grow.) 

1.  Li.  lacundsum,  Griseb.  (partly).  Leaves  round-heart-shaped,  thick- 
ish ;  lobes  of  the  (white)  corolla  broadly  oval,  naked,  except  the  crest-like  yel- 
lowish gland  at  their  base,  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes ;  style 
none;  seeds  smooth  and  even.  (Villarsia  lacunosa,  Vent.  V.  cordata,  Ell.)  — 
Shallow  ponds,  from  Maine  and  N.  New  Yprk  to  Virginia  and  southward. 
June -Sept.  —  Leaves  1'-  2'  broad,  entire,  on  petioles  4' -15'  long,  according 
to  the  depth  of  the  water. 

L,  TRACHYSPERMUM  of  the  South  has  roughened  seeds,  as  its  name  denotes, 
and  is  entirely  distinct. 


A-POCYNACE^E.       (DOGBANE    FAMILY.)  349 

ORDER  84.     APOCYNACEJE.     (DOGBANE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  milky  acrid  juice,  entire  (chiefly  opposite)  leaves  without  sti- 
pules, regular  5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers ;  the  o  lobes  of  the  corolla 
convolute  and  twisted  in  the  bud;  the  filaments  distinct,  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
and  the  pollen  granular ;  the  calyx  entirely  free  from  the  two  ovaries,  which 
are  usually  quite  distinct  (and  forming  pods),  though  their  styles  or  stig- 
mas are  united  into  one.  —  Seeds  amphitropous  or  anatropous,  with  a  large 
straight  embryo  in  sparing  albumen,  often  bearing  a  tuft  of  down  (comose). 
—  Chiefly  a  tropical  family  (of  acrid-poisonous  plants),  represented  in  our 
district  by  three  genera. 

Synopsis. 

1  AMSONIA.  Seeds  naked.  Corolla  with  the  tube  bearded  inside.  Anthers  longer  than  the 
filaments  Leaves  alternate 

2.  FORSTERONIA.  Seeds  comose.  Corolla  funnel-form,  not  appendaged.  Filaments  slen- 
der. Calyx  glandular  inside.  Leaves  opposite. 

8.  APOCYNUM.  Seeds  comose.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  appendaged  within.  Filaments  short, 
broad,  and  flat.  Calyx  not  glandular.  Leaves  opposite. 

1.     AMSONIA,    Walt.        AMSONIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  small.  Corolla  with  a  narrow  funnel-form  tube  bearded  in- 
side, especially  at  the  throat ;  the  limb  divided  into  5  long  linear  lobes.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  on  the  tube,  included :  anthers  obtuse  at  both  ends,  longer  than 
the  filaments.  Ovaiies  2 :  style  1 :  stigma  rounded,  surrounded  with  a  cup-like 
membrane.  Pods v( follicles)  2,  long  and  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds  cylindri- 
cal, abrupt  at  both  ends,  packed  in  one  row,  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  witn 
alternate  leaves,  and  pale  blue  flowers  in  terminal  panicled  cymes.  (Said  to  be 
named  for  a  Mr.  Charles  Amson.) 

1.  A.  Tafoernaemoiltfiiia,  Walt.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse  at  the  base,  short-petioled ;  tube  of  the  corolla  above  hairy  outside.  (A. 
latifolia,  Michx.) — Damp  grounds,  Illinois  (Mead,  &c.),  Virginia1?  and  south- 
ward. May. 

A.  CILIATA,  with  linear  leaves,  and  A.  SALiciF6LiA,  with  lanceolate  leaves 
may  be  expected  in  Virginia. 

2.     FORSTERONIA,    Meyer.        FORSTERONIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  3-5  glands  at  its  base  inside.  Corolla  funnel-form,  not 
appendaged ;  the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla, 
included :  filaments  slender :  anthers  arrow-shaped,  with  an  inflexed  tip,  adher- 
ing to  the  stigma.  Pods  (follicles)  2,  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong, 
with  a  tuft  of  down.  —  Twining  plants,  more  or  less  woody,  with  opposite 
leaves  and  small  flowers  in  cymes.  (Named  for  Mr.  T.  F.  Forster,  an  English 
botanist.) 

1.  F.  «l  if  form  is,  A.  DC.  Nearly  herbaceous  and  glabrous ;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  thin ;  calyx-lobes  taper-pointed ;  corolla  pale  yellow 
30 


350  ASCLEPIADACEJE.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

(EchHes  difformis,  Walt.)  —  Damp  grounds,  S.  E.  Virginia  and  southward 
April. 

3.    APOCYNUM,    Tourn.        DOGBANE.    INDIAN  HEMP. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  acute.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cIeft,  bearing  5  trian- 
gular appendages  in  the  throat  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
very  base  of  the  corolla :  filaments  flat,  shorter  than  the  arrow-shaped  anthers, 
which  converge  around  the  ovoid  obsqurely  2-lobed  stigma,  and  are  slightly  ad- 
herent *tfc  it  by  their  inner  face.  Style  none :  stigma  large,  ovoid,  slightly  2- 
lobed.  Fruit  of  2  long  and  slender  follicles.  Seeds  cpmose  with  a  long  tuft  of 
silky  down  at  the  apex.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright  branching  stems,  oppo 
site  mucronate-pointed  leaves,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  small  and  pale  cymose 
flowers  on  short  pedicels.  (An  ancient  name  of  the  Dogbane,  composed  of 
OTTO,  from,  and  KVWV,  a  dog,  to  which  the  plant  was  thought  to  be  poisonous.) 

1.  A.  :m«lios;rimlV>liiiiii,  L.     (SPREADING  DOGBANE.)     Smooth, 
branched  above ;   branches  divergently  forking ;   leaves  ovate,  distinctly  petioled ; 
cymes  loose,  spreading,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  coi'olla  (pale  rose-color,  $•' 
broad )  open-bell-shaped,  with  revolute  lobes,  the  tube  much  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed 
divisions  of -the  calyx.  —  Varies,  also,  with  the  leaves  downy  underneath. — Bor- 
ders of  thickets;  common,  especially  northward.    June,  July. — Pods  3' -4' 
long,  pendent. 

2.  A.  <  :i  mi; chin  mil,  L.     (INDIAN  HEMP.)     Stem  and  branches  up- 
right or  ascending,  terminated  by  erect  and  close  many-flowered  cymes,  which  are 
usually  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  (greenish- white)  with  nearly  erect  lobes , 
the  tube  not  longer  than  the  lanceolate  divisions  of  the  calyx.  —  Var.  GLABERRI- 
MUM,  DC.     Entirely  smooth;  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  on  short  but 
manifest  petioles,  obtuse  or  rounded,  or  the  upper  acute  at  both  ends.  —  Var. 
PUBESCENS,  DC.     Leaves  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  downy  underneath  or  some- 
times on  both  sides,  as  well  as  the  cymes.     (A.  pubescens,  R.  Br.)  —  Var.  HY 
PERICIF6LIUM.    Leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on  very  short 
petioles,  commonly  smooth  throughout.      (A.  hypericifolium,  Ait.)  —  River- 
banks,  &C. ;  common.    July,  Aug.  —  Plant  2°  -  3°  high,  much  more  upright 
than  the  last ;  the  flowers  scarcely  half  the  size.     These  different  varieties  evi- 
dently run  into  one  another. 

VfNCA  adNOR,  the  common  PERIWINKLE,  and  NERIUM  OLEANDER,  tne 
OLEANDER,  are  common  cultivated  plants  of  this  family. 

ORDER  85.     ASCLEPIADACE-ffi.     (MILKWEED  FAMILY.; 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  and  opposite  or  wliorled  (rarely  scattered)  entire 
leaves ;  the  foliicular  pods,  seeds,  anthers  connected  with  the  stigma,  sensible 
properties,  fyc.,just  as  in  the  last  family ;  from  which  they  differ  in  the  com- 
monly valvate  corolla,  and  in  the  singular  connection  of  the  anthers  with  the 
stigma,  the  cohesion  of  the  pollen  into  wax-like  or  granular  masses,  &c.,  as 
explained  under  the  first  and  typical  genus. 


ASCLEPIADACE.E.      (MILKWEED   FAMILY.)  351 

Synopsis. 

I.     ASCL.EPIADE.flE.      Filaments  monadelphous.     Pollen-masses  10,  waxy, 
fixed  to  the  stigma  by  pairs,  pendulous  and  vertical. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS.    Calyx  and  corolla  reflexed,  deeply  6-parted.    Ci own  of  5  hooded  fleshy  bod- 

ies (nectaries,  L.),  with  an  incurved  horn  rising  from  the  cavity  of  each. 

2.  ACERATES.     Calyx  and  corolla  reflexed  or  merely  spreading.     Crown  as  in  No.  1,  but 

without  a  horn  inside. 

8   ENSLENIA.    Calyx  and  corolla  erect.    Crown  of  5  membranaceous  bodies,  flat,  terminated 
by  a  2-cleft  tail  or  awn. 

TRIBE  II.    GONOLiOBE.33.    Filaments  monadelphous.    Pollen-masses  10,  affixed  to  the 
stigma  in  pairs,  horizontal. 

4.  GONOLOBUS.    Corolla  wheel-shaped.    Crown  a  wavy-lobed  fleshy  ring. 

TRIBB  III.    FERIPI<OCEJE.    Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so.    Pollen-masses  granu- 
lar, separately  applied  to  the  stigma. 

5.  PERIPLOCA.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  5  awned  scales  hi  the  throat. 

1.     ASCLiEPIAS,    L.        MILKWEED.     SILKWEED. 

Calyx  5-paned,  persistent ;  the  divisions  small,  spreading.  Corolla  deeply 
5-parted ;  the  divisions  valvate  in  the  bud,  reflexed,  deciduo.us.  Crown  of  5 
hooded  bodies  (nectaries,  L.)  seated  on  the  tube  of  stamens,  each  containing  an 
incurved  horn.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla :  filaments  united 
in  a  tube  (gynostegium)  which  encloses  the  pistil :  anthers  adherent  to  the  stigma, 
each  with  2  vertical  cells,  tipped  with  a  membranaceous  appendage,  each  cell 
containing  a  flattened  pear-shaped  and  waxy  pollen-mass ;  the  two  contiguous 
pollen-masses  of  adjacent  anthers  forming  pairs  which  hang  by  a  slender  pro- 
longation of  their  summits  from  5  cloven  glands  that  grow  on  the  angles  of  the 
stigma  (usually  extricated  from  the  cells  by  the  agency  of  insects,  and  directing 
copious  pollen-tubes  into  the  point  where  the  stigma  joins  the  apex  of  the  styles). 
Ovaries  2,  tapering  into  very  short  styles :  the  large  depressed  5-angled  fleshy 
stigma  common  to  the  two.  Follicles  2,  one  of  them  often  abortive,  soft,  ovate 
or  lanceolate.  Seeds  anatropous,  flat,  margined,  downwardly  imbricated  all 
over  the  large  placenta  which  separates  from  the  suture  at  maturity,  furnished 
with  a  long  tuft  of  silky  hairs  (coma)  at  the  hilum.  Embryo  large,  with  broad 
foliaceous  cotyledons  in  thin  albumen.  —  Perennial  upright  herbs,  with  thick  and 
deep  roots  :  peduncles  terminal  or  mostly  lateral  and  between  the  petioles,  bear- 
ing simple  many-flowered  umbels.  Leaves  usually  transversely  veiny.  (The 
Greek  name  of  ^Esculapius,  to  whom  the  genus  is  dedicated.) 
*  Pods  clothed  with  soft  spinous  projections. 

1.  A»  Cornuti,  Decaisne.  (COMMON  MILKWEED  or  SILKWEED.) 
Stem  large  and  stout,  somewhat  branched ;  leaves  ovate-elliptical,  with  a  slight 
point,  spreading,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  but  distinct  petiole,  minutely  velvety- 
downy  underneath  as  well  as  the  peduncles  and  branches ;  divisions  of  the  corolla 
ovate  (greenish-purple),  about  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  very  numerous  pedi- 
cels ;  hoods  of  the  crown  ovate,  obtuse,  with  a  lobe  or  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  short 
and  stout  daw-like  horn ;  pods  ovate,  covered  with  weak  spines  and  woolly.  (A.  Sy- 
riaca,  L.,  but  the  plant  belongs  to  this  country  only.) — Rich  soil,  fields,  &c. ; 
common.  July.  —  Plant  3°  -  4°  high ;  leaves  4'  -  8'  long,  pale. 


352  ASCLEPIADACEJ5.       (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

2.  A.  Sullivaiitii,  Engelm.     Mss.     Very  smooth  throughout,  tall;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  from  a  heart-shaped  sessile  base,  erect;  hoods  of  the  crown  olovate,  entire, 
obtusely  2-eared  at  the  base  on  the  outside,  with  a  slender  but  obtuse  claw-liko 
horn ;  pods  ovate-lanceolate,  with  small  and  scattered  warty  spines  ddefly  on  the  beak. 
—  Near  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant.     W.  Illinois,  Engelmann.    July.  —  Kesem- 
bles  No.  1  in  appearance,  in  the  petals,  &c. ;  the  hoods  larger,  and  exceeding 
the  anthers  by  one  half. 

*  #  Pods  not  warty-roughened  or  prickly. 

-*-  Leaves  all  or  chiejly  opposite,  or  tJie  middle  ones  sometimes  in  fours. 
•*-*•  Stems  simple  or  nearly  so  (above  usually  with  2  lines  of  minute  pubescence). 

3.  A.  phytolaccoides,  Pursh.     (POKE-MILKWEED.)     Stem  (3° -5° 
high)  smooth;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  or  the  upper  oval-lanceolate  and  pointed  at  both 
ends,  short-petioled,  smooth  or  slightly  downy  underneath  (5' -8'  long) ;  pedicels 
loose  and  nodding,  numerous,  long  and  slender  (l'-3'  long),  equalling  the  pedun- 
cle, many  times  longer  than  the  ovate-ol>long  divisions  of  tlie  (greenish)  corolla ;  hoods 
of  the  crown  (white)  truncate,  the  margins  2-toothed  at  the  summit,  the  horn 
ivith  a  long  projecting  awl-shaped  point ;  pods  minutely  downy.  —  Moist  copses  ; 
common.    June. 

4.  A.  purpurascens,  L.     (PURPLE  MILKWEED.)     Stem  rather  slen- 
der (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  the  lower  mucronate,  the  upper 
taper-pointed,  minutely  velvety-downy  underneath,  smooth  above,  contracted  at  the 
base  into  a  short  petiole ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  mostly  terminal  peduncle,  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  dark  purple  lanceolate-ovate  divisions  of  the  corolla  ;  hoods  of 
the  crown  oblong,  abruptly  narrowed  above  ;  the  horn  broadly  scythe-shaped,  with 
a  narrow  and  abruptly  inftexed  horizontal  point;  pods  smooth.     (A.  amcena,  L., 
Michx.)  — Border  of  woods,  &c.,  N.  England  to  Michigan  and  Kentucky:  com- 
mon westward.     July.  —  Flowers  as  large  as  in  No.  1 :  peduncle  and  pedicels 
downy  along  one  side. 

5.  A.   variegata,    L.      (VARIEGATED   MILKWEED.)      Nearly    smooth 
(l°-2°high);  leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  somewhat  wavy,  mucronate,  con- 
tracted into  short  petioles  ;  pedicels  ( numerous  and  crowded)  and  peduncle  short,  downy  ; 
divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate  (white) ;  hoods  of  the  crown  orbicular,  entire,  the 
horn  semilunar  with  a  horizontal  point ;  pods  slightly  downy.     (A.  nivea,  L., 
in  part.     A.  hybrida,  Michx.) — Dry  woods,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.     July.  —  Remarkable  for  its  very  compact  umbels  of  nearly  white 
flowers,  often  purple  in  the  centre.     Leaves  4-5  pairs,  the  middle  ones  some- 
times whorled ;  veins  often  purple.     Peduncles  1-3,  usually  |'  long. 

6.  A.  IV  uttal  liana,    Torr.    (excl.   char.?)      Low   (6' -15'  high),   soft- 
downy,  especially  the  lower  side  of  the  ovate  or  lance-oblong  acute  slightly  petioled 
leaves;  umbels  loosely  10-  18-Jlowered,  either  sessile  or  peduncled  ;  pedicels  slen- 
der (£'-!'  long) ;  hoods  of  the  crown  oblong,  obtuse,  yellowish,  with  a  small 
horn,  about  the  length  of  the  oval  greenish-white  divisions  of  the  corolla  (which 
are  tinged  with  purple  outside).     (A.  lanuginosa,  Nutt.) — Prairies  and  Oak- 
openings,  N.  Illinois,   Vasey,  Wisconsin,  Lapham,   anr    westward.      June.  — 
Leaves  l£'-3'  long,  §'-!$'  wide,  smoothish  above,  thf   upper  sometimes  scat- 
tered.   Flowers  about  as  large  as  in  the  next. 


ASCLEPIADACE.E.      (MILKWEED   FAMILY.)  363 

7.  A.  quadrifolia,  Jacq.    (FOUR-LEAVED  MILKWEED.)   Nearly  smooth 
(10'- 18'  high),  slender ;  leaves  ovate,  or  sometimes  oiute-lanceolate,  petioled,  usually 
tape\-pointed,  the  middle  ones  in  whorls  of  four ;  pedicels  capillary ;  divisions  of  the 
(paU  pink)  corolla  oblong ;  hoods  of  the  white  crown  elliptical-ovate,  the  incurved 
horn  short  and  thick;  pods  linear-lanceolate,  smooth. — Dry  woods  and  hills; 
rather  common.    June.  — Leaves  2'  -4'  long,  variable  on  the  s.ame  plant,  some- 
times all  opposite,  rarely  with  two  whorls.     Umbels  2-5;  peduncles  I'-l^' 
long  :  the  flowers  rather  small  (corolla-lobes  2£"  long),  but  handsome. 

8.  A.  parviflora,  Pursh.     (SMALL-FLOWERED  MILKWEED.)     Nearly 
smooth;  the  stems   (l°-2°  high)  persistent,  or  slightly  woody  towards  the  base, 
Blender ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  petioled,  all  opposite ;  umbels 
somewhat  panicled,  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  peduncle ;  flowers  white 
tinged  with  purplish  (the  buds  1"  long) ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate ;  the 
slender  incurved  horn  longer  than  the  hood. — Barrens,  Green  River,  Kentucky 
(Short),  and  southward.    July. 

9.  A.  obtHSifolia,  Michx.    (WAVY-LEAVED  MILKWEED.)    Smooth  and 
glaucous ;  stem  simple  (2°  -3°  high),  bearing  a  single  terminal  umbel  on  a  long  naked 
peduncle  (3'- 12'  long) ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-elliptical,  very  obtuse  but  mucronate 
(2-5'  long),  sessile  and  partly  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  the  margins  wavy  ; 
pedicels  very  numerous,  elongated ;  divisions  of  the  (greenish-purple)  corolla  ob- 
long ;  hoods  of  the  crown  truncate  and  somewhat  toothed  at  the  summit,  shorter 
than  the  slender  awl-pointed  horn ;  pods  smoothish.  —  Sandy  woods  and  fields  : 
not  rare.     July.  —  Flowers  large  (petals  4"  -  5"  long) . 

10.  A»  I'iitira,  L.    (RED-FLOWERED  MILKWEED.)    Smooth,  slender  (1°- 
2°  high),  bearing  1-3  few-flowered  umbels  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  (on  a 
peduncle  2'  -3'  long) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  tapering  to  a  very  sharp 
point,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  very  short-petioled  ;  divisions  of  the 
corolla  (reddish-purple)  lanceolate,  acute;  hoods  of  the  crown  oblong,  acutish  (pur- 
ple tinged  with  orange),  with  an  awl-shaped  and  slightly  incurved  short  horn ; 
pods  smooth.     (A.  laurifolia,  Michx.    A.  acuminata,  Pursh.)  —  Low  grounds, 
pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.    July.  —  Leaves  2'  -4 
long,  rough-ciliate. 

11.  A.  paupercilla,  'Michx.     Very  smooth;  stem  wand-like,  slender  (2°- 
3°  high),  bearing  1  -  several  few-flowered  umbels  at  the  summit  of  a  naked  and  usu- 
ally elongated  terminal  peduncle  (rarely  with  one  or  two  lateral  ones) ;  leaves 
linear,  much  elongated,  slightly  petioled ;  divisions  of  the  (purple)  corolla  linear- 
oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels ;  hoods  of  the  crown  (orange-yellow)  spat- 
nlate-oblong,  much  longer  than  the  awl-shaped  incurved  horn.  —  Wet  pine  bar- 
rens, New  Jersey  to  Virginia  near  the  coast,  and  southward.    July,  Aug.  — 
Leaves  5' -10'  long,  l"-6"  broad;  the  flowers  large  and  showy. 

**  ++  Stem  paniculately  branching. 

12.  A.  incarnata,  L.     (SWAMP  MILKWEED.)     Smooth,  or  nearly  so, 
the  stem  with  two  downy  lines  above  and  on  the  branches  of  the  peduncles 
(2° -3°  high),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed,  obtuse  at 
the  base,  distinctly  petioled;   umbels  many-flowered,  somewhat  panicled,  on 
peduncles  half  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate,  reddish- 

30* 


354  ASCI  EPIADACE.E.      (MILKWEED   FAMILY.) 

purple ;  hcods  of  the  crown  (flesh-color)  ovate,  about  the  length  of  the  ascend- 
ing or  scjthe-form  awl-shaped  horns;  pods  veiny,  smooth.  —  Varies  with  the 
leaves  a  little  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  and,  in  var.  PULCHRA,  with  broader  and 
shorter^petioled  leaves,  more  or  less  hairy-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  stem.  (A. 
pulchra,  Willd.)  —  Wet  grounds;  the  smooth  form  very  common  northward; 
the  hairy  variety  more  so  southward.  July,  Aug.  —  Milky  juice  scanty. 
•*-  •«-  Leaves  alternate-scattered,  or  the  lowest  opposite :  milky  juice  little  or  none. 

13.  A.  tuberosa,  L.     (BUTTERFLY-WEED.    PLEURISY-ROOT.)    Rough- 
ish-hairy ;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  branching  at  the  summit,  and 
bearing  the  umbels  in  a  terminal  corymb ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile  or  slightly  petioled;   divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate-oblong 
(greenish-orange) ;  hoods  of  the  crown  narrowly  oblong,  bright  orange,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  nearly  erect  and  slender  awl-shaped  horns ;  pods  hoary.     (A. 
decumbens,  L.) — Dry  hills  and  fields  ;  common,  especially  southward.    July- 
Sept.  —  Plant  1°- 2°  high,  leafy  to  the  summit,  usually  with  numerous  and 
corymbed  short-peduncled  umbels  of  very  showy  flowers,  which  are  rather 
smaller  than  in  No.  1 . 

•»-•»-•»-  Leaves  nearly  all  whorled,  rarely  alternate,  crowded. 

14.  A.  verticillata,  L.     (WHORLED  MILKWEED.)     Smoothish ;  stems 
slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  minutely  hoary  in  lines,  very  leafy  to  the 
summit;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  with  revolute  margins  (2' -3'  long,  1" 
wide),  3  -  6  in  a  whorl ;  umbels  small,  lateral,  and  terminal ;  divisions  of  the  co- 
rolla ovate  (greenish- white) ;  hoods  of  the  crown  roundish-oval,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  incurved  claw-shaped  horns;   pods  very  smooth.  —  Dry  hills; 
common,  especially  southward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Flowers  small. 

2.    A  CURATES,    Ell.        GREEN  MILKWEED. 

Nearly  as  in  Asclepias;  but  the  pollen-masses  more  slender,  with  longer 
stalks,  and  the  concave  upright  hoods  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  horn  (whence 
the  name,  from  a  privative  and  Ke'pas,  -aros,  a  horn). 

1.  A.  Viridiflora,  Ell.     Downy-hoary;  stems  low  and  stout,  ascending; 
leaves  varying  from  oval  or  obovate  to  lanceolate  or  almost  linear,  slightly  peti- 
oled, mucronate-acute  or  obtuse,  thick,  at  length  smoothish ;  umbels  nearly  sessile, 
densely  many-flowered,  globose;  lateral ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong ;  hoods  of 
the  crown  oblong,  strictly  erect,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  tube  of  filaments,  short- 
er than  the  anthers ;  pods  nearly  smooth.     (Asclepias  viridiflora,  Pursh.     A. 
lanceolata,  Ives.    A.  obovata,  Ell.) — Dry  hills  and  sandy  fields;  common,  es- 
pecially southward.    July -Sept. — Flowers  greenish;  when  expanded,  about 
the  length  of  the  pedicel.    Leaves  singularly  variable  in  form. 

2.  A.  loilgifolia,  Ell.     Minutely  hoary  or  rough-hairy ;  stem  slender }  up- 
right (l°-2£°  high) ;  leaves  elongated-linear  (3' -7'  long,  £'-£'  wide) ;  umbels 
peduncled,  open,  many-flowered ;  divisions  of  the  corolla  ovate-oblong,  several 
times  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  hoods  of  the  crown  short  and  rounded,  raised  on 
the  tube  offil&ments;  pods  smooth.  —  Moist  places,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and  south- 

\       ward.    June,  July.  —  Flowers  half  as  large  as  in  the  last,  tinged  with  yellowish 
and  p  irplish. 


ASCLEPIADACE./E.      (MILKWEED   FAMILY.)  355 

3.    ENSL.fcNIA,    Nutt.        ENSLENIA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted ;  the  divisions  erect,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Crown  of  5  free  membranaceous  leaflets,  which  are  truncate  or  obscurely  lobed 
at  the  apex,  where  they  bear  a  pair  of  flexuous  awns  united  at  their  base.  An- 
thers nearly  as  in  Asclepias :  pollen-masses  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  fixed 
below  the  summit  of  the  stigma  to  the  descending  glands.  Pods  oblong-lanceo- 
late, smooth.  Seeds  with  a  tuft,  as  in  Asclepias. — A  perennial  twining  herb, 
smooth,  with  opposite  heart-ovate  and  pointed  long-petioled  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers  in  raceme-like  clusters,  on  slender  axillary  peduncles.  (Dedi- 
cated to  A.  Enslen,  an  Austrian  botanist  who  collected  in  the  Southern  United 
States  early  in  the  present  century.) 

1.  E.  :i  Iliitla,  Nutt.  —  Kiver-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  W.  Virginia,  and 
southwestward ;  common.  July -Sept.  —  Climbing  8° -12°  high:  leaves  3'- 
5'  wide. 

4.    GONriL,OBUS,    Michx.        GONOLOBUS. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  sometimes  reflexed-spread- 
ing ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Crown  a  small  and  fleshy  wavy-lobed  ring 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  horizontal,  partly  hidden  under  the  flat- 
tened stigma,  opening  transversely.  Pollen-masses  5  pairs,  horizontal.  Pods 
turgid,  more  or  less  ribbed,  or  armed  with  soft  warty  projections.  Seeds  with 
a  silky  tuft.  —  Twining  herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  heart-shaped 
leaves,  usually  hairy,  and  racemed  or  corymbed  greenish  yellow  or  dingy  purple 
flowers,  on  peduncles  rising  from  between  the  petioles.  (Name  composed  of 
y£>vo$,  an  angle,  and  XojSot,  a  pod,  from  the  angled  or  ribbed  follicles  of  one 
species.) 

1.  O.    macrophyllus,  Michx.     Stems  and  petioles  somewhat  pubes- 
cent and  hairy ;  leaves  round-cordate,  large,  very  abruptly  pointed ;  lobes  of  the 
coroUa  narrow ;  pods  ribbed-angled.  —  Kiver-banks,  Penn.  ?   to  Kentucky,   and 
southward.     (The  limits  between  this  and  G.  tilisefolius,  Decaime,  appear  un- 
satisfactory.) 

2.  G.  liirsiitus,  Michx.     Stems  and  petioles  bristly-hairy ;  leaves  round- 
cordate  or  ovate-cordate,  more  or  less  hairy ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong ;  pod* 
armed  ivith  soft  prickles.  —  Eiver-banks,  Penn.?  to  Kentucky,  and  southward. 
July. 

5.    PERIPLOCA,    L.       PERIPLOCA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  with  5  awned  scales  in  the 
throat.  Filaments  distinct :  anthers  coherent  with  the  apex  of  the  stigma, 
bearded  on  the  back :  pollen-masses  5,  each  of  4  united,  singly  affixed  directly 
to  the  glands  of  the  stigma.  Stigma  hemispherical.  Pods  smooth,  widely  di- 
vergent. Seeds  with  a  silky  tuft.  —  Twining  shrubby  plants,  with  smooth  oppo- 
site leaves,  and  panicled-cymose  flowers.  (Name  from  TrepwrXoAcq,  a  coiling 
round,  in  allusion  to  the  twining  stems.) 

1.  P.  GB^CA,  L.    Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  Icose- 


356  OLEACE^S.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

ly-flowered  cymes;  divisions  of  the  brownish-purple  corolla  linear-oblong,  very 
hairy  above.  —  Near  Rochester,  &c.,  New  York.    Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


ORDER  86.     OLEACE^E.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  and  pinnate  or  simple  leaves,  a  ±-cleft  (or 
sometimes  obsolete)  calyx,  a  regular  4-cleft  or  nearly  or  quite  4^-petalous  corol- 
la which  is  valvate  in  the  bud,  sometimes  apetalou's  ;  the  stamens  2-4,  mostly 
2,  and  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  the  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  sus- 
pended ovules  in  each  cell.  —  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  em- 
bryo in  hard  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  small  family  of  which  the  OLIVE  is  the 
type,  also  repres'ented  by  the  LILAC  (Syringa  vulghris,  S.  Pirsica,  &c.), 
and  by  the  ASH,  which  is  usually  apetalous. 

Synopsis. 

TMBK  I.    OLEINE^E.    Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.    Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  with 
both  calyx  and  corolla.     Leaves  simple,  mostly  entire. 

1.  LIGUSTRUM.    Corolla  funnel-form,  its  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-cleft. 

2.  OLEA.     Corolla  short,  bell-shaped  or  salver-shaped  ;  the  limb  4-parted 

8.  CHIONANTHUS.    Corolla  4-parted  or  4-petalous,  the  divisions  or  petals  long  and  linear. 

TBIBB  EL    FRAXINEJE.    Fruit  dry  and  winged  (a  samara).    Flowers  dioecious  or  polyg- 
amous, mostly  apetalous,  and  sometimes  without  a  calyx.    Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

4.  FRAXINUS.    The  only  genus  of  the  Tribe. 

TEIBE  HI.    FORESTIERE.3S.    Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.    Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect, 
apetalous.    Leaves  simple. 

5.  FORESTIERA.    Flowers  dioecious,  from  a  scaly  catkin-like  bud.    Stamens  2-4. 

1.    L,IOIJSTRTJ]»,    Tourn.        PRIVET. 

Calyx  short-tubular,  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobed ;  the 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse.  Stamens  2,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Stigma 
2-cleft.  Berry  spherical,  2-celled,  2  - 1 -seeded.  —  Shrubs  with  entire  leaves  on 
short  petioles,  and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles.  (The 
classical  name.) 

1.  Li.  VULGARE,  L.  (COMMON  PRIVET  or  PRIM.)  Leaves  elliptical-Ian, 
ceolate,  smooth,  thickish,  deciduous;  berries  black.  —  Used  for  low  hedges: 
naturalized  in  copses  by  the  agency  of  birds  in  E.  New  England  and  New  York. 
May,  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.    OLEA,    Tourn.        OLIVE. 

Calyx  short,  4-toothed,  rarely  entire.  Corolla  with  a  short  bell-shaped  tube 
and  a  4-parted  spreading  limb.  Stamens  2.  Fruit  a  drupe,  with  a  bony  stone, 
2-1-seeded. —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  and  coriaceous  mostly  entire 
leaves,  and  perfect,  or  (in  our  species)  polygamous  or  dioecious,  small  whita 
flowers  in  panicles  or  corymbs.  (The  classical  name  of  the  European  Olive,  0. 
Europcea.) 


OLBACE2E.      (OLIVE   FAMILY.)  857 

1.  O.  Americana,  L.  (DEVIL-WOOD.)  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
smooth  and  shining  (S'-G'long);  fruit  spherical.  —  Moist  woods,  coast  of  S. 
Virginia,  and  southward.  May.  Tree  15°  -20°  high. 

3.    CHIONANTHUS,    L.        FEINGE-TREE. 

Calyx  4-parted,  very  small,  persistent.  Corolla  of  4  long  and  linear  petals, 
which  are  barely  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  2  (rarely  3  or  4),  on  the  very 
base  of  the  corolla,  very  short.  Stigma  notched.  Drupe  fleshy,  globular,  be- 
coming 1 -celled  and  1 -seeded.  —  Low  trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous  and  entire 
petioled  leaves,  and  delicate  flowers  in  loose  and  drooping  graceful  panicles. 
(Name  from  xl<*v'  S1WW>  an<i  avQos,  blossom,  alluding  to  the  light  and  snow- 
white  clusters  of  flowers.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate-lanceolate,  smooth- 
ish  or  rather  downy,  veiny ;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  ;  drupe  purple,  with  a 
bloom,  ovoid  (£'-  f '  long).  —  River-banks,  S.  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward :  very  ornamental  in  cultivation.  June. — Petals  about  1'  long,  narrowly 
linear,  acute,  rarely  5  -  6  in  number. 

4.    FRAXINUS,    Tourn.       ASH. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  (in  our  species)  dioecious.  Calyx  small  and  4-cleft, 
toothed,  or  entire,  or  obsolete.  Petals  4,  slightly  cohering  in  pairs  at  the  base, 
or  only  2,  oblong  or  linear,  or  altogether  wanting  in  our  species.  Stamens  2, 
sometimes  3  or  4 :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  large.  Style  single :  stigma  2-cleft. 
Fruit  a  1  -  2-celled  samara,  or  key-fruit  flattened,  winged  at  the  apex,  1  -  2-seeded. 
Cotyledons  elliptical :  radicle  slender.  —  Light  timber-trees,  with  petioled  pin- 
nate leaves  of  3  - 15  either  toothed  or  entire  leaflets ;  the  small  flowers  in  crowd- 
ed panicles  or  racemes  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  (The  classical  Latin 
name,  thought  to  be  derived  from  <£pa£is,  a  separation,  from  the  facility  with 
which  the  wood  splits.) 

#  Fruit  winged  from  the  apex  only,  barely  margined  or  terete  towards  the  base :  calyx 
minute,  persistent :  corolla  none :  leaflets  stalked. 

1.  F.  Americana,  L.     (WHITE  ASH.)    BrancUets  and  petioles  glabrous  ; 
leaflets  7-9,  ovate-  or  lance-oblong,  pointed,  pale  and  either  smooth  or  pubes- 
cent underneath,  somewhat  toothed  or  entire ;  fruit  terete  and  marginless  'below, 
above  extended  into  a  lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  wedge-linear  wing.    (F.  acuminata, 
and  F.  juglandifolia,  Lam.    F.  epiptera,  Michx.)  —  Rich  or  moist  woods ;  com- 
mon.   April,  May.  —  A  large  forest  tree,  with  gray  furrowed  bark,  smooth 
greenish-gray  branchlets,  and  rusty-colored  buds.     (The  figure  of  the  fruit  in 
Michaux's  Sylva  is  misplaced,  it  apparently  having  been  interchanged  with 
that  of  the  Green  Ash.) 

2.  F.  pllfoescens,  Lam.     (RED  ASH.)     BrancUets  and  petioles  velvety- 
pubescent  ;  leaflets  7-9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  almost  entire, 
pale  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath ;  fruit  acute  at  the  base,  fiattish  and  2-edged, 
the  edges  gradually  dilated  into  the  long  (l£'-2')  oblanceolate  <vr  linear-lanceolate 


358  OLEACE^.     (OLIVE  FAMILY.) 

wing.     (F.  tomentosa,  Michx.) — With  the  preceding:  rare  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies.  —  A  smaller  tree,  furnishing  less  valuable  timber. 

3.  F«  viridis,  Michx.  f.      (GREEN  ASH.)      Glabrous  throughout;  leaflets 
5-9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  often  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  serrate 
above,  bright  green  both  sides ;  fruit  acute  at  the  base,  striate,  2-edged  or  margined, 
gradually  dilated  into  an  oblanceolate  or  linear-spatulate  wing,  much  as  in  No. 
2.     (F.  concolor,  Muhl.    F.  juglandifolia,  Willd.,  DC.,  and  ed.  1,  but  not  of 
Lam.)  — Near  streams,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southward ;  most  com- 
mon westward.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree.     (The  figure  of  the  fruit  given 
in  Michaux's  Sylva  evidently  belongs  to  F.  Americana.) 

*  *  Fruit  winged  all  round  the  seed-bearing  portion. 
•«-  Calyx  wanting,  at  least  in  the  fertile  Jlowers,  which  are  entirely  naked  I 

4.  F.  sambucifolia,  Lam.     (BLACK  ASH.    WATER  ASH.)    Branch- 
lets  and  petioles  glabrous;  kajlets  7-11,  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to 
a  point,  serrate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  green  and  smooth  both  sides, 
when  young  with  some  rusty  hairs  along  the  midrib ;  fruit  linear-oblong  or  nar- 
rowly elliptical,  blunt  at  both  ends.  —  Swamps  and  along  streams,  Penn.  to 
Kentucky,  and  everywhere  northward.    April,  May.  —  Tree  rather  small,  its 
tough  wood  easily  separable  into  thin  layers,  used  for  coarse  basket-work,  &c. 
Bruised  leaves  with  the  odor  of  Elder. 

•*-  •*-  Calyx  present,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

5.  F.  qiiadrailglllata,  Michx.     (BLUE  ASH.)     Branchlets  square,  at 
least  on  vigorous  shoots,  glabrous ;  leaflets  7-9,  short-stalked,  oblong-ovate  or 
lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate,  green  both  sides ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  blunt, 
and  of  the  same  width  at  both  ends,  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  notched 
at  the  apex  (!£'  long,  %  -  J'  wide).  —  Dry  or  moist  rich  woods,  Ohio  and  Mich- 
igan to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Tree  large,  with  timber  like  No.  1. 

6.  F.    platycarpa,   Michx.      (CAROLINA    WATER- ASH.)      Branchlets 
terete,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends, 
short-stalked ;  fruit  broadly  winged  (not  rarely  3-winged),  oblong  (f '  wide),  with  a 
tapering  base.  —  Wet  woods,  Virginia  and  southward.    March. 

5.    FORESTIERA,    Poir.        (ADELIA,  Michx.) 

Flowers  dioecious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  scaly  buds  from  the  axils  of  last 
year's  leaves,  imbricated  with  scales.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  early  deciduous, 
of  4  minute  sepals.  Stamens  2  -  4 :  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  ovate,  2-celled, 
with  2  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell :  style  slender  :  stigma  somewhat  2-lobed. 
Drupe  small,  ovoid,  1-celled,  1 -seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  fasci- 
cled deciduous  leaves  and  small  flowers.  Fertile  peduncles  short,  1  -  3-flowered 
(Named  for  M.  Forestier,  a  French  physician.) 

1.  F.  ligllStrina,  Poir.  Leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both 
ends,  entire.  —  Wet  banks,  W.  Illinois  and  southward.  April. 


AEISTOLOCHIACE^E.       (BIRTH  WORT   FAMILY.)  359 


DIVISION  m.    APETALOUS  EX6GENOUS  PLANTS. 

Corolla  none ;  the  floral  envelopes  in  a  single  series  (calyx),  of 
sometimes  wanting  altogether. 

ORDER  87.    ARISTOLOCHIACEJE.     (BIRTHWORT  FAM.) 

Climbing  shrubs,  or  low  herbs,  with  perfect  flowers,  the  conspicuous  lurid 
calyx  (valvate  in  the  bud)  coherent  below  with  the  Q-celled  ovary,  which  forms 
a  many-seeded  Q-celledpod  or  berry  in  fruit.  Stamens  6-12,  more  or  less 
united  with  the  style:  anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  —  Leaves  petioled,  mostly- 
heart-shaped  and  entire.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large  fleshy  raphe,  and 
a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    As  ABU  HI,    Tourn.        ASABABACCA.    WILD  GINGEB. 

Calyx  regular;  the  limb  3-cleft  or  parted.  Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less 
distinct  filaments,  their  tips  usually  continued  beyond  the  anther  into  a  point. 
Fruit  fleshy,  globular,  bursting  irregularly.  —  Stemless  herbs  with  aromatic- 
pungent  creeping  rootstocks  bearing  2-3  kidney-shaped  or  heart-shaped  leaves 
on  long  petioles,  and  a  short-peduncled  flower  close  to  the  ground.  (An  ancient 
name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 

{  1.  AS  ARUM  PROPER,  —  Calyx-tube  wholly  coherent  with  the  ovary :  filaments 
slender,  united  only  with  the  base  of  the  style,  much  longer  than  the  short  anthers  : 
styles  united  into  one,  which  is  barely  6-lobed  at  the  summit,  and  with  6  radiating 
thick  stigmas :  leaves  membranaceous,  unspotted,  on  flowering  stems  mostly  a  single 
pair,  with  the  peduncle  between  them. 

1.  A.  Canadeiise,  L.     Soft-pubescent;  leaves  kidney-shaped,  more  or 
less  pointed  (4' -5'  wide  when  full  grown) ;  calyx  bell-shaped,  with  the  upper 
part  of  the  acute  lobes  widely  and  abruptly  spreading,  brown-purple  inside ; 
stamens  awn-tipped.  —  Hill-sides  in  rich  woods ;  common,  especially  northward, 
and  along  the  Alleghanies.    April,  May. 

i  2.  HETEE6TROPA.  —  Calyx-tube  somewhat  inflated  below  and  contracted  at 
the  throat,  only  its  base  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary ;  the  limb  3-cleft, 
short :  JUaments  very  short  or  none:  anthers  oblong-linear:  styles  6,  fleshy,  diverging, 
2-cleft,  each  bearing  a  thick  extrorse  stigma  below  the  deft :  leaves  thickish,  per* 
gistent,  the  upper  surface  often  whitish-mottled,  alternate  on  the  rootstock :  peduncle 
very  short. 

2.  A.  Airbill  if  II  in,  L.    Leaves  round-heart-shaped  (l£'-2'  wide)  ;  calyx 
ventricose-bell-shaped ;  anthers  pointless.  — Virginia,  and  southward,  in  and  near 
the  mountains.    May. 

3.  A.    arifolium,    Michx.      Leaves  halberd-heart-shaped  (2' -4'  long), 
calyx  oblong-tubular,  with  very  short  and  blunt  lobes ;  anthers  obtusely  short" 
pointed.  —  Virginia,  and  southward.    May. 


360  NYCTAGINACELE.       (POUR-O'CLOCK    FAMILY.) 

2.    ARISTOLOCHIA,    Tourn.        BIRTHWORT. 

Calyx  tubulai-,  the  tube  extended,  variously  inflated  above  the  ovary,  mostly 
contracted  at  the  throat.  Stamens  6,  the  sessile  anthers  wholly  adnate  to  the 
back  of  the  short  and  fleshy  3  -  6-lobed  or  angled  stigma.  Pod  naked,  6-valved. 
Seeds  flat.  —  Twining,  climbing,  or  sometimes  upright  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  lateral  or  axillary  greenish  or  lurid-purple  flowers. 
(Named  from  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

^  1.  Calyx-tube  bent  like  the  letter  S,  enlarged  at  the  two  ends,  the  small  limb  obtusely 
3-lobed :  anthers  in  pairs  (making  4  cells  in  a  row  under  each  of  the  3  truncate 
lobes  of  the  stigma)  :  low  herbs. 

1.  A.  Serpentaria,  L.      (VIRGINIA  SNAKEROOT.)      Stems   (8'- 15' 
high)  branched  at  the  base,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  from  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  or  halberd-form,  mostly  acute  or  pointed;  flowers  all  next  the 
root,  short-peduncled.  —  A  narrow-leaved  variety  is  A.  sagittfita,  MuhL,  A.  hir- 
suta,  Nutt.,  &c.  —  Rich  woods,  Connecticut,  to  Indiana  and  southward;   not 
common  except  near  the  Alleghany  Mountains.    July.  —  The  fibrous,  aromatic- 
stimulant  root  is  well  known  in  medicine. 

^  2.  Calyx-tube  strongly  curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  the  short 
limb  obscurely  3-lobed :  antliers  in  pairs  under  each  of  the  3  short  and  thick  lobes  of 
the  stigma :  twining  shrubs :  flowers  from  one  or  two  of  the  superposed  accessory 
axillary  buds. 

2.  A.  Sipho,  L'Her.      (PIPE- VINE.     DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE.)      Glabrous; 
leaves  round-kidney-shaped,  slightly  downy  underneath ;  peduncles  with  a  clasp- 
ing bract;   calyx   (!£'  long)  with  a  brown-purple,  abrupt  flat  border.  —  Rich 
woods,  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  and  southward,  along  the  mountains.    May.  —  Stems 
sometimes  2'  in  diameter,  climbing  trees :  full-grown  leaves  8'- 12'  broad. 

3.  A.  tOIUC'lltOSa,  Sims.     Downy  or  soft-hairy ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped, 
very  veiny  (3'  -  5'  long) ;  calyx  greenish-yellow,  with  an  oblique  dark  purple  closed 
•orifice  and  a  rugose  reflexed  limb.  — Rich  woods,  from  Southern  Illinois  south- 
ward.   June. 


ORDER  88.     NYCTAGINACE^E.    (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees'),  tvith  mostly  opposite  and  en- 
ire  leaves,  stems  tumid  at  the  joints,  a  delicate  tubular  or  funnel-form  calyx 
ohich  is  colored  like  a  corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted  above  the  1-celled 
^-seeded  ovary,  and  indurated  into  a  sort  of  nut-like  pericarp  ;  the  stamens 
1-  several,  slender,  and  hypogynous  ;  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  outside  of 
mealy  albumen,  with  broad  foliaceous  cotyledons.  —  Represented  in  our  gar- 
dens by  the  common  FOUR-O'CLOCK,  or  MARVEL  OF  PERU  (Mirabilis 
Jalapa),  in  which  the  calyx  is  commonly  mistaken  for  a  corolla  because 
the  cup-like  involucre  of  each  flower  exactly  imitates  a  calyx ;  —  and  by  a 
single 


PHYTOLACCACE.fi.      (POKEWEED   FAMILY.)  361 

1.    OXYBAPIIUS,    Vahl.        OXYBAPHU* 

Flowers  1  -  5  in  the  same  5-lobed  membranaceons  broad  and  open  involucre, 
which  enlarges,  and  is  thin  and  reticulated  in  fruit.  Calyx  with  a  very  short 
tube  and  a  bell-shaped  (rose  or  purple)  deciduous  limb,  which  is  plaited  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  achenium- 
like,  several-ribbed  or  angled.  —  Herbs,  with  very  large  and  thick  perennial 
loots,  opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  clustered  small  flowers.  (Name  o£vj3a<£ov, 
a  vinegar-saucer,  or  small  shallow  vessel ;  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  O.  nyctagineus,  Sweet.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  repeatedly  forked 
(1°  -  3°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  triangular-ovate,  or  somewhat  heart-shaped ; 
involucres  3  -  5-flowered.  —  Rocky  places,  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  south- 
ward and  westward.  June  -  Aug. 


ORDER  89.     PHYTOLACCACE-flE.     (POKEWEED  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  with  nearly  the 
characters  of  Chenopodiacese,  but  usually  a  several-celled  ovary  composed  of 
as  many  carpels  united  in  a  ring,  and  forming  a  berry  in  fruit ;  —  represent- 
ed only  by  the  typical  genus 

1.    PHYTOL.ACCA,    Tourn.        POKEWEED. 

Calyx  of  5  rounded  and  petal-like  sepals.  Stamens  5-30.  Ovary  of  5-12 
carpels,  united  in  a  ring,  with  as  many  short  separate  styles,  in  fruit  forming  a 
depressed-globose  5-12-celled  berry  with  a  single  vertical  seed  in  each  cell. 
Embryo  curved  in  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  —  Tall  and  stout  perennial  herbs, 
with  large  petioled  leaves,  and  flowers  in  racemes  which  become  lateral  and  op- 
posite the  leaves.  (Name  compounded  of  </Woi>,  plant,  and  the  French  lac,  lake, 
in  allusion  to  the  coloring  matter  resembling  that  pigment  which  the  berries 
yield.) 

1.  P.  dec&ndra,  L.  (COMMON  POKE  or  SCORE.  GARGET.  PIGEON- 
BERRY.)  Stamens  10 :  styles  10.  — Borders  of  woods  and  moist  ground ;  com- 
mon. July  -  Sept.  —  A  smooth  plant,  with  a  rather  unpleasant  odor,  and  a  very 
large  poisonous  root  often  4'  -  6'  in  diameter,  sending  up  stout  stalks  (in  early 
spring  sometimes  eaten  as  a  substitute  for  Asparagus),  which  are  at  length  6°- 
9°  high.  Calyx  white :  ovary  green ;  the  long  racemes  of  dark-purple  berries 
filled  with  crimson  juice,  ripe  in  autumn. 

ORDER  90.     CHENOPODIACEJE.     (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  of  homely  aspect,  more  or  less  succulent,  with  chiefly  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  no  stipules  nor  scarious  bracts,  minute  greenish  flowers, 
with  the  free  calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  the  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes,  or 
rarely  fewer,  and  inserted  opposite  them  or  on  their  base;  the  l-celled  ovary 
becoming  a  l-seeded  thin  utricle  or  rarely  an  achenium  in  fruit.  Embryc 
31 


362  GHENOPODIACEJE.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

coiled  into  a  ring  (around  the  albumen,  when  there  is  any)  or  spiral.  —  Calyx 
persistent,  enclosing  the  fruit.  Styles  2,  rarely  3-5.  (Mostly  inert  or 
innocent  plants.) 

Synopsis. 

I.  CYCLOLOBEJE.    Embryo  curved  like  a  ring  around  the  albumen. 

TRIBE  I.  CIIENOPODIE^E.  Flowers  usually  all  alike  and  perfect,  or  merely  polyg. 
amous  by  the  want  of  stamens  in  some  of  them.  Stem  not  jointed.  Leaves  flat 
Flowers  in  racemes,  spikes,  or  panicles.  (Fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx.) 

1.  CYCLOLOMA.    Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  surrounded  by  a  horizontal  membranaceous  wing. 

Seed  horizontal. 

2.  CHENOPODIUM.    Calyx  3 -5-cleft  or  parted,  the  lobes  naked  or,  merely  keeled  in  fruit. 

Seed  horizontal  (rarely  vertical  when  the  calyx  is  only  2  -  3-cleft). 
8.  KOUBIEVA.    Calyx  5-cleft,  becoming  closed  and  pod-like  in  fruit.    Utricle  glandular 

dotted.    Seed  vertical 
4.  BLITUM.    Calyx  of  3  -  5  sepals,  dry  or  juicy  hi  fruit.    Utricle  membranaceous.    Seed 

vertical. 

TRIBE  H.    SPINACIE.33.    Flowers  monoscious  or  dioecious,  and  of  two  distinct  sorter 

otherwise  as  in  Tribe  I. 

6.  ATRIPLEX.    Pair  of  bracts  including  the  otherwise  naked  ovary  and  fruit  flat  and  dilated, 
often  united  below.    Radicle  inferior  or  lateral. 

6.  OBIONE.    Fruit-bearing  bracts  united.    Radicle  superior. 

TRIBE  IH.  SA!LICOR]VIE.flE.  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  spiked  or  in  catkins 
Stem  jointed.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  scale-like,  or  none. 

7.  SALICORNIA.    Flowers  sunk  in  excavations  of  the  axis.    Calyx  utricular. 

II.  SPIROLOBEvE.    Embryo  coiled  in  a  spiral :  albumen  none  or  little. 

TRIBE  IV.     SU  JEDE.3E.    Embryo  in  a  flat  spiral.    Leaves  terete  and  fleshy. 

8.  CHENOPODINA.    Calyx  5-parted,  wingless  and  hornless.    Seed  horizontal. 

TRIBE  V.     SALSOIjE-ZE.    Embryo  conical-spiral.    Leaves  fleshy  or  spinescent. 

9.  SALSOLA.    Calyx  of  5  sepals,  hi  fruit  horizontally  5- winged.     Seed  horizontal. 

1.    CYCL.OL-OMA,    Moquin.        WINGED  PIGWEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  bractless.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  the  concave  lobes  strongly 
keeled,  including  the  depressed  fruit,  at  length  appendaged  with  a  broad  and 
continuous  horizontal  scarious  wing.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3.  Seed  horizontal, 
flat.  Embryo  encircling  the  mealy  albumen. — An  annual  and  much-branched 
coarse  herb,  with  alternate  sinuate-toothed  petioled  leaves,  and  small  panicled 
clusters  of  sessile  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  KvxXw,  round  about,  and  Xco/za, 
a  border,  from  the  encircling  wing  of  the  calyx  in  fruit.) 

1.  C.  platyphyllum,  Moquin.  (Salsola  platyphylla,  Michx.)  —  Illi- 
nois, on  the  alluvial  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  and  northwestward. 

2.     CIIENOPODIUItt,    L.        GOOSEFOOT.    PIGWEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  all  bractless.  Calyx  5-cleft,  rarefr  2-4-cleft  or  parted,  with 
the  lobes  sometimes  keeled,  but  not  appendaged  nor  becoming  st  ccule-gt,  more 


CHENOPODIACEJE.       (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  363 

or  less  enveloping  the  depressed  fruit.  Stamens  mostly  5 :  filaments  filiform. 
Styles  2,  rarely  3.  Seed  horizontal  (sometimes  vertical  in  Nos.  7  and  9),  len- 
ticular: embryo  coiled  partly  or  fully  round  the  mealy  albumen.  —  Weeds, 
usually  with  a  white  mealiness,  or  glandular.  Flowers  sessile  in  small  clusters 
collected  in  spiked  panicles.  (Name  from  x*lv*  a  goose,  and  TTOVS,  foot,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  shape  of  the  leaves.)  —  Our  species  are  all  annuals  (except  No.  91), 
flowering  through  the  summer,  growing  around  dwellings,  in  manured  soil, 
cultivated  grounds,  and  waste  places. 

§  1.  CHENOPODIUM  PROPER.  —  Smooth  or  mealy,  never  pubescent  or  glandular 
nor  sweet-scented :  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

*  Leaves  entire:  herbage  green,  sometimes  turning  purplish,  no  mealiness:  calyx- 

lobes  not  keeled  nor  wholly  enclosing  the  fruit. 

1.  C.  POLYSPERMUM,  L.    Stems  slender,  ascending;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  narrowed  into  a  slender  petiole.  —  A  scarce  garden- 
weed,  about  Boston,  C.  J.  Sprague.     Woods,  near  Mercersburg  and  Reading, 
Penn.,  Porter:  the  var.  SPICATUM  (C.  acutifolium,  Smith).     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  strongly  and  sharply  toothed,  green  throughout  (mealiness  obscure  or  none), 
on  slender  petioles :  calyx-lobes  slightly  or  not  at  all  keeled,  not  completely  enclosing 
the  ripe  fruit  (least  enclosing  in  No.  2,  most  so  in  No.  4). 

2.  C.  HYBRIDUM,  L.     (MAPLE-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT.)     Bright  green ;  stem 
widely  much  branched  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  thin  (2' -8'  long),  somewhat  trian- 
gular and  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  sinuate-angled,  the  angles  extended  into  a 
few  large  and  pointed  teeth ;  racemes  diffusely  and  loosely  panicled,  leafless ;  the 
smooth  calyx-lobes  keeled ;  seed  sharp-edged,  the  thin  pericarp  adhering  closely 
to  it.  —  Common.     Heavy-scented,  like  Stramonium.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  tfRBicuM,  L.    Bather  pale  or  dull  green,  with  erect  branches  (l°-3° 
high) ;  leaves  triangular,  acute,  coarsely  many-toothed;  spikes  erect,  crowded  in  a 
long  and  narrow  racemose  panicle ;  calyx-lobes  not  keeled ;  seed  with  rounded  mar- 
gins.—  Var.  RHOMBIF6LIUM,  Moquin    (C.  rhombifolium,  MuhL),  is  a  form 
with  the  leaves  more  or  less  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  and  with  longer  and 
sharper  teeth.  — Not  rare  eastward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  MURALE,  L.      Ascending,   loosely  branched    (1°-1|-0  high);   leaves 
rhomboid-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  sharply  unequally  toothed,  thin,  bright  green ; 
spikes  or  racemes  diverging  and  somewhat  corymbed ;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  keeled ; 
seed  sharp-edged.  —  Boston,  New  York,  &c. :  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  #  #  Leaves  toothed,  repand-angled,  or  sometimes  nearly  entire,  more  or  less  white- 
mealy,  as  well  as  the  flowers :  calyx-lobes  distinctly  keeled,  usually  (but  not  always) 
perfectly  enclosing  the  fruit. 

5.  C.  OPULIF6LIUM,  Schrad.     Leaves  round-rhombic,  spreading,  long-petioled, 
very  obtuse,  somewhat  3-lobed,  toothed,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate ;  racemes 
panicled,  rather  loose, ;  seed  with  rather  obtuse  margins.  —  Seen  from  U.  S.  by 
Moquin  :  probably  it  has  been  confounded  with  the  next ;  perhaps  justly.    (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  C.  ALBUM,  L.      (LAMB'S-QUARTEBS.     PIGWEED.)      Leaves  ascending, 
varying  from  rhombic-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  linear-lanceolate,  or""1 


364  CHENOPODIAOE2E.      (GOOSEFOOT   FA.MILT.) 

sparingly  or  slightly  toothed;  racemes  spiked-panicled,  mostly  dense;  seed 
sharp-edged.  —  Varies  exceedingly  in  different  situations,  more  or  less  white- 
mealy  :  a  narrow  and  green-leaved  variety,  with  slender  racemes,  is  C.  viride, 
L.  —  Very  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
*  *  *  *  Leaves  sinuate-  or  pinnatifid-toothed,  white-mealy  underneath :  calyx-lobes 

not  keeled,  not  perfectly  enclosing  the  fruit,  sometimes  only  4-2,  and  then  the  seed 

commonly  vertical. 

7.  C.  GLAUCUM,  L.      (OAK-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT.)      Stems  ascending  or 
prostrate,  much  branched  (6' -12'  high);  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  smooth  and 
pale  green  above;  racemes  spiked  and  simple,  dense;  seed  sharp-edged. — 
Philadelphia,  Dr.  Bromfield.    Lancaster,  Penn.,  Porter.    Roxbury,  Mass.,  D. 
Murray.     (I  have  seen  no  specimens.)     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

$  2.  BOTRYOIS,  Moquin.  (AMBRINA,  Moquin,  in  part.)—  Not  mealy,  but 
more  or  less  viscid-glandular  and  pleasant-aromatic :  seed  sometimes  vertical  when 
the  calyx  is  only  2-3-cleft;  embryo  forming  only  §  or  |  of  a  ring. 

8.  C.  B6TRYS,  L.      (JERUSALEM  OAK.    FEATHER  GERANIUM.)      Glan- 
dular-pubescent and  viscid  ;    leaves  slender-petioled,  oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate 
pinnatifid ;  racemes  cymose-diverging ,  loose,  leajless ;  fruit  not  perfectly  enclosed ; 
seed  obtusely  margined.  —  Escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

9.  C.  AMBROSIOIDES,  L.     (MEXICAN  TEA.)     Smoothish ;  leaves  slightly 
petioled,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  repand-toothed  or  nearly  entire,  the  upper  taper- 
ing to  both  ends ;  spikes  densely  flowered,  leafy,  or  intermixed  with  leaves ;  fruit 
perfectly  enclosed  in  the  calyx ;  seeds  obtuse  on  the  margin.  —  Waste  places  ; 
common,  especially  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.)  — Passes  into 

Var.  ANTHELM^NTICUM.  (WoRMSEED.)  Eoot  perennial  (1) ;  leaves  more 
strongly  toothed,  the  lower  sometimes  almost  laciniate-pinnatifid ;  spikes  mostly 
leajless.  (C.  anthelminticum,  L.)  —  Common  in  waste  places  southward. 
(Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

3.    ROUBIEVA,    Moquin.        ROUBIEVA. 

Calyx  oblong-urn-shaped,  5-toothed,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  glandular-dotted 
utricle  like  a  small  pod.  Filaments  short  and  flat.  Seed  vertical.  Otherwise 
like  Chenopodium,  §2. —  A  diffusely  much-branched  perennial,  with  small  1-2- 
pinnatifid  leaves,  and  axillary  clustered  flowers.  (Named  for  G.  J.  Boubieu,  a 
French  botanical  writer.) 

1.  R.  MULTLFIDA,  Moquin.  (Chenopodium  multifidum,  L.) — Waste 
places,  New  York,  in  and  around  the  city,  J.  Carey.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

4.    BLITUM,    Tourn.        ELITE. 

Flowers  perfect,  bractless.  Calyx  3  -  5-parted,  either  unchanged  or  becom- 
ing juicy  and  berry-like  in  fruit,  not  appendaged.  Stamens  1  -  5  :  filaments 
filiform.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Seed  vertical,  compressed-globular ;  the  embryo 
coiled  into  a  ring  quite  around  the  albumen.  —  Herbs,  with  petioled  triangular 
or  halberd-shaped  and  mostly  sinuate-toothed  leaves.  (The  ancient  Greek  and 
T<atin  name  of  some  insipid  pot-herb.) 


CHENOPODTACEJE.      (GOOSEPOOT    FAMILY.)  365 

4  1.  MOROCAKPUS,  Moench.  —  Glabrous  annuals  or  biennials,  not  mealy :  flown 
in  axillary  heads,  the  upper  ones  often  spiked :  calyx  in  fruit  commonly  becoming 
fleshy  or  berry-like,  nearly  enclosing  the  utricle. 

1.  15.  ma  rili  in  ii  in,   Nutt.      ( COAST   ELITE.)      Stem    angled,    much 
branched  ;  leaves  thickish,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  below  into  a  wedge- 
shaped  base  and  above  into  a  slender  point,  sparingly  and  coarsely  toothed,  the 
upper  linear-lanceolate;  clusters  scattered  in  axillary  leafy  spikes;  calyx-lobes  2-4, 
rather  fleshy ;  stamen  1 ;  seed  shining,  the  margin  acute.  —  Salt  marshes,  New 
Jersey  to  Massachusetts ;  rare.    Aug. 

2.  B.    capital u m,   L.      (STRAWBERRY    ELITE.)      Stem    ascending, 
branching;  leaves  triangular  and  somewhat  halberd-shaped,  sinuate-toothed; 
clusters  simple   (large),  interruptedly  spiked,  the  upper  leafless;  stamens  1-5; 
calyx  berry-like  in  fruit ;  seed  ovoid,  flattish,  smooth,  with  a  very  narrow  mar- 
gin.—  Dry  rich  ground,  common  from  W.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior,  and 
northward.    June.  —  The  calyx  becomes  pulpy  and  bright  red  in  fruit,  when  the 
large  clusters  look  like  Strawberries.     (Eu.) 

i  2.  AGATH6PHYTON,  Moquin.  Somewhat  mealy:  root  perennial :  flowers 
in  dusters  crowded  in  a  terminal  spike :  calyx  not  fleshy,  shorter  than  the  half-naked 
fruit. 

3.  B.  BoNTJS-HsNRlcus,  Reichenb.     (GOOD-KING-HENRY.)     Leaves  tri- 
angular-halberd-form; stamens  5.     (Chenopodium,  L.) — Around  dwellings* 
scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.    .4  Tit  I  FLEX,    Tourn.        ORACHB. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dio3cious ;  the  staminate  like  the  flowers  of  Chenopo- 
dium, only  sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  pistil ;  the  fertile  flowers  consisting  only 
of  a  pistil  enclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  foliaceous  (ovate  or  halberd- 
shaped)  bracts,  which  are  enlarged  in  fruit,  and  distinct,  or  united  only  at  the 
base.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring ;  the  radicle  inferior  and  more 
or  less  ascending.  In  one  section,  to  which  the  Garden  Orache  belongs,  there  are 
also  fertile  flowers  with  a  calyx,  like  those  of  Chenopodium  but  without  sta- 
mens, and  with  horizontal  seeds.  —  Herbs  usually  mealy  or  scurfy  with  bran-like 
scales,  with  triangular  or  halberd-shaped  angled  leaves,  and  spiked-clustered 
flowers.  (The  ancient  Lathi  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

1.  A.  hastata,  L.  Erect  or  diffusely  spreading,  much  branched,  more  or 
less  scurfy ;  leaves  alternate  or  partly  opposite,  petioled,  triangular  and  halberd 
form,  commonly  somewhat  toothed,  the  uppermost  lanceolate  and  entire ;  fruit- 
ing bracts  triangular  or  ovate-triangular,  acute",  entire,  or  1  -  2-toothed  below, 
often  somewhat  contracted  at  the  base,  so  becoming  rather  rhomboidal,  the  flat 
faces  either  smooth  and  even,  or  sparingly  muricate.  ®  (A.  hastata  &  lacini- 
ata,  Pursh.  A.  Purshiana,  Moquin.  A.  pdtula,  ed.  1.  &c.)  —  Salt  marshes, 
brackish  river-banks,  &c.,  Virginia  to  Maine.  The  plant  on  the  shore  is  more 
scurfy  and  hoary ;  more  inland  it  is  greener  and  thinner-leaved.  (Eu.) 

A.  HORTENSIS,  L.,  the  GARDEN  ORACHE,  is  said  by  Pursh  to  be  sponta- 
neous in  fields  and  about  gardens.    I  have  never  seen  it  growing  wild :  it  is 
rarely  cultivated  as  a  pot-herb. 
31* 


366  CHENOPODIACEJE.      (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.) 

6.    OB  I  ONE,    Gsertn.        OBIONE. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Atriplex,  but  the  more  or  less  united  bracts  investing  the 
fruit  often  inflexed  or  indurated  and  pod-like ;  the  radicle  superior  and  project- 
ing. Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  (Origin  of  the  name  unknown,  unless  from  the 
river  Obi,  in  Siberia,  whence  the  original  species  came.) 

1.  O.  arenaria,  Moquin.  (SAND  ORACHE.)  Silvery-mealy,  diffusely 
spreading ;  leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile ;  bracts  of  the 
fruit  broadly  wedge-shaped,  flat,  united,  2-3-toothed  at  the  summit,  and  with 
a  few  prickly  points  on  the  sides.  ©  —  Sea-beach,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia, 
and  southward.  August. 

•7.    SALICORNIA,    Tourn.        GLASSWORT.     SAMPHIRE. 

Flowers  perfect,  3  together,  sessile  and  immersed  in  hollows  of  the  thickened 
upper  joints,  forming  spikes ;  the  two  lateral  sometimes  sterile.  Calyx  small 
and  bladder-like,  with  a  toothed  or  torn  margin,  at  length  spongy  and  narrowly 
wing-bordered,  enclosing  the  flattened  fruit.  Stamens  1-2:  styles  2,  partly 
united.  Seed  vertical,  with  the  embryo  coiled  or  bent  into  a  ring.  —  Herbaceous 
or  somewhat  shrubby  low  saline  plants,  with  succulent  leafless  jointed  stems, 
and  opposite  branches ;  the  flower-bearing  branchlets  forming  the  spikes.  (Name 
tomposed  of  sal,  salt,  and  cornu,  a  horn;  saline  plants  with  horn-like  branches.) 

1.  S.  herbacea,  L.     Annual,  erect  or  ascending   (G'-12'  high),   muck 
branched;  the  joints  somewhat  thickened  at  their  summit,  and  with  two  short  and 
blunt  or  notched  teeth ;  spikes  elongated,  tapering  bu$  rather  obtuse  at  the  apex.  —  Salt 
marshes  of  the  coast,  and  at  Salina,  New  York,  and  other  interior  salt  springs. 
Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  miicronata,  Lag.  ?  Bigelow.     Annual,  erect,  sparingly  branched 
(4'  -8'  high) ;  the  joints  4-angledat  the  base,  and  with  2  ear-like  ovate  and  painted 
teeth  at  their  summit;  spikes  short  and  thick,  obtuse.     (S.  Virginica,  Nutt.,  not  of 
L.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Maine  to  New  York.     Sept.  —  Plant  turning  deep  crimson 
in  autumn.     (Eu.  ?) 

3.  S.  ambigua,  Michx.    Perennial,  herbaceous,  or  a  little  woody,  pro 
cumbent  or  creeping,  lead-colored,  with  flexuous  ascending  branches  (3'-6;  high) ; 
the  joints  truncate,  dilated  up  ward,  flattish,  slightly  and  obtusely  2-toothed.  —  Sea- 
beach,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Sept. 

8.    CHENOPODtNA,    Moquin.        SEA  GOOSEFOOT. 

Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  5- 
parted,  not  appendaged,  fleshy,  becoming  somewhat  inflated  and  closed  over  the 
fruit  (utricle).  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Seed  horizontal,  with  a  flat-spiral 
embryo,  divding  the  scanty  albumen  into  2  portions.  —  Fleshy  maritime  plants, 
with  alternate  nearly  terete  linear  leaves.  (Name  altered  from  Chenopodium.) 

1.  C.  maritima,  Moquin.  Annual,  smooth,  diffusely  much  branched; 
leaves  slender  (!'  long),  acute ;  calyx-lobes  keeled ;  seed  sharp-edged.  (Cheno- 
podium maritimum,  L.  Suseda,  Moquin,  formerly. )  — Salt  marshes  along  the 
oca-shore.  Aug.  (Eu.) 


AMARANTACE.E.      (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)  367 

I 

9.    SAL  SOL.  A,    L.        SALTWORT. 

9 

Flowers  perfect,  with  2  bractlets.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent  and  enclosing 
the  depressed  fruit  in  its  base ;  its  divisions  at  length  horizontally  winged  on  the 
back,  the  wings  forming  a  broad  and  circular  scarious  border.  Stamens  mostly 
5.  Styles  2.  Seed  horizontal,  without  albumen,  filled  by  the  embryo,  which  is 
coiled  in  a  conical  spiral  (cochleate).  —  Herbs,  or  slightly  shrubby  branching 
plants,  of  the  sea-shore,  with  fleshy  and  rather  terete  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  often 
spiny-tipped,  and  sessile  axillary  flowers.  (Name  from  sal,  salt ;  in  allusion  to 
the  alkaline  salts  these  plants  copiously  contain.) 

1.  S.  Kali,  L.  (COMMON  SALTWORT.)  Annual,  diffusely  branching, 
rough  or  smoothish ;  leaves  alternate,  awl-shaped,  prickly-pointed ;  flowers  sin- 
gle ;  calyx  with  the  converging  lobes  forming  a  sort  of  beak  over  the  fruit,  the 
large  rose  or  flesh-colored  wings  nearly  orbicular  and  spreading.  —  Sandy  sea 
shore;  common.  August.  —  A  very  prickly  bush-like  plant.  (Eu.) 

BETA  VULGARIS,  the  BEET,  with  its  varieties,  the  Scarcity  and  Mangel  Wurt- 
zd,  —  and  SPINACIA  OLERA.CEA,  the  SPINACH, — well-known  esculent  plants, 
also  belong  to  this  family. 

ORDER  91.    AMARANTACE^E.     (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

Weedy  herbs,  with  nearly  the  characters  of  the  last  family ',  but  the  flowers 
mostly  imbricated  with  dry  and  scarious  persistent  bracts,  often  colored,  comr 
nwnly  3  in  number;  the  one-celled  ovary  many-ovuled  in  one  tribe.  (The 
greater  part  of  the  order  tropical,  but  several  have  found  their  way  north- 
ward as  weeds.) 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.    ACHYRANTHE  JE.    Anthers  2-celled.    Ovary  1-ovuled.    Utricle  1-seeded. 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  sometimes  perfect 
J.  AMARANTUS     Calyx  of  5  or  3  sepals,  and  3-bracted     Fruit  opening  transversely  (cir- 

cumcissile) ;  the  upper  part  falling  away. 
2.  EUXOLUS.    Calyx  mostly  of  3  sepals     Fruit  in  dehiscent  or  bursting  irregularly. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious  :  calyx  none  in  the  fertile  flowers. 
8.  MONTELIA.     Fruit  a  thin  and  even  utricle,  opening  transversely,  as  in  No.  1.     Stigmas 

long,  plumose-hairy. 
4.  ACNIDA.    Fruit  3  -  6-angled  and  fleshy,  indehiscent. 

TEIBE  H.    GOMPHRENE  JE.    Anthers  1-celled.    Ovary  and  fruit  as  in  Tribe  I 
6.  IRESINE.     Calyx  of  5  sepals.     Stamens  united  below  into  a  cup. 
6.  FRCELICHIA.    Calyx  6-cleft  at  the  apex.    Filaments  united  throughout  into  a  tube. 

1.    AMARANTUS,    Toura.        AMARANTH. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5,  or  rarely  3,  equal 
erect  sepals,  glabrous.  Stamens  5,  rarely  3,  separate :  anthers  2-celled.  Stig- 
mas 2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  1-seeded  membranaceous  utricle,  2-3-beaked  at 
the  anex,  mostlv  longer  than  the  calyx,  opening  transversely  all  round,  the 


368       4   AMAEANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

upper  part  falling  away  as  a  lid.  Embryo  coilei  into  a  ring  around  the  albu- 
men.—  Annual  weeds,  of  coarse  aspect,  with  alternate  and  entire  pejioled  leaves, 
and  small  green  or  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  clusters. 
(Name  compounded  of  a  privative,  fiaptuVo),  to  fade,  and  avOos,  flower,  because 
the  dry  calyx  and  bracts  do  not  wither.  The  Romans,  like  the  Greeks,  wrote 
Amarantus,  which  the  early  botanists  incorrectly  altered  to  Amaranihus.) — No 
species  is  really  indigenous  in  the  Northern  United  States. 


$  1.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary,  simple  or  mostly  panicled  spikes : 

(l°-6°  high)  :  leaves  long-petioled :  stamens  and  sepals  5. 

*  Flowers,  much-branched  panicles,  Sfc.,  crimson  or  purple-tinged :  the  leaves  (4' 
10'  long)  mostly  partaking  of  the  same  color :  stem  unarmed. 

1.  A.  HYPOGHONDRJtACus,  L.     (PRINCE'S  FEATHER.')    Smooth  or  smooth- 
ish ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed ;  spikes  very  obtuse,  thick,  crowd- 
ed, the  terminal  one  elongated ;  bracts  long-aimed ;  fruit  2  -  3-deft  at  the  apex, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Rarely  spontaneous  around  gardens.    (Virginia,  ex  L. ; 
but  doubtless  adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

2.  A.   PANICULATUS,    L.        (FRINGE'S    FEATHER.       RED   AMARANTH,    &C.) 

Stem  mostly  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  spikes  acutish, 
erect  or  spreading,  rather  dense,  the  terminal  one  not  much  larger ;  bracts  awn- 
pointed  ;  fruit  2  -  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Flowers  green, 
tinged  with  red,  or  sometimes  deep  red  or  purple.  (A.  sanguineus,  L.)  — In 
gardens,  &c.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

#  *  Flowers,  fyc.  green :  stem  unarmed. 

3.  A.  HYBRIDUS,  L.     (GREEN  AMARANTH.    FIGWEED.)     Leaves  ovate- 
oblong  or  ovate,  acute,  smooth,  bright  green,  spikes  erect,  obtuse,  in  loosely 
branched  panicles,  the.  terminal  one  longer;  bracts  awned,  sometimes  tinged 
reddish ;  fruit  2  -  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  nearly  smooth,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.     Waste 
places  and  gardens ;  common.     (Virginia,  L. ;  but  nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

4.  A»  CHLOROSTACHYS,  Willd.     Leaves  bright  deep  green,  long-petioled,  ovate 
or  rhombic-ovate ;  spikes  ascending,  acute,  crowded  in  an  open  panicle,  the  ter- 
minal one  long  and  often  nodding ;  bracts  awn-pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx, 
which  is  shorter  than  the  2-3-toothcd  rugose  fruit.  — Around  dwellings,  southward. 
Perhaps  (with  the  preceding)  no  more  than  a  variety  of  the  next.     (Adv.  from 
Trop.  Amer.) 

5.  A.  RETROFLEXUS,  L.     (FIGWEED.)     Roughish  and  pubescent;  leaves 
pale  or  dull  green,  or  rather  glaucous,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  un- 
dulate ;  spikes  crowded  in  a  stiff  panicle,  acutish,  more  or  less  spreading,  green, 
the  terminal  one  shortish  and  erect ;  bracts  pointed,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
which  is  longer  than  the  rugose  fruit.  —  Around  dwellings,  in  manured  soils. 
(Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

#  *  *  Flowers,  fyc.  greenish  :  stem  armed  with  2  spines  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

6.  A.  SPIN6SU8,  L.     (THORNY  AMARANTH.)      Smooth,  bushy-branched; 
stem  reddish;  leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dull  green;  terminal 
spike  elongated ;  calyx  about  equalling  the  bracts  and  the  fruit.  — Waste  places 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  southward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer  ?) 


AMARANTACE^E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.)          369 

|  2.  Flowers  croivdcd  in  close  and  small  axillary  clusters :  stems  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing :  stamens  and  sepals  3,  or  the  farmer  only  2. 

7.  A.  ALBUS,  L.  Smooth,  pale  green  (£'-2'  high);  stems  whitish,  mostly 
spreading  next  the  ground ;  leaves  long-petioled,  obovate  and  spatulate-oblong, 
very  obtuse  or  retuse ;  flowers  greenish ;  sepals  mucronate,  half  the  length  of  the 
rugose  fruit,  much  shorter  than  the  rigid  pungently  pointed  bracts.  —  Waste 
grounds,  near  towns,  and  road-sides  :  common.  (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

A.  MELANCHOLICUS,  L.,  cultivated  under  the  fanciful  name  of  LOVE-LIES- 
BLEEDING,  is  not  spontaneous. 

2.  EIJXOL.TJS,    Raf.        FALSE  AMARANTH. 

Flowers  monoacious,  or  rarely  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  3  -  5  erect  gla- 
brous sepals.  Stamens  2-5,  mostly  3.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  an  ovate  and  often 
rather  fleshy  1 -seeded  utricle,  which  does  riot  open  or  bursts  irregularly.  Other- 
wise much  as  in  Amarantus.  (Name  said  by  the  author  to  mean  "well  shut," 
probably  formed  illegitimately  of  ey,  very,  and  oAos,  whole  or  entire.) 

1.  JE.  LIVIDUS,  L.    Smooth,  livid-purple ;  stem  thick,  much  branched ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  long-petioled  ;  axillary  spikes  or  heads  dense,  much  shorter  than 
the  petioles,  the  terminal  elongated ;  sepals  3,  much  longer  than  the  bracts,  rather 
shorter  than  the  rugose  fruit.     (J)  (Amarantus  lividus,  L.)  —  Coast  of  Virginia 
(according  to  Linnaeus),  and  southward.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.  ?) 

2.  E.  DEFLEXUS,  Raf.     Minutely  pubescent;  stems  decumbent,  or  ascending 
with  deflexed  branches  (1°  high);   leaves  rhombic-lanceolate;  spikes  oblong-  £ 
cylindrical ;   sepals  mostly  3,  shorter  than  the  smooth  acutish  fruit.     (Amarantus 
deflexus,  L.)  —  Waste  places,  Albany,  New  York,  &c.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  E.  pumiliis,  Raf.     (DWARF  AMARANTH.)     Low,  very  smooth,  rather 
fleshy ;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  petioled,  often  purple- veined,  mostly  crowded 

at  the  end  of  the  spreading  branches ;  flowers  greenish  and  purple,  in  small  ax-  C\  . 
illary  clusters  ;  bracts  short,  pointless  ;  stamens  and  sepals  5,  the  latter  half  the 
length  of  the  ovate  obscurely  5-ribbed  thickish  fruit  (which  is  not  circumcissile,  as 
figured  in  Fl.  N.  Y.)     (Amarantus  pumilus,  Raf.,  Natt.)  —  Sandy  sea-shore, 
Long  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  MONTE£,IA,    Moquin  (under  ACNIDA). 

Flowers  dio3cious,  2  -  3-bracted.  Staminate  flowers  of  5  thin  oblong  and 
mucronate-tipped  sepals,  longer  than  the  bracts,  and  as  many  stamens  with  ob- 
long anthers  ;  the  cells  of  the  latter  united  only  at  the  middle.  Pistillate  flow- 
ers without  any  calyx,  the  lanceolate  awl-pointed  bracts  longer  than  the  1-ovuled 
ovary  :  stigmas  2-4,  very  long,  bristle-awl-shaped,  plumose-hispid.  Fruit  a 
thin  and  tnembranaceous  globular  utricle,  smooth  and  even,  opening  transverse 
ly  around  the  middle ;  the  upper  part  falling  off  like  a  lid.  Radicle  of  the 
annular  embryo  inferior.  —  An  annual  glabrous  herb,  mostly  tall  and  erect,  with 
lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate  alternate  leaves,  on  long  petioles,  and  small  clusters 
ot  greenish  flowers,  mostly  crowded  into  elongated  and  panicled  interrupted  • 
spikes.  (Probably  a  personal  name.) 


370         AMARANTACE2E.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

1.  M.   tamarfscina.     (Amarantus  tamariscinus,  Nutt.,  &  &L  1.    A. 

altissimus  &  Miamensis,  Riddett.  Acnida  altissima,  Michx.  herb.  A.  rusocarpa, 
Moquin,  &c.) — Low  grounds  and  moist  sandy  shores,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin, 
Illinois,  and  southward,  especially  westward.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Var.  CONCATE- 
NATA  is  a  form  with  the  lower  clusters  in  the  fertile  plant  forming  thickish  dis- 
tant heads  (£'-£'  in  diameter)  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  the  stems  often  low 
and  spreading  or  decumbent.  —  A  very  variable  plant,  as  to  inflorescence,  height 
(l°-6°  high),  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves  (l'-5'  long,  the  petioles  often  of 
the  same  length),  the  bracts  more  or  less  awl-shaped,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
fruit  (which  is  that  of  Amarantus) :  but  all  are  forms  of  one  species.  The 
sterile  plant  is  Acnida  rusocarpa,  Michx.,  or  was  mixed  with  it  in  Michaux's 
collection,  but  not  the  fertile ;  for  the  fruit  of  the  present  plant  is  neither  obtuse- 
angled,  rugose,  nor  indehiscent.  Besides,  that  name  is  unmeaning.  In  estab- 
lishing this  genus,  therefore,  as  Moquin  clearly  would  have  done  had  he  exam 
ined  the  npe  fruit,  I  adopt  Nuttall's  specific  name. 

4.    AC  N  ID  A,    L.        WATER-HEMP. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  and  iudehiscent  utricle,  3  -  5-angled,  the  angles  often  rugose  or 
tubercled-crested.  Stigmas  3-5,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  linear-awl-shaped. 
Flowers  in  rather  loose  panicled  spikes.  Otherwise  as  in  the  last  genus.  (Name 
formed  of  a  privative  and  Ki/t'S?;,  a  nettle.) 

1.  A.  caaiembiiui,  L.  Leaves  elongated-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
long-petioled ;  fruit  globular  (l|"-2"  long),  much  exceeding  the  pointless 
bracts,  (t)  —  Salt-marshes  on  the  coast,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Plant  3°  -  6°  high.  —  Probably  the  only  species  ;  for  A. 
rusocarpa,  Michx.,  is  certainly  to  be  divided  between  this  and  Montelia  tamaris- 
cina ;  and  A.  tuberculata,  Moquin,  is  likely  to  be  one  or  the  other. 

5.     IKE  SINE,    P.  Browne.        IBESINE. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous  or  dioecious,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Sta 
mens  mostly  5  :  filaments  slender,  united  into  a  short  cup  at  the  base :  anthers 
1-celled,  ovate.  Fruit  a  globular  utricle,  not  opening.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite 
petioled  leaves,  and  minute  scarious  white  flowers  crowded  into  clusters  or 
spiked  and  branching  panicles,  the  calyx,  &c.  often  bearing  long  wool  (whence 
the  name,  from  etpe<rio>i»7,  a  branch  entwined  with  fillets  of  wool  borne  in  pro- 
cessions at  festivals.) 

1.  I.  celosioides,  L.  Nearly  glabrous,  erect,  slender  (2° -4°  high); 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  panicles  narrow,  naked ;  bracts  and  calyx  silvery-white, 
the  latter  woolly  at  the  base.  (J) — Dry  banks,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  south- 
ward. Sept. 

6.     FRCELICHIA,    Moench.        (OPLOTHECA,  Nvtt.) 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  the  summit,  below  2-5- 
crested  lengthwise  or  tubercled  and  indurated  in  fruit,  and  enclosing  the  closed 
-thin  utricle.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube,  bearing  5  oblong  1-celled  anthers, 
and  as  many  sterile  strap-shaped  appendages.  —  Hairy  or  woolly  b*rbs,  with 


POLYGONACEJE.      (BUCK^'HEAT  FAMILY)  371 

opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  spiked  gcarious-bracted  flowers.     (Named  for  J.  A. 
Frdlich,  a  German  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  F.  Floridaiia,  Moquin.  Stem  leafless  above  (l°-2°  high);  leaves 
lanceolate,  silky-downy  beneath ;  spikelets  crowded  into  an  interrupted  spike ; 
calyx  very  woolly.  (L)  —  Illinois,  in  Mason  and  Cass  Counties,  Mead .  Aug.  — 
Perhaps  of  recent  and  casual  introduction :  for  elsewhere  it  is  only  found  much 
farther  south. 

GOMPHRENA  GLOB68A,  L.,  is  the  common  GLOBE  AMARANTH  of  the  gar- 
dens. 

ORDER  92.    POLYGONACE^E.     (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  furnished  with  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths 
(ochreae)  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem ;  the  flowers  mostly  perfect, 
with  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx,  a  1-cetted  ovary  bearing  2-3  styles  or 
stigmas,  and  a  single  erect  orthotropous  seed.  Embryo  curved  or  straight- 
isli,  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen,  or  rarely  in  its  centre ;  the  radicle 
pointing  from  the  hilum  and  to  the  apex  of  the  dry  seed-like  fruit.  Sta- 
mens 4-12,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  3  -  6-cleft  calyx.  Leaves  usually 
entire.  (The  watery  juice  often  acrid,  sometimes  agreeably  acid,  as  in 
Sorrel ;  the  roots,  as  in  Rhubarb,  sometimes  cathartic.)  —  Our  few  genera 
all  belong  to  the  POLYGONE^E  PROPER. 

Synopsis. 

*  Sepals  mostly  5,  somewhat  equal,  all  erect  in  fruit. 

1.  POLYGONUM.    Embryo  narrow,  curved  around  one  side  of  the  albumen :  cotyledons 

slender  or  flat. 

2.  FAGOPYRUM.    Embryo  in  the  albumen,  its  very  broad  cotyledons  twisted-plaited. 

*  *  Sepals  4-6,  the  outer  row  reflexed,  the  inner  erect  and  enlarging. 
8.  OXYRIA.    Sepals  4.    Stigmas  2.    Fruit  2-winged,  samara-like. 

i.  RUMEX.    Sepals  6.    Styles  *8.    Fruit  3-angled,  wingless,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  inner 
sepals 

1.    POL,YOONtJM[,    L.        KNOTWEED. 

Calyx  mostly  5-parted ;  the  divisions  often  petal-like,  all  erect  in  fruit,  wither- 
ing or  persistent  and  surrounding  the  lenticular  or  3-angular  achenium.  Sta- 
mens 4 -9.  Styles  or  stigmas  2-3.  Embryo  placed  in  a  groove  on  the  outside 
of  the  albumen  and  curved  half-way  around  it ;  the  radicle  and  usually  the  coty- 
ledons slender.  —  Pedicels  jointed.  (Name  composed  of  iro\v,  many,  and  yow, 
knee,  from  the  numerous  joints.) 

§  1.  BIST6RTA,  Tourn.  —Calyx  petal-like,  deeply  s-deft :  stamens  8  or  9  :  styles 
3,  slender:  achenium  3-sided:  stems  low  and  simple  from  a  woody  creeping  root- 
stock  :  Jlowers  in  a  spike-like  raceme. 
1.  P.  viviparum,    L.     (ALPINE  BISTORT.)     Smooth,   dwarf  (4' -8' 

high),  bearing  a  linear  spike  of  flesh-colored  flowers  (or  often  little  red  bulblets 


372  POLYGONACE2E.       (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.) 

in  their  place) ;  leaves  lanceolate. — Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  AMBLY6GONON,  Meisn.—  Calyx  petal-like,  ^-parted:  stamens  7  :  style  2- 
deft :  stigmas  capitate :  achenium  lenticular  (cotyledons  incumbent,  linear :  albumen 
floury) :  annuals :  flowers  crowded  in  linear-cylindrical  terminal  spikes. 

2.  P.  ORIENTALS,    L.      (PRINCE'S    FEATHER.)      Tall,  branching,  rather 
hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed,  petioled ;  upper  sheaths  salver-form ;  spikes  nu- 
merous,  nodding  ;    the   large   bright  rose-colored   flowers   open.  —  Sparingly 
escaped  from  cultivation  into  waste  grounds.    Aug.,  Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

$3.  PERSICARIA,  Toura. — Calyx  petal-like,  ^-parted:  stamens  4-8:  styles 
2-3  or  2-3-cleft:  stigmas  capitate,  often  small:  achenium  lenticular,  or  (when 
there  are  3  stigmas)  3-sided  (cotyledons  accumbent,  narrow:  albumen  hard  and 
horny) :  roots  fibrous:  sheaths  cylindrical, 'truncate :  flowers  crowded  in  spikes  or 
spike-like  racemes. 

*  Sheaths  naked :  styles  2,  or  2-cleft :  achenium  flat  or  lenticular. 
•*-  Stamens  5  :  spike  mostly  solitary,  very  dense :  flowers  rose-red :  root  perennial. 

3.  P.  ampllibilim,  L.      (WATER  PERSICARIA.)      Leaves   elliptical- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed  or  obtusish,  either  narrowed  or  rather  heart-shaped 
at  the  base.  —  Var.  1.  AQUATICUM,  L.,  is  floating  or  procumbent  in  soft  mud, 
rooting,  and  nearly  smooth,  as  well  as  the  long-petioled  often  obtuse  floating 
leaves.     (P.  coccineum,  Bigel.     P.  fluitans,  Eaton.)  —  Var.  2.  TERRESTRE  is 
more  or  less  hairy  or  bristly,  with  an  upright  or  ascending  stem,  growing  in 
marshy  or  muddy  places ;  the  leaves  acute  or  pointed,  upper  very  short-petioled. 
—  Ponds  or  their  low  borders;  common,  especially  northward.    July,  Aug. — 
Very  variable  in  foliage,  &c. :  spike  oblong,  l'-3'  long,  J'-f  thick.     (Eu,) 

•*-  •»-  Stamens  6  or  8  :  spikes  somewhat  panickd,  oblong  or  linear,  densely  flowered: 
flowers  rose  or  flesh-color :  root  annual. 

4.  P.  iiodosiim,  Pers.,  var.  im  :trii;itmn.     Stem  upright  (2° -4° 
high),  smooth  below,  the  branches  above,  peduncles,  $*c.  roughened  with  scattered 
sessile  glands;  leaves  rough  on  the  midrib  and  margins,  elongated-lanceolate 
(4' -10'  long,  l'-3'  wide  below),  tapering  gradually  from  towards  the  base  to  a 
narrow  point;  spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming  slender  (1^'  — 3'  long);  stamens 
6;  style  2-parted,  both  included ;  achenium  with  concave  sides.     (P.  incarnatum, 
EU.     P.  lapathifolium,  Amer.  auth.)  —  Moist  places,  Michigan  to  Kentucky, 
and  common  southward.     Aug.  -  Sept.  —  Sheaths  rather  long,  perfectly  smooth 
and  naked  on  the  margin.  —  This  is  not  P.  lapathifolium,  but  falls  under  P.  no- 
dosum  as  the  species  are  lately  distinguished  by  Meisner :  our  plant  is  appar- 
ently indigenous,  and  so  different  from  the  European  that  it  should  perhaps  be 
admitted  as  a  species  under  Elliott's  name. 

5.  P.  Pennsylvaniciiin,  L.     Stem  upright  (l°-3°  high),  smooth 
below,  the  branches  above,  and  especially  the  peduncles,  beset  with  bristly-stalked 
glands ;  leaves  lanceolate,  a  little  rough  on  the  midrib  and  margins  ( 1^'  -  5'  long) ; 
spikes  oblong,  obtuse  (l'-2'  long),  erect,  thick;  stamens  mostly  8,  somewhat  exserte\l; 
style  2-cle/l ;  achenium  with  flat  sides.  —  Moist  soil,  in  open  waste  places ;  com- 
mon.   July  -  Oct. 


POLYGONACEJE.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.)  373 

*  *  Sheaths  dilate  or  fringed  with  bristles. 
•*-  Rjot  annual:  stamens  6-8  :  styles  most  commonly  2  :  achenium  mostly  flat. 

6.  P.  Careyi,  Olney.     Stem  much  branched,  upright  (3°  -5°  high), glan- 
dular-bristly ;  leaves  lanceolate,  bristly  on  the  midrib  and  margins ;  spikes  elon- 
gated, cylindrical,  drooping,  on  long  bristly -glandular  peduncles,  rather  dense  (l'-4; 
long) ;  stamens  6  -  8 ;  style  2-parted ;  fruit  lenticular,  tumid,  very  smooth  and 
shining.  —  Shaded  swamps,  Vermont  to  Mass,  and  Rhode  Island,  and  doubtless 
westward.     Aug.,  Sept. — Leaves  4' -10'  long,  roughish.     Flowers  rose-purple, 
somewhat  tinged  with  green. 

7.  P.  PERSICARIA,  L.     (LADY'S  THUMB.)     Stem  smooth  (12' -18' high) ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  roughish,  usually  marked  with  a  dark  triangular  or  lunar 
spot  near  the  middle ;  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense,  erect,  on  smooth  (or  at  least  not 
glandular)  peduncles  (!'  long);  stamens  mostly  6;  styles  half  2  -  3-cleft ;  fruit 
gibbous-flattened  or  rarely  triangular,  smooth  and  shining,     (l)  —  Waste  and 
damp  places;  very  common.    July,  Aug. — Flowers  greenish-purple.    Plant 
not  acrid.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  P.  HYDROP!PER,  L.      (SMART-WEED.)      Smooth   (l°-2°  high),  very 
acrid;  leaves  lanceolate,  pellucid-dotted ;  spikes  slender,  but  short,  loosely  flowered, 
greenish,  drooping;  calyx  dotted  with  pellucid  glands;  stamens  mostly  6 ;  styles 
2  -  3-parted ;  fruit  minutely  striate,  dull  or  little  shining,  flat  or  flattish,  or  ob- 
tusely triangular.  —  Moist  or  wet  grounds,  mostly  in  waste  places.     Aug.,  Sept. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•*-  •*-  Root  perennial  (or  mostly  so] :  stamens  8  :  styles  3  :  achenium  sharply  triangu 
lar,  smooth  and  shining.  (Stems  often  decumbent  or  creeping  at  the  base  and  rooting 
from  the  joints :  spikes  few  or  single.) 

9.  P.  acre,  H.  B.JL     (WILD  SMART-WEED.)     Smooth,  or  nearly  so  (1° 
-3°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pellucid-dotted ;  spikes  very  slender,  erect,  interrupted 
below,  whitish  or  flesh-color ;  calyx  dotted  with  pellucid  glands ;  style  3-parted. 
(P.  punctatum,  Ell.    P.  hydropiperoides,  Pursh.)  —  Wet  places;  common,  es 
pecially  southward. 

10.  P.  liydropiperoides,  Michx.     (MILD  WATER-PEPPER.)     Stem 
smooth  (l°-3°  high),  the  narrow  sheaths  hairy,  fringed  with  rather  long  bris- 
tles ;  leaves  roughish  or  oppressed-pubescent,  not  acrid,  narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering 
to  both  ends;  spikes  rather  slender,  erect  (l'-2£'  long),  rose-color;  calyx  not  glan- 
dular-dotted; style  half  3-cleft.     (P.  mite,  Pers.,  not  of  Schrank.)  —  Wet  places, 
and  in  shallow  water ;  common,  especially  southward.     Aug. 

§  4.  AVICULARIA,  Meisn.  —  Calyx  more  or  less  petal-like,  5-parted:  stamens  8, 
sometimes  3  -  6  ;  the  filaments  awl-shaped,  3  of  them  broader  at  the  base :  stigmas 
3,  globose,  nearly  sessile :  achenium  3-sided  (cotyledons  incumbent :  albumen  homy) : 
commonly  annuals,  smooth  and  axillary,  with  small  leaves :  flowers  sometimes  crowd- 
ed in  interrupted  spikes  along  the  leafless  summit  of  the  branches. 

*  Flowers  truly  axillary,  2-3  together,  or  rarely  solitary  :  sheaths  usually  2  -  3-parted 
and  cut-fringed  or  torn. 

11.  P.  uviculare,   L.     (KNOTGRASS.     GOOSE-GRASS.     DOOR-WEED.) 
Prostrate  or  spreading ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  pale  ;  flowers  apparently 

32 


374  POl  YGONACE.E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

sessile  'greenish- white,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple;;  sheaths  much  shorter 
than  Ik.*  lower  leaves  j  stamens  5  or  8 ;  fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  dull,  minutely 
twrinkled-striate  or  granular  under  a  lens,  (i)  — Waste  places  and  gravelly  banks , 
everywhere  the  commonest  weed.  (Eu.) 

Var.  erect  UNI,  Roth.  Stems  upright  or  ascending ;  leaves  broader  (ob- 
long or  oval)  and  larger;  stamens  commonly  5.  (P.  erectum,  L.) — In  richer 
soil  or  more  shaded  places ;  common. 

Var.  littorale,  Link.  Prostrate,  very  short-jointed  ;  leaves  elliptical-lan- 
ceolate or  narrowly  oblong,  thickened,  glaucous ;  the  sheaths  larger  in  propor- 
tion ;  fruit  longer  than  the  calyx,  smooth,  (f)  (P.  maritimum,  Ray,  &c.  P. 
glaucum,  Nutt.  P.  Roberti,  Lois.)  —  Sandy  sea-beach,  Rhode  Island  to  Vir 
ginia.  Probably  a  mere  state  of  P.  aviculare  altered  by  salt  water.  (Eu.) 

12.  P,    ramosissimum,    Michx.      Stems    erect    or  ascending,  much 
branched  (2° -4°  high),  rigid,  many-striate  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  tapering 
into  a  petiole ;  sheaths  mostly  short;  flowers  greenish- white  (yellowish  in  drying); 
stamens  commonly  6 ;  fruit  smooth  and  shining,  partly  protruded  from  the  calyx. 
(1) —  Sandy  shores  and  banks  of  streams,  Michigan  to  Illinois  ^and  southward. 
Salt  marshes,  Rhode  Island,  Olney.    Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Larger  leaves  2'  long. 

13.  P.  tenue,  Michx.     (SLENDER  KNOTGRASS.)     Stem  slender,  upright, 
sparingly  branched  (6r-12'  high),  sharp-angled;  leaves  sessile,  narrowly  linear, 
very  acute ;  sheaths  capillary  fringed ;  flowers  greenish-white ;  fruit  smooth  and 
shining.      i  —  Dry  soil,  and  rocky  hills ;  rather  common.     July  -  Sept. 

*  #  Flowers  solitary  from  the  amis  of  closely  approximated  or  imbricated  truncate 
bracts,  forming  many-jointed  terminal  spikes :  sheaths  cylindrical,  naked,  entire. 

14.  P.  articulatum,  L.     (JOINT-WEED.)     Stem  upright,  paniculately 
branched  (4' -12'  high),  slender;   leaves  linear-thread-form,  deciduous;   flow- 
ers crowded  in  slender  and  spike-like  panicled  racemes,  on  recurved  pedicels 
twice  the  length  of  the  joint-like  bracts   (bright  rose-color) ;  fruit  smooth  and 
shining.  —  Dry,  sandy  soil ;   common   along  the   coast,  along  all   the   Great 
Lakes,  and  in  intermediate  places  in  New  York.    Aug.  —  Singular  for  its  many- 
jointed  spikes  or  racemes,  which  are  l'-3'  long;  the  lower  bracts  tooth-pointed 
on  one  side.  —  Not  a  Polygonella ! 

$  5.  TOVARIA,  Adans. —  Calyx  rather  herbaceous  (greenish),  unequally  4-parted : 
stamens  5  :  styles  2,  distinct,  rigid  and  persistent  on  the  smooth  lenticular  achenium 
(cotyledons  oblong,  accumbent) :  perennial :  flowers  loosely  disposed  in  a  naked  long 
and  slender  spike. 

15.  P.   VirgiNiaimui,   L.      Almost  smooth  ;    stem   angled,  upright 
(2°  -  4°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  round- 
ed at  the  base,  short-petioled,  rough-ciliate  (3'  -  6'  long) ;  sheaths  cylindrical, 
truncate,  hairy  and  fringed ;  flowers  1-2  from  each  bract,  somewhat  curved, 
the  styles  in  fruit  obliquely  bent  down,  minutely  hooked  at  the  tip.  —  Thickets 
in  rich  soil ;  common.    Aug. 

$  6.  TINlARIA,  Meisn.  —  Calyx  5-parted  (rarely  4-parted)  :  stamens  mostly  8  : 
styles  or  capitate  stigmas  3,  and  achenium  3-sided,  or,  in  No.  1 6,  styles  2  and  ache- 


rOLYGONACE^E.       (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.)  375 

mum  lenticular:    annuals,   with   heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped  petiokd  leaves: 
sheaths  semicylindrical. 

*  Stems  flaccid,  not  twining,  but  somewhat  climbing  or  supported  on  other  plants  by 
the  reflexed  prickles  whicli  beset  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  petioles :  divisions  of  the 
(pale  rose-colored  or  white)  calyx  not  keeled:  bracts  chaff-like. 

16.  P.  arifdlium,  L.  (HALBERD-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.)   Stem  grooved- 
angled;  leaves  halberd-shaped,  taper-pointed,  long-petioled ;  flowers  somewhat  ra- 
cemed  (few) ;  peduncles  glandular-bristly  ;   calyx  often  4-parted ;  stamens  6 , 
styles  2,  very  short;  fruit  lenticular  (large).  —  Low  grounds.    Aug. 

17.  P.  sagittatum,    L.      (ARROW-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.)     Stem  4- 
angled;  leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-petioled ;  flowers  capitate;  peduncles  smooth; 
stamens  mostly  8 ;  styles  3,  slender ;  fruit  sharply  3-angled.  — Low  grounds ;  com- 
mon.   July-  Sept.  —  Slender,  smooth  except  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  midrib 
beneath :  these  are  armed  with  a  line  of  fine  and  very  sharp  saw-toothed  prickles, 
which  cut  the  hand  drawn  against  them. 

*  *  Stems  twining,  not  prickly :  calyx  (greenish  tinged  with  white  or  rose-color)  with 
the  3  outer  divisions  keeled,  at  least  in  fruit :  flowers  in  loose  panicled  racemes : 


18.  P.  CONV6LVULUS,  L.     (BLACK  BINDWEED.)     Stems  twining  or  pro- 
cumbent (l°-2°  long),  roughish,  the  joints  naked;  leaves  halberd-heart-shaped, 
pointed ;  flowers  in  small  interrupted  corymbose  racemes ;  outer  calyx-lobes  keeled} 
fruit  smoothish.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds  ;  common.    July,  Aug.    (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

19.  P.  Clliliode,  Michx.     Minutely  downy ;  the  sheaths  fringed  at  the  base 
with  reflexed  bristles ;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  slightly  halberd-shaped,  taper- 
pointed;  racemes  panicled;  calyx-lobes  obscurely  keeled;  fruit  very  smooth  and 
shining.  —  Copses  and  rocky  hills ;  New  England  and  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.    July  -  Sept.  —  Stems  climbing  3°  -  9°  high. 

20.  P»  cUimetoruni,  L.    (CLIMBING  FALSE  BUCKWHEAT.)    Smooth; 
sheaths  naked;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  slightly  halberd-shaped,  pointed;  racemes 
interrupted,  leafy ;  the  3  outer  calyx-lobes  strongly  keeled  and  in  fruit  winged,  the 
wings  often  broad,  sometimes  very  narrow ;  fruit  smooth  and  shining.    (P.  scan- 
dens,  L.)—  Moist  thickets;   common.    Aug.  —  Stems  twining  8° -12°  high 
over  bushes.     (Eu.) 

2.    FAGOPYRUM,    Tourn.        BUCKWHEAT. 

Calyx  petal-like,  equally  5-parted,  withering  and  nearly  unchanged  in  fruit. 
Stamens  8.  Styles  3 :  stigmas  capitate.  Achenium  3-sided,  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen  which  it  divides  into  2  parts, 
with  very  broad  and  foliaceous  plaited  and  twisted  cotyledons.  — Annuals,  with 
triangular-heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  semicylindrical  sheaths,  and 
corymbose  racemes  or  panicles  of  white  flowers,  often  tinged  with  green  or  rose- 
color.  (Name  <pr)yos,  the  beech,  and  irvpos,  wheat,  from  the  shape  of  the  grain 
being  that  of  the  beech-nut ;  whence  also  the  English  name  #wcfcwheat,  from 
the  German  SSucfte,  beech.) 


376  POLYGONACE.E.       (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

1.  F.  ESCULENTUM,  Moench.  (BUCKWHEAT.)  Smoothish;  flower  with  8 
honey-bearing  yellow-glands  interposed  between  the  stamens ;  the  fruit  acute 
and  entire.  (Polygonum  Eagopyrum,  L.)  —  Old  fields,  remaining  as  a  weed 
where  the  plant  has  been  cultivated,  and  escaping  into  copses.  June -Sept. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    OXYRIA,    Hill.        MOUNTAIN  SORREL. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  of  4  sepals  ;  the  two  outer  smaller  and  spreading,  the  twc 
inner  broader  and  erect  (but  unchanged)  in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  2,  ses- 
sile, tufted.  Achenium  lenticular,  thin,  flat,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  sur- 
rounded by  a  broad  and  veiny  wing.  Seed  flattened  in  the  opposite  direction 
from  the  wing.  Embryo  straight,  occupying  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  slender. 
—  Low  alpine  perennials,  with  round-kidney-form  and  long-petioled  leaves  chief- 
ly from  the  root,  obliquely  truncate  sheaths,  and  small  greenish  flowers  clustered 
in  panicled  racemes  on  a  slender  scape.  (Name  from  o|uy,  sour,  in  allusion  to 
the  acid  flavor  of  the  leaves,  similar  to  that  of  Sorrel.) 

1.  O.  digyiui,  Campd.  Leaves  all  round-kidney-form,  usually  notched 
at  the  end ;  fruit  orbicular.  —  Alpine  region  of  White  Mountains,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Oakes,  &c.,  and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

4.    RIJMEX,    L.        DOCK.     SORREL. 

Calyx  of  6  sepals ;  the  3  outer  herbaceous,  sometimes  united  at  the  base, 
spreading  in  fruit;  the  3  inner  (called  valves)  larger,  somewhat  colored,  increas- 
ing after  flowering  and  convergent  over  the  3-angled  achenium,  veiny,  often 
bearing  a  grain-like  tubercle  on  the  outer  surface.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3  :  stig- 
mas tufted.  Embryo  slightly  curved,  lying  along  one  side  of  the  albumen, 
slender.  —  Coarse  herbs,  with  small  and  homely  (mostly  green)  flowers,  which 
are  crowded  and  commonly  whorled  in  panicled  racemes ;  the  petioles  some- 
what sheathing  at  the  base.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  these  plants;  of  un- 
known etymology.) 

§  1.  LAPATHUM,  Tourn.  —  Flowers  perfect,  or  monceciously  polygamous:  styles 

free :  herbage  bitter. 

*  Leaves  all  lanceolate  and  acute  at  both  ends,  flat,  smooth :  valves  of  the  fruiting 
calyx  entire,  or  nearly  so,  not  awn-bearing :  root  perennial.       • 

1.  R.  verticillfitus,  L.     (SWAMP  DOCK.)     Racemes  nearly  leafless, 
elongated,  the  flowers  in  crowded  whorls ;  fruit-bearing  pedicels  slender,  dub- 
shaped,  abruptly  reflexed,  3-4  times  longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  dilated- 
rhomboid,  obtusely  somewhat  pointed,  strongly  rugose-reticulated,  each  bearing  a  very 
large  grain,  from  $  to  £  the  width  of  the  valve.  —  Wet  swamps  and  ditches ; 
common.     June,  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  4°  high,  branched  above,  with  pale  green, 
willow-like,  thickish,  wholly  entire  leaves. — R.  Britannica,  L.,  I  now  suspect 
to  be  founded  upon  this  same  species. 

2.  R.  altissimilS,  Wood.      (TALL  DOCK.)      Racemes  spike-like  and 
panicled,  nearly  leafless  (3°  -  6°  high) ;  whorls  crowded ;  pedicels  nodding,  rather 
shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  round-heart-shaped,  obtuse,  thin,  1  -  3  of 


POLTGONACE^E.      (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.)  377 

them  unequally  grain-bearing.  (R.  Britannica,  ed.  1.)  —  Banks  of  streams,  &c., 
New  England  ?  New  York  (Peekskill,  Mead)  to  Illinois  and  westward.  June, 
July.  —  Leaves  3' - 5' long  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  much  like  the  last;  the 
valves  fully  twice  as  large,  two  of  the  grains  small  or  abortive,  or  sometimes  all 
three  wanting. 

3.  R.  salicifolius,  Weinmann,  Hook.     ( WILLOW  DOCK.)     Racemes 
spiked,  somewhat  leafy  below ;  the  whorls  much  crowded ;  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  ovate,  obtusish,  rugose-reticulated,  (1-2  or)  all  of 
them  nearly  covered  with  a  large  and  thick  grain.     (R.  pallidus,  Bigelow.)  —  Low 
grounds,  coast  of  Massachusetts,  and  northward  and  northwestward.    June.  — 
Stems  l°-3°  high,  ascending.     Leaves  thinner  than  in  the  two  preceding,  their 
margins  a  little  wavy.    Fruiting  calyx  smaller  than  in  No.  1,  so  short-pedicelled 
and  crowded  as  to  appear  sessile. 

4.  R.  Hydrolapatlmm,  Hudson,  var.  ?  America  num.   (GREAT 
WATER-DOCK.)     Racemes  upright  in  a  large  compound  panicle,  nearly  leaf- 
less ;  whorls  crowded ;  pedicels  capillary,  nodding,  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  broadly  ovate  or  roundish,  obtuse  (large),  all  grain-bear- 
ing; leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  with  minutely  crenulate-wavy  margins.     (R. 
Britannica,  Purshl  Bigel.,  &c.      R.  aquaticus,  Smith,  Pursh.)  —  Wet  places, 
New  England  to  Penn.  and  Michigan.    July.  —  Stem  5°  high,  stout.    Lower 
leaves  1°  or  more  long  and  3' -5'  wide,  the  stout  midrib  produced  into  a 
flat  petiole.     Valves  thin,  £  long,  rather  denticulate,  much  more  rounded  in 
our  specimens  than  in  European. — Probably  a  distinct  species,  allied  to  R. 
Patientia. 

#  *  Leaves  more  or  less  wavy-margined,  the  lower  heart-shaped  at  the  base :  whorls  in 
panided  racemes  or  spikes :  valves  entire  or  short-toothed:  perennials :  all  introduced. 

5.  R.  OBTUSIF6LID8,  L.     (BITTER  DOCK.)     Stem  roughish ;  lowest  leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped,  obtuse,  rather  downy  on  the  veins  underneath,  somewhat  wavy- 
margined,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  ;  whorls  loose  and  distant ;  valves  ovate- 
halberd-shaped,  sharply  denticulate  at  the  base,  strongly  reticulated,  one  of  them 
principally  grain-bearing.  —  Fields,  &c. ;  a  rather  common  weed.    July.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  R.  CRfspus,  L.     (CURLED  DOCK.)     Smooth;  leaves  with  strongly  wavy- 
curled  margins,  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  truncate  or  rather  heart-shaped  at  the 
base ;  whorls  crowded  in  prolonged  wand-like  racemes,  leafless  above ;  valves  round- 
heart-shaped,  obscurely  denticulate  or  entire,  one  or  all  of  them  grain-bearing.  —  A 
very  common  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.     Stem  3° -4°  high,  from 
a  deep  spindle-shaped  yellow  root.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

7.  R.  CONGLOMERATE,  Murray.      (SMALLER   GREEN  DOCK.)     Leaves 
oblong,  pointed,  slightly  wavy-margined,  the  lower  heart-shaped  at  the  base ; 
whorls  distant,  leafy ;  pedicels  very  short ;  valves  linear-oblong,  rather  broader  next 
the  base ;  obtuse,  entire,  each  bearing  a  single  (reddish)  grain.     (R.  acutus,  Smith, 
&c.)  —  Moist  places ;  sparingly  introduced.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  R*    SANGufNEUS,    L.      (BLOODY-VEINED    DOCK.)      Leaves  lanceolate, 
wavy-margined,  the  lowest  heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  whorls  distant,  in  long  and 
dendea   leafless  interrupted  spikes;  pedicels  very  short;  valves  narrowly  oblong, 

32* 


878  LAURACEJE.     (LAUREL  FAMILY.) 

broadest  cuwve  their  middle,  obtuse,  entire,  one  at  least  grain-bearing ;  veins  of  the 
leaf  red,  or,  in  var.  vfRiDis,  green. — Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  (Nat. 
from  Eu. ) 

*  *  *  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  wavy-margined;  the  lower  ones  auricled  or  somewhat 
heart-shaped  at  the  base :  valves  awn-toothed :  low  annuals, 

9.  R.  marifiiniis,  L.      (GOLDEN  DOCK.)      Minutely  pubescent,  dif- 
fusely branched ;  wh(/rls  excessively  crowded  in  leafy  and  compact  or  interrupted 
spikes ;  valves  rhombic-oblong,  lance-pointed,  each  bearing  2-3  long  awn-like 
bristles  on  each  side,  and  a  large  grain  on  the  back.     (Also  R.  persicarioides,  L.) 
—  Sea-shore,  Virginia  to  Massachusetts,  and  in  saline  soil  in  the  interior.    Aug., 
Sept.  —  Plant  6' -12'  high;  remarkable  for  the  crowded  and  almost  orange- 
colored  fruiting  calyx,  beset  with  bristles  which  are  usually  longer  than  the 
width  of  the  valves.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  ACETO  SELL/A,  Tourn.  —  Flowers  dioecious:  styles  adherent  to  the  angles  of 
the  ovary :  herbage  acid. 

10.  B.  ACETOSELLA,  L.    (FIELD  or  SHEEP  SORREL.)    Low;  leaves  lance- 
halberd-form,  at  least  those  of  the  root,  the  narrow  lobes  entire ;  whorls  leafless, 
in  slender  panicled  racemes ;  valves  scarcely  enlarging  in  fruit,  ovate,  not  grain- 
bearing,     y. — An  abundant  weed  in  waste  places  and  all  sterile  and  worn  fields. 
May.  —  The  fertile  panicles  usually  turn  reddish  in  summer.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

RHEUM  RiiAp6NTicuM  is  the  PIE  RHUBARB,  so  commonly  cultivated  for 
the  sake  of  its  fleshy  and  acid  esculent  leaf-stalks. 

ORDER   93.    LAURACE^.     (LAUREL  FAMILY.) 

Aromatis  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  mostly  marked  with 
minute  pellucid  dots,  andjlowers  with  a  regular  calyx  0/4  -  6  colored  sepals, 
which  are  barely  united  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  free  from 
the  l-cetted  and  1-ovuled  ovary,  and  mostly  fewer  than  the  stamens :  anthers 
opening  by  2-4  uplifted  valves.  —  Flowers  clustered.  Style  single.  Fruit 
a  1 -seeded  berry  or  drupe.  Seed  anatropous,  suspended,  with  no  albumen, 
filled  by  the  large  almond-like  embryo.  —  A  well-marked  family,  very  nu- 
merous in  the  tropics,  represented  in  our  district  by  only  five  species. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  perfect :  stamens  12,  three  of  them  sterile. 

1.  PERSEA.    Calyx  persistent.    Anthers  4-celled,  those  of  3  stamens  turned  outward. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious  or  dioeciously  polygamous :  stamens  9 

2.  SASSAFRAS     Flowers  destitute  of  any  involucre.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

8.  BENZOIN.    Flowers  developed  from  a  4-leaved  involucre.    Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved. 
4.  TETRANTITERA.    Flowers  from  a  2  -  4-leaved  involucre.    Anthers  4-celled,  4r-valyed. 

1.     PERSEA,    Gaertn.        ALLIGATOR  PEAR. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  a  6-parted  calyx,  which  persists  at  the  base  of  the  berry- 
like  fruit.  Stamens  12,  in  four  rows,  the  3  of  the  innermost  row  sterile  and  ro- 


LAURACE^E.       (LAUREL    FAMILY.)  379 

cfuced  to  a  sort  of  glands :  the  rest  bearing  4-celled  anthers  (i.  e.  each  of  the  two 
proper  cells  is  divided  transversely  into  two),  opening  by  as  many  uplifted 
valves ;  the  anthers  of  3  stamens  turned  outward,  the  others  introrse.  —  Trees, 
with  persistent  entire  leaves  and  small  panicled  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of 
Borne  Oriental  tree.) 

1.  P.  Carolinensis,  Nees.  (RED  BAT.)  Hoary  at  least  when  young 
with  a  fine  down ;  leaves  oblong,  pale,  soon  becoming  smooth  above  ;  peduncle 
bearing  few  flowers  in  a  close  cluster ;  sepals  downy,  the  outer  shorter ;  berries 
dark  blue,  on  a  red  stalk.  (Laurus  Carolinensis,  Catesb.  L.  Borbonia,  L.)  — 
Swamps,  Delaware,  Virginia,  and  southward.  May.  —  A  small  tree. 

2.    SASSAFRAS,    Nees.        SASSAFRAS. 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  spreading  calyx ;  the  fertile  kind  with  9 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  in  3  rows,  the  3  inner  with  a  pair  of 
stalked  glands  at  the  base  of  each ;  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved :  fertile  flowers 
with  6  short  rudiments  of  stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary.  Drupe  ovoid  (blue), 
supported  on  a  club-shaped  and  rather  fleshy  (reddish)  pedicel.  —  Trees,  with 
spicy-aromatic  bark,  very  mucilaginous  twigs  and  foliage;  the  latter  decidu- 
ous, often  lobed.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  naked,  in  clustered  and  peduncled 
corymbed  racemes,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  Buds  scaly.  (The  popular  name, 
of  Spanish  origin.) 

1.  S.  officinale,  Nees.  Leaves  ovate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  3-lobed, 
soon  glabrous.  (Laurus  Sassafras,  L.) — Rich  woods;  common,  especially 
eastward.  April.  —  Tree  15°  -  50°  high,  with  yellowish-green  twigs. 

3.    BENZOIN,    Nees.        WILD  ALLSPICE.    FEYER-BUSH. 

Flowers  polygamous-dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  open  calyx ;  the  sterile  kind 
with  9  stamens  in  3  rows,  the  inner  ones  1  -  2-lobed  and  gland-bearing  at  the 
base;  anthers  2-celled  and  2-valved:  fertile  flowers  with  15-18  rudiments  of 
stamens  in  2  forms,  and  a  globular  ovary.  Drupe  obovoid,  red,  the  stalk  not 
thickened.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire  deciduous  leaves,  and  honey-yellow-flowers  in 
almost  sessile  lateral  umbel-like  clusters  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  the  clus- 
ters composed  of  smaller  clusters  or  umbels,  each  of  4  -  6  flowers  and  surround- 
ed by  an  involucre  of  4  deciduous  scales.  (Named  from  the  aroma,  which  has 
been  likened  to  that  of  benzoin.) 

1.  15.  odoriferum,  Nees.     (SPICE-BUSH.    BENJAMIN-BUSH.)    Nearly 
smooth;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  pale  underneath.     (Laurus  Benzoin,  L.) — Damp 
woods ;  rather  common.    March,  April. 

2.  15.  melissaefolium,   Nees.     Young  branches  and  buds  pubescent; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  downy  beneath ;  umbels  few. 
(Laurus  melissaefolia,  Walt.    L.  diospyroides,  Michx.) — Low  grounds,  Vir 
ginia  and  southward.    April. 

4.    TETRANTHfcRA,    Jacq.        TETRANTHERA. 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  deciduous  calyx ;  the  sterile  ones  with  9 
Stamens  hi  3  rows ;  the  anthers  all  introrse,  4-celled,  4-valved :  fertile  flowers 


380         THYMELEACE2E.   (MEZEREUM  FAMILY.) 

with  12  or  more  rudiments  of  stamens  and  a  globular  ovary.  —  Drupe  globular. 
—  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  clustered 
umbels.  (Name  composed  of  rrrpa,  four,  and  dvQrjpd,  anther.) 

1.  T.  geniculata,  Nees.  (POND  SPICE.)  Mowers  (yellow)  appear- 
ing before  the  deciduous  oblong  leaves,  which  are  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath ; 
branches  forked  and  divaricate,  the  branchlets  zigzag ;  involucres  2  -  4-leaved, 
2  -4-flowered ;  fruit  red.  (Laurus  geniculata,  Michx.)  —  Swamps,  Virginia  and 
southward.  April. 


ORDER  94     THYMELEACEJE.     (MEZEREUM  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs,  with  acrid  and  very  tough  (not  aromatic)  bark,  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  flowers  with  a  regular  and  simple  colored  calyx,  bearing  usually  twice 
as  many  stamens  as  its  lobes,  free  from  the  l-celled  and  l-ovuled  ovary,  which 
forms  a  berry-like  drupe  in  fruit,  with  a  single  suspended  anatropous  seed. 
Embryo  large  and  almond-like :  albumen  little  or  none.  —  A  small  family, 
represented  in  North  America  only  by  a  single  species,  of  the  genus 

1.    I>IRCA,    L.        LEATHERWOOD.        MOOSE-WOOD. 

Calyx  petal-like,  tubular-funnel-shaped,  truncate,  the  border  wavy  or  obscure- 
ly about  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  long  and  slender,  inserted  on  the  calyx  above 
the  middle,  protruded,  the  alternate  ones  longer.  Style  thread-form :  stigma 
capitate.  Drupe  oval  (reddish).  — A  much-branched  bush,  with  jointed  branch- 
lets,  oval-obovate  alternate  leaves,  at  length  smooth,  deciduous,  on  very  short 
petioles,  the  bases  of  which  conceal  the  buds  of  the  next  season.  Flowers  light 
yellow,  preceding  the  leaves,  3  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  3  dark-hairy  scales, 
forming  an  involucre,  from  which  soon  after  proceeds  a  leafy  branch.  (Aiptaj, 
the  name  of  a  fountain  near  Thebes,  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  North  Ameri- 
can genus,  for  no  imaginable  reason,  unless  because  the  bush  frequently  grows 
near  mountain  rivulets.) 

1.  D^  palustris,  L.  —  Damp  rich  woods,  seldom  in  swamps;  New  Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  Kentucky,  and  (especially)  northward.  April.  —  Shrub  2°  -  5° 
high ;  the  wood  white,  soft,  and  very  brittle ;  but  the  fibrous  bark  remarkably 
tough,  used  by  the  Indians  for  thongs,  whence  the  popular  names.  In  N.  New 
England  also  called  Wicopy. 

ORDER  95.    EI^AGNACEJE.     (OLEASTER  FAMILY.) 

Shrubs  or  smatt  trees,  with  silvery-scurfy  leaves  and  mostly  dioecious  flow- 
ers ;  further  distinguished  from  the  Mezereum  Family  by  the  ascending 
albuminous  seed,  and  the  calyx-tube  becoming  pulpy  and  berry-like  in  fruit, 
enclosing  the  achenium  ;  and  from  the  following  by  the  calyx-tube  not  co- 
hering with  the  ovary,  &c.  A  small  family,  represented  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi solely  by  one  species  of 


SANTALACEJE.      (SANDALWOOD    FAMILY.)  381 

1.     SHEPHERDIA,    Nutt.        SHEPHERDIA. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  with  a  4-parted  calyx  (valvate  in  the  bud)  and  8 
stamens,  alternating  with  as  many  processes  of  the  thick  disk ;  the  fertile  with 
an  urn-shaped  4-cleft  calyx,  enclosing  the  ovary  (the  orifice  closed  by  the  teeth 
of  the  disk),  and  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.  Style  slender :  stigma  1-sided. 
— Leaves  opposite,  entire,  deciduous ;  the  small  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  their 
axils  on  the  branchlets,  clustered,  or  the  fertile  solitary.  (Named  for  John  Shep 
herd,  formerly  curator  of  the  Liverpool  Botanic  Garden.) 

1.  S.  CanadensiS,  Nutt.  (CANADIAN  SHEPHERDIA.)  Leaves  ellipti- 
cal or  ovate,  nearly  naked  and  green  above,  silvery-downy  and  scurfy  with  rusty 
scales  underneath ;  fruit  yellowish-red.  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  banks,  W.  Vermont 
to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  May.  —  A  straggling  shrub,  3°  -  6°  high  ;  the 
branchlets,  young  leaves,  yellowish  flowers,  &c.,  covered  with  the  rusty  scales. 
Fruit  insipid. 

S.  ARGENTEA,  Nutt.,  the  BUFFALO-BERRT  of  Upper  Missouri,  which  has 
narrower  leaves,  silvery  on  both  sides,  and  edible,  acid,  scarlet  fruit,  is  somewhat 
cultivated  for  ornament. 

ELJBAGNUS  ARGENTEA,  Pursh,  the  SILVER-BERRY,  may  perhaps  be  found 
within  our  northwestern  limits. 

ORDER  96.     SANTALACE^E.     (SANDALWOOD  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves;  the  4-5-cleft  calyx  valvate  in 
the  bud,  its  tube  coherent  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  which  contains  2-4  ovules 
suspended  from  the  apex  of  a  stalk-like  free  central  placenta  which  rises  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  but  the  (indehiscent)  fruit  always  1-seeded.  —  Seed  des- 
titute of  any  proper  seed-coat.  Embryo  small,  at  the  apex  of  copious  al- 
bumen :  radicle  directed  upward :  cotyledons  cylindrical.  Stamens  equal 
in  number  to  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  opposite  them  into  the 
edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  at  *heir  base.  Style  1.  A  small  order,  the  greater 
part  belonging  to  warm  regions,  here  represented  only  by  the  two  follow- 
ing genera. 

1.    COMANDRA,    Nutt.        BASTARD  TOAD-FLAX. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped  or  soon  urn-shaped,  lined  above  the 
ovary  with  an  adherent  disk  which  has  a  5-lobed  free  border.  Stamens  inserted 
on  the  edge  of  the  disk  between  its  lobes,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  to  the 
middle  of  which  the  anthers  are  connected  by  a  tuft  of  threads.  Fruit  drupe- 
like  or  nut-like,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  the  cavity  filled  by  the 
globular  seed.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  herbaceous  stems  from  a 
rather  woody  base  or  root,  alternate  oblong  and  sessile  leaves,  and  greenish- 
white  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  small  umbel-1  ke  clusters.  (Name  from 
/cop?,  hair,  and  avbpes,  for  stamens,  in  allusion  to  the  hairs  attached  to  the  anthers.) 


382  LORANTHACE^E.       (MISTLETOE    FAMILY.) 

1.  C.   llinbellata,   Nutt.      Peduncles  several  and  con/?  ibose-dustered  of 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  several-flowered ;  calyx-tube  conspicuously  continued  be- 
yond the  ovary,  forming  a  neck  to  the  globular-urn-shaped  fruit ;  the  lobes  ob- 
long;  style  slender;  fruit  dry. — Dry  ground;  common.     May,  June.  —  Stems 
8'  - 10'  high,  very  leafy.     Root  forming  parasitic  attachments  to  the  roots  of 
trees  (as  shown  by  Mr.  Stauffer).    Leaves  obovate-oblong,  about  1'  long. 

2.  C.  livida,  Richards.    Peduncles  axillary,  3  -  5-Jlowered,  shorter  than  the 
oval  flaccid  leaves ;  calyx-tube  not  continued  beyond  the  ovary,  the  lobes  ovate  ; 
style  short;  fruit  pulpy  when  ripe,  red.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  north- 
ward.—  Leaves  larger  than  in  the  last. 

2.    PYItUl.ARIA,    Michx.        OIL-NUT.    BUFFALO-NUT. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  recurved.  Sterile  flowers  with  5 
stamens  on  very  short  filaments,  alternate  with  5  rounded  glands.  Fertile  flow- 
ers with  a  pear-shaped  ovary  invested  by  the  adherent  calyx,  naked  at  the  flat 
summit :  disk  with  5  glands :  style  short  and  thick :  stigma  capitate-flattened. 
Fruit  fleshy  and  drupe-like,  pear-shaped,  the  globose  endocarp  thin.  Embryo 
small:  albumen  very  oily. — A  low  straggling  shrub,  with  alternate  short-peti- 
oled  and  veiny  deciduous  leaves  ;  the  small  greenish  flowers  sessile  in  very  short 
and  simple  terminal  spikes.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Pyrus,  from  the  fruit, 
which  looks  like  a  small  pear.) 

1.  P.  Oleifera.  (P.  pubera,  Michx.  Hamiltonia  oleifera,  Muhl.) — Rich 
wooded  banks,  mountains  of  Penn.  and  southward  throughout  and  near  the 
Alleghanies.  May. — Leaves  obovate-oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  a  little 
downy,  or  at  length  smooth,  somewhat1  succulent,  oily,  acrid  to  the  taste.  Spikes 
ripening  but  one  fruit,  which  is  about  1 '  long. 


ORDER  97.    LORANTHACE^E.     (MISTLETOE  FAMILY.) 

Shrubby  plants  with  coriaceous  greenish  foliage,  parasitic  on  trees,  repre- 
sented in  the  northern  temperate  zone  chiefly  by  the  Mistletoe  and  its  near 
allies;  which  are  distinguished  from  the  p  eceding  family  more  by  their 
parasitic  growth  and  habit,  and  by  their  more  reduced  flowers,  than  by 
essential  characters :  represented  by 

1.    PHORADENDRON,    Nutt.        FALSE  MISTLETOE. 

Flowers  dioecious,  in  short  and  catkin-like  jointed  spikes,  usually  several 
under  each  short  and  fleshy  bract  or  scale,  and  sunk  in  the  joint.  Calyx  globu- 
lar, 3-  (rarely  2  -  4-)  lobed  :  in  the  staminate  flowers  a  sessile  anther  is  borne  on 
the  base  of  each  lobe,  and  is  transversely  2-celled,  each  cell  opening  by  a  pore 
or  slit :  in  the  fertile  flowers  the  calyx-tube  adheres  to  the  ovary  :  stigma  ses- 
sile, obtuse.  Berry  1 -seeded,  pulpy.  Embryo  small,  half  imbedded  in  the 
summit  of  mucilaginous  albumen.  —  Yellowish-green  woody  parasites  on  the 
branches  of  trees,  with  jointed  much  branched  stems,  thick  and  firm  persistent 
leaves  (or  only  scales  in  their  place),  and  axillary  small  spikes  of  flowers 


GERATOPHYLLACEJE.       (HORNWOBT   FAMILY.)  383 


(Name  composed  of  <£o>p,  a  thief  \  and  Sej/Spoi/,  tree;  because  these  plants  steal 
their  food  from  the  trees  they  grow  upon.) 

1.  P.  flavescens,  Nutt.  (AMERICAN  MISTLETOE.)  Leaves  obovato 
or  oval,  somewhat  petioled,  longer  than  the  spikes  in  their  axils,  yellowish  ; 
berries  white.  (Viscum  flavescens,  Pursh.)  —  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  south- 
ward, preferring  Elms  and  Hickories.  April. 

ORDER  98.     SAURURACE^E.     (LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  jointed  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves  with  stipules,  and  perfect 
flowers  in  spikes,  entirely  destitute  of  any  floral  envelopes,  and  3-5  more  or 
less  united  ovaries.  —  Ovules  few,  orthotropous.  Embryo  heart-shaped, 
minute,  contained  in  a  little  sac  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  —  A  kind  of 
offshoot  of  the  Pepper  Family  (tropical),  and  represented  only  by 

1.    SAURtJRUS,   L.        LIZABD'S-TAIL. 

Stamens  mostly  6  or  7,  hypogynous,  with  long  and  distinct  filaments.  Fruit 
somewhat  fleshy,  wrinkled,  of  3  -  4  pistils  united  at  the  base,  with  recurved 
stigmas.  Seeds  usually  solitary,  ascending.  —  A  perennial  marsh  herb,  with 
heart-shaped  petioled  leaves,  and  white  flowers,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  small 
bract,  crowded  in  a  slender  wand-like  and  naked  peduncled  terminal  spike  (its 
appearance  giving  rise  to  the  name,  from  travpos,  a  lizard,  and  ovpd,  tail). 

1.  S.  ceriums,  L.  —  Margins  of  ponds,  &c.  ;  common.  June.  —  Spike 
3'  -  6'  long,  drooping  at  the  end. 

ORDER  99.    CERATOPHYLLACEjE.    (HORNWORT  FAM.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  whorled  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axillary  and 
sessile  monoecious  flowers  without  any  floral  envelopes,  but  with  an  8  —  12- 
cleft  involucre  in  place  of  a  calyx,  the  fertile  a  simple  l-celled  ovary,  with  a 
suspended  orthotropous  ovule  :  seed  filled  oy  a  highly  developed  embryo  with 
4  cotyledons  !  and  a  conspicuous  plumule.  —  Consists  only  of  the  genus 

1.    CERATOPHYL.L.UM,    L.        HOENWOKT. 

Sterile  flowers  of  12-24  stamens  with  large  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an  ache- 
nium,  beaked  with  the  slender  persistent  style.  —  Herbs  growing  under  water,  hi 
ponds  or  slow-flowing  streams  :  the  sessile  leaves  cut  into  thrice-forked  thread- 
like rather  rigid  divisions.  (Name  from  Kcpas,  a  horn,  and  cpvXXov,  leaf.) 

1.  C.  demersiim,  L.  —  Var.  COMMUNE  has  a  smooth  marginless  fruit 
beaked  with  a  long  persistent  style,  and  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  at  the 
base  on  each  side.  —  Var.  ECHINATUM  (C.  echinatum,  Gray)  has  the  fruit 
mostly  larger  (3"  long),  rough-pimpled  on  the  sides,  the  narrowly  winged 
margin  spiny-toothed.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds  ;  common,  but  rare  in  fruit 
Probably  there  is  only  one  species.  (Ea.) 


384  PODOSTEMACE^E.       (RIVER-WEED    FAMILY.) 

ORDER  100.    CALLITRICHACE^E.    (WATER-STARWORTS.) 

Aquatic  small  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  polyga- 
mous flowers  in  their  axils,  without  any  proper  Jloral  envelopes,  and  with  a  4- 
lobed  and  ^-celled  ^-seeded  fruit ; —  consisting  only  of  the  genus 

1.    CALL  IT  111  CUE,    L.        WATER-STARWORT. 

Stamen  solitary,  in  the  sterile  flowers  between  a  pair  of  bracts ;  in  the  fertile, 
placed  between  the  pistil  and  the  stem,  and  rarely  also  one  on  the  outer  side  : 
filament  thread-like  :  anther  heart-shaped,  by  confluence  becoming  1 -celled. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like,  4-lobed  and  4-celled ;  but  the  styles  only  2,  awl- 
shaped  and  distinct.  Seed  solitary  and  suspended,  filling  each  cell,  anatropous  : 
embryo  slender,  in  the  axis  and  nearly  the  length  of  the  albumen.  Foliage 
very  variable  according  to  circumstances,  as  in  most  water-plants.  (Name  from 
KaXos,  beautiful,  and  6pl£,  hair,  from  the  almost  capillary  and  usually  tufted 
stems.) 

1.  C«  V^rilSl,  L.     Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  a  pair  of  bracts  at  its 
base ;  lobes  of  the  fruit  keeled  or  slightly  winged  on  the  back ;  floating  leaves 
obovate  or  spatulate  and  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  the  immersed  ones  linear, 
rarely  all   linear  or  all  spatulate-obovate.  —  Shallow  water  ;   very  common. 
April -Aug.     (Eu.) 

Var.  plalycarpa,  (C.  platycarpa,  Kiltzing),  has  the  fruit  twice  as  large 
and  more  wing-margined.  (Var.  TERRESTRIS  is  a  state  growing  along  the 
margin  of  pools  or  brooks,  procumbent,  tufted,  and  small -leaved.)  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  pedunculate!.}  DC.     Fruit  raised  on  a  (sometimes  short)  mostly 
long  and  slender  peduncle,  without  bracts ;  fruit  regularly  4-lobed,  the  lobes  bluntly 
keeled. — Rare:  only  observed  southwestward.     (Eu.) 

3.  C.  a  lit  H  ill  u  ill  is,  L.     Fruit  nearly  sessile,  without  bracts;  lobes  of  the 
fruit  (often  irregular)  sharply  keeled  on  the  back;  leaves  linear  or  spatulate. — 
Not  common.     (Eu.) 

Var.  liaioai'is  (C.  linearis,  Pursh)  has  the  leaves  all  or  chiefly  narrowly 
linear,  and  the  lobes  of  the  fruit  noi  keeled.  —  Common  northward. 

ORDER  101.    PODOSTEMACK^K.     (RIVER-WEED  FAMILY.) 

Aquatics,  growing  on  stones  in  running  water,  with  much  the  aspect  of  Sea- 
weeds or  Mosses ;  the  minute  naked  flowers  bursting  from  a  spathe-like  invo- 
lucre as  in  Liverworts, producing  a  2-3-celled  many-seeded  ribbed  pod;  — 
represented  in  North  America  by  the  genus 

1.    PODOSTEMON,    Michx.        KIVER-WEED. 

Flower  solitary,  pedicelled,  from  a  tubular  sac-like  involucre,  destitute  of 
floral  envelopes.  Stamens  borne  on  one  side  of  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  with 
their  long  filaments  united  into  one  for  more  than  half  their  length,  and  2  short 
sterile  filaments,  one  on  each  side:  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  awl-shaped. 


EUPHORBIACE-E.      {SPURGE   FAMILY.)  385 

Pod  oval,  8-ribbed,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  minute,  very  numerous  on  a  thick 
persistent  central  placenta,  destitute  of  albumen.  —  Leaves  2-ranked.  (Name 
from  irovs,  foot,  and  orfifjuav,  stamen ;  the  two  stamens  being  apparently  raised 
on  a  stalk  by  the  side  of  the  ovary.) 

1.  P.  ceratophyllinn,  Michx.  Leaves  rigid,  dilated  into  a  stipule- 
like  sheathing  base,  above  mostly  forked  into  thread-like  or  linear  lobes.  —  Not 
uncommon  in  the  bottom  of  shallow  streams.  July-  Sept.  A  small  olive-green 
plant,  of  firm  texture,  resembling  a  Sea-weed,  tenaciously  attached  to  loose 
stones,  in  the  manner  of  a  Fucus,  by  fleshy  disks  or  processes  in  place  of  roots. 

ORDER  102.    EUPHORBIACE^E.     (SPURGE   FAMILY.) 

Plants  usually  with  a  milky  acrid  juice,  and  various,  usually  monoecious  or 
dioecious  flowers  ;  the  fruit  of  2  -  3  or  several  1  -  2-seeded  pods  united  around 
a  central  axis,  separating  when  ripe  (rarely  of  a  single  pod).  Seed  suspend- 
ed, anatropous.  Embryo  with  flat  cotyledons  nearly  as  long  as  the  albu- 
men. Stigmas  2  -  3  or  more,  often  forked.  Calyx  usually  valvate  in  the 
bud,  occasionally  wanting.  Petals  sometimes  present.  —  A  large  family  in 
the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  (£he  acrid  juice  poisonous) ;  most  numer- 
ously represented  in  Northern  countries  by  the  genus  Euphorbia,  which 
has  very  remarkable  reduced  flowers  enclosed  in  an  involucre  that  imitates 
a  calyx ;  and  sparingly  by  a  few  other  genera :  the  tribes  not  yet  well  set- 
tled. The  proper  place  for  the  order  is  in  the  Polypetalous  division. 

Synopsis. 

*  Seeds  and  ovules  only  one  in  each  cell. 
—  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers,  both  destitute  of  calyx  as  well  as  corolla,  and  contained  in 

the  same  cup-shaped  involucre,  which  resembles  a  calyx. 
1   EUPHORBIA.    Staminate  flowers  many  (each  merely  of  a  single  stamen)  enclosed  in  the 

involucre,  the  single  pistillate  flower  projecting  from  it  on  its  stalk.    Pod  3-lobed. 
•i-  •»-  Flowers  (monoecious)  of  both  kinds  with  a  calyx,  but  no  petals,  not  in  an  involucre. 
2.  CNIDOSCOLUS.    Flowers  cymose.    Calyx  corolla-like,  hi  the  staminate  flowers  salver 

shaped,  5-cleft     Stamens  10  - 15. 
8.  ACALYPHA.    Flowers  spiked  and  glomerate.    Stamens  8  - 16 :  filaments  monadelphous  at 

the  base.     Styles  capillary-dissected. 

4.  TRAGIA.    Flowers  in  racemes.    Stamens  2  or  3.    Style  3-cleft.    Stigmas  3,  simple. 
6.  STILLINGIA.    Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.    Stamens  2.    Stigmas  3,  simple. 
4-  -t-  -»-  Flowers  (monoecious)  of  both  kinds  with  a  regular  calyx,  and  at  least  the  staminate 

with  petals  also,  not  hi  an  involucre. 

6.  CROTON.    Flowers  spiked  or  glomerate.    Ovary  and  fruit  3-  (rarely  2-)  celled. 
7   CROTONOPSIS.    Flowers  scattered  on  the  branchlets,  axillary.    Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled. 
*  *  Seeds  and  ovules  2  in  each  cell.    (Calyx  present,  but  no  petals.) 

8.  PHYLLANTHUS.    Flowers  axillary.    Calyx  5  -  6-parted.    Stamens  3,  monadelphoxw. 

9.  PACHYSANDRA.    Flowers  spiked.    Calyx  4-parted.    Stamens  4,  separate. 

1.     i:i*PIIORBIA,    L.        SPURGE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  included  in  a  cup-shaped  4  -  5-lobed  involucre  (flower  of 
older  authors)  resembling  a  calyx  or  corolla,  usually  bearing  large  and  thick 
33 


386  EUPHORBIACE2E.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

glands  at  its  sinuses.  Sterile  flowers  numerous  and  lining  the  base  of  the  invo- 
lucre, each  from  the  axil  of  a  little  bract,  and  consisting  merely  of  a  single  sta- 
men jointed  on  a  pedicel  like  the  filament :  anther-cells  globular,  separate. 
Fertile  flower  solitary  in  the  middle  of  the  involucre,  soon  protruded  on  a  long 
pedicel,  consisting  of  a  3-lobed  and  3-celled  ovary  with  no  calyx,  or  a  mere  ves- 
tige. Styles  3,  each  2-cleft;  the  stigmas  therefore  6.  Pod  separating  into  3 
one-seeded  carpels,  which  split  elastically  into  2  valves.  Seed  often  caruncled. 
—  Plants  (herbs  in  the  United  States),  with  a  milky  acrid  juice,  the  uppermost 
leaves  often  in  whorls  or  pairs.  Peduncles  lateral  or  terminal,  often  umbellate- 
clustered.  (Named  after  Euphorbus,  physician  to  King  Juba. ) 
For  the  following  elaboration  of  the  genus  I  am  indebted  to  DR.  ENGELMANN. 

$  1 .  Leaves  (all  opposite  and  similar,  small)  furnished  with  awl-shaped  or  scaly  stip- 
ules: stems  much  branched:  involucres  solitary  in  the  forks  or  axils,  sometimes 
crowded  or  clustered  on  the  brancJtlets :  root  annual  in  all  our  species:  plants  flower- 
ing all  the  summer  and  autumn.  (Stipulatae.) 

#  Seeds  smooth  and  even,  ash-colored :  leaves  entire,  glabrous,  as  is  the  whole  plant, 
and  pale  or  slightly  glaucous. 

1.  E.  polygoilifdlia,  L.      (SHORE    SPURGE.)      Prostrate-spreading; 
leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  slightly  cordate  or  obtuse  at  the  oblique 
base  (4"  -  8"  long) ;  peduncles  equalling  the  short  petioles ;  glands  of  the  invo- 
lucre minute,  not  appendaged;  pod  obtusely  angled;  seeds  ovate  (1"  long,  the 
largest  of  this  section).  —  Sandy  shore  of  the  Atlantic  and  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

2.  E*  Geyeri,  Engelm.     Procumbent ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  at  the 
apex  and  the  oblique  base  ;  peduncles  equalling  the  petioles ;  appendages  of  the 
involucre  petal-like  (white),  orbicular ;  pod  acutely  angled ;   seeds  obtusely  tri- 
angular (^"  long).  —  Sandy  soil,  Beardstown,  Illinois  (Geyer),  and  southwest- 
ward.  —  This  is  a  small-seeded  form  (var.  microsperma) :  other  forms  in  Mis- 
souri and  Texas  have  larger  petal-like  appendages  and  larger  seeds. 

3.  E.  lieriliarioides,    Nutt.      Prostrate;   leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse  at 
the  base  (only  £"-2^"  long) ;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  lateral,  sin- 
gle or  clustered ;  appendages  of  the  involucre  minute  and  crenulate,  or  none ;  pod 
acutely  angled;  seeds  obtusely  angled  (|"  long). — Banks  of  the  Mississippi 
and  lower  Ohio,  in  rich  alluvial  soil,  and  south  west  ward. 

*  *  Seeds  minutely  roughened,  ash-colored :  leaves  serrulate,  hairy. 

4.  E.  luiniistrata,  Engelm.  mss.     Procumbent,  puberulent  or  hairy; 
leaves  elliptical  with  an  oblique  obtuse  base,  serrulate  towards  the  apex,  sparse- 
ly hairy  underneath  (£'-!'  long,  sometimes  with  a  brown  spot  above) ;  pedun- 
cles rather  shorter  than  the  petioles,  crowded  in  lateral  clusters ;  involucre  cleft 
on  the  back,  its  appendages  orbicular  or  truncate  and  nearly  entire ;  pod  acute- 
ly angled,  puberulent;   seeds  ovate,    4-angled    (f"  long).  —  With    the   last. 
— Branches  6' -20'  long.    Distinguished  from  the  next  by  its  broader  leaves, 
slit  involucre,  and  rounder,  granulated  (not  transversely  grooved)  seed. 

*  *  *  Seeds  transversely  wrinkled-pitted:  leaves  serrate,  often  hairy  and  falcate. 

5.  E.  maculata,    L.      (SPOTTED    SPURGE.)      Prostrate;  leaves  very 
oblique  at  the  base,  oblong-linear  (4" -6"  long),  serrulate  towards  the  apex 


EUPHORB1ACEJE.      (SPURGE   FAMILY.)  387 

mostly  with  a  brows-purple  spot  in  the  centre ;  peduncles  equalling  the  petioles, 
crowded  in  lateral  dusters;  glands  of  the  involucre  minute,  with  a  petal-like 
somewhat  crenate  margin ;  pod  acutely  angled,  puberulent ;  seeds  ovate,  ash-colored 
(§''  long),  sharply  4-angled,  and  with  about  4  grooves  across  each  of  the  con- 
cave sides.  (E.  thymifolia,  Pursh.  E.  depressa,  Torr.)  —  Gravelly  open  places, 
everywhere. 

6.  E.  hypericifolia,  L.     (LARGER  SPOTTED  SPURGE.)    Ascending  or 
erect  (1°  -2°  high) ;  leaves  oblique  at  the  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  base,  ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-linear,  serrate  (£'-!£'  long),  often  with  a  red  spot  or  red 
mai-gins  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles,  collected  in  loose  leafy  cymes  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  branches ;  appendages  of  the  involucre  small,  round,  and  entire ;  pod 
glabrous,  obtusely  angled;  seeds  obtusely  angled,  wrinkled  and  tubercled  (£"  long 
or  nearly),  blackish.  —  Rich  soil  in  open  places  ;  very  common. 

$  2.  Leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  all  opposite:  involucres  solitary  and  pedunded,  in  the 
forks  of  the  stem :  root  perennial.     (Oppositifoliae.) 

7.  E.  Ipecacuanhae,  L.     (WILD  IPECAC.)     Stems  many  from  a  very 
long  perpendicular  root,  erect  or  diffusely  spreading  (5'- 10'  long),  forking  from 
near  the  base  ;  leaves  varying  from  obovate  or  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  entire, 
almost  sessile,  glabrous  ;  peduncles  elongated  ($'-!'  long) ;  glands  of  the  invo- 
lucre 5,  equal,  not  appendaged;  pod  long-pedicelled,  obtusely  angled,  nearly 
smooth;  seeds  ovate,  flattened,  white,  marked  with  impressed  dots.  —  Sandy 
soil,  near  the  coast,  New  York  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    May  -  July. 

§  3.  'Leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  alternate  or  opposite :  involucres  all  crowded  in  a 
terminal  cluster,  bearing  a  few  cup-shaped  glands :  root  annual.    (Cyathophorae.) 

8.  E.  dealt fitsi,  Michx.     Erect  or  ascending,  hairy  (l°high);  leaves  al- 
ternate or  opposite,  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed  (l'-2; 
long) ;  involucres  almost  sessile,  with  5  ovate  laciniate  lobes  and  a  stalked  gland, 
and  sometimes  with  2  or  3 ;  seeds  globular,  tubercled.  —  Rich  soil,  Ohio  to 
Illinois  and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

9.  E*  cyatliopliom,    Jacq.      Ascending   or  erect   (l°-3°high),  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  ovate-fiddle-shaped  and  sinuate-toothed,  or  lanceo- 
late, or  linear  and  entire ;  involucres  about  the  length  of  the  peduncle,  with  5  ovate 
incised  lobes  and  a   single  sessile  gland ;  seeds  globular,  tubercled.  —  W.  Illi- 
nois and  southward.    July.  —  Upper  leaves  mostly  with  red  margins  or  base. 

§  4.  Leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  alternate  or  scattered  up  to  where  the  flowering  begins, 
the  floral  ones  opposite  or  whorled,  all  commonly  sessile :  stem  erect :  /lowering 
branches  umbellately  forked :  involucres  in  the  forks  and  terminal.     (Unibellataj.) 
*  Glands  of  the  involucre  5,  entire,  with  (ivhite)  petal-like  appendages :  perennial. 

10.  E.  corollata,  L.     (FLOWERING  SPURGE.)     Glabrous  or  sometimes 
sparingly  hairy  (2° -3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire,  obtuse ; 
umbel  5-  (3  -  7-)  forked,  and  the  forks  again  2-3-  (rarely  5-)  forked  ;  involucres 
long-peduncled  ;  pods  slender-pedicelled,  smooth ;  seeds  globular,  slightly  tuber- 
cled.—  Rich  or  sandy  soil,  W.  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and 
southward.    June -Aug.  —  Conspicuous  for  the  showy  false  lobes  of  the  invo- 
lucre, which  appear  like  5  white  petals,  the  true  lobes  minute  and  incurved. 


388  EUPHORBIACEJE.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

*  #  Glands  yf  the  imxducre  entire,  not  appendaged :  involucres 

+-  Seeds  rugose  or  reticulated :  leaves  serrulate :  annuals. 

11.  E.  HELiosc6piA,  L.     (SuN  SPURGE.)     Leaves  all  obovate  and  very 
rounded  (or  retuse)  at  the  end,  finely  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  wedge-shaped; 
umbel  divided  into  5  rays,  then  into  3,  or  at  length  simply  forked ;  glands  orbic- 
ular, stalked;  pod  smooth  and  even. — Waste  places,  east  of  the  Alleghanies : 
rather  scarce.    July -Sept.  —  Rather  stout,  branched  from  the  root,  6' -12' 
high,  smooth  or  a  little  hairy.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

12.  E.  Arkansaiia,  Engelm.  &  Gr.     Slender,  very  smooth  throughout; 
stem-leaves  oblong-  or  obovate-spatulate,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  roundish-ovate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped,  very  obtuse ;  umbels  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2- 
forked;  glands  oval,  almost  sessile ;  pod  warty;  seeds  reticulated.  —  Lexington, 
Kentucky  (Short),  and  southwestward. 

-•-  •*-  Seeds  smooth  and  even :  pod  warty  or  rough. 

13.  E.  Obtusata,  Pursh.     (WARTED  SPURGE.)     Leaves  all  obtuse,  mi- 
nutely serrulate,  smooth ;  those  of  the  stem  oblong-spatulate,  the  uppermost  and 
bracts  dilated-ovate  and  barely  mucronate ;  umbel  once  or  twice  divided  into 
3-5  rays,  then  into  2 ;  glands  oval ;  styles  2-cleft  to  the  middle,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  ovary,  which  is  warty  with  cylindrical  projections.     (E.  platyphylla, 
Amer.  auth.  Sf  ed.  1.)     ©  (2)  ?  —  Shady  fertile  woods,  &c.,  Vermont  to  Virginia, 
and  common  westward.    July  -  Sept.  —  The  representative  of  the  European  E. 
platyphylla,  which  has  the  upper  leaves  acute,  the  upper  bracts  cuspidate,  the 
styles  2-lobed  at  the  apex  only,  and  much  longer  than  the  ovary,  which  is  warty 
with  hemispherical  glands.      [The  difference  in  the  styles  appears  to  be  not 
altogether  constant.] 

14.  E.  Darlingtonii,  Gray.     Tall  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  entire,  minutely 
downy  beneath ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate-oblong,  the  lower  floral  ones  oval, 
very  obtuse,  the  upper  roundish-dilated  with  a  truncate  base  ;   umbel  5-8- 
rayed,  afterwards  simply  forked ;  glands  obliquely  oval,  sessile ;  pod  obscurely- 
warty.     }|-  (E.  nemoralis,  DarL,  not  of  Kit.)  —  Copses,  &c.,  Penn.  and  south- 
ward along  the  mountains. 

*  *  #  Glands  of  the  involucre  crescent-shaped  or  Z-horned,  naked.     (Stems  erect : 

leaves  entire:  plant  glabrous.) 
•H-  Seeds  smooth,  blackish  or  dull :  perennials,  with  running  rootstocks. 

15.  E*  ESULA,  L.     Stems   clustered   (l°high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-, 
the  floral  (yellowish)  broadly  heart-shaped,  mucronate ;  umbel  divided  into  many 
rays,  then  forking ;  also  with  scattered  flowering  branches  below ;  glands  short- 
horned  (brown) ;  pods  smoothish.  —  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  Oakes:  likely 
to  become  a  troublesome  weed.    June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.  E.  CypARfssiAS,  L.     (CYPRESS  SPURGE.)     Stems  densely  clustered 
(£'-!'  high);  stem-leaves  linear,  crowded,  the  floral  ones  heart-shaped;  umbel 
many-rayed,  and  with  some  scattered  flowering  branches  below ;  glands  crescent- 
shaped  ;  pods  granulai .  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  road-sides,  in  a  few  places 
in  New  England.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•*-  •*-  Seeds  sculptured,  ash-colored:  root  biennial  or  annual. 


EUPHORBIACEJE.       (SPURGE   FAMILY.)  389 

•«•  Leaves  scattered,  thin  and  membranaceous :  pod  smooth. 

17.  E.  PEPLUS,  L.    (PETTY  SPURGE.)    Erect  or  ascending  (5' -10' high); 
leaves  petioled,  round-obovate ;  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate ;  umbel  3-rayed,  then 
forking ;   glands  long-horned ;   lobes  of  the  pod  ^-wing-crested  on  the  back  j 
seeds  ^-grooved  on  the  inner  face,  pitted  on  the  back.     Q)  —  Waste  places  in  the 
Eastern  States ;  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

18.  E,  commute  t:i,  Engelm.  mss.     Stems  branched  from  a  commonly 
decumbent  base  (6' -12'  high) ;  haves  obovate,  the  upper  all  sessile,  the  upper 
floral  roundish-dilated,  broader  than  long;  pod  obtusely  angled,  crestless;  seeds 
ovate,  pitted  all  over.     (|)  (i)  1J.  ?  —  Along  water-courses,  from  Virginia  toward 
the  mountains  to  Ohio  and  westward.  —  Leaves  often  persistent  over  the  winter 
on  sterile  shoots,  turning  red,  like  those  of  the  European  E.  amygdaloides 
Seeds  1"  long,  larger  than  those  of  E.  Peplus;  with  which  this  has  been  con 
founded ;  but  the  character  of  the  pods  and  seeds  readily  distinguish  it. 

•»-*•  •«-*•  Leaves  all  opposite  or  nearly  so,  thickish :  pod  smooth. 

19.  E.   LATHYRIS,   L.     (CAPER    SPURGE.)     Stem  stout  (2°-3°  high); 
leaves  linear-oblong,  the  floral  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped,  pointed ;  umbel 
3 -4-rayed^then  forking;  glands  short-horned.    (f) —  Sparingly  escaped  from 
gardens,  where  it  is  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  CNIDOSCOL.US,    Pohl.         SPURGE-NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  a  terminal  open  forking  cyme ;  the  fertile  ones  usu- 
ally in  the  lower  forks.  Calyx  corolla-like  (white) ;  in  the  staminate  flowers 
salver-shaped,  5-lqbed;  in  the  pistillate,  5-parted,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Corolla 
none.  Hypogynous  glands  5,  small.  Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous 
below,  the  inner  ones  longer.  Pert.  Fl.  Ovary  3-celled :  styles  3,  short,  some- 
what united,  many-cleft.  Pod  3-celled,  bristly-hairy,  3-seeded,  separating  into 
3  two-valved  carpels.  —  Perennials,  beset  with  stinging  bristles  (whence  appar- 
ently the  name,  from  Kvidrj,  a  nettle,  and  ovceoAos,  a  prickle). 

1.  C.  s  tim  ill  os;i.  (TREAD-SOFTLY.)  Herbaceous,  from  a  long  peren- 
nial root,  branching  (6' -18' high) ;  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3-5-lobed 
(Jatropha  stimulosa,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Virginia  and  southward. 

3.  ACALiYPIIA,    L.        THREE-SEEDED  MERCURY. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  sterile  very  small,  clustered  in  spikes,  with  the  few 
or  solitary  fertile  flowers  at  their  base,  or  sometimes  in  separate  spikes.  Calyx 
of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted  ;  of  the  fertile,  3-parted.  Corolla  none.  Stamens 
8-16  :  filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  the  base  :  anther-cells  separate,  long, 
hanging  from  the  apex  of  the  filament.  Styles  3,  cut-fringed  (red).  Pod  sep- 
arating into  3  globular  carpels  which  split  into  2  valves,  rarely  of  only  one  car- 
pel. —  Annual  herbs  (in  N.  America),  with  the  appearance  of  Nettles  or  Ama- 
ranths ;  the  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  with  stipules.  Clusters  of  sterile  flowers 
with  a  minute  bract ;  the  fertile  surrounded  by  a  large  and  leaf-like  cut-lobed 
persistent  bract.  ('A/coX^i/,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Nettle.) 
33* 


890  EUPHORBIACEJE.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

*  Fruit  smooth  or  merely  pubescent. 

1.  A*  Virginica,  L.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  obtusely  and  sparsely  ser- 
rate, long-petioled ;  sterile  spike  rather  few-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  deeply 
palnntely-deft  fruiting  bracts.  —  Fields  and  open  places  ;  common.    July  -  Sept. 
—A  homely  weed,  l°-2°  high,  smoothish  or  rather  hairy,  often  turning  pur- 
plish in  autumn.    Fertile  flowers  1-3  in  each  axil,  along  with  the  small  and 
short-peduncled  sterile  spike :  bracts  very  large  and  leaf-like,  unequally  cut  into 
5-9  lanceolate  lobes. 

2.  A»  gracilens*     Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  linear,  obscurely 
serrate,  short-petioled,  mostly  obtuse ;  sterile  spike  long  and  slender,  much  longer  than 
the  cut-toothed  bract.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  Rhode  Island  to  Illinois,  and  common 
southward.  —  A  somewhat  downy  plant,  6' - 12' high ;  the  heart-ovate  fruiting 
bract  sharply  cut-toothed,  or  barely  cleft  at  the  sides ;  the  sterile  spike  frequently 
1'  long  and  half  the  length  of  the  leaves. — Perhaps  runs  into  the  last.  —  Var. 
MONOCOCCA,  Engelm.,  is  a  narrow  and  nearly  entire-leaved  form,  with  only  one 
cell  to  the  fruit,  and  the  seed  larger.     Western  Illinois. 

#  #  Fruit  echinate  with  soft  bristly  green  projections. 

3.  A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.     Leaves  thin,  ovate-cordate,  sharply  and  closely 
serrate-toothed,  abruptly  acuminate,  long-petioled ;  sterile  spikes  short ;  the  fer- 
tile ones  mostly  terminal  and  elongated,  its  bracts  deeply  cut  into  many  linear 
lobes.     (A.  ostryaefolia,  Riddett.)  — New  Jersey  (Princeton,  Tarrey),  Ohio,  and 
southward, 

4.     TRAGIA,    Plunder.        TRAGIA. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  racemes,  apetalous.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  3-parted.  Sta- 
mens 2  or  3 :  filaments  short,  distinct.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  5-8-  (mostly  6-) 
parted,  persistent.  Style  3-cleft :  stigmas  3,  simple.  Pod  3-celled,  3-lobed, 
bristly,  separating  into  three  2-valved  1 -seeded  carpels.  —  Erect  or  climbing 
plants  (perennial  herbs  in  TJ.  S.),  pubescent  or  hispid,  with  mostly  alternate 
leaves ;  the  small-flowered  racemes  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves  (rarely  axil- 
lary) ;  the  sterile  flowers  above,  the  few  fertile  at  the  base,  all  with  small  bracts. 
(Named  for  the  early  herbalist  Tragus.) 

1.  T.  ureiis,    L.     Erect,  paniculate-branched,   softly  hairy-pubescent   (1° 
high) ;  leaves  varying  from  obovate-oblong  to  lance-linear,  acute  at  the  base,  ob- 
tusely or  sinuately  few-toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes  entire,  short-petioled  or  sessile. 
—  Dry  ground,  Virginia  and  southward.    May -Aug.     (A  bad  name  for  the 
species ;  for  the  hairs  are  not  at  all  stinging  nor  sharp.    Walter's  name,  T.  in- 
nocua,  should  supersede  it.) 

2.  T.  lirticifolia,  Michx.    Erect  or  reclining,  hirsute ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  triangular-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  ovate,  all  somewhat  cordate  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  coarsely  cut-toothed,  short-petioled.  —  Virginia  (Pursh),  and  common 
southward. 

3.  T.  imicrocsirpa,  Willd.     Twining,  somewhat  hirsute;  leaves  deeply 
cordate,  ovate,  sharply  serrate  (3'  long),  all  but  the  uppermost  long-petioled  (pod 
£'  br>ad).     (T.  cordata,  Michx.)  —  Kent  ucky  (Michaux),  and  southward. 


EUPHOBBIACEJE.      (SPURCJE   FAMILY.)  391 

•5.    STILLiiNGIA,    Garden.        STILLINGIA. 

Flowers  monoecious,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  spike,  apetaloua.  Ster.  FL 
Calyx  a  2-cleft  or  crenulate  little  cup.  Stamens  2 :  filaments  elongated,  united 
at  the  base  :  anthers  adnate,  turned  outwards.  Pert.  FL  Calyx  3-toothed  or 
cleft.  Style  thick :  stigmas  3,  diverging,  simple.  Pod  3-celled,  3-lobed,  3-seed- 
ed.  —  Smooth  upright  plants,  with  the  alternate  leaves  mostly  2-glandular  at 
the  base ;  the  fertile  flowers  few  at  the  base  of  the  dense  sterile  spike  (rarely 
separate) ;  the  bract  for  each  cluster  with  a  gland  on  each  side.  (Named  for 
Dr.  B.  StULingfleet.) 

1.  S.  sy  I  viatica,  L.  Herbaceous  (2° -3°  high);  leaves  almost  sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate,  serrulate ;  glands  of  the  spike  saucer-shaped.  —  Sandy  and 
dry  soil,  Virginia  and  southward.  June. 

6.    CR6TON,    L.        CBOTON. 

Flowers  monoecious,  spiked  or  glomerate.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  5-parted,  rarely 
4-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx, 
mostly  small,  hypogynous.  Stamens  5  -  20,  distinct :  anthers  turned  inwards. 
Glands  or  lobes  of  the  central  disk  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  opposite 
them.  Fert.  FL  Calyx  5-  (rarely  8-)  cleft  or  parted.  Petals  often  none  or 
minute.  Glands  or  disk  as  in  the  sterile,  or  none.  Ovary  3-celled,  rarely  2- 
celled,  with  as  many  styles,  which  are  from  once  to  thrice  2-cleft.  Pod  3-  (rarely 
2-)  celled  and  lobed,  separating  into  as  many  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.  —  Stel- 
late-downy, or  scurfy,  or.  hairy  and  glandular  plants,  mostly  strong-scented ; 
the  sterile  flowers  above ;  the  fertile  below,  usually  at  the  base  of  the  same  spike 
or  cluster.  Leaves  alternate,  or  sometimes  imperfectly  opposite.  (Kporwy,  the 
Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil  Plant,  of  this  family.)  — The  following  have  been 
made  into  as  many  genera  by  Klotzsch,  apparently  without  sufficient  reason. 

*  1.  PILIN6PHYTUM,  Klotzsch.  —  Sterile  flowers  with  the  calyx  5-parted,  5 
glands  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  10-12  stamens  on  the  hairy  receptacle :  fertile 
flowers  with  an  unequally  8-cleft  calyx  and  no  petals ;  the  3  styles  twice  or  thrice 
2-cleft. 

1.  C.  capita  turn,  Michx.     Soft-woolly  and  somewhat  glandular  (1° 
2°  high),  branched;  leaves  very  long-petioled,  lance-oblong  or  elongated-oblong, 
rounded  at  the  base,  entire ;  fertile  flowers  several,  capitate-crowded  at  the  base 
of  the  short  terminal  sterile  spike.    (£) —  Barrens  of  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and 
southward.    Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Knieskern  !    July-  Sept. 

$  2.  GEISELERIA,  Klotzsch.  —  Sterile  flowers  with  a  ^-parted  calyx,  4  ovate- 
lanceolate  petals,  a  4-rayed  disk,  and  8  stamens :  fertile  flowers  with  a  5-parted 
calyx,  and  very  minute  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  petals ;  the  3  styles  2-cleft. 

2.  C.  glanduldsum,    L.    Kough-hairy  and  glandular  (l°-2°  high), 
somewhat   umbellately  branched  ;    leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtusely 
toothed,  the  base  with  a  saucer-shaped  gland  on  each  side ;  fertile  flowers  capi' 
tate-clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile  in  the  forks  and  terminal 
(j)  —  Open  waste  places,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward.    July  -  Sept 


392  EUPHOKBIACEJE.       (s  PURGE   FAMILY.) 

{  3.  GYNAMBL6SIS,  Torr.  (Engelmannia,  Klotzsch.)  —  Sterile  flowers  with 
a  5-  (sometimes  3-4-)  parted  calyx,  and  as  many  petals  and  scale-like  glands  oppo* 
site  the  latter,  the  stamens  varying  from  5  to  10 :  fertile  flowers  with  a  5-parted 
calyx,  no  petals,  5  glands,  and  a  2-celled  ovary,  crowned  with  2  sessile  2-parted 
stigmas;  the  fruit  2-seeded,  or  often  by  abortion  l-seeded.  (This  may  perhaps 
rank  as  a  genus.) 

3.  C.  inoiiaiitliogyiniin,  Michx.  Kepeatedly  3-2-forked  into  di- 
verging branches,  stellately  pubescent;  leaves  silvery-woolly  beneath,  ovate- 
elliptical  or  oblong,  often  a  little  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  entire,  on  slender 
petioles ;  flowers  in  the  forks,  the  sterile  few  on  the  summit  of  a  short  erect  pe- 
duncle, the  fertile  few  and  clustered  or  mostly  solitary  on  short  recurved  pedun- 
cles. ®  (C.  ellipticum,  Nutt.  Engelmannia  Nuttalliana,  Klotzsch.  Gynam- 
blosis  monanthogyna,  Torr.)  — Barrens  and  dry  prairies,  from  Illinois  and 
Kentucky  southward  and  westward.  June  -  Sept. 

7.    CROTONOPSIS,    Michx.        CKOTONOPSIS. 

Mowers  monoecious,  axillary  along  the  branches,  and  terminal,  the  lower  fer- 
tile. Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  and  stamens  5 :  filaments  distinct, 
enlarged  at  the  apex.  Pert.  Fl.  Calyx  3  -  5-parted.  Petals  none.  Petal-like 
scales  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled:  stigmas  3,  each  2- 
lobed.  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  small,  l-seeded. — A  slender  low  annual, 
with  alternate  or  opposite  short-petioled  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves,  which  are 
green  and  smoothish  above,  but  silvery  hoary  with  starry  hairs  and  scurfy  with 
brownish  scales  underneath,  as  well  as  the  branches,  &c.  (Name  compounded 
of  Kporcoi/,  and  tn/rts,  appearance,  for  a  plant  with  the  aspect  of  Croton.) 

1.  C.  till c:\ris,  Michx.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Knieskem)  to  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Flowers  sessile,  small. 

8.    PHYL.I.ANTHUS,    L.        PHYLLANTHUS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.  Calyx  5  -  6-parted.  Petals  none.  Ster.  Fl. 
Stamens  3  :  filaments  united  in  a  column,  surrounded  by  5  -  6  glands  or  a  5  -  6- 
lobed  glandular  disk.  Fert.  Fl.  Ovary  3-celled ;  the  cells  2-ovuled :  styles  3, 
each  2-cleft :  stigmas  6.  Pod  depressed,  separating  into  3  carpels,  which  split 
into  2  valves.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  small  stipules.  (Name  composed  of 
<£uAXov,  leaf,  and  avdos,  blossom,  because  the  flowers  in  some  species  [not  in 
ours]  are  borne  upon  what  appear  like  leaves.) 

1.  P.  Carolincnsis,  Walt.  Annual,  low  and  slender,  branched ;  leaves 
2-ranked,  obovate  or  oval,  short-petioled;  flowers  commonly  2  in  each  axil, 
almost  sessile,  one  staminate,  the  other  fertile.  —  Gravelly  banks ;  W.  Penn.  to 
Illinois  and  southward.  July -Sept. 

9.    PACHYSANDRA,    Michx.       PACHYSANDRA. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  naked  spikes.  Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  none.  Ster. 
Fl.  Stamens  4,  separate,  surrounding  the  rudiment  of  an  ovary :  filaments 
long-exserted,  thick  and  flat :  anthers  oblong-linear.  Fert.  Fl.  Ovary  3-celled : 


EMPETRACE^E.       (CROWBERRT   FAMILY.)  398 

styles  3,  thick,  awl-shaped,  recurved,  stigmatic  down  their  whole  length  inside 
Pod  globular,  3-horned,  3-celled,  splitting  into  3  at  length  2-valved  2-seeded 
carpels.  —  Nearly  glabrous,  low  and  procumbent,  perennial  herbs,  with  matted 
creeping  rootstocks,  and  alternate,  ovate  or  obovate,  coarsely  toothed  leaves, 
narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  each  1  -3-bracted,  the  upper  ones 
staminate,  a  few  fertile  ones  at  the  base,  unpleasantly  scented  :  sepals  greenish : 
filaments  white  (the  size  and  thickness  of  the  latter  giving  the  name,  from 
naxvs,  thick,  and  avdpa,  used  for  stamen). 

1.  P.  procumbens,  Michx.  Stems  (6' -9'  long)  bearing  several  ap- 
proximate leaves  at  the  summit  on  slender  petioles,  and  a  few  many-flowered 
spikes  along  the  base ;  the  intervening  portion  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales. 
— Woods ;  mountains  of  Kentucky,  W.  Virginia,  and  southward.  March,  April. 


KiciNus  coMMtNis,  the  CASTOR-OIL  PLANT,  and  Btixus  SEMPERYIRENS, 
the  Box,  are  cultivated  representatives  of  this  order. 

MERCURIALIS  AKNUA,  of  Europe,  has  been  found  growing  spontaneously 
in  Boston,  and  in  Charleston,  S.  Carolina. 

ORDER  103.     EMPETRACE^E.     (CROWBERRY  FAMILY.) 

Low  shrubby  evergreens,  with  the  foliage,  aspect,  and  compound  pollen  of 
Heaths,  and  the  drupaceous  fruit  of  Arctostaphylos,  but  the  stigmas,  &c.  of 
Euphorbiaceae :  —  probably  an  apetalous  and  polygamous  or  dioecious  de- 
generate form  of  Ericacese,  —  comprising  three  genera,  two  of  which  occur 
within  the  limits  of  this  work,  and  the  third  in  Georgia,  &c. 

1.    EMPETRUUI,    Tourn.        CROWBERRT. 

Flowers  polygamous,  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  (incon- 
spicuous), scaly-bracted.  Calyx  of  3  spreading  and  somewhat  petal-like  sepals. 
Stamens  3.  Style  very  short :  stigma  6  -  9-rayed.  Fruit  a  berry -like  drupe, 
with  6-9  seed-like  nutlets ;  each  containing  an  erect  anatropous  seed.  Embryo 
terete,  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen,  with  a  slender  inferior  radicle  and  verv 
small  cotyledons.  (An  ancient  name,  from  ev,  upon,  and  Trerpos,  a  rock.) 

1.  E.  nigruiit,  L.  (BLACK  CROWBERRY.)  Procumbent  and  trailing; 
leaves  linear-oblong,  scattered ;  fruit  black.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  moun- 
tains of  New  England  and  N.  New  York ;  L.  Superior,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

2.     CORE  MA,    Don.        (BROOM-CROWBERRT.) 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  collected  in  terminal  heads,  each  in  the  axil 
of  a  scaly  bract,,  and  with  5  or  6  thin  and  scarious  imbricated  bractlets,  but  no 
proper  calyx.  Stamens  3,  rarely  4,  with  long  filaments.  Style  slender,  3-  (4  -5-) 
cleft:  stigmas  narrow,  often  toothed.  Drupe  small,  with  3  (rarely  4-5)  nut- 
lets. Seed,  &c.  as  in  the  last.  —  Diffusely  much-branched  little  shrubs,  with 
scattered  or  nearly  whorled  narrowly  linear  leaves.  (Name  Kopypa,  a  feroom, 
from  the  bushy  aspect. ) 


394  UKTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  Coiinidii,  Torrey.  Diffusely  branched,  nearly  smooth;  drupe 
very  small,  dry  and  juiceless  when  ripe.  (Empetrum,  Torr.  Tuckermania, 
Klotzsch.  Oakesia,  Tuck.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  and  dry  rocky  places,  New 
Jersey,  Long  Island ;  Plymouth,  Massachusetts ;  Bath,  and  islands  of  Penob- 
scot  Bay,  Maine.  (Also  Newfoundland.)  April.  —  Shrub  6' -9'  high:  the 
sterile  plant  handsome  in  flower,  on  account  of  the  tufted  purple  filaments  and 
brown-purple  anthers.  (Gray,  Chlor.  Bor.-Am.  t.  1.) 

ORDER  104.     URTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  stipules,  and  monoecious,  diozcious,  or  sometimes  (in  the  Elm 
Family)  perfect  flowers,  furnished  with  a  regular  calyx,  free  from  the  l-celled 
(rarely  2~celled)  ovary  which  forms  a  \-seeded  fruit ;  the  embryo  in  the  albu- 
men when  this  is  present ;  the  radicle  pointing  upwards ;  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer.  Cotyledons 
usually  broad.  Stipules  often  deciduous.  —  A  large  order  (far  the  greater 
part  tropical),  comprising  four  well-marked  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    ULMACE.33.    THE  ELM  FAMILY. 

Flowers  perfect  or  monoeciously  polygamous.  Filaments  straight  or 
moderately  incurved  in  the  bud.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara  or 
drupe.  Seed  suspended.  —  Trees,  with  a  watery  juice  (no  active  or  nox- 
ious properties),  and  alternate  leaves. 

*  Fruit  dry  winged  or  crested  (a  samara) :  anthers  extrorse. 

1.  ULMUS.    Flowers  mostly  perfect.    Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled.    Fruit  l-celled,  winged  all 

round.    Embryo  straight. 

2.  PLANERA.    Flowers  polygamous.    Ovary  l-celled.    Fruit  wingless,  many-crested. 

*  *  Fruit  a  drupe :  anthers  introrse. 
8.  CELTIS.    Flowers  polygamous.    Ovary  l-celled.     Cotyledons  curved  and  crumpled. 

SUBORDER  II.    ARTOCARPE.3E.    THE  BREAD-FRUIT  &  FIG  FAM. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  direcious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  spikes  or  heads ; 
the  calyx,  &c.  becoming  fleshy  or  juicy  in  fruit,  but  the  1-  (rarely  2-) 
celled  ovary  ripening  as  a  dry  achenium.  Styles  or  stigmas  commonly  2. 
—  Mostly  trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  or  yellow  (acrid  or  poisonous) 
juice,  and  alternate  (rough  or  smooth)  leaves. —  Stamens  inflexed  in  the 
bud,  and  elastically  spreading  when  the  flower  opens,  in  the  Tribe  MORE^E. 

4.  MORTIS.    Fertile  and  sterile  flowers  in  separate  spikes.    Stamens  4.    Calyx  berry-like  in 
fruit. 

SUBORDER  III.     URTICE.ZE.     THE  NETTLE  FAMILY. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Filaments  transversely  wrinkle**  and 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  or  spreading  elastically  when  the  flower 
opens.  Style  or  stigma  simple.  Ovary  always  1-ceiled,  with  an  erect  or- 
thotropous  ovule,  forming  an  aehenium  in  fruit.  Embryo  straight  in  the 


URTICACEJE.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.)  395 

axis  of  albumen.  —  Herbs  (or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees),  with  a 
watery  (innocuous)  juice,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  opposite  or  alternate 
leaves  :  many  are  armed  with  stinging  hairs. 

•  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  of  2  -  4  separate  or  nearly  separate  sepals. 

•«-  Plant  beset  with  stinging  bristles. 

b.  UBTICA.    Sepals  4  in  both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers.    Achenium  straight  and  erect,  en 
closed  by  the  2  inner  and  larger  sepals.    Stigma  capitate-tufted.    Leaves  opposite. 

6.  LAPORTEA.    Sepals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4  in  the  fertile,  or  apparently  only  2,  the  two 

exterior  minute  and  obscure.    Achenium  very  oblique  and  bent  down,  nearly  naked 
Stigma  long  and  awl-shaped.    Leaves  alternate. 

•*-  ••-  Plant  wholly  destitute  of  stinging  hairs. 

7.  PILEA.    Sepals  3  or  4,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  all  or  all  but  one  small.    Achenium 

partly  naked,  straight  and  erect.    Stigma  pencil-tufted.    Leaves  opposite. 
*  *  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  tubular  or  cup-shaped,  enclosing  the  achenium. 

8.  BQ5HMERIA.    Flowers  monoecious,  glomerate,  the  clusters  spiked,  not  involucrate.    Stylo 

long  and  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  down  one  side. 

9.  PARIETARIA.    Flowers  polygamous,  in  involucrate-bracted  clusters.    Stigma  tufted 

SUBORDER  IV.    CANNABINE^B.     THE  HEMP  FAMILY. 

Flowers  dioecious  ;  the  sterile  racemed  or  panicled  ;  the  fertile  in  clus- 
ters or  catkins.  Filaments  short,  not  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Fertile  calyx 
of  one  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  an  erect  orthotropous  ovule,  forming  a  glandular  achenium  in  fruit. 
Seed  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  coiled  or  bent.  —  Herbs  with  a  watery 
juice  and  mostly  opposite  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  a  fibrous  inner  bark,  &c. 
(yielding  bitter  and  narcotic  products). 

10.  CANNABIS.    Fertile  flowers  spiked-clustered.    Anthers  drooping.    Leaves  5  -7-divided. 

11.  HUMULUS.    Fertile  flowers  hi  a  short  spike  forming  a  membranaceous  catkin  in  fruit 

Anthers  erect.    Leaves  3  -  5-lobed. 

SUBORDER  I.     UL.MACEJS.    THE  ELM  FAMILY 


1.    lLiOTEUS,    L.        ELM. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  -  9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  with  long  and  slender  filaments. 
Ovary  flat,  2-celled,  with  a"  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from  the  summit 
of  each  cell  :  styles  2,  short,  diverging,  stigmatic  all  along  the  inner  edge. 
Fruit  (by  obliteration)  a  1-celled  and  1-seeded  membranaceous  samara,  winged 
all  arouad.  Albumen  none  :  embryo  straight;  the  cotyledons  large.  —  Flowers 
perfect  or  polygamous,  purplish  or  yellowish,  in  lateral  clusters,  in  our  species 
preceding  the  leaves,  which  are  strongly  straight-veined,  short-petioled,  and 
oblique  or  unequally  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  Stipules  small,  cadu- 
cous. (The  classical  Latin  name.) 
#  Flowers  appearing  nearly  sessile  :  fruit  orbicular,  not  dilate  :  leaves  very  rough  above. 

1.  17.  fulva,  Mich.  (SLIPPERY  or  RED  ELM.)  Buds  before  expansion 
soft-downy  with  rusty  hairs  (large)  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  doubly 
serrate  (4'  -8'  long,  sweet-sceuted  in  drying),  soft-downy  underneath  or  slightly 


396          .  UKTICACE^E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

rough  downwards ;  branchlets  downy ;  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  7  -  9 ;  fruit 
(|'-|'  wide)  with  the  cell  pubescent.  —  Along  streams,  common  from  W.  New 
England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.  March,  April.  —  A  small  or  middle- 
sized  tree,  with  tough  reddish  wood,  and  a  very  mucilaginous  inner  bark. 
#  #  Flowers  on  slender  drooping  peduncles  or  pedicels,  which  are  jointed  above  the 
middle :  fruit  ovate  or  oval,  fringed-ciliate :  leaves  smooth  and  glabrous  above,  or 


2.  IT.  Americana,  L.  (pi.  Clayt.),  Willd.      (AMERICAN  or  WHITK 
ELM.)     Buds  and  branchlets  glabrous ;  branches  not  corky;  leaves  obovate-oblong 
or  oval,  abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate   (2' -4' long),  soft- 
pubescent  beneath,  or  soon  glabrous ;  flowers  in  close  fascicles ;  calyx  with  7-9 
roundish  lobes ;  fruit  glabrous  except  the  margins  (£'  long),  its  sharp  points  in- 
curved and  closing  the  notch. — Moist  woods,  especially  along  rivers,  in  rich 
soil ;  common.     April.  —  A  large  and  well-known  ornamental  tree,  with  spread- 
ing branches  and  drooping  branchlets. 

3.  U.  racemdsa,  Thomas.     (CORKY  WHITE  ELM.)     Bud-scales  downy- 
ciliate,  and  somewhat  pubescent,  as  are  the  young  branchlets ;  branches  often  with 
corky  ridges;  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last;  flowers  racemed;  fruit  much  as  in  the 
last,  but  rather  larger.  —  River-banks,  W.  New  England,  New  York,  and  Mich- 
igan.   April.  —  Wood  tougher  and  finer-grained  than  in  the  last. 

4.  U.  alata,    Michx.      (WINGED    ELM.      WHAHOO.)      Bud-scales    and 
branchlets  nearly  glabrous ;  branches  corky-winged,  at  least  some  of  them ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  thickish,  small  (l'-2^;  long),  seldom 
oblique ;  calyx-lobes  obovate ;  fruit  downy  on  the  face,  at  least  when  young.  — 
Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     March.  —  Wood  fine-grained,  valuable. 

U.  CAMPESTRIS,  L.,  the  ENGLISH  ELM,  was  early  introduced  near  Boston, 
&c. 

2.    PL.  AN  ERA,    Gmel.        PLANER-TREE. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamens  4 -5.  Ovary 
ovoid,  1 -celled,  1-ovuled,  crowned  with  2  spreading  styles  which  are  -stigmatose 
down  the  inner  side,  in  fruit  becoming  coriaceous  and  nut-like,  not  winged. 
Albumen  none  :  embryo  straight.  —  Trees  with  small  leaves,  like  those  of  Elms, 
the  flowers  appearing  with  them,  in  small  axillary  clusters.  (Named  for  J.  J. 
Planer,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  P.  aquatica,  Gmel.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  small; 
fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx,  beset  with  irregular  rough  projections.  —  Wet  banks, 
Kentucky  (Michx.)  and  southward.  April. 

3.    CELT  IS,    Tourn.        NETTLE-TREE.     HACKBERRY. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  5  -  6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens 
5-6.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule:  stigmas  2,  long  and 
pointed,  recurved.  Fruit  a  globular  drupe.  Embryo  curved,  nearly  enclosing 
a  little  gelatinous  albumen :  cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled.  — Leaves  pointed, 
!?etioled.  Stipules  caducous.  Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the  'fertile  solitary  or 


UKTICACE.E.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.)  397 

in  pairs,  ped  uncled,  appearing  with  the  leaves;  the  lower  usually  staminate 
only,  in  little  fascicles  or  racemose  along  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  season. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Lotus ;  the  fruit  of  the  European  Nettle-tree 
is  supposed  to  have  been  the  food  of  the  Lotaphagi,) 

1.  C.  occidentalis,  L.     (SUGARBERRY.    HACKBERRY.)    Leaves  retic- 
ulated, ovate,  cordate-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,   usually  con- 
spicuously and  sharply  so,  more  or  less  oblique  at  the  base,  glabrous,  sharply 
serrate,  sometimes  sparingly  so,  or  soft-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young ; 
fruit  on  a  peduncle  from  once  to  twice  the  length  of  the  petiole,  reddish  or  yel- 
lowish, turning  dark  purple  at  maturity,  its  peduncle  once  or  twice  the  length 
of  the  petiole.     (Also  C.  Audibertiana,  Spach.,  &c.)  —  Woods  and  river-banks, 
S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  southwai'd.     April,  May. — A  small  or 
middle-sized  tree,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Elm,  with  sweet  and  edible  fruits  as 
•arge  as  bird-cherries,  at  first  obovate,  ripe  in  autumn ;  the  flesh  thin.  —  Var. 
PUMILA.     Low  and  straggling  (4° -10°  high) ;  leaves  thin  when  mature,  and 
smooth,  slightly  acuminate.    (C.  pumila,  Pursh.)     River-banks,  on  rocks,  from 
Maryland  southward.  —  Var.  CRASSirftLiA.     A  tall  or  low  tree ;  leaves  thick- 
er, usually  serrate  all  round,  and  with  a  long  tapering  point,  dull  above,  pale 
beneath.     (C.  crassifolia,  Lam.)  —  Common   southward  and  westward.  —  All 
plainly  of  one  species. 

2.  C.  MiSSiSSippiensiS,  Bosc.     Leaves  entire,  very   long   taper-pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  mostly  oblique,  thin,  and  smooth ;  fruit  small.     ( C.  inte- 
grifolia,  Nutt.)  —  W.  Kentucky  (and  Illinois?)  and  southwestward.  —  Even  this 
probably  runs  into  the  last. 

SUBORDER  II.    ARTOCARPE^E.     BREAD-FRUIT  &  FIG  FAMILY 

4.     MORUS,    Tourn.        MULBERRY. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  the  two  kinds  in  separate  axillary  catkin- 
like  spikes.  Calyx  4-parted,  the  sepals  ovate.  Stamens  4  :  filaments  elastically 
expanding.  Ovary  2-celled,  one  of  the  cells  smaller  and  disappearing :  styles 
2,  thread-form,  stigmatic  down  the  inside.  Achenium  ovate,  compressed,  cov- 
ered by  the  succulent  berry-like  calyx,  the  whole  fertile  spike  thus  becoming  a 
thickened  oblong  and  juicy  (edible)  aggregate  fruit.  —  Trees  with  milky  juice 
and  rounded  leaves  :  sterile  spikes  rather  slender.  (Mope'a,  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  HI.  I'll  bra,  L.     (RED  MULBERRY.)     Leaves  heart-ovate,  serrate,  rough 
above,  doimy  underneath,  pointed  (on  young  shoots  often  variously  lobed) ;  flow- 
ers frequently  dioecious  ;  fruit  dark  purple,  —  Rich  woods,  New  England  to  Illi- 
nois and  southward.     May.  —  A  small  tree,  ripening  its  sweetish  blackberry- 
like  fruit  in  July. 

2.  Itt.  ALBA,  L.      (WHITE   MULBERRY.)  •  Leaves  obliquely  heart-ovate, 
acute,  serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  smooth  and  shining ;  fruit  whitish.  —  Spontaneous 
near  houses  :  introduced  for  feeding  silk- worms.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

M.  N!GRA,  L.,  the  BLACK  MULBERRY  of  Europe,  is  also  occasionally  cul 
tivated. 

34 


898  URTiCACE.fi.     (NETTLE  FAMILY.) 

BROUSSOSTETIA  PAPYRfFERA,  Vent.,  the  PAPER  MULBERRY  of  Japan,  i» 
often  cultivated  as  a  shade  tree. 

MACLtjRA    AURANTiACA,    Nutt.,    the    OSAGE    ORANGE,    Or    BOW-WOOD    of 

ArkanBas,  is  sparingly  cultivated  for  hedges. 

SUBORDER  HE.    URTICEJE.    THE  TRUE  NETTLE  FAMILY 

5.    URTICA,    Tourn.        NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious,  in  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  01 
close  clusters.  Ster.  Fl.  Sepals  4.  Stamens  4,  inserted  around  the  cup-shaped 
rudiment  of  a  pistil.  Pert.  FL  Sepals  4,  in  pairs ;  the  2  outer  much  smaller, 
somewhat  keeled,  spreading ;  the  2  inner  flat  or  concave,  in  fruit  membrana- 
ceous  and  enclosing  the  straight  and  erect  ovate  flattened  achenium.  Stigma 
sessile,  capitate  and  pencil-tufted.  —  Herbs  armed  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaves 
opposite.  Flowers  greenish.  (The  classical  Latin  name  ;  from  uro,  to  burn.) 
*=  Flowers  in  branching  panicled  spikes,  often  dioecious. 

1.  U.  grdcilis,  Ait.     (TALL  WILD  NETTLE.)     Sparingly  bristly,  slender 
(2° -6°  high)  ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  3-5-nerved  from   the 
rounded  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  base,  almost  glabrous,  the  elongated  petioles  spar- 
ingly bristly ;  spikes  slender  and  loosely  panicled.     1|.  (U.  procera,  Willd.)  — 
Fence-rows  and  moist  ground ;  common,  especially  northward.     July.  —  Total- 
ly distinct  from  the  next,  with  slenderer  and  longer-petioled  leaves,  smaller  flow- 
ers, and  scarcely  any  stinging  hairs  except  on  the  petioles  and  sparingly  on  the 
principal  veins. 

2.  U.  DioicA,  L.     (GREAT  STINGING-NETTLE.)     Very  bristly  and  stinging 
(2°  -3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped,  pointed,  very  deeply  serrate,  downy  under- 
neath as  well  as  the  upper  part  of  the  stem;  spikes  much  branched.     1| — Waste 
places,  and  road-sides,  chiefly  eastward.    June -Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  *  Flowers  in  simple  capitate  dusters,  on  peduncles  shorter^  than  the  slender  petioles. 

3.  17.  fjRENS,  L.     (SMALL  STINGING-NETTLE.)     Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate, 
rery  coarsely  and  deeply  serrate  with  spreading  teeth  ;  flower-dusters  2  in  each 
axil,  small  and  loose.     ®  —  Waste  grounds,  near  dwellings,  eastward :  scarce. 
Plant  8' - 12'  high,  sparsely  beset  with  stinging  bristles.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  U.  plirplirsiSceilS,  Nutt.     Leaves  ovate  and  mostly  heart-shaped,  the 
upper  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate-toothed ;  flower-dusters  globular,  1  -  2  in 
each  axil,  and  spiked  at  the  summit.     ®  ?  — Alluvial  soil,  in  shade ;  Kentucky 
and  southward.  —  Stem  slender,  £°  -  3°  high,  beset  with  scattered  stinging  bris- 
tles, as  are  the  petioles,  &c. 

6.    L.APORTEA,    Gaudich.        WOOD  NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious,  in  loose  cymes ;  the  upper  widely 
spreading  and  chiefly  or  entirely  fertile ;  the  lower  mostly  sterile.  Ster.  FL 
Sepals  and  stamens  5,  with  a  hemispherical  rudiment  of  an  ovary.  Pert.  FL 
Calyx  of  4  sepals,  tiie  two  outer  or  one  of  them  minute;  the  two  inner  much 


TTRTICACE^E.       (NETTLE    FAMILY.)  399 

larger.  Stigma  elongated  awl-shaped,  hairy  down  one  side.  Adienium  ovate, 
flat,  extremely  oblique,  reflexed  on  the  winged  or  margired  pedicel,  nearly 
naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  stinging  hairs  and  large  alternate  serrate  leaves. 
(Named  for  M.  Laporte. ) 

1.  JL»  Caiiadensis,  Gaudich.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  strongly  feather- 
veined  (3' -7'  long),  long-petioled ;  fertile  cymes  divergent.  (U.  Canadensis 
and  U.  divaricata,  L.)  — Moist  rich  woods ;  common.  —  Stem  2°-  5°  high. 

"7.    PIL<EA,    Lindl.        RICHWEED.     CLEARWEED. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  clustered  in  axillary  cymes.  Ster.  Fl.  Se- 
pals and  stamens  3 -4.  Pert.  Fl.  Sepals  3,  oblong,  more  or  less  unequal: 
a  rudiment  of  a  stamen  commonly  before  each  in  the  form  of  a  hooded  scale. 
Stigma  sessile,  pencil-tufted.  Achenium  ovate,  compressed,  straight  and  erect, 
partly  or  nearly  naked.  —  Stingless,  mostly  glabrous  and  low  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site somewhat  3-nerved  leaves  and  united  stipules;  the  staminate  flowers  on 
jointed  pedicels,  often  mixed  with  the  fertile.  (Named  from  the  shape  of  the 
larger  sepal  of  the  fertile  flower  in  the  original  species,  like  the  pileus,  or  felt 
cap,  of  the  Romans,  which  partly  covers  the  achenium.  In  our  species  the 
three  sepals  are  nearly  equal,  small,  and  not  hooded.) 

1.  P.  piimila.  (RICHWEED.  CLEARWEED.)  Low  (3'- 18'  high); 
stems  smooth  and  shining,  pellucid ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  pointed ; 
clusters  much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  sepals  of  the  fertile  flowers  lanceolate, 
scarcely  unequal.  QL)  (Dubrueilia,  Gaud.  Adice,  Raf.)  —  Cool  and  moist 
shaded  places ;  common.  July-  Sept. 

8.  BCEIOIERIA,    Jacq.        FALSE  NETTLE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  the  sterile  much  as  in  Urtica ;  the  fertile 
with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  entire  or  2-4-toothed  calyx  enclosing  the  ovary. 
Style  elongated  awl-shaped,  stigmatic  and  hairy  down  one  side.  Achenium 
elliptical,  closely  invested  by  the  dry  or  somewhat  fleshy  persistent  compressed 
calyx.  —  Hairs  not  stinging.  (Named  after  G.  R.  Bdhmer,  Prof,  at  Witten- 
berg in  the  last  century. ) 

1.  B.  cylindrica,  Willd.  Smoothish  ;  stem  (l°-3°  high)  simple; 
leaves  chiefly  opposite,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  3- 
nerved,  long-petioled  ;  flowers  dioecious,  or  the  two  kinds  intermixed,  the  small 
clusters  densely  aggregated  in  simple  and  elongated  axillary  spikes,  the  sterile 
interrupted,  the  fertile  often  continuous.  1J.  —  A  state  with  alternate  leaves  is 
B.  lateriflora,  Muhl.< — Moist  thickets,  &c. ;  common.  July -Sept. 

* 

9.  PARIETARIA,    Tourn.        PELLITORT. 

Flowers  monceciously  polygamous ;  the  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  in- 
termixed in  the  same  involucrate-bracted  cymose  axillary  i  clusters  ,  the  sterile 
much  as  in  the  last ;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  bell-shaped  4-lobed  and  nerved 
calyx,  woolly  inside,  and  enclosing  the  ovary  and  adherent  to  the  ovoid  ache- 


400  PLATANACE^E.      (PLANE-TREE    FAMILY.) 

nium.  Stigma  pencil-tufted.  —  Small  homely  herbs,  chiefly  with  alternate 
leaves ;  not  stinging.  (Name  from  paries,  a  wall ;  from  the  places  where  the 
European  species  often  grow.) 

1.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.  (AMERICAN  PELLITOKY.)  Low,  an- 
nual, simple  or  sparingly  branched,  minutely  downy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
very  thin,  veiny,  roughish  with  opaque  dots ;  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves  of 
the  involucre ;  stigma  sessile.  —  Shaded  rocky  banks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin 
and  southward.  June  -  Aug. 

SUBORDER  IV.     CANNABINE^E.     THE  HEMP  FAMILY. 

10.     CANNABIS,    Tourn.        HEMP. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  axillary  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  with 
5  sepals  and  5  drooping  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  spiked-clustered,  1-bracted  : 
the  calyx  of  a  single  sepal  swollen  at  the  base  and  folded  round  the  ovary. 
Embryo  simply  curved.  —  A  tall  roughish  annual,  with  digitate  leaves  of  5-7 
linear-lanceolate  coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  the  upper  alternate ;  the  inner  bark  of 
very  tough  fibres.  (The  ancient  name,  of  obscure  etymology.) 

1.  €5.  SATIVA,  L. —  Waste  places,  escaped  from  cultivation.  (Adv.  from 
En.) 

11.    HtlMUL-US,    L.        HOP. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  loose  axillary  panicles,  with  5  sepals  and  5 
erect  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  axillary  and  solitary  spikes  or  catkins  : 
bracts  foliaceous,  imbricated,  each  2-flowered,  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  membra- 
naceous  strobile.  Calyx  of  one  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Achcnia  invested 
with  the  enlarged  scale-like  calyx.  Embryo  coiled  in  a  flat  spiral. — A-rough 
perennial  twining  herb,  with  mostly  opposite  heart-shaped  and  3  -  5-lobed  leaves, 
and  persistent  ovate  stipules  between  the  petioles.  Calyx-scales  in  fruit  covered 
with  orange-colored  resinous  grains,  in  which  the  peculiar  bitterness  and  aroma 
of  the  hop  reside.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  diminutive  of  humus,  moist  earth, 
from  the  alluvial  soil  where  the  Hop  spontaneously  grows.) 

1.  H.  l,,U|»iilu$,  L. — Banks  of  streams;  not  rare,  especially  westward. 
July.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  105.     PLATANACEJE.     (PLANE-TREE  FAMILY.; 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  palmately-lobed  leaves,  sheathing  stipules, 
and  moncBcious  flowers  in  separate  and  naked  spherical  heads,  destitute  of 
calyx  or  corolla;  the  fruit  club-shaped  l-seeded  nutlets,  furnished  with* bristly 
down  along  the  base :  consists  only  of  the  genus 

1.    PL,  AT  AN  US,    L.        PLANE-TREE.    BUTTONWOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  of  numerous  stamens  with  club-shaped  little  scales  intermixed  . 
filaments  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  in  separate  catkins,  consisting  of  inversely 


JUGLANDACE^E.      (WALNUT   FAMILY.)  401 

pyramidal  ovaries  mixed  with  little  scales.  Style  rather  lateral,  awl-shaped,  or 
thread-like,  simple.  Nutlets  coriaceous,  small,  tawny-hairy  below,  containing  a 
single  orthotropous  pendulous  seed.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  thin  albumen. 
(The  ancient  name,  from  nXarus,  broad,  in  allusion  to  the  ample  shade  of  it* 
foliage.) 

1.  P.  occidental!*,  L.  (AMERICAN  PLANE  or  SYCAMORE.)  Leaves 
angularly  sinuate-lobed  or  toothed,  the  short  lobes  sharp-pointed ;  fertile  heads 
solitary,  suspended  on  a  long  peduncle.  — Alluvial  river-banks;  very  common, 
especially  westward.  May. — A  very  large  and  well-known  tree,  with  a  white 
bark  separating  early  in  thin  brittle  plates. 

ORDER  106.    JUGLANDACE^E.     (WALNUT  FAMILY.) 

Trees,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  without  stipules;  the  sterile  flowers  in 
catkins  (aments)  with  an  irregular  calyx  ;  the  fertile  solitary  or  in  small  clus- 
ters, with  a  regular  3  -  5-lobed  calyx  adherent  to  the  incompletely  2  -  ^-celled 
but  only  l-ovuled  ovary.  Fruit  a  kind  of  dry  drupe,  with  a  bony  endocarp 
(nut-shell),  containing  a  large  k-lobed  orthotropous  seed.  Albumen  none. 
Cotyledons  fleshy  and  oily,  sinuous,  2-lobed :  radicle  short,  superior.  Pet- 
als sometimes  present  in  the  fertile  flowers.  —  A  small  family  of  important 
trees,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  two  following  genera. 

1.    jiJOJLAIVS,    L.        WALNUT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  long  and  simple  lateral  catkins ;  the  calyx  adherent  to  the 
entire  bracts  or  scales,  unequally  3-6-cleft.  Stamens  8-40:  filaments  very 
short.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  or  several  together  on  a  peduncle  at  the  end  of 
the  branches,  with  a  4-toothed  calyx,  bearing  4  small  petals  at  the  sinuses. 
Styles  2,  very  short :  stigmas  2,  somewhat  club-shaped  and  fringed.  Fruit  with 
a  fibrous-fleshy  indehiscent  epicarp,  and  a  mostly  rough  irregularly  furrowed 
endocarp  or  nut-shell.  —  Trees  with  strong-scented  or  resinous-aromatic  bark, 
&c.,  nearly  naked  buds  (3  or  4  superposed,  and  the  uppermost  far  above  the 
axil),  and  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  many  serrate  leaflets.  Pith  in  plates.  (Name 
contracted  from  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.) 

1.  J.  cinerea,  L.     (BUTTERNUT.)     Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 
rounded  at  the  base,  downy,  especially  underneath,  the  petioles  and  branchlets 
downy  with  clammy  hairs ;  fruit  oblong,  clammy,  pointed,  the  nut  deeply  sculptured 
and  rough  with  ragged  ridges.  —  Rich  woods;  common.    May:  fruit  ripe  in 
Sept.  —  Tree  30° - 50°  high,  with  gray  bark  and  widely  spreading  branches; 
wood  lighter-colored  than  in  the  next. 

2.  J.  nigra,  L.     (BLACK   WALNUT.)     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed,  somewhat  heart-shaped  or  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  above,  the  lower 
surface  and  the  petioles  minutely  downy ;  fruit  spherical,  roughly  dotted,  the  nut 
corrugatfrl.  —  Rich  woods;  rare  in  the  Eastern,  very  common  in  the  Western 
States.    May :  fruit  ripe  in  Oct.  —  A  large  and  handsome  tree,  with  brown  bark, 
and  valuable  purplish-brown  wood  turning  blackish  with  age.     Seed  sweet,  more 

34* 


402  JUGLANDACE^E.       (WALNUT    FAMILY.) 

pleasant-listed  and  less  oily  than  the  butternut,  but  greatly  inferior  to  the  Euro* 
pean  walnut  (J.  REGIA). 

x 

2.    CARYA,    Nutt.        HICKORY. 

Sterile  flowers  in  slender  lateral  catkins  which  are  mostly  in  threes  on  a  com- 
mon peduncle :  calyx  naked,  unequally  3-parted.  Stamens  3  -  8 :  filaments 
nearly  wanting.  Fertile  flowers  2-3  together  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with 
a  4-toothed  calyx :  petals  none.  Stigma  large,  4-lobed.  Fruit  globular,  with  a 
rather  fleshy  and  at  length  leathery  epicarp  or  husk,  which  splits  into  4  valves, 
and  falls  away  when  ripe  from  the  smooth  and  slightly  4  -  6-angled  incompletely 
4-celled  endocarp  or  nut-shell.  —  Trees  with  hard  and  very  tough  wood,  and 
odd-pinnate  leaves  of  5  -  9  leaflets ;  the  two  sorts  of  flowers  from  the  same  scaly 
buds  with  these,  the  sterile  aments  borne  below  the  leaves.  Pith  continuous. 
(Kapuct,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Walnut.)  All  flower  in  May,  and  shed  their 
nuts  in  October. 

*  Seed  edible  and  delicious :  husk  of  the  fruit  completely  1-valved  (fatting  away  in  4 

separate  pieces  at  maturity). 
t-  Fruit  and  nut  elongated-oblong;  the  husk  thin :  bark  of  the  trunk  not  shaggy. 

1.  C.  oliv;rf  oniiis,    Nutt.      (PECAN-NUT.)     Nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets 
13-15,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  somewhat  falcate;  nut  olive-shaped,  with  a 
thin  shell.  —  River-banks,  from  Illinois  southward.  —  A  slender  tree;  its  de- 
licious nuts  well-known. 

-t-  -»-  Fruit  globular,  its  husk  very  thick :  bark  of  old  trunk  shaggy,  exfoliating  in 
strips  or  plates :  buds  large  and  very  scaly. 

2.  C.  :ill»:i,  Nutt.     (SHELL-BARK  or  SHAG-BARK  HICKORY.)    Leaflets  5, 
minutely  downy  underneath,  finely  serrate,  the  3  upper  obovate-lanceolate,  the 
lower  pair  much  smaller  and  oblong-lanceolate,  all  taper-pointed ;  fruit  depressed- 
globular  ;  nut  somewhat  flattened,  nearly  pointless,  with  a  rather  thin  whitish  shell 
and  a  large  kernel.  —  Rich  moist  woods  ;  common.    A  tall  and  handsome  tree, 
the  old  trunks  very  rough-barked :  wood  most  valuable  as  timber,  and  for  fuel ; 
while  the  fruit  furnishes  the  principal  hickory-nuts  of  the  market. 

3.'  C.  Slllcata,  Nutt.  (THICK  SHELL-BARK  HICKORY.)  Leaflets  7-9, 
obovate-lanceolate,  sharply  sen-ate,  downy  underneath ;  fruit  oval,  ^-ribbed  above 
the  middle  with  intervening  furrows ;  nut  strongly  pointed,  slightly  flattened,  with  a 
thick  yellowish  shell.  —  Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Nuts 
nearly  as  sweet  as  in  the  last. 

#  *  Seed  sweetish,  but  small :  valves  of  the  husk  not  separating  to  the  base :  nut  hard- 

shelled  :  bark  not  shaggy. 

4.  C.  tomeiitdsa,  Nutt.  (MOCKER-NUT.  WHITE-HEART  HICKORY.) 
Leaflets  7-9,  oblong-  or  obovate-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  roughish-downy  un- 
derneath as  well  as  the  petiole ;  catkins  hairy ;  fruit  globular  or  ovoid,  with  a  thick 
and  hard  husk,  which  splits  almost  to  the  base ;  nut  somewhat  6-angled,  the  shell 
very  thick  and  hard  (light  brown).  Rich  woods ;  common,  especially  southward 
and  westward. — A  tall  tree  with  resinous-scented  foliage,  and  cracked  bark  on 
the  larger  trunks  ;  the  wood  celebrated  for  its  excellence  as  fuel.  The  small 


CUPULIFERJE.      (OAK  FAMILY.)  403 

kernel  is  difficult  of  extraction  from  the  thick  and  bony  nut.  •  r-A  var.  MAXIMA, 
Nutt.,  bears  fruit  "as  large  as  an  apple,"  with  an  exceedingly  thick  husk. 

a.  C.  microciirpa,  Nutt.  (SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY.)  Leaflets  5- 
7,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  glandular  underneath  (not  downy) ;  catkins  smooth ; 
fruit  roundish-ovoid,  with  a  thin  husk ;  nut  slightly  4-angled,  the  shell  rather  thin. 
—  Moist  woodlands,  Penn.  (N.  England1?)  and  southwestward. — Fruit  only  |' 
in  diameter,  shaped  like  that  of  the  last ;  the  foliage  much  as  in  the  next. 

6.  C.  glabra,  Ton-.     (PIG-NUT  or  BSOOM  HICKORY.)    Leaflets  5-7, 
ovate-lanceolate,  sen-ate,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  fruit  pear-shaped  or  roundish-obovate, 
thin,  splitting  about  half-way  down  into  4  coriaceous  valves;   nut  hard  and 
tough,  with  a  sweetish  or  bitterish  small  kernel.     (C.  porcina,  Nutt.)  — Wood- 
lands; common. — A  large  tree,  with  a  close  bark,  very  tough  and,  valuable 
wood,  and  exceedingly  tough  sprouts  (used  as  hickory  withes) :  the  fruit  and  nuts 
of  variable  form. 

*  *  *  Seed  intensely  bitter :  husk  thin  and  soft :  bark  smooth  :  buds  little  scaly. 

7.  C»  a  mar  a,  Nutt.      (BITTER-NUT  or  SWAMP  HICKORY.)     Leaflets 
7-11,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  ;  fruit  globular,  with  ridged  or  promi- 
nent seams  opening  half-way  down ;  nut  inversely  heart-shaped,  its  shell  thin 
and  fragile.  —  Wet  woods ;  common.  —  A  graceful  tree ;  the  timber  inferior  to 
the  other  Hickories.    Nut-shell  so  fragile  that  it  may  be  crushed  with  the  hand; 
the  bitter  kernel  remarkably  corrugated. 

ORDER  107.     CUPULJFEILflE.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

Trees  o<~  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  straight-veined  leaves,  deciduous 
stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers ;  the  sterile  in  catkins  (aments)  (or  capitate- 
clustered  in  tlie  Beech) ;  the  fertile  solitary  or  clustered,  furnished  with  an 
involucre  which  forms  a  cup  or  covering  to  the  l-celled  l-seeded  nut.  Ovary 
2  -  7-celled,  with  1-2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell ;  but  all 
the  cells  and  ovules  except  one  disappearing  in  the  fruit.  Calyx  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  the  minute  teeth  crowning  its  summit.  Seed  with  no  albu- 
men, filled  with  the  embryo:  cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy:  radicle 
short,  superior. 

Synopsis. 

*  Fertile  flowers  scattered  or  few  in  a  cluster. 

1.  QUERCUS.    Involucre  1-flowered,  of  many  imbricated  small  scales,  forming  a  cup  around 

the  base  of  the  hard  and  rounded  nut. 

2.  CASTANEA.    Involucre  2-3-flowered,  forming  a  prickly  bur  enclosing  1-3  coriaceous 

nuts,  opening  at  length  by  4  valves. 

8.  FAGTJS     Involucre  2-flowered,  rather  prickly,  4-valved,  enclosing  2  sharply  triangular 
nuts.    Sterile  flowers  in  capitate  clusters.  • 

4.  CORYLUS.    Involucre  1  -  2-flowered,  formed  of  2  -  3  confluent  scales,  which  become  leafy- 
coriaceous,  much  enlarged  and  cut  or  torn  at  the  apex,  enclosing  a  bony  nut. 
*  *  Fertile  flowers  clustered  in  a  kind  of  ameiit. 

6.  CARPINUS.    Involucre  a  separate  open  .leaf,  2-flowered.    Fruit  a  small  ovoid  nut. 

6.  OSTRYA.    Involucre  a  bladdery  bag,  1-flowered,  enclosing  the  seed-like  nut. 


404  cuptTLiFEiLffi.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

1.    QUERCUS,    L.        OAK. 

Steril  e  flowers  clustered  in  slender  and  naked  drooping  catkins,  without  bracts 
calyx  6  -  8-parted :  stamens  6-12  :  anthers  2-celled.     Fertile  flowers  scattered 
or  somewhat  clustered,  consisting  of  a  3-celled  and  6-ovuled  ovary,  with  a  3- 
lobed  stigma,  enclosed  by  a  scaly  bud-like  involucre  which  becomes  an  indurated 
cup  (cupule)  around  the  base  of  the  rounded  nut  or  acorn.     Cotyledons  remain- 
ing  underground  in  germination.  —  Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  the  fertile 
ones  inconspicuous.     Aments  several  from  the  same  scaly  bud.     (The  classical 
Latin  name.)     All  flower  in  spring,  and  shed  their  nuts  in  October. 
§  1.  Fruit  ripening  the  first  year,  mostly  peduncled :  leaves  not  bristly-toothed  or  pointed. 

#  Leaves  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatiftd,  all  pale,  whitish,  or  grayish-downy  underneath.  — 

WHITE  OAKS. 

1.  <fc.  macrocarpa,  Michx.    (BUR-OAK.    OVER-CUP  or  MOSSY-CUP 
WHITE-OAK.)     Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  lyrately-pinnatifid  or  deeply  sinuate- 
lotted,  irregular,  downy  or  pale  beneath ;  the  lobes  sparingly  and  obtusely  toothed, 
or  the  smaller  ones  entire ;  cup  deep,  conspicuously  imbricated,  of  hard  and  thick 
pointed  scales,  the  upper  ones  aumed,  so  as  to  make  a  mossy-fringed  border ;  acorn 
ovoid  (!'- 1£'  long),  half  immersed  in  or  entirely  enclosed  by  the  cup.  —  Dry  woods, 
along  rivers,  &c.,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southwest- 
ward.  —  A  handsome,  middle-sized  tree.     Cup  very  variable,  especially  in  size, 
from  I'  to  2'  across. 

Var.  olivirloi  mis  (Q.  olivaefonnis,  Michx.)  is  plainly  a  mere  state  of 
this  (figured  by  Michaux  with  unripe  or  imperfect  fruit),  with  narrower  and 
more  deeply  lobed  leaves,  and  oblong  acorns  and  cups  :  growing  with  the  ordi- 
nary form. 

2.  <fc.  obtusiloba,    Michx.      (POST-OAK.     ROUGH  or  Box   WHITE- 
OAK.)     Leaves  grayish-downy  underneath,  pale  and  rough  above,  thickish,  sinuately 
cut  into  5-7  roundish  divergent  lobes,  the  upper  ones  much  larger  and  often 
1  -3-notched ;  cup  saucer-shaped,  naked,  about  one  third  the  length  of  the  ovoid  acorn. 
(Q.  stellata,  WiUd.)  —  Sandy  or  sterile  soil,  from  the  coast  of  Massachusetts 
and   from  Wisconsin  southward. — A  small  tree,   with  very   durable   wood. 
Acorns  £'  to  §'  long,  nearly  sessile. 

3.  Q.  alba,  L.     (WHITE  OAK.)     Mature  leaves  smooth,  pale  or  glaucous 
underneath,  bright  green  above,  obovate-oblong,  obliquely  and  moderately  or  deeply 
cut  into  3-9  oblong  or  linear  and  obtuse  mostly  entire  lobes  ;  cup  hemispherical- 
saucer-shaped,  rough  or  tubercled  at  maturity,  naked,  much  shorter  than  the  ovoid  or 
oblong  acorn.  —  Eich  woods ;  common. — A  well-known  and  invaluable  large  tree. 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  short  and  broad  3  -  5,  or  5  -  9  and  narrow.     Acorn  about 
1'  long ;  the  kernel  sweet  and  edible. 

#  *  Leaves  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  but  not  lobed,  whitish  and  more  or  less  downy  be- 

neath :  cup  hoary  :  acorns  sweet-tasted.  —  CHESTNUT-OAKS. 

4.  Q.  Priims,  L.     (SWAMP  CHESTNUT-OAK.)     Leaves  obovate  or  oblong- 
obovate,  coarsely  and  somewhat  uniformly  dentate  with  rounded  teeth,  downy 
beneath,  glabrous  above ;  cup  hemispherical  (either  abrupt  or  with  a  small  top- 
shaped  base),  thick,  tubercled  when  old,  nearly  half  or  one  third  llie  length  ot 


CUPULIFEIUE.       (OAK    FAMILY.)  405 

the  ovoid  large  acorn.  —  Low,  alluvial  grounds,  &c. ;  common  from  Pena 
southward. — A  fine  tree;  its  wood  inferior  to  the  White  Oak.  —  Aeon:  fully 
1'  long;  the  cup  of  nearly  the  same  diameter. 

Var.  iiioiiticola,  Michx.  (ROCK  CHESTNUT-OAK.)  Acorn  ovoid-ob- 
long, !£'  long.  (Q.  montana,  Willd.)  — Apparently  only  a  form  of  the  Swamp 
Chestnut-Oak,  growing  in  rocky  or  hilly  woodlands ;  W.  New  England  to  Ohio 
and  southward,  especially  along  the  Alleghanies.  From  the  different  soil,  the 
timber  is  more  valuable.  '?fa&£s/&*s&~/^  ^  y) 

Var.  discolor,  Michx.  (SWAMP  WHITE-OAK.)  Leaves  unequally  and 
more  deeply  sinuate-toothed,  often  almost  sinuate-pinnatifid,  whitish-downy  beneath, 
bright  green  above ;  cup  with  the  scales  more  pointed,  the  upper  sometimes 
awned,  and  forming  a  fringed  margin;  acorns  1'  or  less  long.  (Q.  b (color, 
Willd.)  —  Low  grounds  ;  common  throughout.  —  A  marked  variety  ;  but  prob- 
ably nothing  more. 

5.  <fc.  Castanea,  Willd.     (YELLOW    CHESTNUT-OAK.)     Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  hoary-white  and  minutely  downy  underneath,  equally 
and  rather  sharply  toothed;  cup  hemispherical,  thin,  of  small  appressed  scales, 
acorn  ovoid  or  oblong,  small.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin 
and  southward.  —  This  has  the  leaves  shaped  more  like  those  of  the  Chestnut 
than  any  other,  which,  with  the  small  fruit,  distinguishes  it  from  the  last.     Cup 
£'  across,  fine-scaled  :  acorns  f '  long.     Tree  middle-sized. 

6.  Q.  prinoides,  Willd.     (CHINQUAPIN  or  DWARF  CHESTNUT-OAK.) 
Leaves  obovate  and  lanceolate  oblong,  coarsely  wavy-toothed,  downy  underneath ; 
peduncles  short  or  none;  cup  hemispherical,  thin;  acorn  ovoid,  small  (about  as 
large  as  in  No.  5).     (Q.  Chinquapin,  Pursh.)  —  Sandy  soil,  New  England,  and 
Albany,  New  York,  to  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  2°  -  6°  high. 

§  2.  Fruit  not  maturing  until  the  second  year,  sessile  or  nearly  so :  kernel  bitter. 
#  Leaves  evergreen,  entire  or  nearly  so,  hoary  beneath.  — LIVE  OAKS. 

7.  Q.  virens,  Ait.     (LIVE  OAK.)     Leaves  obtuse,  coriaceous,  oblong  or 
elliptical,  hoary  beneath ;  cup  top-shaped ;  acorn  oblong.  —  Coast  of  Virginia  and 
southward.     Farther  south  becoming  a  large  and  invaluable  tree. 

8.  Q.  Ciuerea,  Michx.     (UPLAND  WILLOW-OAK.)    Leaves  acute,  lance- 
oblong,  white-downy  beneath;  cup  saucer-shaped;  acorn  globular. — Pine  barrens, 
Virginia  and  southward.     A  small  tree. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous,  entire,  narrow.  —  WiLLOW-OAKS. 

9.  Cfc.  PhelloS,  L.     (  WILLOW-OAK.)     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed 
to  both  ends,  smooth,  light  green ;  cup  saucer-shaped  ;  acorn  globular.  —  Sandy 
low  woods,  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  —  Tree 
30°  -  50°  high,  remarkable  for  the  willow-like  leaves,  which  are  3'  -  4'  long. 
Fruit  small. 

10.  ifc.  imbiicaria,  Michx.  (LAUREL  or  SHINGLE  OAK.)  Leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  mucronate,  thickish,  smooth  and  shining  ab(  ve,  somewhat  downy 
underneath ;  cup  saucer-shaped ;  acorn  globular.  —  Ban-ens  and  open  woodlands, 
New  Jersey  to  Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  Tree  30° -50°  high  the  wood 
used  for  shingles  in  the  Western  States,  whence  the  name. 


406  CUPULIFEE^i.       (OAK   FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Leaves  deciduous,  but  rather  coriaceous,  mostly  dilated  upwards  and  obscurelj 
lobed  or  entire  in  the  same  individual,  sometimes  more  conspicuously  lobed,  often  more 
or  less  bristle-pointed  at  the  summit  and  extremities  of  some  of  the  larger  veins. 

11.  Q.  aqudtica,  Catesby.     (WATER-OAK.)     Leaves  glabrous  and  shin- 
ing, obovate-spatulate  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  with  a  long  tapering  base,  varying  to 
oblanceolate ;  cup  saucer-shaped  or  hemispherical,  of  fine  and  close  scales,  much 
shorter  than  the  globular  acorn.  —  Wet  grounds,  around  ponds,  &c.,  Maryland 
to  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Tree  30° -40°  high.     Acorn  £'  long;  the  cup  of 
the  same  width. 

12.  Cfc.  nigra,  L.    (BLACK-JACK  or  BARREN  OAK.)    Leaves  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  but  mostly  rounded  or  obscurely  cordate  at  the  base,  widely  dilated  and 
somewhat  3-lobed  (rarely  5-lobed)  at  the  summit,  occasionally  with  one  or  two 
lateral  lobes  or  teeth,  rusty-pubescent  beneath,  shining  above,  large  (4'-  9'  long) ; 
cup  top-shaped,  coarse-scaly,  covering  half  of  the  short  ovoid  acorn.     (Q.  ferru- 
ginea,  Michx.)  —  Dry  sandy  barrens,  from  Long  Island,  New  York,  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.  —  Tree  8°  -  25°  high.    Acorn  £'  -  §'  long.     Leaves  occasion- 
ally rather  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  strongly  bristle-pointed.  —  Under  the  name 
of  Q.  TRIDENTATA,  Dr.  Engelmann  distinguishes  a  remarkable  Oak,  apparently 
a  hybrid  between  this  and  Q.  imbricaria.  —  Under  this  section  the  following  re- 
markable forms,  by  some  regarded  as  species,  would  be  sought,  viz. :  — 

Q.  LEAN  A,  Nutt.  (LEA'S  OAK),  of  which  single  trees  are  known  near  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  and  Augusta,  Illinois  (Mead),  is  probably  a  hybrid  between  Q. 
imbricaria  and  Q.  tinctoria,  or  possibly  Q.  nigra. 

Q.  HETEROPHYLLA,  Michx.  (BARTRAM  OAK),  was  —  for  it  no  longer  exists 
—  apparently  a  hybrid  between  Q.  Phellos  and  Q.  tinctoria  ? 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  deciduous,  lobed  or  pinnatijid,  long-petided,  the  tips  of  the  lobes  bris- 

tle-pointed.—  BLACK  and  RED  OAKS. 
•*-  Mature  leaves  downy  underneath. 

13.  Q.  ilicifolia,  Wang.     (BEAR  or  BLACK   SCRUB-OAK.)     Dwarf; 
leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  angularly  about  5-lobed,  ivhitened-downy  un- 
derneath ;  cup  flattish-top-shaped ;  acorn  ovoid.  —  Sandy  barrens  and  rocky  hills, 
New  England  to  Ohio  and  W.  Virginia.    (Q.  Banisteri,  Michx.)  — A  straggling, 
crooked  shrub,  3° -8°  high.    Leaves  2' -4'  long,  thickish.     Acorns  barely  % 
long. 

14.  Q.  falcata,  Michx.     (SPANISH  OAK.)     Leaves  grayish-downy  under- 
neath, obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  3  -  5-lobed  above ;  the  lobes  prolonged,  mostly 
narrow  and  more  or  less  scythe-shaped,  especially  the  terminal  one,  entire  or  spar- 
ingly cut-toothed ;  cup  saucer-shaped ;  acorn  spherical  or  somewh.it  depressed  (J7 
long).  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  from  New  Jersey  and  Penn.  southward.  —  A  small 
or  large  tree,  extremely  variable  in  foliage :  a  variety  with  shorter  lobes  is  Q. 
triloba,  Willd. 

•»-  •<-  Mature  leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  nearly  so. 

*+  Cup  conspicuously  scaly,  more  or  less  top-shaped  or  contracted  at  the  base :  acorn 
one  third  or  nearly  half  immersed. 

15.  Q.  tinctoria,  Bartram.    (QUERCITRON  orx  BLACK  OAK.    YELLOW- 
BARKED  OAK.)     Leaves  more  w  less  rusty-pubescent  when  young,  nearly  glabroua 


CUPULIFEILE.       (OAK   FAMILY.)  407 

when  old,  obovate-oblong,  slightly  or  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  somewhat 
toothed ;  acorn  nearly  spherical  or  depressed-globular  (£'  -  §'  long) .  —  Dry  woods ; 
common.  —  A  large  tree,  often  confounded  with  the  next,  especially  the  varie- 
ties with  deeper  cut  leaves ;  but  these  are  duller  and  thicker,  more  dilated  above 
the  middle,  somewhat  downy  underneath  until  midsummer,  and  turning  yellow- 
ish-brown after  frost ;  and  the  inner  bark  (quercitron  of  dyers)  is  very  thick  and 
yellow.  Wood  reddish,  coarse-grained,  but  valuable. 

16.  <£•  COCCinea,  Wang.     (SCARLET    OAK.)    Leaves  oval  or  oblong  in 
outline,  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  with  broad  and  open  sinuses,  and  divergent  sparing- 
ly cut-toothed  lobes  (3  -4  on  each  side),  smooth,  bright  green  and  shining  both  sides, 
broad  or  truncate  at  the  base ;  acorn  ovoid  or  globular  (fa'  - 1'  long) .  —  Kich  woods ; 
common.  —  A  large  tree ;  the  long-petioled  shining  leaves  turning  bright  scarlet 
in  autumn :  timber  and  bark  less  valuable  than  in  the  last. 

+•«•  •*-*•  Cup  of  fine  scales,  shallow  and  saucer-shaped,  much  shorter  than  the  acorn. 

17.  <fc,  I'fibra,  L.     (RED  OAK.)     Leaves  oblong,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  sinu~ 
ately  cut  with  rather  narrow  sinuses  into  short  and  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  acute 
spreading  lobes  (4-6  on  each  side) ;  acorn  ovoid  or  oblong,  turgid  (!'  long).     (Q. 
ambigua,  Michx.-)  —  Rocky  woods  ;  common.  —  A  good-sized  tree,  with  reddish 
very  porous  and  coarse-grained  wood,  of  little  value  as  timber.    Leaves  turning 
dark  red  after  frost :  the  sinuses  extending  scarcely  half-way  to  the  midrib. 

18.  Cfc.  palustris,  Du  Roi.     (SWAMP  SPANISH,  or  PIN  OAK.)    Leaves 
oblong,  smooth  and  shining,  bright  green  both  sides,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  broad  and 
rounded  sinuses ;  the  lobes  divergent,  cut-lobed  and  toothed,  acute ;   acorn  globular 
(scarcely  fa'  long).  —  Low  grounds,  along  streams,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin. 
—  A  very  handsome  middle-sized  tree,  with  light  and  elegant  foliage ;  the  sinuses 
of  the  leaves  reaching  three  fourths  of  the  way  to  the  midrib.     The  timber  is 
better  than  that  of  the  Red  Oak. 

2.    CASTANEA,    Tourn.        CHESTNUT. 

Sterile  flowers  interruptedly  clustered  in  long  and  naked  cylindrical  catkins  : 
calyx  5-6-parted:  stamens  8-15:  anthe.rs  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  to- 
gether in  an  ovoid  scaly  prickly  involucre :  calyx  with  a  5  -  6-lobed  border  crown- 
ing the  3-7-celled  16  -  14-ovuled  ovary :  abortive  stamens  5  - 12  :  stigmas  bris- 
tle-shaped, as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Nuts  coriaceous,  ovoid,  enclosed 
2-3  together  or  solitary  in  the  hard  coriaceous  and  very  prickly  4-valved  invo- 
lucre. Cotyledons  very  thick,  somewhat  plaited,  cohering  together,  remaining 
underground  in  germination. — Leaves  strongly  straight- veined.  Flowers  ap- 
pearing later  than  the  (undivided)  leaves ;  the  catkins  axillary  near  the  end  of 
the  branches,  cream-color ;  the  fertile  flowers  at  their  base.  (The  classical  name, 
from  that  of  a  town  in  Thessaly.) 

1.  C.  Vesca,  L.  (CHESTNUT.)  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate 
with  coarse  pointed  teeth,  smooth  and  green  both  sides ;  nuts  2  or  3  in  each  involu- 
cre, therefore  flattened  on  one  or  both  sides.  —  Rocky  or  hilly  woods,  Maine  to 
Michigan  and  Kentucky;  common.  June,  July. — A  large  tree,  with  light 
coarse-grained  wood  The  American  variety  bears  smaller  and  sweeter  nuts 
than  the  European.  (Eu.)  • 


408  CUPULIFERS:.     (OAK  FAMILY.) 

2.  C.  pnmila,  Michx.  (CHINQUAPIN.)  Leaves  oblong,  acute,  serrate 
with  pointed  teeth,  whitened-downy  underneath ;  nut  solitary,  not  flattened.  — 
Sandy  woods,  from  (Long  Island?)  S.  Penn.  and  Ohio,  southward.  June. — 
Shrub  or  tree  6°  -  20°  high.  Involucres  small,  often  spiked ;  the  ovoid  pointed 
nut  scarcely  half  as  large  as  a  common  chestnut,  very  sweet. 

3.    FAG  US,    Tourn.        BEECH. 

Sterile  flowers  in  small  heads  on  drooping  peduncles,  with  deciduous  scale- 
like  bracts:  calyx  bell-shaped,  5-6-cleft:  stamens  8-12:  anthers  2-celled. 
Fertile  flowers  usually  in  pairs  at  the  apex  of  a  short  peduncle,  invested  by  nu- 
merous awl-shaped  bractlets,  the  inner  grown  together  at  their  bases  to  form  the 
involucre :  calyx-lobes  4-5,  awl-shaped :  ovary  3-celled  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell :  styles  3,  thread-like,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Nuts  sharply  3-sided, 
usually  2  in  each  urn-shaped  and  soft-prickly  coriaceous  involucre,  which  splits 
to  below  the  middle  into  4  valves.  Cotyledons  thick,  folded  and  somewhat 
united ;  but  rising  and  expanding  in  germination.  Trees  with  smooth  ash-gray 
bark,  undivided  strongly  straight-veined  leaves,  and  a  light  horizontal  spray. 
Scales  of  the  taper  buds  formed  of  scarious  stipules.  Flowers  yellowish,  ap- 
pearing with  the  leaves  :  peduncles  axillary  at  the  base  of  the  branchlets.  (The 
classical  name,  from  (f)dyo),  to  eat,  in  allusion  to  the  esculent  nuts.) 

1.  F.  ferruginea,  Ait.  (AMERICAN  BEECH.)  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed,  distinctly  and  often  coarsely  toothed ;  petioles  and  midrib  soon 
nearly  naked ;  prickles  of  the  fruit  recurved  or  spreading.  (F.  ferruginea  and 
F.  sylvestris,  Michx.  f.)  —  Woods ;  common,  especially  northward,  and  along  the 
Alleghanies  southward.  May. — Leaves  longer  and  less  shining  than  in  the 
European  Beech,  most  of  the  silky  hairs  early  deciduous ;  the  lower  surface  then 
nearly  smooth. 

4.     CORYL.US,    Tourn.        HAZEL-NUT.    FILBERT. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins ;  the  concave  bracts  and  the 
2-cleft  calyx  combined  into  3-lobed  scales,  to  the  axis  of  which  the  8  short 
filaments  irregularly  cohere :  anthers  1 -celled.  Fertile  flowers  several  together 
in  lateral  and  terminal  scaly  buds.  Ovary  2-celled  with  1  ovule  in  each  :  stig- 
mas 2,  thread-like.  Nut  bony,  ovoid,  separately  enclosed  in  a  large  leafy-coria- 
ceous involucre,  which  is  composed  of  2  or  3  united  bracts  tubular  at  the  base, 
and  lacerated  above.  —  Shrubs  flowering  in  early  spring,  before  the  (roundish 
unequally  serrate)  leaves  appear.  (The  classical  name,  probably  from  Kopvs, 
a  helmet,  from  the  involucre.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Walt.     (WiLD  HAZEL-NUT.)    Leaves  roundish-heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate ;  involucre  glandular-downy,  with  a  dilated  flattened 
border,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  globular  nut.  —  Thickets ;  common.  —  Shrub 
4° -8°  high;  the  young  twigs,  &c.,  downy  and  glandular-hairy.     Nut  of  fine 
flavor,  but  smaller  and  thicker-shelled  than  the  European  Hazel-nut. 

2.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.     (BEAKED  HAZEL-NUT.)     Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-ob- 
long, somewhat  heart-shaped,   pointed,  doubly  serrate;  involucre  much  prolonged 
above  the  globumr-ovoid  nut  into  a  narrow  tubular  beak,  densely  bristly.  —  Banks 


MTRICACE.E.     (SWEET-GALE  FAMILY.)  409 

if  streams,  &c. ;  common  northward  and  along  the  Alleghanies.  —  Shrub  2°- 
$°  high,  with  slender  smooth  branches. 

*  •^•"•; 
5.    CARPINUS,    L.        HORNBEAM.        IRON-WOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  about  12  stamens 
in  the  axil  of  a  simple  and  entire  scale-like  bract,  destitute  of  a  proper  calyx : 
filaments  very  short :  anthers  1 -celled,  bearded  at  the  apex.  Fertile  flowers 
several,  spiked  in  a  sort  of  loose  terminal  catkin,  with  small  deciduous  bracts, 
each  subtending  a  pair  of  flowers,  consisting  of  a  2-celled  2-ovuled  ovary  termi- 
nated by  2  thread-like  stigmas.  Nut  small,  ovoid,  ribbed,  stalked,  each  with  a 
simple,  1 -sided,  enlarged,  open  and  leaf-like  involucre.  —  Trees  with  a  smooth 
gray  bark,  slender  buds  like  the  Beech,  and  foliage  resembling  the  Beech  or 
Birch,  appearing  later  than  the  flowers.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  (AMERICAN  HORNBEAM.  BLUE  or  WATER 
BEECH.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  nearly  smooth; 
involucral  leaf  3-lobed,  halberd-shaped,  sparingly  cut-toothed  on  one  side. — 
Along  streams ;  common.  —  Tree  10°-  20°  high,  with  a  ridged  trunk,  and  very 
hard  whitish  wood ;  called,  indiscriminately  with  the  next,  Iron-wood. 

6.    OS  TRY  A,    Micheli.        HOP-HORNBEAM.    IRON-WOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  nearly  as  in  Carpinus :  filaments  irregularly  somewhat  united. 
Fertile  flowers  numerous  in  a  short  terminal  catkin,  with  small  deciduous  bracts ; 
each  enclosed  in  a  membranous  sac-like  involucre  which  enlarges  and  forms 
a  bladdery  closed  bag  in  fruit,  these  imbricated  to  form  a  sort  of  strobile  appear- 
ing like  that  of  the  Hop.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  crowned  with  the  entire  and 
bearded  border  of  the  calyx,  forming  a  small  and  smooth  nut.  —  Slender  trees 
with  very  hard  wood,  brownish  finely  furrowed  bark,  and  foliage,  &c.  nearly  as 
in  the  last  genus.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.  (The  classical  name.) 

1.  O.  Virgiiiica,  Willd.  (AMERICAN  HOP-HORNBEAM.  LEVER-WOOD.) 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  doubly  serrate,  downy  be- 
neath; buds  acute;  involucral  sacs  bristly-hairy  at  the  base.  —  Eich  woods, 
not  rare.  April,  May ;  the  large  and  handsome  oval-oblong  hop-like  fruit  full 
grown  in  Aug.  — Tree  20° -40°  high. 

ORDER  108.     MYRICACE^E.      (SWEET-GALE  FAMILY.) 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  shrubs,  with,  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  short  scaly 
catkins,  and  resinous-dotted  often  fragrant  leaves,  —  differing  from  the  Birch 
Family  chiefly  by  the  1-celled  ovary  with  a  single  erect  orthotropous  ovule, 
and  the"  drupe-like  nut.  Involucre  none. 

1.    MY  RICA,   L.        BATBERRY.    WAX-MYRTLE. 

Flowers  dioecious  :  the  sterile  in  oblong  or  cylindrical,  the  fertile  in  ovoid  cat- 
kins, closely  imbricated ;  both  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla,  solitary  under  a 
35 


410  BETULACE./E.       (BIRCH    FAMILY.) 

scale-like  bract  and  with  a  pair  of  bractlets.  Stamens  2-8:  filaments  some- 
what united  below.  Ovary  with  3  scales  at  its  base,  and  2  thread-like  stigmas. 
Fruit  a  small  globular  nut,  studded  with  resinous  grains  or  wax.  (Mvpixj/,  the 
ancient  name  of  the  Tamarisk  or  some  other  shrub ;  perhaps  from  /ivpi'£«, 
to  perfume.) 

1.  TOT.  Gale,  L.     (SWEET  GALE.)    Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  serrate  towards 
the  apex;  pale,  later  than  the  flowers;  sterile  catkins  closely  clustered;  nuts  in  im- 
bricated heads,  enclosed  in  the  thick  pointed  ovate  scales  which  coalesce  with 
its  base.  —  Wet  borders  of  ponds,  New  England  to  Virginia  in  the  mountains, 
Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    April.  —  Shrub  3° -5°  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  cerifera,  L.     (BAYBERRY.     WAX-MYRTLE.)     Leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, narrowed  at  the  base,  entire  or  wavy-toothed  towards  the  apex,  shining 
and  resinous-dotted  both  sides,  somewhat  preceding  the  flowers ;  sterile  catkins  scattered, 
oblong ;  scales  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  nuts  scattered  and  naked,  incrustcd 
with  white  wax.  —  Sandy  soil  on  and  near  the  sea-shore :  also  on  Lake  Erie. 
May.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high,  with  fragrant  leaves  :  the  catkins  sessile  along  the 
last  year's  branches ;  the  fruits  sometimes  persistent  for  2  or  3  years. 

2.    COMPT^NIA,    Solander.        SWEET  FERN. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins,  with  kidney-heart- 
shaped  pointed  scale-like  bracts,  and  3-6  stamens;  the  fertile  in  globular 
aments,  bur-like:  ovary  surrounded  by  5  or  6  long  linear-awl-shaped  scales, 
persistent  around  the  ovoid-oblong  smooth  nut:  otherwise  as  in  Myrica. — 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  many  rounded  lobes,  thin,  appearing 
rather  later  than  the  flowers.  Stipules  half  heart-shaped.  (Named  after  Henry 
Compton,  Bishop  of  London  a  century  ago,  a  cultivator  and  patron  of  botany.) 

1.  C.  asplenifolia,  Ait.  —  Sterile  hills,  E.  New  England  to  Virginia. 
Also  N.  Wisconsin.  April,  May.  —  Shrub,  l°-2°  high,  with  sweet-scented 
fern-like  leaves. 


ORDER  109.     BETULACE^E.     (BIRCH  FAMILY.) 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  scaly  catkins,  2  or 
3  under  each  bract,  and  no  involucre  to  the  naked  l-celled  and  1-seeded  often 
winged  nut,  which  results  from  a  2-celled  and  2-ovuled  ovary ;  —  otherwise 
much  as  in  the  Oak  Family. 

1.    B:£TUL.A,    Tourn.        BIRCH. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  bractlets  2,  under  each  scale  or  bract  of  the  catkins, 
consisting  each  of  a  calyx  of  one  scale  and  4  stamens  attached  to  its  base  :  fila- 
ments very  short :  anthers  l-celled.  Fertile  flowers  3  under  each  3-lobed  bract, 
with  no  separate  bractlets  and  no  calyx,  each  of  a  naked  ovary  with  2  thread- 
like stigmas,  becoming  a  broadly  winged  and  scale-like  nutlet  or  small  samara. 
Seed  suspended,  anatropous.  Cotyledons  flattish,  oblong.  —  Outer  bark  usually 
in  thin  horizontal  sheets,  that  of  the  branchhts  dotted.  Twigs  and 


BETULACE^E.      (BIRCH   FAMILY.)  411 

leaves  often  spicy-aromatic.  Foliage  mostly  thin  and  light.  Buds  sessile,  scaly 
Sterile  catkins  long  and  drooping,  terminal  and  lateral,  formed  in  summer,  re- 
maining naked  through  the  succeeding  winter,  and  expanding  their  golden 
flowers  in  early  spring,  preceding  the  leaves :  fertile  catkins  oblong  or  cylindri- 
cal, lateral,  protected  by  scales  through  the  winter,  and  developed  with  the 
leaves.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Trees ,  with  the  bark  of  the  trunk  white  externally,  separable  in  thin  sheets  .*  petioles 

slender :  fertile  catkins  cylindrical,  peduncled,  spreading  or  drooping. 

1.  B.  alba,  var.  populifolia,  Spach.     (AMERICAN  WHITE  BIRCH.) 
Leaves  triangular  (deltoid),  very  taper-pointed,  truncate  or  nearly  so  at  the  broad 
base,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides  (glandular-dotted  when  young).     (B.  populi- 
folia, Ait.)  —  Common  on  poor  soils,  Penn.  to  Maine,  near  the  coast.  — A  small 
and  slender,  very  graceful  tree,  with  chalky-white  bark,  much  less  separable 
into  sheets  than  the  next  species ;  the  very  long-pointed  leaves  on-  petioles  of 
fully  half  their  length,  tremulous  as  those  of  an  Aspen.     (Eu.) 

2.  B.  papyracea,   Ait.     (PAPER   BIRCH.    CANOE   BIRCH.)    Leaves 
ovate,  taper-pointed,  heart-shaped  or  abrupt  (or  rarely  wedge-shaped)  at  the  base, 
smooth  above,  dull  underneath ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  fruit-bearing  bracts  short  and 
rounded.  —  Woods,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  almost  entirely  northward,  and 
extending  far  north. — A  large  tree,  with  fine-grained  wood,  and  very  tough 
durable  bark  splitting  into  paper-like  layers.    Leaves  dark-green  above,  pale, 
glandular-dotted,  and  a  little  hairy  on  the  veins  underneath,  sharply  and  une- 
qually doubly  serrate,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  petiole.     There  is  a  dwarf 
mountain  variety. 

*  *  Trees,  with  reddish-brown  or  yellowish  bark :  petioles  short :  fertile  catkins  ovoid- 

oblong,  scarcely  peduncled. 

3.  B.  nigra,  L.     (RIVER  or  RED  BIRCH.)     Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acutish 
at  both  ends,  whitish  and  (until  old)  downy  underneath ;  fertile  catkins  oblong, 
somewhat  peduncled,  woolly ;  the  bracts  with  oblong-linear  nearly  equal  lobes. 
(B.  rubra,  Michx.  f.) — Low  river-banks,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. —  A  rather  large  tree,  with  reddish-brown  bark  and  compact  light-colored 
wood :  leaves  somewhat  Alder-like,  glandular-dotted,  sharply  doubly  serrate. 

4.  B.  excelsa,  Ait.     (YELLOW  BIRCH.)     Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,  point- 
ed, narrowed  (but  mostly  heart-shaped)  at  the  base,  smoothish,  unequally  serrate 
with  coarse  and  very  sharp  teeth ;  fruiting  catkins  ovoid-oblong,  slightly  hairy ;  lobes 
of  the  scales  nearly  equal,  acute,  slightly  diverging.  —  Moist  woods,  New  England 
to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  — Tree  40°  -  60°  high,  with  yellowish  silvery 
bark,  thin  leaves  :  twigs  less  aromatic  than  in  the  next ;  the  wood  less  valuable. 

5.  B.  lenta,  L.     (CHERRY  BIRCH.    SWEET  or  BLACK  BIRCH.)     Leaves 
heart-ovate,  pointed,  sharply  and  finely  doubly  serrate,  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath ; 
fruiting  catkins  elliptical,  thick,  somewhat  hairy ;  lobes  of  the  veiny  scales  nearly 
equal,  obtuse,  diverging.  —  Moist  rich  woods,  New  England  to  Ohio  and  north- 
ward, and  southward  in  the  mountains. — A  rather  large  tree,  with  dark  chest- 
nut-brown bark,  reddish  bronze-colored  on  the  spray,  much  like  that  of  the 
Garden  Cherry,  which  the  leaves  also  somewhat  resemble ;  the  twigs  and  foliage 
spicy-aromatic  :  timber  rose-colored,  fine-grained,  valuable  for  cabinet-work. 


412  BETULACEuE.       (BIRCH    FAMILY.) 

#  *  #  Shrtbs,  with  brownish  bark  and  rounded  crenate-toothed  leaves  •  fertile  catkin* 
very  short-pedunded. 

6.  B.  pumila,  L.     (Low  BIRCH.)     Erect  or  ascending ;  leaves  obovate  or 
roundish-elliptical,   coarsely  crenate-toothed,   those  of   the   summer   branchlets 
downy  and  nearly  orbicular ;  fruiting  catkins  cylindrical ;  the  scales  more  or  less 
unequally  3-lobed ;  fruit  broadly  winged.     (B.  glandulosa,  Michx.) — Bogs    K. 
New  England  (rare),  Penn.,  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. — Shrub  2° -8° 
high,  with  smooth,  or  sometimes  resinous-warty,  branchlets ;  the  growing  twigs 
downy.    Leaves  thickish,  1;- 1£'  long,  paler  or  whitish  underneath. 

7.  B.  ii;\ii£l,  L.     (DWARF  or  ALPINE  BIRCH.)     Branches  spreading  or 
procumbent ;   leaves  orbicular,  deeply  crenate,  smooth,  reticulated-veiny  under- 
neath ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong ;  the  scales  nearly  equally  3-cleft ;  fruit  narrowly 
winged.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and 
N.  New  York,  and  high  northward.  —  Shrub  10' -24'  high,  with  leaves  about  £' 
wide :  varying,  in  less  frigid  stations,  with  the  larger  leaves  twice  that  size,  and 
the  branchlets  often  conspicuously  warty  with  resinous  dots,  when  it  is  B.  rotun 
difolia,  Spach,  and  B.  Littelliana,  Tuckerm.     (Eu.) 

2.    AJLNUS,    Tourn.        ALDER. 

Sterile  catkins  elongated  and  drooping,  with  5  bractlets  and  1  to  3  flowers 
under  each  scale,  each  flower  usually  with  a  4-parted  calyx  and  4  stamens  :  fila- 
ments very  short :  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid  or  oblong ;  the  fleshy 
scales  each  2-flowered,  with  a  calyx  of  4  little  scales  adherent  to  the  scales  or 
bracts  of  the  catkin,  which  are  thick  and  woody  in  fruit,  all  coherent  below,  and 
persistent.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  stalked  leaf-buds  furnished  with  a  sin- 
gle scale;  the  (often  racemed  or  clustered)  catkins  of  both  sorts  produced  at 
the  close  of  summer,  remaining  entirely  naked  through  the  winter,  and  ex 
panding  in  early  spring.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

§  1.  ALNUS  PROPER.  —  Fruit  wingless. 

1.  A.  incana,  Willd.     (SPECKLED  or  HOARY  ALDER.)     Leaves  broadly 
oval  or  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  often  coarsely  toothed,  whitened 
and  mostly  downy  underneath ;  stipules  oblong-lanceolate ;  fertile  catkins  oval ; 
fruit  orbicular.     (A.  glauca,  Michx.)  —  Shrub  8° -20°  high,  forming  thickets 
along  streams ;  the  common  Alder  northward  from  New  England  to  Wisconsin. 
—  Var.  GLAtrcA  has  the  leaves  pale,  but  when  old  quite  smooth,  beneath.    (Eu.) 

2.  A.  serrulate,,  Ait.     (SMOOTH  ALDER.)     Leaves  obovate,  acute  at  the 
base,  sharply  serrate  with  minute  teeth,  thickish,  smooth  and  green  both  sides,  a  lit- 
tle hairy  on  the  veins  beneath ;  stipules  oval ;  fertile  catkins  ovoid-oblong ;  fruit 
ovate.  —  Shrub  6° -12°  high,  in  similar  situations;  the  common  Alder  from 
Southern  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward. 

§  2.  ALNASTER,  Spach.  —  Fruit  with  a  winged  margin:  sterile  flowers  with  a 
calyx  of  a  single  scale,  much  as  in  Birch. 

3.  A.  viridis,  DC.      (GREEN  or  MOUNTAIN  ALDER.)     Leaves  round- 
oval  or  ovate,  sometimes  heart-shaped,  glutinous  and  smooth  or  softly  downy 
underneath,  serrate  with  very  sharp  and  closely  set  teeth,  on  young  shoots  often 


SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW    FAMILY.)  413 

somewhat  cut-toothed ;  fertile  catkins  long-stalked,  ovoid.  (A.  undulata,  Wflld. 
Betula  crispa,  Michx,) —  On  mountains  and  along  streams  which  descend  from 
them,  N.  New  England  and  New  York,  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  northward. 
Shrub  3° -8°  high.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  110.     SAL.ICACE.3B.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.)* 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of  flowers  in  catkins,  one  under 
each  bract,  entirely  destitute  of  calyx  or  corolla;  the  fruit  a  l-celled  and  2- 
valved  pod,  containing  numerous  seeds  clothed  with  a  long  silky  down. — 
Ovary  l-celled  or  imperfectly  2-celled :  styles  2,  very  short,  or  more  or 
less  united,  each  with  a  2-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  ascending,  anatropous,  with- 
out albumen.  Cotyledons  flattened.  —  Leaves  alternate,  undivided,  with 
scale-like  and  deciduous,  or  else  leaf-like  and  persistent,  stipules.  Wood 
soft  and  light :  bark  bitter. 

1.    SAC IX,    Tourn.        WILLOW.     OSIER. 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  entire.  Sterile  flowers  of  2  -  6  (rarely  single) 
stamens,  accompanied  by  1  or  2  little  glands.  Fertile  flowers  also  with  a  small 
flat  gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  on  the  inner  side :  stigmas  short.  —  Trees  or 
shrubs,  generally  growing  along  streams,  with  round  flexible  branches  and  large 
tough  roots.  Leaves  mostly  long  and  pointed,  entire  or  glandularly  toothed. 
Buds  covered  by  a  single  scale,  with  an  inner  adherent  membrane  (separating 
in  §  2).  Catkins  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  (The  classical  name, 
said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  sal,  near,  and  lis,  water.) 

§  1.  Catkins  lateral  and  sessile,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  April  or  May :  stamens 
2 :  scales  dark  red  or  brown  becoming  black,  more  or  less  hairy,  persistent. 

*  Ovary  stalked,  downy,  hairy,  or  woolly. 

•«-  Catkins  ovoid  or  short-cylindrical,  small :  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  wavy-toothedt 
hairy  or  woolly,  with  prominent  veins  and  more  or  less  revolute  margins.  —  Shrubs. 

1.  S.  Candida,  Willd.     (HOARY  WILLOW.)    Leaves  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, taper-pointed,  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  the  upper  surface  and  young  branches 
covered  icdth  a  thin  web-like  wool  more  white  and  dense  beneath ;  stipules  small,  lanceo- 
late, toothed,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles ;  catkins  oblong-cylindrical,  closely 
flowered;  ovary  densely  woolly;  style  distinct;   stigmas  2-cleft;   scales  oblong, 
obtuse.     (S.  incana,  Michx.,  not  of  Schrank.)  — New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  in  bogs.  —  Stems  2°  -  5°  high,  with  reddish  twigs, 
smooth  and  shining  at  maturity.    The  whole  shrub  of  a  very  white  aspect  in 
exposed  situations,  but  greener  in  shade. 

2.  S.  tristis,   Ait.      (DWARF   GRAY   WILLOW.)      Leaves  almost  sessile, 
wedge-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  lower  obtuse,  grayish-woolly  on  both  sides,  the 

*  I  am  indebted  to  JOHN  CARET,  Esq.,  for  the  entire  elaboration  of  this  difficult  family.    (In 
this  second  edition  I  have  merely  made  slight  additions  respecting  the  range  of  some  species; 
and  hare  reduced  the  Balm  of  Gilead  to  a  variety  of  Populua  balsamifera.) 
35* 


414  SALICACE^E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

upper  side  becoming  nearly  smooth  at  maturity ;  stipules  minute,  hairy,  very  early 
deciduous;  catkins  globular  when  young,  loosely-flowered-,  ovary  with  a  long  tapering 
beak,  clothed  with  silvery  hairs ;  style  short;  stigmas  2-lobed. — New  England  to 
Wisconsin  and  southward.  —  Shrub  l°-l£°  high,  much  branched:  leaves 
thick,  l£'  long.  Stipules  seldom  seen,  often  reduced  to  a  mere  gland.  A  vari- 
ety occurs  with  very  small  and  rigid  contorted  leaves. 

3.  S.  lllilllilis,  Marshall.     (Low  BUSH  WILLOW.)     Leaves petioled,  lan- 
ceolate or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  point,  slightly 
downy  above,  more  thickly  so,  or  sometimes  grayish-woolly,  beneath ;  stipules 
small,  semi-ovate  and  entire,  or  larger  and  lunar  with  2-4  teeth,  shorter  than  the  peti- 
oles; catkins  often  recurved;  ovary  hairy;  style  distinct;  stigmas  2-cleft.      (S. 
Muhlenbergiana,  Barratt.     S.  conifera,  MuhL) — Borders  of  fields  and  road- 
sides ;  common.  —  Shrub  3°  -  8°  high,  varying  much  in  size  and  appearance. 
The  small  forms  are  at  times  scarcely  distinguishable  from  No.  2,  but  the  leaves 
are  longer,  less  firm  in  texture,  and  generally  stipulate ;  the  larger  forms,  with 
leaves  3' -5'  long  and  f '- 1'  broad,  resemble  those  of  the  two  next  species,  but 
retain  more  or  less  down  on  the  under  surface  at  maturity.  —  The  species  of  this 
and  the  following  section  often  bear  cone-like  excrescences  on  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  formed  of  closely  imbricated  leaves,  probably  occasioned  by  the  punc- 
ture of  insects. 

««-  i-  Catkins  cylindrical,  large,  clothed  with  long  glossy  hairs :  leaves  more  or  less 
serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath  and  at  length  smooth.  —  Shrubs 
or  small  trees. 

4.  S.  discolor,  Muhl.     (GLAUCOUS  WILLOW.)     Leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  irregularly  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire  at  the  base  and 
apex ;  stipules  semilunar,  toothed ;  catkins  erect ;  scales  very  hairy,  oblanceolate, 
somewhat  acute;  ovary  densely  silky.     (S.  sensitiva,  Barratt ?) — Low  meadows 
and  river-banks;  common.  —  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  8° -15°  high.     The 
young  leaves  are  commonly  obtuse  and  pubescent,  at  length  becoming  smooth 
and  whitish-glaucous  beneath.     Stipules  in  the  vigorous  shoots  equalling  the 
petiole,  more  often  small  and  inconspicuous.     Young  catkins  l£'  long,  glossy, 
blackish  with  the  conspicuous  scales,  elongating  in  fruit  to  2£'. 

5.  S.  eriocephala,  Michx.     (SILKY-HEADED  WILLOW.)    Leaves  ob- 
long-oval, acute,  rounded  or  tapering  at  base,  sparingly  and  irregularly  toothed ; 
stipules  semilunar,  toothed  ;  catkins  densely  flowered,  thickly  covered  with  long  shin- 
ing hairs ;  scales  of  the  sterile  ones  round-obovate,  obtuse ;  ovary  conspicuously  stalked, 
downy.    ( S.  prinoides,  Pursh  ?    S.  crassa,  Barratt.)  —  Low  meadows  and  swamps. 
—  Closely  resembles  the  last ;  but  the  aments  are  more  compact  and  silky,  and 
the  scales  rounder. 

*  #  Ovary  stalked,  silky-gray,  shining :  catkins  ovoid  or  cylindrical,  with  a  few  smalt 
leaf-like  bracts  at  the  base :  leaves  finely  and  evenly  serrate,  silky-gray  or  glaucous 
beneath,  drying  black :  stipules  varying  from  linear  to  semilunar,  toothed,  very  decid 
ttous.  —  Shrubs. 

6.  S.  sericea,  Marshall.    (SILKY-LEAVED  WILLOW.)    Leaves  lanceolate, 
pointed,  downy  above,  grayish  underneath  with  short  silky  hairs ;  sterile  catkins 
small ;  the  fertile  narrowly  cylindrical,  closely  flowered ;  scales  obtuse,  round-obo 


SALIC  ACE.E.      (WILLOW   FAMILY.)  415 

vate,  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  densely-silky  ovoid  ovary ;  stigma  2-lobed,  nearly 
sessile.  (S.  grisea,  Willd.) —  Sandy  river-banks;  not  rare.  —  Shrub  4° -10° 
high.  Fertile  catkins  in  flower  £',  at  length  !£',  long;  the  ovaries  not  spreading 
or  elongating  in  fruit,  thus  appearing  sessile. 

7.  S.  pctiolaris,  Smith.      (PETIOLED  WILLOW.)      Leaves  lanceolate, 
pointed,  smooth  above,  slightly  silky  beneath  when  young,  at  length  smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;  fertile  catkins  ovoid-cylindrical,  loosely  flowered,  scales  very  hairy,  obovate, 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  silky  tapering  ovary ;  style  short  but  distinct ; 
stigma  2-cleft.     (S.  rosmarinifolia,  and  S.  fuscata,  Pui*sh?)  —  Same  situations  as 
the  last,  which  this  shrub  resembles  in  some  respects  ;  but  the  mature  leaves  are 
not  silky  beneath,  and  dry  less  black :  the  scales  are  not  so  dark,  and  are  clothed 
with  longer  white  hair.     Sterile  catkins  like  the  last ;  but  the  fertile  shorter  and 
broader,  the  pods  (at  length  merely  downy)  spreading  and  showing  the  stalks. 

*  *  #  Ovary  sessile,  woolly  or  silky :  catkins  In-acted  at  the  base :  leaves  not  drying 

black.  —  Small  trees. 
•«-  Filaments  united  to  the  top,  appearing  like  a  single  stamen. 

8.  S.  PURptiREA,  L.     (PURPLE  WILLOW.)     Leaves  oblanceolate,  pointed, 
the  lower  somewhat  opposite,  smooth,  minutely  and  sparingly  toothed ;  catkins 
cylindrical ;  scales  round  and  concave,  very  black ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile.    (S.  Lam- 
bertiana,  Pursh.) — Low  grounds.     Recognized  at  once  in  the  sterile  plant  by 
the  united  filaments  giving  to  the  flowers  a  monandrous  appearance.    The  twigs 
are  polished,  and  of  an  ashy-olive  color.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•«-  •»-  Filaments  separate. 

9.  S.  VIMINA.LIS,  L.     (BASKET  OSIE-R.)     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long 
and  taper-pointed,  entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  white  and  satiny  beneath;  catkins 
cylindrical-ovoid,  clothed  with  long  silky  hair ;  ovary  long  and  narrow ;  styles  elon- 
gated ;  stigmas  linear,  mostly  entire.  — Wet  meadows.  —  Considered  the  best  species 
for  basket-work.    Leaves  3'  -  6'  long,  of  a  beautiful  lustre  beneath.  —  S.  Smith- 
iana,  Willd.,  another  species  of  this  section,  differing  principally  in  the  some- 
what broader  leaves,  has  also  been  introduced,  and  is  occasionally  met  with. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Catkins  lateral,  with  4-5  leajy  bracts  at  the  base,  appearing  with  or  before  the 
leaves  in  May  or  June :  inner  membrane  of  the  scales  of  the  flowering  buds  sepa- 
rating from  the  cartilaginous  exterior,  sometimes  elevated  on  the  apex  of  the  bursting 
catkins :  ovary  stalked,  smooth  (under  a  lens  minutely  granular,  with  occasionally  a 
few  short  hairs  at  the  base) :  stamens  2 :  scales  dark  or  black,  hairy,  persistent. 

10.  S.  cordata,  Muhl.    (HEART-LEAVED  WILLOW.)    Leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  6r»se,  taper-pointed,  sharply  toothed, 
smooth,  paler  beneath ;  stipules  kidney-shaped  or  ovate,  toothed,  often  large  and 
conspicuous,  of  the  length  of  the  (when  young  downy)  petiole,  or  sometimes 
small  and  almost  entire ;  catkins  appearing  with  the  leaves,  leafy  at  base,  cylindri- 
cal, the  fertile  elongating  in  fruit ;  ovary  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  summit.  — 
Var.  RfoiDA  has  the  leaves  large  and  rigid,  with  coarser  teeth,  of  which  the 
lowest  are   somewhat  elongated.     (S.  rigida,  Muhl.     S.   Torreyana,  Barratt, 
which  has  leaves  of  a  deeper  green  beneath,  appears  to  belong  here.) — Var. 
MYRicolDES  has  narrower  leaves,  neither  heart-shaped  nor  truncate  at  the  base. 


416  SALIC ACE.E.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

^S.  myricoides,  Muhl.) — Inundated  banks  of  rivers  and  low  meadows;  com 
mon.  —  Shrub  2° -6°  high:  the  first  var  larger,  or  a  small  tree  6° -15°  high, 
with  leaves  4'  -  6'  long.  Fruiting  catkins  2'  -  3'  in  length. 

11.  S.  anglistata,  Pursh.     (NARROW-LEAVED  WILLOW.)    Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  long  and  tapering  to  the  base,  slightly  toothed,  smooth  and  scarcely 
glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  half-heart-shaped ;  catkins  large,  appearing  before  the 
leaves;  ovary  tapering  into  a  long  style.  —  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  southwest- 
ward. —  Catkins  resembling  those  of  No.  4  in  size  and  aspect;  but  the  ovaries 
are  quite  smooth  and  very  white. 

§  3.   CatJcins  lateral,  with  a  few  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  appearing  with  the  leaves  in 
May  or  June  :  ovary  stalked,  silJcy  :  stamens  2  :  scales  persistent. 

12.  S»  rostrsita,  Richardson.     (LONG-BEAKED  WILLOW.)    Leaves  oblong 
or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  toothed,  downy  above,  prominently  veined, 
softly  hairy  and  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules  semilunar,  toothed ;  catkins  cylindrical, 
the  fertile  becoming  loose  in  fruit ;  pods  tapering  into  a  long  beak,  on  stalks  longer 
than  the  yellow  lanceolate  scales.  —  Borders  of  woods  and  meadows,  New  England 
to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  4° -15°  high, 
with  soft  velvety  leaves,  somewhat  variable  in  form.    A  transformation  of  the 
anthers  into  imperfect  ovaries  is  frequently  observable  in  this  species,  and  occa- 
sionally in  some  others. 

13.  S.  pfrylicifolia,  L.     (SMOOTH  MOUNTAIN- WILLOW.)    Leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pointed,  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  remotely 
and  minutely  repand-toothed,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath ;  fertile 
catkins  ovoid  ;  ovary  ovoid-conic,  very  short-stalked ;  style  elongated;  stalk  of  the 
mature  pods  about  twice  the  length  of  the  gland ;  scales  black,  sparingly  clothed  with 
long  white  hairs.  —  Moist  ravines,  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains, New  Hampshire,  Oakes,  Tuckerman,  &c.  —  A  low  spreading  shrub,  with 
leaves  of  a  coriaceous  texture  when  old.     (Eu.) 

§  4.   Catkins  peduncled  (long  and  loose),  borne  on  the  summit  of  lateral  leafy  branches 
of  the  season,  appearing  in  May  and  June :  scales  greenish-yellow,  more  or  less 
hairy,  falling  before  the  pods  are  ripe :  filaments  slightly  united,  hairy  below.  — 
Shrubs  and  trees,  with  the  branches  very  brittle  at  the  base. 
#  Ovary  sessile,  smooth  :  stamens  2. 

14.  S.  ALBA,  L.     (WHITE  WILLOW.)     Leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceo- 
late, pointed,  toothed,  clothed  more  or  less  with  white  and  silky  hairs,  especially 
beneath ;  stipules  lanceolate ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  thick  and  recurved.  —  Var. 
YITELLINA  has  yellow  or  light  red  branches;  leaves  shorter  and  broader.     (S 
vitellina,  Smith  fr  Borrer.     S.  Pameachiana,  Barratt.)  — Var.  c^ERtiLEA  has  the 
leaves  nearly  smooth  at  maturity,  and  greatly  resembles  the  next  species.     (S. 
caerulea,  Smith.)  — A  familiar  tree,  of  rapid  growth,  attaining  a  height  of  50°- 
80°.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Ovary  stalked,  smooth :  stamens  2-6. 

15.  S.  FnAoiLis,  L.    (BRITTLE  WILLOW.)     Leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed, 
smooth, glaucous  beneath  (slightly  silky  when  young),  serratn  with  inflexed  teeth; 
stipules  half-heart-shaped ;  stamens  commonly  2.  —  Var.  DEC^P  IENS  has  dark 


SALICACE^E.       (WILLOW   FAMILY.)  417 

brown  buds,  and  the  lowest  leaves  on  the  branches  broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse, 
(S.  decipiens,  llojfm  ) —  Var.  RUSSELLIANA  has  the  leaves  long  and  bright, 
strongly  serrate ;  the  younger  ones,  and  upper  branches  of  the  annual  shoots, 
silky-downy  towards  autumn;  stipules  large  and  taper-pointed.  (S.  Busselli- 
ana,  Smith.)  — A  tall  and  handsome  tree,  with  smooth  polished  branches  ;  culti- 
vated for  basket-work.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.  S.  lligfra,  Marshall.     (BLACK  WILLOW.)     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
pointed  and  tapering  at  each  end,  serrate,  smooth   (except  on  the  petioles  and 
midrib)  and  green  on  both  sides ;  stipules  small,  deciduous ;  glands  of  the  sterile 
flowers  2,  large  and  deeply  2-3  cleft ;  stamens  4-6,  often  but  3  in  the  upper 
scales.     (S.  ambigua,  Pursh.) —  Var.  FALCA.TA  has  the  leaves  elongated,  scythe- 
shaped,  and  the  stipules  large,  broadly  lunar,  reflexed.     (S.  falcata,  Pursh.     S. 
Purshiana,  Spreng.      S.  ligustrina,  Michx.  f.)  —  Tree  15° -25°  high,  with  a 
rough  black  bark ;  frequent  on  the  margins  of  streams,  especially  southward. 

17.  S.  lUCida,  Muhl.     (SHINING  WILLOW.)     Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate and  narrow  with  a  long  tapering  point,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides,  ser- 
rate; stipules  oblong,  toothed;  stamens  commonly  5.  —  Overflowed  banks  of 
streams ;  rather  common.  —  A  beautiful  species,   sometimes   flowering  at  the 
height  of  3°,  sometimes  becoming  a  small  bushy  tree  of  12° -15°. 

S.  BABYLONICA,  Tourn.  (WEEPING  WILLOW),  belongs  to  this  section,  and 
is  much  cultivated  for  ornament.  Only  the  fertile  plant  is  known  in  the  United 
States.  —  There  is  also  a  remarkable  variety  of  it  with  curled  or  annular  leaves 
(S.  annularis,  Forbes),  known  in  gardens  as  the  KING-LEAVED  or  HOOP  WIL- 
LOW. 

#  #  #  Ovary  stalked,  hairy :  stamens  2. 

18.  S.  longifolia,  Muhl.      (LONG-LEAVED  WILLOW.)     Leaves  linear 
lanceolate,  very  long,  tapering  at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  remotely  denticulate  with 
•projecting  teeth,  clothed  with  gray  hairs  when  young,  at  length  nearly  smooth  ; 
stipules  small,  lanceolate,  toothed  ;  scaly  hairs  at  the  base  often  glandular-toothed 
at  the  top  in  the  sterile  catkins ;  gland  long,  in  the  sterile  flowers  sometimes 
deeply  2  -  3-cleft ;  in  the  fertile  longer  than  the  short  stalk  of  the  ovary ;  stigmas 
very  large,  sessile.  —  New  England  and  Penn.  to  Kentucky  and  northward.  — 
Varying  in  height  from  2°-  12°;  the  stems  and  branches  often  prostrate,  root- 
ing extensively  in  sandy  river-banks. 

§  5.  Catkins  peduncled,  borne  on  the  lateral  (or  sometimes  the  terminal)  leafy  branches 
of  the  season,  appearing  in  June :  stipules  deciduous  or  none :  scales  persistent.  — 
Small  shrubs,  with  underground  spreading  stems,  sending  up  short  erect  or  prostrate 
branches. 

19.  S.   pedicellaris,    Pursh.      (STALK-FRUITED    WILLOW.)      Leaves 
elliptic-obovate,  obtuse  or  somewhat  pointed,  entire,  smooth  on  both  sides,  retic- 
vlately  veined  and  rather  glaucous  beneath ;  fertile  catkins  loose  and  few-flow- 
ered ;  ovary  smooth,  on  a  stalk  twice  the  length  of  the  nearly  smooth  greenish-yellow 
scale ;  stamens  2.  —  Cold  swamps,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward. 
—  An  upright  shrub,  l°-3°  high,  with  leaves  1'-  1^'  long,  somewhat  coriaceous 
when  mature.     Catkins  |'  long :  pods  reddish-green,  veined  with  purple. 


418  SALICACE^:.     (WILLOW  FAMILY.) 

20.  S.  Uva-lJrsi,  Pursh.      (BEARBERRY  WILLOW.)      Leaves  elliptical 
and  pointed,  or  obovate  and  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base,  slightly  toothed,  strong- 
ly veined,  smooth  and  shining  above,  rather  glaucous  beneath;  catkins  mostly 
lateral,  oblong-cylindrical ;  ovary  smooth,  stalked ;  style  distinct ;  stamen  single ; 
scales  oblanceolate,  entire,  black,  covered  with  long  silky  hairs.     (S.  Cutleri,  Tucker- 
man.) —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  Adi- 
rondack Mountains,  New  York.  —  A  very  small,  almost  prostrate  shrub,  known 
at  once  by  the  monandrous  flowers.     ( S.  retusa,  L.,  with  which  this  species  has 
been  confounded,  is  a  plant  of  the  Southern  Alps,  having  the  catkins  issuing 
from  the  terminal  buds,  with  smooth,  notched  scales,  and  two  stamens.) 

21.  S.  repens,  L.     (CREEPING  WILLOW.)     Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed, 
when  young  obovate  and  obtuse,  irregularly  repand-toothed,  smooth  and  green 
above,  covered  beneath  when  young  with  long  and  shining  deciduous  hairs,  at  maturity 
smooth  and  glaucous ;  catkins  ovoid,  short ;  ovary  densely  silky,  stalked ;  style 
very  distinct ;  stamens  2  -  3 ;  gland  sometimes  double ;  scales  obovate,  obtuse, 
clothed  with  long  hairs.     (S.  fusca,  Smith.)  —Moist  alpine  ravines  of  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  —  Whole  plant,  when  young, 
of  a  glossy,  satiny  lustre ;  the  leaves  at  length  becoming  quite  smooth,  with  a 
white  and  prominent  midrib,  and  slightly  elevated  veins.     (Eu.) 

22.  S.  lierbacea,  L.      (HERB-LIKE  WILLOW.)      Leaves  roundish-oval, 
heart-shaped,  notched  at  the  apex,  sen-ate,  smooth  and  shining,  with  reticulated 
veins ;  catkins  issuing  from  the  terminal  buds,  small  and  few-flowered ;  ovary  ses- 
sile, smooth;  scales  smooth,  ciliate.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains 
of  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  —  A  very  small  herb-like  species>  the 
stems  seldom  rising  above  an  inch  or  two  from  the  ground.     (Eu.) 


• 


2.    POPUliUS,    Tourn.         POPLAR.    ASPEN. 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  irregularly  cut-lobed  at  the  apex.  Flowers  from 
a  cup-shaped  disk  which  is  obliquely  lengthened  in  front.  Stamens  8-30,  or 
more  :  filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  elongated.  —  Trees,  with  usually  broad  and 
more  or  less  heart-shaped  or  ovate-toothed  leaves,  and  mostly  angular  branches. 
Buds  invested  with  imbricated  scales,  covered  with  .resinous  varnish.  Aments 
long  and  drooping,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  (The  ancient  name,  called 
Arbor  Populi,  because  it  was  used  to  decorate  the  public  walks,  or  on  account  of 
the  constant  agitation  of  the  leaves  by  every  impulse.) 

1.  P.  trenmloides,  Michx.      (AMERICAN  ASPEN.)      Leaves  roundish- 
hen rt-shaped,  with  a  short  sharp  point,  and  small  somewhat  regular  teeth,  smooth  on 
both  sides,  with  downy  margins ;  scales  cut  into  3-4  deep  linear  divisions,  fringed 
with  long  hairs.  —  Woods ;  common.  —  Tree  20°  -  50°  high,  with  smooth  green- 
ish-white bark.     Stalk  of  the  leaf  long,  slender,  and  laterally  compressed,  which 
accounts  for  the  continual  agitation  of  the  foliage  by  the  slightest  breeze. 

2.  P.  grandidentata,    Michx.     (LARGE-TOOTHED  ASPEN.)     Leaves 
roundish-ovate,  with  large  and  irregular  sinuate  teeth,  when  young  densely  covered 
with  white  silky  wool,  at  length  smooth  both  sides ;  scales  cut  into  5-6  unequal 
small  divisions,  slightly  fringed.  —  Woods,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.  — A  rather  larger  tree  than  the  last,  with  a  smoothish  gray  bark, 


(WILLOW  FAMILY.)  419 

3.  P.  lictcropliylla,  L.    (DOWNY-LEAVED  POPLAR.)    Branches  round , 
leaves  heart-shaped  or  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  white-woolly  wJien  young,  at 
length  nearly  smooth,  except  on  the  elevated  veins  beneath.  —  Swamps,  W. 
New  England  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Tree  40°  -  60°  high,  with  large,  usu- 
ally quite  blunt  leaves ;  the  sinus,  when  heart-shaped,  closed  "by  the  overlapping 
lobes  which  conceal  the  insertion  of  the  nearly  round  leaf-stalk. 

4.  P.    moiiilifcra,    Ait.       (COTTON-WOOD.      NECKLACE    POPLAR.) 
Young  branches  slightly  angled,  becoming  round ;  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  with  spread- 
ing prominent  nerves,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  taper-pointed,  ser- 
rate with  cartilaginous  and  incurved  slightly  hairy  teeth ;  fertile  catkins  very 
long;  scales  lacerate-fringed,  not  hairy;  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  toothed,  dilated 
and  very  large.  —  Margins  of  lakes  and  streams,  New  England  to  Illinois  and 
southward,  especially  westward.  —  A  large  tree,  80°  high  or  upwards ;  the  vig- 
orous branches  decidedly  angled,  bearing  large  leaves ;  the  more  stunted  being 
round,  with  smaller  foliage.     (P.  Canadensis,  Michx.  f.    P.  Isevigata,  Willd.) 

5.  P.  miglilata,  Ait.      (ANGLED   COTTON-WOOD.)      Branches  acutely 
angular  or  winged ;  leaves  broadly  deltoid  or  heart-ovate,  smooth,  crenate-serrate,  or 
with  obtuse  cartilaginous  teeth.  —  Low  grounds,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin 
and  southward.  —  Tree  large  as  the  last,  and  like  it  bearing  very  large  and  heart- 
shaped  leaves  (7' -8'  in  length  and  breadth)  on  young  plants  and  suckers :  on 
full-grown  trees  only  one  fourth  of  that  size,  and  commonly  without  the  sinus. 

6.  P.  l>alsaillifera,  L.     (BALSAM  POPLAR.    TACAMAHAC.)    Branches 
round ;  leaves  ovate,  gradually  tapering  and  pointed,  finely  serrate,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  whitish  and  reticulately  veined  beneath ;  scales  dilated,  slightly  hairy ;  sta- 
mens very  numerous. — N.  New  England  to  "Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  A 
tall  tree,  growing  on  the  borders  of  rivers  and  swamps  :  its  large  buds  varnished 
with  a  fragrant  resinous  matter. 

Var.  Ciiiitlicaiis.  (BALM  OF  GILEAD.)  Leaves  broader  and  more  or  less 
heart-sJiaped,  pointed,  serrate,  whitish  and  reticulate-veined  beneath  ;  petiole 
commonly  hairy.  (P.  candicans,  Ait.) — N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and 
Kentucky  :  rare  in  a  wild  state,  but  common  in  cultivation. 

•P.  N!GRA,  L.,  was  admitted  by  the  elder  Michaux  into  his  Flora,  without  any 
mention  of  its  locality.  It  was  afterwards  published  by  his  son,  under  the  name 
of  P.  Hudsonica :  he,  however,  found  it  "  only  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson 
River,  above  Albany."  Lastly,  it  was  described  as  P.  betulifolia  by  Pursh,  who 
further  added  as  its  station,  "  about  Lake  Ontario."  The  tree  was  probably  an 
introduced  form  of  the  European  P.  nigra,  and  was  latterly  so  considered  by 
the  younger  Michaux  himself.  A  few  of  these  trees  are  still  found  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Hoboken,  New  Jersey. 

P.  DILATATA,  Ait.,  the  well-known  pyramidal  LOMBARDT  POPLAR,  has 
been  extensively  introduced  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  is  found  in  the  vicinity 
of  all  old  settlements. 

P.  ALBA,  L.,  the  ABELE  or  WHITE  POPLAR  of  the  Old  World,  is  occasion- 
ally planted,  when  it  spreads  widely  by  the  root,  and  becomes  more  common 
than  is  desirable. 


420  CONIFERS.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 


Subclass  II.     GYMNOSPER1VLE. 

Pistil  represented  by  an  open  scale  or  leaf,  or  entirely  wanting ; 
the  ovules  and  seeds  therefore  naked  (without  a  pericarp),  and  fer- 
tilized by  the  direct  application  of  the  pollen.  Cotyledons  often 
more  than  two. 

ORDER   111.     COJVIFER^E.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  juice,  mostly  with  awl-shaped  or  needle- 
shaped  entire  leaves,  and  moncecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  catkins,  destitute 
of  calyx  or  corolla.  Ovules  orthotropous.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  al- 
bumen, nearly  its  length.  (Wood  destitute  of  ducts,  composed  chiefly  of 
a  homogeneous  large  woody  fibre  which  is  marked  with  circular  disks  on 
two  sides.)  An  important  and  rather  large  Order ;  comprising  the  three 
following  Suborders :  — 

SUBORDER  I.     ABIETINE^E.     THE  PROPER  PINE  FAMILY. 

Fertile  flowers  in  catkins,  consisting  of  open  imbricated  carpels  in  the 
form  of  scales  in  the  axil  of  a  bract ;  in  fruit  forming  a  strobile  or  cone, 
Ovules  2,  adherent  to  the  base  of  each  carpellary  scale,  their  orifice  turned 
downward.  Buds  scaly. 

1.  PINUS.    Leaves  2-5  in  a  cluster  from  the  axil  of  a  scale-like  primary  leaf,  persistent. 

2.  ABIES.    Leaves  all  scattered  on  the  branches  and  alike,  persistent. 

3.  LARIX.     Leaves  many  in  a  cluster,  the  primary  ones  similar,  deciduous. 

SUBORDER  II.    CUPRESSINE^E.     THE  CYPRESS  FAMILY. 

Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  few  carpellary  scales,  without  bracts,  bear- 
ing single  or  several  erect  ovules  on  their  base  (the  orifice  upward),  form- 
ing a  closed  strobile  or  a  sort  of  drupe  in  fruit.  Buds  naked. 

*  Flowers  monoecious.    Strobile  dry,  opening  at  maturity. 

4.  THUJA.    Fruit  of  few  imbricated  oblong  scales.    Ovules  2.     Leaves  scale-like,  closely  im- 

bricated on  the  flattened  branches. 

6.  CUPRESSUS.    Fruit  of  several  shield-form  thickened  scales  united  in  a  globular  woody 
cone.    Seeds  2  or  more  on  the  stalk  of  each  scale.    Leaves  scale-like  or  awl-shaped. 

6.  TAXODIUM.     Fruit  of  several  thickened  and  rather  shield-shaped  scales  united  in  a  globu- 

lar woody  cone.    Seeds  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale.    Leaves  linear,  2-ranked,  deciduous. 
*  *  Flowers  chiefly  dioecious.    Fruit  berry-like,  not  opening. 

7.  JUNIPERUS.    Fruit  composed  of  3-6  coalescent  1  -  3-ovuled  scales,  becoming  fleshy. 

SUBORDER  III.  TAXINE^.  THE  YEW  FAMILY. 

Fertile  flower  solitary,  consisting  of  a  naked  ovule,  ripening  into  a  nut- 
like  or  drupe-like  seed.  Ovary  entirely  wanting.  Buds  scaly 

8.  TAXUS.    Ovule  erect,  encircled  at  the  base  by  an  annular  disk,  which  fr  cms  a  berry-lik* 

cup  around  the  nut-like  seed. 


CONIFERS.       (PINE    PAMILY.)  421 

SUBORDER  I.    ABIETINEJE.    THE  PROPER  PINI  FAMILY. 

1.     PIN  US,    Toura.         PINE. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  catkins  spiked,  consisting  of  numerous  stamens 
inserted  on  the  axis,  with  very  short  filaments  and  a  scale-like  connective : 
anther-cells  2,  opening  lengthwise.  Pollen  of  3  united  grains.  Fertile  catkins 
terminal,  solitary  or  aggregated,  consisting  of  imbricated  carpellary  scales,  each 
in  the  axil  of  a  deciduous  bract,  bearing  a  pair  of  inverted  ovules  at  the  base. 
Fruit  a  cone  formed  of  the  imbricated  and  woody  carpellary  scales,  which  are 
thickened  at  the  apex  (except  in  White  Pines),  persistent,  spreading  when  ripe 
and  dry ;  the  2  nut-like  seeds  partly  sunk  in  excavations  at  the  base  of  the  scale, 
and  in  separating  carrying  away  a  part  of  its  lining  in  the  form  of  a  thin  and 
fragile  wing.  Cotyledons  3-12,  linear.  —  Primary  leaves  of  the  shoots  thin 
and  chaff-like,  merely  bud-scales ;  from  their  axils  immediately  proceed  the 
secondary  leaves,  which  make  the  foliage,  in  the  form  of  fascicles  of  2  to  5  needle- 
shaped  evergreen  leaves,  from  slender  buds,  the  thin  scarious  bud-scales  sheath- 
ing the  base  of  the  cluster.  Blossoms  developed  in  spring ;  the  cones  commonly 
maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

4  1.  Leaves  2  or  3  (very  rarely  4)  in  a  sheath,  mostly  rigid:  bark  rough:  scales  of 

the  cones  woody,  thickened  at  the  end  and  mostly  spiny -tipped. 

#  Leaves  in  twos,  in  No,  5  occasionally  some  in  threes. 

1.  P.  BankSiana,  Lambert.     (GRAY   or  NORTHERN   SCRUB  PINE.) 
Leaves  short   (!' long),  oblique,  divergent;  cones  ovate-conical,  usually  curved, 
smooth,  the  scales  pointless.     (P.  rupestris,  Michx.f.)  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  Maine, 
N.  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  northward. — A  straggling  shrub  or  low  tree 
(5°  -20°  high)  ;  the  rigid  leaves  concave-grooved  above  ;  the  irregular  or  curved 
cones  l£'-2'  long. 

2.  P.  iilOpS,  Ait.     (JERSEY  or  SCRUB  PINE.)     Leaves  rather  short  (11'- 
2|'  long) ;  cones  oblong-conical,  sometimes  curved  (2' -3'  long),  the  scales  tipped 
until  a  prominent  and  straight  awl-shaped  prickle.  —  Barrens  and  sterile  hills,  New 
Jersey  to  Kentucky  and  southward.     A  straggling  tree,  15° -40°  high,  with 
spreading  or  drooping  branchlets :  young  shoots  with  a  purplish  glaucous  bloom. 

3.  P.  pungeilS,  Michx.     (TABLE  MOUNTAIN  PINE.)     Leaves  stout  and 
rigid,  rather  short  (2.^'  long),  crowded;  cones  ovate  (3^-'  long),  the  scales  armed 
with  a  strong  hooked  spine  (^  long).  —  Blue  Ridge,  Virginia,  west  of  Charlottes- 
villc  (Curtis),  and  southward. 

4.  P.  resilldsa,  Ait.     (RED  PINE.)     Leaves  from  long  sheaths,  semicylm- 
drical,  elongated  (5'-6;  long),  dark  green;  cones  ovoid-conical;  the  scales  point- 
less.    (P.  rubra,  Michx.f.)  — Dry  "woods,  Maine  to  Pcnn.,  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward.—  Tree  50° -80°  high,  with  reddish  and  rather  smooth  bark,  and  compact 
wood,  but  usually  less  resinous  than  in  No.  6.     Cones  about  2'  long,  sometimes 
aggregated  in  large  and  close  clusters.  —  Wrongly  called  Norway  Pine. 

5.  P.  BID  it  is,  Michx.     (YELLOW  PINE.)     Leaves  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in 
threes  from  long  sheaths,  chanrelled,  slender  (3' -5'  long)  ;  cones  ovoid  or  oblong- 
conical  (barely  2'  long)  ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  minute,  and  weaJc  prickle.     (P. 

36 


422  CONIFERJE.     (PINE  FAMILY.; 

rariabilis,  Pursh.)  — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  "W.  New  England?  and  New  Jersey  to 
Wisconsin,  and  common  southward.  —  Tree  50°  -  60°  high,  straight,  producing 
a  durable,  fine-grained,  moderately  resinous  timber,  valuable  for  flooring,  &c. 
Leaves  more  soft  and  slender  than  in  any  of  the  preceding,  dark  green. 
3?  %•  Leaves  in  threes  (very  rarely  some  in  fours). 

6.  P.  rigida,  Miller.     (PITCH  PINE.)     Leaves  rigid  (31  -5'  long)  dark 
green,  flattish,jfrom  very  short  sheaths;  cones  ovoid-conical  or  ovate  (!'  -3£'  long), 
often  in  clusters ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  short  and  stout  recurved  prickle.  —  Sandy 
or  spare  rocky  soil,  Maine  to  W.  New  York  and  southward ;  common.  —  Tree 
30°  -  70°  high,  with  very  rough  and  dark  bark,  and  hard  wood  saturated  with 
resin  (a  variety  sometimes  called  Yellow  Pine  furnishes  much  less  resinous  tim- 
ber).—  P.  serotina,  Miclix.  is  a  form  with  ovate  or  almost  globular  cones. 

7.  P.  T«r<l:i,  L.     (LOBLOLLY  or  OLD-FIELD  PINE.)     Leaves  long  (6;- 
10'),  rigid,  with  elongated  sheatlis,  light  green;  cones  oblong  (3' -5'  long);  the 
scales  tipped  with  a  short  incurved  spine.  —  Barren  light  soil,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward ;  common.  —  Tree  50°  - 100°  high. 

$  2.  Leaves  5  in  a  sheath,  soft  and  slender :  scales  of  the  cones  neither  prickly-pointed 
nor  thickened  at  the  end:  bark  smooth. 

8.  P.  StrofoliS,  L.     (WHITE  PINE.)     Leaves  very  slender,  rather  glau- 
cous, the  sheaths  deciduous ;  cones  narrow,  cylindrical,  nodding,  a  little  curved 
(4' -6' long). —  Cool  and  damp  woods;  common  northward,  extending  south- 
ward in  the  Alleghanies,  but  rare  in  those  of  Virginia.  —  The  White  Pine  (called 
in  England   Weymouth  Pine)  is  our  tallest  tree,  often  120° -160°  in  a  single 
straight  column  in  primitive  forests,  and  is  invaluable  for  its  soft  and  light 
white  or  yellowish  wood,  which  in  large  trunks  is  nearly  free  from  resin. 

2.    ABIES,    Tourn.        SPRUCE.    FIR. 

Sterile  catkins  scattered  or  somewhat  clustered  towards  the  end  of  the  branch- 
lets.  Scales  of  the  strobiles  thin  and  flat,  not  at  all  thickened  at  the  apex,  nor 
with  a  prickly  point.  Seeds  with  a  persistent  wing.  —  Leaves  all  foliaceous  and 
scattered,  short,  frequently  2-ranked.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Pinus.  (The 
classical  Latin  name.) 

$  1.   Cones  erect,  lateral ;  the  scales  and  the  more  or  less  projecting  bracts  falling  from 

the  axis  at  maturity  :  sterile  catkins  clustered :  anther-cells  opening  by  a  transverse 

laceration :  leaves  flat,  becoming  Z-ranked,  whitened  underneath,  obtuse  or  notched 

at  the  apex,     (ABIES,  Pliny,  fyc.     Picea,  L.,  Don,  London,  not  of  Link.) 

1.  A.  iKilsiamea,  Marshall.     (BALSAM  FIR.)     Leaves  narrowly  linear ; 

cones  cylindrical,  large,  violet-colored ;  the  bracts  obovate,  serrulate,  tipped  with  an 

abrupt  slender  point,  slightly  projecting,  appressed.  —  Cold   damp   woods   and 

swamps,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. — A  slender  tree, 

of  little  value  as  timber,  when  young  very  handsome,  but  short-lived.     Leaves 

1'  or  less  in  length,  narrower  and  lighter  green  above  than  those  of  the  European 

Silver  Fir ;  the  cones  3' -4'  long,  1'  broad,  the  scales  very  broad  and  rounded. 

Also  called  Canada  Balsam  or  Balm-of-Gilead  Fir.     The  well-known  Canada 

btilsam  is  drawn  from  blisters  in  the  bark  of  this  and  the  next  species. 


CONIFERS.       (PINE    FAMILY.)  423 

2.  A.  Fraseri,   Pursh.     (SMALL-FRUITED  or  DOUBLE  BALSAM  FIR.) 

Cones  small  (l'-2'  long),  oblong-ovate;  the  bracts  oblong-wedge-shaped,  short-point- 
ed, the  upper  part  much  projecting  and  rejlexed.  (A.  balsamifera,  Michx.  fl.)  — 
Mountains  of  Penn.,  Virginia,  and  southward  on  the  highest  Alleghanies.  Also 
on  the  mountains  of  W.  New  England  ?  — Foliage,  &c.  nearly  as  in  the  last. 

§  2.   Cones  hanging,  terminal;  the  bracts  evanescent ;  the  scales  persistent  on  the  axis: 

sterile  catkins  scattered:  anther-cells  opening  lengthwise.     (PicEA,  Link,  Sfc.) 

*  Leaves  2-ranked,  Jlat,  whitened  underneath* 

3.  A.  CanadensiS,  Michx.    (HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.)    Leaves  linear,  flat, 
obtuse  (£'  long) ;  cones  oval,  of  few  scales,  little  longer  than  the  leaves  (f '  long). 

—  Hilly  or  rocky  woods ;  very  common  northward,  and  rare  southward  in  the 
Alleghanies.  —  A  large  tree,  when  young  the  most  graceful  of  Spruces,  with  a 
light,  spreading  spray,  and  delicate  foliage,  bright  green  above,  silvery  under- 
neath.    Timber  very  coarse-grained  and  poor. 

*  *  Leaves  needle-shaped,  ^-angular,  equally  distributed  all  around  the  branch. 

4.  A.    nigra,    Poir.      (BLACK  SPRUCE/     DOUBLE  SPRUCE.)      Leaves 
short  (£'-§'  long),  rigid,  dark  green;  cones  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  (!'-  1^'  long) ; 
the  scales  with  a  thin  and  wavy  or  eroded  edge.  —  Swamps  and  cold  mountain 
woods,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward,  and  southward  along  the 
mountains.  —  A  common  variety  in  New  England  has  lighter-colored  or  glau- 
cous-green leaves,  rather  more  slender  and  loosely  spreading,  and  is  undistin- 
guishable  from  the  next,  except  by  the  cones. 

5.  A.  alba,  Michx.     (WHITE  or  SINGLE  SPRUCE.)     Cones  oblong-cylin- 
drical (l'-2' long),  the  scales  with  firm  and  entire  edges:  otherwise  as  in  the 
lighter-colored  variety  of  the  last.  —  In  similar  situations,  but  only  northward. 
Probably  these  two,  with  the  Red  Spruce,  are  mere  forms  of  one  species. 

A.  EXCELS  A,  the  NORWAY  SPRUCE,  is  now  much  planted :  it  is  a  much 
finer  tree,  and  thrives  better  than  our  indigenous  species  of  this  group. 

3.    JLAKIX,    Toum.        LARCH. 

Catkins  lateral  and  scattered,  bud-like.  Sterile  flowers  nearly  as  in  Pinus, 
but  the  pollen  of  simple  spherical  grains.  Cones  ovoid,  erect ;  the  bracts  and 
scales  persistent;  otherwise  as  in  Abies.  —  Leaves  deciduous,  soft,  all  folia- 
ceous ;  the  primary  ones  scattered ;  the  secondary  very  many  in  a  fascicle  de- 
veloped in  early  spring  from  lateral  scaly  and  globular  buds.  Fertile  catkins 
crimson  or  red  in  flower.  (The  ancient  name.)  ''  \  «g 

1.  Li.  Americana,  Michx.  (AMERICAN  or  BLACK  LARCH.  TAMA- 
RACK. HACKMATACK.)  Leaves  almost  thread-form ;  cones  ovoid,  of  few 
rounded  scales.  (P.  pendula,  Ait.}  —  Swamps,  New  England  to  Penn.  and 
Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly)  northward.  —  A  slender  tree,  with  heavy,  close-grained 
wood,  and  slender  horizontal  branches,  more  slender  and  usually  shorter  leaves 
than  the  European  Larch;  —  which  is  a  handsomer  tree,  and  has  the  scales  of 
its  larger  cones  arranged  in  the  order  ^,  while  those  of  the  American  are  only  |. 

—  The  RED  LARCH  (P.  microcarpa,  Lambert]  appears  to  be  orlv  a  Northern 
varietv. 


424  CONIFEK.E.     (PINE  FAMILY.) 

SUBORDER  II.     CUPRESSINE^E.    THE  CYPRESS  FAMILY 

4.     THIJJA,    Toura.        ARBOR  VITJE. 

Flowers  monoecious  on  different  branches,  in  very  small  terminal  ovoid  catkins. 
Stamens  with  a  scale-like  filament  or  connective,  bearing  4  anther-cells.  Fertile 
catkins  of  few  imbricated  scales,  fixed  by  the  base,  each  bearing  2  erect  ovules, 
dry  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Small  evergreen  trees,  with 
very  flat  2-ranked  spray,  on  which  the  small  and  appressed  persistent  leaves  are 
closely  imbricated :  these  are  of  two  sorts,  on  different  or  successive  branchlets ; 
the  one  awl-shaped ;  the  other  scale-like,  blunt,  short,  and  adnate.  (6i>ia,  6va, 
or  Gueia,  the  ancient  name  of  some  resin-bearing  evergreen.) 

1.  T.  Occident jilis,  L.  (AMERICAN  ARBOR  VIT^E.)  Leaves  ap- 
pressedr-imbricated  in  4  rows  on  the  2-edged  branchlets ;  scales  of  the  cones 
pointless  ;  seeds  broadly  winged  all  round.  —  Swamps  and  cool  rocky  banks, 
N.  New  England  to  Penn.  and  Wisconsin ;  chiefly  northward,  where  it  forms 
extensive  "cedar-swamps,"  and  is  called  WHITE  CEDAR:  rare  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies.  —  Tree  20°  -  50°  high,  straight,  with  recurved  branches,  yield- 
ing a  .pungent  aromatic  oil :  wood  light,  but  exceedingly  durable. 

5.     CUPRESSUS,    Tourn.        CYPRESS. 

Flowers  monoecious  on  different  branches,  in  terminal  small  catkins.  Sterile 
catkins  composed  of  shield-shaped  scale-like  filaments  bearing  2-4  anther-cells 
under  the  lower  margin.  Fertile  catkins  globular,  of  shield-shaped  scales  in  4 
ranks,  :bearing  several  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Cone  globular,  firmly  closed, 
but  opening  at  maturity;  the  scales  thick  and  woody,  pointed  or  bossed  in  the 
middle ;  the  few  or  several  narrowly-winged  seeds  attached  to  their  contracted 
base  or  stalk.  Cotyledons  2  or  3.  —  Strong-scented  evergreen  trees,  with  very 
small  and  scale-like  closely  appressed-imbrieated  leaves,  and  exceedingly  dura- 
ble wood.  (The  classical  name.) 

1.  C.  tliyoides.  L.  (WHITE  CEDAR.)  Leaves  minute,  ovate,  with  a 
small  gland  on  the  back,  closely  imbricated  in  4  rows  on  the  2-cdged  branchlets ; 
anther-cells  2  under  each  scale.  —  Swamps,  E.  Massachusetts  to  Ohio,  Virginia, 
and  southward.  May.  —  Tree  30°  -  70°  high ;  the  wood  and  fibrous  shreddy 
bark,  as  well  as  the  foliage,  much  like  the  Arbor  Vita? ;  but  the  spray  more 
slender,  the  leaves  finer  and  dull  glaucbus-green.  Cone  scarcely  larger  than  a 
pea,  few-seeded. 

6.     TAXODIUItt,    Richard         BALD  CYPRESS. 

Flowers  monoecious  on  the  same  branches.  Sterile  catkins  spiked-panicled, 
of  few  stamens :  filaments  scale-like,  shield-shaped,  bearing  2-5  antner-cells. 
Fertile  catkins  ovoid,  in  small  clusters,  scaly,  with  2  ovules  at  the  base  of  each 
scale.  Cone  globular,  closed,  composed  of  very  thick  and  angular  somewhat 
shield-shaped  scales,  bearing  2  angled  seeds  at  their  base.  Cotyledons  6  -  9.  •— 
Trees  with  linear  2-ranked  light  and  deciduous  leaves.  (Name  compounded  of 
s',  the  Yew,  and  cldos,  resemblance. } 


CONIFERS.       (PIKE   FAMILY.) 

!.  T,  <1isli<  hum,  Richard.  (AMERICAN  BALD  Ornsmssh.)  Leaves 
linear  and  spreading ;  also  awl-shaped  and  imbricated  on  flowering  braochlets. 
—  Swamps,  from  S.  New  Jersey  ?  and  Delaware,  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and 
southward,  where  it  is  a  very  large  and  valuable  tree.  Marci*,  ApriL 

7.    JUNIPERUS,   L.        JUNIPKR. 

Flowers  dioecious,  or  occasionally  monoecious,  in  very  small  lateral  catkins. 
Anther-cells  3-6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  shield-shaped  scale.  Fertile 
catkins  ovoid,  of  3  -  6  fleshy  1  -  3-ovuled  coalescent  scales  ;  m  fruit  forming  a 
sort  of  berry,  scaly-bracted  underneath.  Seeds  1-3,  T)ony.  Cotyledons  2.— 
Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  awl-shaped  or  scale-like  rigid  leaves  often  of  two> 
shapes.  (The  classical  name.) 

1.  J.  com  m  ft  ills,  L.     (COMMON  JUNIPER.)     Leaver  ITS  threes^  Eaaear- 
awl-shaped,  prickly-pointed,  spreading,  bright  green  except  the  glaucotas-white 
upper  surface.  —  Dry  sterile  hills,  New  Jersey  to  Maine  eastward,  northward, 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes.     May.  —  Shrub  also  spreading  cm  the  ground,  or 
rarely  ascending,  rigid.    Berries  dark  purple,  as  large  as  a  pea.     (Eu.) 

2.  J.  Virginiana,    L.      (RED   CEDAR.     SAVIN.)      Leaves-  4-ranked, 
much  crowded,  on  young  plants  and  primary  or  rapidly-gjrowioag  shoots  awl- 
shaped  and  somewhat  spreading,  in  pairs  or  threes ;  on  older  lateral  twigs  very 
small  and  scale-like,  closely  imbricated,  triangular-ovate.  —  A  branching  shrub 
or  small  tree,  becoming  15°  -30°  high ;  or,  var.  HtJMixis,  Book.,  a  widely  spread- 
ing or  almost  prostrate  shrub.  —  Dry,  rocky  or  sterile  hills ;  common,  extending 
both  northward  and  southward:  the  prostrate  variety  chiefly  high  northern. 
April.  —  Wood  odorous,  reddish,  very  compact  and  durable.    Berries  small, 
purplish  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

SUBORDER  III.    TAXINEJE.    THE  YEW  FAMILY. 

8.    TAXUS,    Tourn.        YEW. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  axillary  from  scaly  buds  ;  the  sterile  in  small  glob- 
ular catkins  formed  of  naked  stamens :  anther-cells  3-8  under  a  shield-like 
somewhat  lobed  connective.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  scaly-bracted  at  the  base, 
consisting  merely  of  an  erect  sessile  ovule,  with  a  cup-shaped  disk  around  its 
base,  which  becomes  pulpy  and  berry-like  (globular  and  red)  in  fruit,  and  partly 
encloses  the  nut-like  seed.  Cotyledons  2. — Leaves  evergreen,  flat,  mucron ate, 
rigid,  scattered,  2-ranked.  (The  classical  name,  probably  from  ro£oi/,  a  low; 
the  wood  being  used  for  bows.) 

1.  T.  baccata,  L.,  var.  Canadensis.  (AMERICAN  YEW.  GROUND 
HEMLOCK.)  Stems  diffusely  spreading ;  leaves  linear,  green  both  sides.  (T. 
Canadensis,  Willd.) — Moist  banks  and  hills,  near  streams,  especially  in  tho 
shade  of  evergreens  :  common  northward,  extending  southward  only  along  the 
Alleghanies.  April.  — Our  Yew  is  a  low  and  straggling  or  prostrate  fetish, 
never  forming  an  ascending  trunk.  (Eu.) 

36* 


426  ARACEJE.     (ARUM  FAMILY.) 


CLASS    II.     MONOCOTYL^DONOUS   OR   EN- 
DOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Stems  with  no  manifest  distinction  into  bark,  wood,  and 
pith ;  but  the  woody  fibre  and  vessels  collected  into  bundles 
or  threads  which  are  irregularly  imbedded  in  the  cellular  tis- 
sue :  perennial  trunks  destitute  of  annual  layers.  Leaves 
mostly  parallel-veined  (nerved)  and  sheathing  at  the  base, 
seldom  separating  by  an  articulation,  almost  always  alter- 
nate or  scattered  and  not  toothed.  Parts  of  the  flower  com- 
monly in  threes.  Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon  (and  the 
leaves  of  the  plumule  alternate). 

ORDER  112.     ARACE^E.     (ARUM  FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  simple  or  compound  often  veiny  leaves, 
and  monoecious  or  perfect  flowers  crowded  on  a  spadix,  which  is  usually  sur- 
rounded by  a  spathe.  —  Floral  envelopes  none,  or  of  4-6  sepals.  Fruit 
usually  a  berry.  Seeds  with  fleshy  albumen,  or  none  but  filled  with  the 
large  fleshy  embryo  in  Nos.  2,  4,  and  5.  (A  large  family,  chiefly  tropical.) 

Synopsis* 

*  Spadix  surrounded  by  a  spathe. 
•*-  Flowers  naked,  i.  e.  destitute  of  any  floral  envelopes. 

1.  AKIS2EMA.    Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadix.    Spath* 

convolute  below. 

2.  PELTANDRA.    Flowers  monoecious,  covering  the  whole  surface  of  the  spadix ;  the  anthers 

above,  the  ovaries  below. 

3.  CALLA.    Flowers  perfect  (at  least  the  lower  ones),  covering  the  whole  surface  of  the  short 

spadix.    Spathe  open  and  spreading. 

H-  +-  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx. 

4.  SYMPLOCARPUS.    Flowers  perfect,  covering  the  whole  of  the  oval  spadix,  each  with  a 

calyx  of  4  hooded  sepals,  all  combined  into  one  mass  hi  fruit. 
*  *  Spadix  naked  (not  surrounded  by  any  spathe).    Flowers  perfect  and  with  a  calyx. 

5.  ORONTIUM.    Spadix  terminating  a  naked  scape.     Stamens  4-6 :  anthers  2-celled. 

6.  ACORUS.    Spadix  bursting  from  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape.    Stamens  6:  anthers  1-celled. 

1.    A  EMS  JEM  A,    Martius.        INDIAN  TURNIP.    DRAGON- ARUM. 

Spathe  convolute  below  and  mostly  arched  above.  Flowers  by  abortion  dioe- 
cious, or  monoecious,  covering  the  base  of  the  spadix,  which  is  elongated  and 
naked  above.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile,  consist- 
ing of  whorls  of  4  or  more  stamens,  with  very  short  filaments  and  2  -4 -celled 


ARACE^E.     (ARUM  FAMILY.)  427 

anthers,  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  top.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  each 
of  a  1-celled  ovary  tipped  with  a  depressed  stigma,  and  containing  5  or  6  orthotro- 
pous  ovules  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell ;  in  fruit  a  1  -  few-seeded  scarlet 
berry.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  albumen.  — Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  tuberous 
rootstock  or  corm,  sending  up  a  simple  scape  sheathed  with  the  petioles  of  the 
simple  or  compound  veiny  leaves,  as  if  caulescent.  (A  play  upon  Arum,  the 
ancient  name ;  probably  formed  of  apov,  Arum,  and  (r^/na,  a  sign  or  mark.) 

1.  A.  tripliylllim,  Torr.     (INDIAN  TURNIP.)     Leases  mostly  2,  divided 
into  3  elliptical-ovate  pointed  lea/lets;  spadix  often  dioecious,  club-shaped,  obtuse, 
much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  which  is  flattened  and  incurved-hooded  at  the 
summit.      (Arum   triphyllum,  L.)  —  Rich  woods;    common.     May.  —  Corm 
turnip-shaped,  wrinkled,  farinaceous,  with  an  intensely  acrid  juice.    Spathe  with 
the  petioles  and  sheaths  green,  or  often  variegated  with  dark  purple  and  whitish 
stripes  or  spots  (Arum  atrorubens,  Ait.) ;  the  limb  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed. 

2.  A.  Drac6ntiiim,    Schott.      (GREEN   DRAGON.     DRAGON-ROOT.) 
Leaf  usually  solitary,  pedately  divided  into  7-11  oblong-lanceolate  pointed  leaf- 
lets ;  spadix  androgynous,  tapering  to  a  long  and  slender  point  beyond  the  oblong 
and  convolute  pointed  spathe.     (Arum  Dracontium,  L.)  — Low  grounds  along 
streams.    May.  —  Conns  clustered.    Petiole  1°  -  2°  long,  much  longer  than  the 
peduncle.     Spathe  greenish,  rolled  into  a  tube,  with  a  short  erect  point. 

2.    PELT  AND  R  A,    Kaf.        ARROW  ARUM. 

P 
Spathe  elongated,  convolute  throughout,  wavy  on  the  margin,  curved  at  the 

apex.  Flowers  monoecious,  thickly  covering  the  long  and  tapering  spadix 
throughout.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Anthers  sessile,  naked,  covering  all  the 
upper  part  of  the  spadix,  each  of  5  or  6  cells  imbedded  in  the  margin  of  a  thick 
and  shield-shaped  connective,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovaries  1-celled  at 
the  base  of  the  spadix,  bearing  several  (orthotropous?)  ovules  at  the  base :  stig- 
ma nearly  sessile.  Berries  distinct,  1  -  3-seeded.  Seed  obovate,  surrounded  by 
a  tenacious  jelly,  somewhat  amphitropous,  with  the  micropyle  superior,  the  base 
empty,  the  upper  part  filled  with  a  large  and  fleshy  spherical  embryo,  the  plu- 
mule superior,  and  no  albumen.  —  A  stemless  herb,  with  arrow-shaped  leaves 
and  simple  scapes  from  the  root  of  thick  tufted  fibres.  Upper  part  of  the  spathe 
and  the  sterile  portion  of  the  spadix  rotting  away  after  flowering,  leaving  the 
fleshy  base  firmly  enclosing  the  globular  cluster  of  green  berries.  (Name  com- 
posed of  TreXrj;,  a  target,  and  dvrjp,  for  stamen,  from  the  shape  of  the  latter.) 

1.  P.  Virginica,  Kaf.  (Arum  Virginicum,  L.  Lecontia,  Torr.  Rens- 
selseria,  Beck.)  —  Swampy  borders  of  ponds  and  streams;  common.  June. — 
Leaves  large,  pointed ;  nerves  reticulated  next  the  margin.  (It  seems  to  have 
escaped  attention  that  this  plant  has  an  exalbuminous  corm-lUce  embryo,  nearly  as 
in  Symplocarpus.) 

3.    C  4L.L.A,    L.        WATER  ARUM. 

Spathe  open  and  spreading,  ovate  (abruptly  pointed,  the  uppor  surface  white), 
persistent.  Spadix  oblong,  entirely  covered  with  flowers ;  the  lower  perfect ; 
the  upper  often  of  stamens  only.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Filaments  slender  • 


428  ARACEJZ.     (ARUM  FAMILY.) 

antfosrs  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  5-6  erect  anatro- 
pous  ovules  :  stigma  sessile.  Berries  (red)  distinct,  few-seeded.  Seeds  with  a 
conspicuous  rhaphe,  and  an  embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  hard  albumen.  — A 
low  perennial  herb,  growing  in  cold  bogs,  with  a  creeping  thickish  rootstock, 
bearing  heart-shaped  long-petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  scapes.  (An  ancient 
name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  C.  palustris,  L.  —  Cold  bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  common  northward.  June.  —  Seeds  surrounded  with  jelly.  (Eu.) 

4.    SYMPL.OCARPUS,    Salisb.        SKUNK  CABBAGE. 

Spathe  hooded-shell-form,  pointed,  very  thick  and  fleshy,  decaying  in  fruit, 
Spadix  globular,  short-stalked,  entirely  covered  with  perfect  flowers  which  are 
thickly  crowded  and  their  (1 -celled  or  abortively  2-celled)  ovaries  immersed  in 
the  fleshy  receptacle.  Sepals  4,  hooded.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals,  with 
at  length  rather  slender  filaments :  anthers  extrorse,  2-celled,  opening  length 
wise.  Style  4-angled :  stigma  minute.  Ovule  solitary,  suspended,  orthotropous. 
Fruit  a  globular  or  oval  mass,  composed  of  the  enlarged  and  spongy  spadix,  en- 
closing the  spherical  seeds  just  beneath  the  surface,  which  is  roughened  with  the 
persistent  and  fleshy  sepals  and  pyramidal  styles.  Seeds  filled  by  the  large 
globular  and  fleshy  conn-like  embryo,  which  bears  one  or  several  plumules  at  the 
end  next  the  base  of  the  ovary :  albumen  none.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  a  strong 
odor  like  that  of  the  skunk,  and  also  somewhat  alliaceous ;  a  thick  descending 
rootstock  bearing  a  multitude  of  long  and  coarse  fibrous  roots,  and  a  cluster  of 
very  large  and  entire  veiny  leaves,  preceded  by  the  nearly  sessile  spathes. 
(Name  from  007x77X0x17,  connection,  and  Acaprros,  fruit,  in  allusion  to  the  coales- 
cence of  the  ovaries,  &c.  into  a  compound  fruit.) 

1.  S.  fwtidus,  Salisb.  Leaves  ovate,  hearfrshaped  (l°-2°  long  when 
grown),  short-petioled ;  spadix  much  shorter  than  the  spathe.  (Ictodes,  Bigel.) 
—  Moist  grounds ;  common.  March,  April.  —  Spathe  spotted  and  striped  with 
purple  and  yellowish-green,  ovate,  incurved.  Fruit  ripe  in  September,  forming 
a  roughened  .globular  mass  2'  -  3'  in  diameter,  in  decay  shedding  the  bulblet- 
like  seeds,  which  are  J'-£'  in  diameter,  and  filled  with  the  singular  solid  fleshy 
embryo. 

5.    ORO3VTIUM,    L.        GOLDEN-CLUB. 

Spathe  none.  Flowers  crowded  all  over  a  cylindrical  spadix,  perfect :  the 
lower  with  6  concave  sepals  and  6  stamens  ;  the  upper  ones  with  4.  Filaments 
flattened  :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  obliquely  lengthwise.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  1 
amphitropous  ovule :  stigma  sessile,  minute.  Fruit  a  green  utricle.  Seed  with- 
out albumen.  Embryo  thick  and  fleshy,  "  with  a  large  concealed  cavity  at  the 
summit,  the  plumule  curved  in  a  groove  on  the  outside."  (Torr.)  — An  aquatic 
perennial,  with  a  deep  rootstock,  long-petioled  and  entire  nerved  floating  leaves, 
and  the  spadix  terminating  the  naked  scape,  which  tliickens  upward.  (Origin 
of  the  name  obscure.) 

1.  O.  :i<iii;iticiini,  L. — Ponds,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  near  the 
coast,  and  southward.  May. 


TYPHACE.E.      (CAT-TAIL   FAMILY.)  429 

6.    AC ORUS,    L.        SWEET  FLAG.    CALAMUS. 

Spadix  lateral,  sessile,  emerging  from  the  side  of  a  scape  which  resembles  the 
leaves,  densely  covered  with  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  6,  concave.  Stamens  6  : 
filaments  linear  :  anthers  kidney-shaped,  1 -celled,  opening  across.  Ovary  2-3- 
celled,  with  several  pendulous  orthotropous  ovules  in  each  eell :  stigma  minute. 
Fruit  at  length  dry,  gelatinous  inside,  1  -  few-seeded.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of 
albumen. — Pungent  aromatic  plants,  especially  the  thick  creeping  rootstocks 
(calamus  of  the  shops),  which  send  up  2-edged  sword-like  leaves,  and  scapes 
similar  to  them,  bearing  the  spadix  on  one  edge ;  the  upper  and  more  foliaceous 
prolongation  sometimes  considered  as  an  open  spathe.  (The  ancieat  name, 
from  a  privative,  and  Koprj,  the  pupil  of  the  eye,  having  been  used  as  a  remedy 
for  sore  eyes.) 

1.  A.  <  Vila  ill  us,  L.  Scape  leaf-like  and  prolonged  far  beyond  the 
cylindrical  (yellowish-green)  spadix.  —  Margin  of  rivulets,  swamps,  &c.  June 
—  It  appears  to  bo  truly  indigenous  northward.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  113.     TYPHACE-ZE.     (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  nerved  and  linear  sessile  leaves,  and  monoecious  flowers 
on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  destitute  of  proper  floral  envelopes.  Ovary  taper- 
ing into  a  slender  style  and  usually  an  elongated  1 -sided  stigma.  Fruit  nut- 
like  when  ripe,  1 -seeded.  Seed  suspended,  anatropous:  embryo  straight 
in  copious  albumen.  —  Comprises  only  the  two  following  genera. 

1.    TYPHA,    Touru.        CAT-TAIL  FLAO. 

Flowers  in  a  long  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  stem ;  the 
upper  part  consisting  of  stamens  only,  intermixed  with  simple  hairs,  and  insert- 
ed directly  on  the  axis ;  the  lower  or  fertile  part  consisting  of  ovaries,  surrounded 
by  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form  the  copious  down  of  the  fruit.  Outlets 
minute,  very  long-stalked.  —  Spathes  merely  deciduous  bracts,  or  none.  Root- 
stocks  creeping.  Leaves  long,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  simple  jointless  stems, 
erect,  thickish.  (Name  from  rltyos,  a  fen,  alluding  to  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  T.  latifolia,  L.     (COMMON  CAT-TAIL  or  REED-MACE.)    Leaves  near- 
ly flat :  staminate  and  pistillate  parts  of  the  spike  approximate  or  continuous.  — 
Borders  of  ponds,  &c.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  angustifolia,    L.      (NARROW-LEAVED  or  SMALL   CAT-TAIL.) 

Leaves  channelled  towards  the  base,  narrowly  linear ;  staminate  and  pistillate  'parts 
of  the  spike  usually  separated  by  an  interval.  —  In  similar  places  with  the  last; 
a  rarer  and  smaller  plant ;  probably  a  mere  variety  of  it.  (Eu.) 

2.     SPARGANIU1TI,    Tourn.        BUR-REED. 

Flowers  collected  in  separate  dense  spherical  heads,  scattered  along  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stem,  subtended  by  leaf-like  bracts,  the  upper  ones  sterile,  consisting 
merely  of  stamens,  with  minute  scales  irregularly  interposed ;  the  lower  or  for- 


430  LEMNACE^E.       (DUCKWEED    FAMILY.) 

idle  larger,  consisting  of  numerous  sessile  pistils,  each  surrounded  by  3  -  G  scales 
much  like  a  calyx.  Fruit  nuUike  when  mature.  —  Roots  fibrous.  Stems  sim- 
ple or  branching,  sheathed  below  by  the  base  of  the  linear  leaves.  (Name  from 
trnapyavov,  a  fillet,  from  the  ribbon-like  leaves.) 

#  Inflorescence  mostly  branched,  with  numerous  heads,  the  1-3  lower  fertile,  the  rest 
sterile:  stigmas  often  2,  linear,  much  longer  than  the  style:  stems  stout,  erect  (2°- 
3°  high) :  leaves  erect  (£'  - 1'  wide),  flat  and  merely  keeled,  the  base  triangular  with 
concave  sides :  fruit  sessile. 

1.  S.  eiirycarplim,  n.  sp.  Engelm.   Fruit  many-angled  (3£"  -4"  long), 
with  a  broad  and  depressed  or  retuse  summit  (2£"  wide),  abruptly  and  slightly  tipped 
in  the  centre;  head  globose,  1'  wide  when  ripe.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  &c.,  com- 
mon northward  and  especially  westward.    June  -  Sept. 

2.  S.  raiiiosinii,  Hudson.    Fruit  somewhat  triangular,  with  the  summit 
hemispherical  and  pointed,  smaller  than  in  the  last.  —  Same  situations,  northward 
and  eastward.    July -Sept.     (En.) 

#  *  Inflorescence  mostly  simple :  stigma  single :  stem  slender. 

3.  S.  Simplex,  Hudson.     Fertile  and  sterile  heads  each  3  or  4,  the  latter 
or  some  of  them  mostly  peduncled  (£'-§'  broad) ;  fruit  abruptly  contracted  at  the 
summit  into  a  slender  beak  as  long  as  itself;  stigma  linear;  leaves  triangular  at 
the  base  with  flat  sides  (6'  - 1 8'  long) .    ( S.  Americanum,  Nult. )  —  Along  streams 
and  pools;  common  northward  and  eastward.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  natans,  L.,  var.  affine,  Fries.    Heads  few,  the'fertile  1-3;  stig- 
ma short ;  fruit  oblong,  slender-beaked  as  in  No.  3,  also  attenuate  into  a  stalk-like 
base;  leaves  very  long  and  flaccid,  floating.     (S.  affine,  Schnitzlein.)     In  ponds  and 
slow  streams,  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.  —  This  may  be  the  S. 
angustifolium  of  Michaux,  as  is  generally  thought;  but  Fries  assigns  that  to 
the  next.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  ail  gUSti  folium,  Michx.     Small  and  slender ;  fruit  more  triangu- 
lar, scarcely  beaked,  short-pointed,  not  contracted  at  the  base ;  leaves  long  and  nar- 
row (l^"-2"  wide)  and  floating  when  growing  in  water,  scarcely  surpassing  the 
stems  in  dwarf  states  growing  nearly  out  of  water  (5' -8'  high).  — New  England 
to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  —  Fruiting  heads  only  2£"  - 3"  in  diameter.    (Eu.) 

ORDER  114.     LEMNACEJE.     (DUCKWEED  FAMILY.) 

Minute  stemless  plants,  floating  free  on  the  water,  destitute  of  distinct  stem 
and  foliage,  being  merely  a  flat  frond,  producing  few  monoecious  flowers  from 
a  chink  at  the  edge  or  upper  surface,  and  usually  hanging  roots  from  under- 
neath :  ovules  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  1-  1 -seeded  utricle. 
Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  little  group  of  plants, 
of  peculiar  mode  of  growth,  in  character  mostly  intermediate  between  the 
Arum  Family  and  the  following,  to  one  or  the  other  of  which  it  may  be 
joined.  —  The  Linnaean  genus  Lemna  has  been  divided  into  three  genera, 
(answering  to  the  following  sections,)  possibly  with  sufficient  reasons  ;  but 
it  is  not  worth  while  to  adopt  them  here,  since  the  flowers  ar  d  fruit  are 
rarely  met  with. 


NAIADACEJE.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  431 

1.    liEMNA,    L.        DUCKWEED.        DUCK'S-MEAT. 

Flowers  appearing  from  a  cleft  in  the  edge  of  the  frond,  three  together  burst- 
ing through  a  thin  and  membranous  urn-shaped  spathe ;  two  of  them  consisting 
of  single  stamens  (one  developed  rather  earlier  than  the  other),  with  thread-like 
filaments  and  2-celled  anthers ;  the  other  a  1 -celled  ovary  forming  a  utricle  in 
fruit :  stigma  funnel-form  :  ovules  anatropous  or  half-anatropous.  —  Root  with 
a  sheath-like  appendage  on  its  extremity.  Fronds  laterally  proliferous  by  a 
sort  of  budding,  and  producing  little  bulbets  which  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the 
water  in  autumn  but  rise  to  develop  on  the  surface  in  spring..  (An  old  Greek 
name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

§  1 .  LEMNA,  Schleiden.  —  Root  single :  filaments  filiform :  ovule  solitary. 

1 .  JL»  trisulca,  L.     Fronds  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  stalked  base,  thin,  den- 
ticulate at  the  tip  (£'-§'  long),  proliferous  from  the  side,  so  as  to  form  crosses; 
"  ovule  half  anatropous."  —  Ponds ;  not  rare :  but  the  flowers  little  known.    (Eu.) 

2.  Jit.  minor,  L.    Fronds  roundish-obovate,   thickish   (about  2"  long), 
often  grouped  ;  " ovule  half-anatropous ;  seed  horizontal"  —  Very  common,  man- 
tling stagnant  waters  :  not  yet  found  in  flower  in  this  country.     (Eu.) 

3.  I,,  perpusilla,  Torr.     Fronds  obovctte,  thin  (1"  - 1£"  long),  single  or 
grouped ;  ovule  anatropous ;  seed  erect,  striate.  —  Staten  Island,  New  York  ( Tor- 
rey),  and  doubtless  common  elsewhere.    August. 

§  2.  SPIKtoELA,  Schleiden.  —  Roots  several  in  a  cluster  from  each  frond:  fila- 
ments of  the  stamens  narrowed  below :  ovules  2. 

4.  Itt  polyrrlliza,  L.     Fronds   roundish-obovate  (3" -4"  long),  thick, 
rather  convex  beneath.  — Ponds  and  pools.    Not  here  found  in  flower.    (Eu.) 

§3.  TELMAT(3PHACE,  Schleiden. — Roots  single:  filaments  of  the  stamens 
enlarged  in  the  middle :  ovules  and  seeds  2-7,  anatropous :  albumen  little. 

5.  L.  gibba*  L.     Fronds  obovate,  nearly  flat  above,  tumid  and  spongy  under- 
neath (hemispherical),  proliferous  on  short  and  very  fragile  stalks,  therefore 
seldom  found  connected  (3" -4"  long).  —  Ponds;  rather  rare.    Not  here  seen 
in  flower.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  115.    NAIADACE^E.     (PONDWEED  FAMILY.) 

Immersed  aquatic  plants,  with  jointed  stems  and  sheathing  stipules  witUn 
the  petioles,  or  with  sheathing  bases  to  the  leaves,  inconspicuous  mono  -  dioe- 
cious or  perfect  flowers,  which  are  naked  or  with  a  free  merely  scale-like  calyx  ; 
the  ovaries  solitary  or  2-4  and  distinct,  l-celled,  l-ovuled.  Seed  without  al- 
bumen, filled  by  the  large  embryo,  often  curved  or  hooked.  Flowers  usu- 
ally bursting  from  a  spathe,  sometimes  on  a  spadix. 

Synopsis. 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  naked,  monandrous. 

1.  NAIAS.    Pistils  solitary  and  naked :  stigmas  2-4. 

2.  ZANNICHELLIA.    Pistils  about  i  from  a  cup-shaped  involucre  or  sheath. 


482  NAIADACE^:.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

&  ZOSEERA..    SKgfils  and  anthers  alternately  sessile  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  &  linear  spacUx 

•oncleseain*  leaf.    Stigmas  2. 

*  *  Flowers  perfect. 
•4.  BOFPf  A.    SPlowers  naked  on  a  spadix  :  each  of  4  large  anther-tells,  and  4  wraries  which 

are  raised  «MI  long  stalks  in  fruit. 
$.  BOZAM06&B9N.    flowers  and  fruit  spiked.    Sepals,  stamens,  and  sessile  ovaries  each  4. 

1.    NAIAS,    L.        NAIAD. 

Flowers  <&icBcious  (or  sometimes  monoecious),  axillary,  solitary  and  sessile  ; 
tfhe  sterile  <eettsis  ting  of  a  single  stamen  enclosed  in  a  little  membranous  spathe  : 
ran«her  9*  /first  nearly  sessile,  the  filament  at  length  elongated.  Fertile  flowers 
•coasieting  <dF  a  single  ovary  tapering  into  a  short  style  :  stigmas  2-4,  awl- 
.•shapefl  :  'ovuie  erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  little  seed-like  nutlet,  enclosed  in  a 
loose.  and  separable  membranous  epicarp.  Embryo  straight,  ihr.  radicular  end 
•  downwartts.  —  Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  entirely  trader  water,  with 
^opposite  .linear  leaves,  somewhat  crowded  into  whorls,  sessile  and  dilated  at  the 
base.  iFlewers  veiy  small,  solitary,  but  often  clustered  with  the  branch-leaves 
(Nai'as,  water-nymph  ;  an  ill-chosen  name  for  these  insignificant 
;  from  their  place  of  growth.) 

L.  3P£*  'fi/'XiliS,  Rostk.  Leaves  membranaccous,  spreading,  very  narrowly 
"linear,  entire,  or  sparingly  very  minutely  denticulate  (under  a  lens);  stigmas 
•usually  -'8—  4.  (N.  Canadensis,  Michx.  Caulinia  flexilis,  WilldJ)  —  Ponds  and 
.-slow  streams  ;  common.  July  -Sept.  (Eu.) 

5T.  3MIWOR  (Caulinia  fragilis,  Willd.),  with  the  more  rigid  and  recurved  frag- 
ile leaves  rather  strongly  toothed,  is  not  identified  in  this  country. 


«.    2KANNICHELLIA,    Micheli.        HOKKEI> 

Flowers  monoecious,  sessile,  naked,  usually  both  kinds  from  the  same  axil  : 
the  steiiie  consisting  of  a  single  stamen,  with  a  slender  filament  tearing  a  2  -  4- 
cellefi  ;anther  ;  the  fertile  of  2-5  (usually  4)  sessile  pistils  in  the  same  eup- 
shapefi  involucre,  forming  obliquely  oblong  nutlets  in  fruit,  beaked  with  a  short 
style,  which  is  tipped  by  an  obliquely  disk-shaped  or  somewhat  2-lobed  stigma. 
Seedfeathotropous,  suspended,  straight.  Cotyledon  taper,  bent  and  coiled  up. 
—  Stefider  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  very  slender  stems,  op- 
posite or  alternate  long  and  linear  thread-form  entire  leaves,  and  sheathing 
memteranous  stipules.  (Named  in  honor  of  Zannidielli>  &  Venetian  botanist.) 

1.  3E.  paliistris,  L.  Style  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  fruit,  which  is  flat- 
tish,  somewhat  incurved,  even,  or  occasionally  more  or  less  toothed  OK  the  back 
(not  wing-margined  in  our  plant),  nearly  sessile,  or,  in  rar.  PEIHJKCULATA,  both 
the  duster  and  the  separate  fruits  evidently  pednneled.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams  ;  rather  rare.  July.  (Eu.) 

3.     ZOSTERA,    L.        GRASS-WRACK.        EEL-GRASS. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  two  kinds  naked  and  sessile  and  alternately  arranged 
in  two  rows  on  the  midrib  of  one  side  of  a  linear  leaf-like  spadix,  which  is  hid- 
den IB.  a  long  and  sheath-like  base  of  a  leaf  (spathe)  ;  the  sterile  flowers  consist- 


NAIADACE.fi.      (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  433 

ing  of  single  ovate  or  oval  1-celled  sessile  anthers,  as  large  as  the  ovaries,  and 
containing  a  tuft  of  threads  in  place  of  ordinary  pollen :  the  fertile  of  single 
ovate-oblong  ovaries  attached  near  their  apex,  tapering  upward  into  an  awl- 
shaped  style,  and  containing  a  pendulous  orthotropous  ovule :  stigmas  2,  long 
and  bristle-form,  deciduous.  Utricle  bursting  irregularly,  enclosing  an  oblong 
longitudinally  ribbed  seed  (or  nutlet).  Embryo  short  and  thick  (proper  cotyle- 
don almost  obsolete),  with  an  open  chink  or  cleft  its  whole  length,  from  which 
protrudes  a  doubly  curved  slender  plumule.  —  Grass-like  marine  herbs,  growing 
wholly  under  water,  with  a  jointed  creeping  stem  or  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the 
bases  of  the  very  long  and  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  grass-like,  ribbon-shaped  leaves 
(whence  the  name,  from  facrrrjp,  a  band). 

I.  Z.  in  a  liii  a,  L.  Leaves  obscurely  3-5-nerved.  —  Common  in  bays 
along  the  coast ;  in  water  of  5° - 15°  deep.  Aug.  (Eu.) 

4.    RIJPPIA,    L.        DITCH-QKASS. 

Flowers  perfect,  2  or  more  approximated  on  a  slender  spadix,  which  is  at 
tirst  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  spathe-like  base  of  a  leaf,  naked  (entirely  desti- 
tute of  floral  envelopes),  consisting  of  2  sessile  stamens,  each  with  2  large  and 
separate  anther-cells  and  4  small  sessile  ovaries,  with  a  single  campylotropous 
suspended  ovule :  stigma  sessile,  depressed.  Fruit  of  little  obliquely-ovate 
pointed  drupes,  each  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  which  appears  after  flowering ; 
the  spadix  itself  also  then  raised  on  an  elongated  thread-form  peduncle.  Em- 
bryo ovoid,  with  a  short  and  pointed  plumule  from  the  upper  end,  by  the  side 
of  the  short  cotyledon.  —  Marine  herbs,-  growing  under  water,  with  long  and 
thread-like  forking  stems,  slender  and  almost  capillary  alternate  leaves  with  a 
dilated  sheathing  base.  Flowers  rising  to  the  surface  at  the  time  of  expansion. 
(Dedicated  to  Ruppius,  a  German  botanical  author  of  the  early  part  of  the  18th 
century.) 

1 .  It.  lit  .tritium,  L.  Leaves  linear-capillary ;  nut  ovate,  obliquely 
erect;  fruiting  peduncles  capillary  (£'-!'  long).  —  Shallow  bays,  along  the 
whole  coast :  chiefly  a  narrowly  leaved  variety  with  strongly  pointed  fruit,  ap- 
proaching R.  rostellata,  Koch.  June -Aug.  (Eu.) 

5.    POTAMOCrETON,    Tourn.        PONDWEED. 

Flowers  perfect,  spiked.  Sepals  4,  rounded,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4, 
nearly  sessile,  opposite  the  sepals :  anthers  2-celled.  Ovaries  4  (rarely  only 
one),  with  an  ascending  campylotropous  ovule :  stigma  sessile  or  on  a  short 
style.  Nutlets  drupe-like  when  fresh,  more  or  less  compressed.  Seed  curved 
or  cochleate ;  the  radicular  end  of  the  embryo  pointing  downwards.  —  Herbs 
of  fresh  or  barely  brackish  ponds  and  streams,  with  jointed  creeping  and  root- 
ing stems,  and  2-ranked  pellucid  leaves,  which  are  usually  alternate  or  imper- 
fectly opposite ;  the  upper  sometimes  dilated,  of  a  firmer  texture,  and  floating. 
Stipules  membranous,  more  or  less  united  and  sheathing.  Spikes  sheathed 
by  the  stipules  in  the  bud,  raised  on  a  peduncle  to  the  surface  of  the  water. 
(An  ancient  name,  composed  of  Trora/iOff,  a  river,  and  yfiram,  a  neighbor,  from 
their  place  of  growth.) 

37 


434  NAIADACE.fi.       (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

$  1.  Stipules  united  with  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf,  scarious:  leaiu  all  imrnened 
and  similar,  alternate,  grass-like :  stigma  terminal :  seed  hooked-curved. 

1.  P.  pectiliatus,  L.     Stems   thread-like,   many   times  forked;   leaves 
bristle-form,  l-nerved  (2' -4'  long);  spikes  interrupted,  long-peduncled ;    nutlets 
rounded-obovate.  —  Brackish  water  along  the  coast  (P.  marinum,  L.) ;  also  not 
rare  in  fresh  water,  especially  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  Robbinsii,  Oakes.     Stem  sparingly  branched,  rigid,  very  leafy  , 
leaves  linear,  flat,  abruptly  pointed,  many-nerved,  serrulate-ciliate,  approximate  (3'- 
4'  long,  3" -4"  wide),  recurved-spreading ;  spikes  oblong. — Ponds,  not  uncom- 
mon in  New  England,  detected  in  1829  by  Dr.  Robbins.     White  Plains,  New 
York,  H.  J.  Clark.     Ohio,  Dr.  Canfield. — A  very  remarkable  species.     Stems 
l°-3°  long,  entirely  invested  by  the  sheathing  bases  of  the  leaves  and  the  elon- 
gated and  taper-pointed  free  portion  of  the  stipules.    Kipe  fruit  not  seen. 

4  2.  Stipules  of  the  immersed  (alternate)  leaves  adherent,  as  in  §  1,  those  of  the  floating; 
leaves  free  from  the  petiole  or  nearly  so :  stigma  becoming  somewhat  lateral :  fruit 
and  seed  cochleate. 

3.  P.  liybridiis,  Michx.     Slender  (6' -12'  long),  branching;  immersed 
leaves  narrowly  linear  or  almost  capillary ;  the  floating  ones  varying  from  linear 
or  lanceolate  to  oval  (£'-1'  long),  3-7-nerved,  short-petioled,  rarely  wanting; 
spikes  capitate,  few-flowered,  lateral,  on  very  short  somewhat  club-shaped  pedun- 
cles; fruit  small  (^"-f"  long),  orbiculate,  flattened  on  the  sides,  keeled  on  the 
back,  the  keel  more  or  less  toothed  or  crested ;  embryo  spirally  coiled.     (P. 
diversifolius,  Barton.    P.  setaceus,  Pursh.     P.  Spirillus,  Tuckerman :  a  slender 
form.)  —  Shallow  pools  ;   common,  especially  southward.  —  Var.   spicAxus, 
Engelm.,  is  a  form  with  longer  spikes  (£'-£'  long),  W.  Illinois  and  southward. 

{  3.  Stipules  all  entirely  free  from  the  petiole  or  leaf:  leaves  alternate :  stigma  termi- 
nal :  seed  hooked-curved  or  nearly  forming  a  ring. 
*  Leaves  grassy-linear  or  thread-shaped,  sessile,  all  immersed:  stems  branching. 

4.  P.  Ttickerimtiii,  Bobbins,  in  herb.     Slender  and  very  delicate  ; 
stem  terete,  much  branched ;  leaves  setaceous  or  capillary,  tapering  to  a  sharp 
point,  nearly  terete,  nerveless,  pellucid  (conferva-like,  about  2'  long) ;  spike  few- 
flowered,  long-peduncled ;  fruit  thick,  obscurely  3-carinate  when  dry,  the  narrow 
dorsal  keel  smooth  and  even;  style  obsolete.     (P.  trichoides,  ed.  1,  &c.,  not  of 
Cham.,  which  is  monogynous,  and  is  rough  with  small  tubercles  on  the  obtusely 
crested  keel,  &c.)  —  Clear  ponds,  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  Oakes  fr 
Robbins.     Tewksbury,  Mass.,  and  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  Tuckerman. 

5.  P.  pllSlllllS,  L.     Stem  slender,  obscurely  compressed ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  rather  acute,  3  -  5-nerved ;  spikes  4  -  ^flowered,  lax,  often  interrupted,  long- 
peduncled:  fruit  crestless.     (P.  compressus,  Smith.) — Ponds  and  clear  pools; 
rather  common  northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  P.  pauciflorilS,  Pursh.     Stem  very  slender  and  thread-like,  but  flat- 
tish;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acutish,  3-nerved ;  spikes  few-  (4-6-)  flowered,  short" 
pedunded;  fruit  distinctly  crested  or  sinuate-toothed  on  the  back.     (P.  gramineus, 
Michx.)  —  Ponds  and  streams;  common,  especially  sou, h ward.— -Leaves  l'-3' 
long,  £"-1"  wide. 


NAIADACEJE.      (PONDWEED    FAMILY.)  435 

Var,  \ia^:in'nsis  (P.  Niagarensis,  Tuckerm.),  from  the  brink  of  the  cat- 
aract cf  Niagara,  appears  likely  to  be  a  larger-leaved  and  more  rigid  state  of 
this  species ;  the  stipules  more  conspicuous,  the  leaves  sometimes  l£"  wide. 

7.  P.  COinpressuS,  L.  ex  Fries.     Stem  very  fiat,  almost  as  wide  as  the 
narrowly  linear  abruptly  pointed  leaves;  spikes  cylindrical,  10-15-Jlowered ;  fruit 
obtusely  keeled.     (P.  zosteraefolius,  Schum.)\ — Ponds,  New  England  to  Penn, 
Wisconsin,   and  northward.  —  Stems  2°  -4°  long.    Leaves  3'  -6'  long,  1J" 
wide,  minutely  many-nerved  and  with  a  midrib  or  3  nerves  more  conspicuous, 
perfectly  entire.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  clasping  base,  all  immersed,  thin  and  pellucid, 

many-nerved,  and  with  cross  veinlets :  stems  more  or  less  branched. 

8.  P.  perfoliatllS,  L.     Leaves  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  round-ovate,  obtuse;  spikes  rather  few-flowered ;  fruit 
rounded  on  the  back.  —  Ponds  and  rivers;  common. — Leaves  l'-2'  long,  flat; 
or,  in  the  longer  and  ovate-lanceolate  American  forms,  inclined  to  be  acute  and 
more  or  less  wavy  or  crisped.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  prae!6ng:ns,  Wulf.      Leaves  elongated-oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends, 

half-clasping  by  the  sessile  base ;  peduncles  often  much  elongated  (in  deep  water 
6'- 12'  long) ;  spike  cylindrical,  many-flowered  ;  fruit  strongly  keeled  on  the  back 
when  dry.  —  Rivers  and  ponds,  New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  — 
Stipules  wingless.  Leaves  V  or  less  wide,  2'  -7'  long.  (Eu.) 

*  #  #  Leaves  not  clasping,  mostly  of  2  sorts ;  the  immersed  ones  acute  at  the  base  or 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  thin  and  pellucid,  many-nerved  and  reticulated  by  cross-veiit- 
lets,  the  floating  ones  somewhat  coriaceous  and  long-petioled :  stems  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched. 

10.  P.  lucens,  L.     Immersed  leaves  ample  (3' -9'  long),  varying  from 
oblong-oval  to  broadly  lanceolate,  undulate,  somewhat  petioled ;  the  united  stip- 
ules 2-winged  or  keeled  on  the  back ;  peduncle  thickened,  especially  upwards ;  spike 
elongated,  dense ;  fruit  1  -  3-keeled  on  the  back.  —  The  proper  P.  lucens  usually 
wants  the  floating  leaves,  and  is  common  in  deep  water.     (Eu.) 

Var.  ?  fluitaiis.  Uppermost  leaves  floating  on  distinct  but  rarely  very  long 
petioles,  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  and  acute  at  each  end  to  ovate  and 
obtuse  or  heart-shaped  (2' -4'  long).  P.  fluitans,  Roth.,  &c. ;  and  here  I  would 
refer  P.  pulcher1?  and  P.  amplifolius,  Tuckerm.  P.  rufescens,  Schroder,  is  a 
narrow-leaved  form,  with  smaller  fruit,  &c.,  either  without  floating  leaves  (P. 
obratus,  Wood)  or  with  them,  of  a  brownish  or  reddish  tinge,  and  verging  to  the 
larger  forms  of  No.  12.  —  Mostly  in  rather  deep  water;  common  northward. 
Distinguished  from  P.  natans  by  its  broader  and  large  immersed  leaves,  and 
keeled  fruit.  Probably  P.  fluitans  may  be  separated  from  P.  lucens,  and  perhaps 
several  species  with  floating  leaves  may  be  here  confounded ;  the  forms  are  di- 
verse, and  the  fruit  differs  in  the  strength  of  the  keels,  &c.  But  I  have  not  been 
able  to  limit  them.  (Eu.) 

11.  P.  na.ta.ns,  L.     Immersed  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear  and 
mostly  long-petioled ;  the  thin  blade  early  decaying,  sometimes  wanting ;  floating 
leaves  long-pel  ioled,  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped 


436  ALISMACE2E.       (WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY.) 

at  the  base  (l£'-4'  long,  the  petiole  4' -12'  long);  stipules  not  winged  nor 
ridaed;  peduncle  not  thickened;  fruit  obtuse  on  the  back  when  fresh.  (P.  lonchltes, 
Tuckerm.)  —  P.  oblongus,  Fiu.,  is  a  small-fruited  form. — Ponds  and  slow 
streams;  common.  (Eu.) 

12.  P.  heteropliyllus,  Schreber.  Stem  slender,  branching ;  immersed 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  and  sessile,  or  only  the  upper  petioled ;  floating  leaves 
elliptical,  varying  to  oblong-linear,  thinnish  (l'-2'  long),  on  filiform  petioles  ; 
united  stipules  2-ribbed  on  the  back ;  peduncle  often  thickened  upwards ;  fruit  slightly 
keeled  when  dry  (one  half  smaller  than  in  the  preceding).  (P.  gramineus,  L. 
in  part,  Fries,  frc.  P.  Claytonii,  Tuckerm.')  —  In  shallow  pools  and  ditches,  as 
well  as  streams ;  common.  (Eu.) 

P.  CESSPITS,  L.,  I  have  not  seen  in  this  country.  Mr.  Tuckerman  informs 
me  that  he  has  seen  a  specimen  in  a  European  herbarium,  purporting  to  have 
been  gathered  in  Delaware.  If  found,  it  may  be  distinguished  from  No.  8  by 
its  lanceolate  and  wavy-crisped  3-nerved  leaves. 

P.  DENSUS  was  admitted  into  the  first  edition  on  the  authority  of  Beck  from 
Schweinitz.  I  apprehend  some  mistake  about  it.  The  species,  if  in  the  coun- 
try, may  be  known  by  its  leaves  being  all  opposite  and  without  stipules. 


ORDER  116.    AL-ISMACE^.     (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  flowering  stems,  and  perfect  or  monoecious 
flowers,  not  on  a  spadix,  furnished  with  both  calyx  and  corolla :  sepals  and 
petals  each  3,  distinct.  Ovaries  3  -many,  distinct  or  partly  so,  or  if  united 
separating  at  maturity ,  forming  as  many  1  -  2-seeded  pods  or  achenia.  Seed 
ascending  or  erect.  Embryo  without  albumen.  Stamens  hypogynous,  6 
to  many :  anthers  extrorse,  2-celled.  Leaves  sheathing  at  the  base.  Com- 
prises two  very  distinct  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    JUNCAGINEJE.    THE  ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY. 

Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike  (greenish).  Seed  anatropous,  with  a 
straight  embryo.  Leaves  petiole-like,  without  a  blade. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN.    Flowers  perfect.    Ovaries  3-6,  united  into  one,  but  separating  in  fruit. 

2.  SCHEUCHZERIA.     Flowers  perfect.    Ovaries  3,  nearly  distinct,  forming  diverging  pods  in 

fruit. 

SUBORDER  II.     ALISME2E.    THE  WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Calyx  green  and  persistent.  Corolla  white,  deciduous.  Seed  campy- 
lotropous:  embryo  bent  double  or  hook-shaped.  Leaves  commonly  fur- 
nished with  a  blade. 

8.  ALISMA.    Flowers  perfect,  with  definite,  mostly  6  stamens.     Carpels  numerous,  whorled 

4.  ECHINODORDS.    Flowers  perfect,  with  7-21  stamens.    Carpels  capitate,  ribbed. 

5.  SAGITTARIA.    Flowers  monoecious.    Stamens  indefinite.    Carpels  capitate,  winged. 


ALISMACEJE.      (WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY.)  437 

SUBORDER  I.    JUNCAOiNEJE.    THE  ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY. 

1.    TRIGL6CHIN,    Li        ARROW-GRASS. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike  (greenish),  ovate,  concave,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens 6  :  anthers  oval,  on  very  short  filaments.  Pistils  united  into  a  3  -  6-celled 
compound  ovary  :  stigmas  sessile  :  ovules  solitary.  Pod  splitting  when  ripe 
into  3-6  carpels,  which  separate  from  a  central  axis.  —  Leavess  rush-like,  fleshy, 
sheathing  the  base  of  the  wand-like  naked  and  jointless  scape.  Flowers  small, 
in  a  spiked  raceme,  bractless.  (Name  composed  of  Tpeis,  three,  and  y\u>\ivi 
point,  from  the  three  points  of  the  ripe  fruit  in  No.  1.) 

1.  T.  pal  list  re,  L.     Scape  (6'  -18'  high)  and  leaves  slender  ;  fruit  linear- 
club-shaped;  the  3  carpels  when  ripe  separating  from  below  upwards  from  the  tri- 
angular axis,  and  awl-pointed  at  the  base.     }\.  —  Marshes,  both  fresh  and  brack- 
ish, New  York  to  Ohio  and  northward.    Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  ill  a  lit  till  ll  ill,  L.    Scape  (12'  -20'  high)  and  leaves  thickish,  fleshy  ; 
fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  acutish,  of  6  or  rarely  5  carpels  which  are  rounded  at  the  base 
and  slightly  grooved  on  the  back;  the  edges  acute.     1J.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the 
coast  ;  salt  springs,  Salina,  New  York  ;  shore  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  north- 
ward. —  Var.  EiATUM  (T.  elatum,  Nutt.)  grows  in  cold  and  fresh  bogs,  from 
W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  often  2£°  high,  and  has  the  angles  of  the  carpels 
sharper,  or  almost  winged.     (Eu.) 

2.    SCIIEUCHZERIA,  ,L.        SCHEUCHZERIA. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  spreading,  nearly  alike  (greenish-yellow),  but  the 
latter  narrower,  persistent.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  linear.  Ovaries  3,  globular, 
slightly  united  at  the  base,  2-3-ovuled,  bearing  flat  sessile  stigmas,  in  fruit 
forming  3  diverging  and  inflated  1  -  2-seeded  pods,  opening  along  the  inside.  — 
A  low  bog-herb,  with  a  creeping  jointed  rootstock,  tapering  into  the  ascending 
simple  stem,  which  is  zigzag,  partly  sheathed  by  the  bases  of  the  grass-like  con- 
duplicate  leaves,  terminated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  a  few  flowers,  with  sheathing 
bracts.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  two  brothers  Scheuchzer,  distinguished  Swiss 
botanists.) 

1.  S.  palustris,  L.—  Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward;  rather  rare.  July.  (Eu.) 


SUBORDER  II.    ALISKESJE.    THE  WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

3.    A  L  IS  MA,    L.        WATER-PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  definite,  mostly  6. 
Ovaries  many  in  a  simple  circle  on  a  flattened  receptacle,  forming  flattened  cori- 
aceous achenia,  which  are  dilated  and  2-3-keeled  on  the  back.  —  Roots  fibrous 
Leaves  all  from  the  root,  several-ribbed,  with  connected  veinlets.  Scape  with 
whorled  panicled  branches.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pale  rose-color.  (The 
Greek  name;  of  uncertain  derivation.) 
37* 


438  ALISMACEJ5.      (WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  Plantago,  L.,  var.  Americanum.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  3-9-nerved;  panicle  loose,  compound,  many-flowered  (l°-2°  long); 
carpels  15-20,  obliquely  obovate,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular  whorl  in 
fruit,  y.  (A.  trivialis  and  parviflora,  Pursh.)  —  Ditches  and  marshy  places; 
common.  July,  Aug.  (Eu.) 


4.     ECIHIVODORUS,    Richard,  Engelm 


ann. 


Flowers  perfect.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6-21  or  more. 
Ovaries  several  or  many,  imbricated  in  a  head,  forming  ribbed  achenia  in  fruit, 
often  beaked  with  a  projecting  persistent  style.  —  Habit  intermediate  between 
the  preceding  genus  and  the  following.  (Name  from  e^ti/coS^ff,  prickly,  or  from 
fXivosj  and  dopor,  a  leathern  bottle,  applied  to  the  ovary,  which  is  in  most  species 
armed  with  the  persistent  style,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prickly  head  of  fruit.) 

For  the  elaboration  of  this  and  the  next  genus  I  am  indebted  to  DR.  ENGEL- 
MANN. 

1.  E.  parvnlllS,  Engelm.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  acute   (£'-!£' 
long,  including  the  petiole)  ;  shoots  often  creeping  and  proliferous  ;  scapes  (!'- 
3'  high)  bearing  a  2  -  8-flowered  umbel  ;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit  ;  stamens  9  ; 
styles  much  shorter  than  the  ovary;  achenia  bealdess,  many-ribbed.     ©  —  Margin  of 
shallow  ponds,  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  westward.  —  Flower  3"  broad. 

2.  E.  rostratUS,  Engelm.      Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  obtuse,  nerved 
(l'-3'  long,  excluding  the  petiole)  ;  scape  erect,  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing 
a  branched  panicle  of  proliferous  umbels;  stamens  12;  styles  longer  than  the 
ovary;  achenia  beaked,  many-ribbed,      (i)   (Alisma  rostrata,  Nutt.)  —  Low  river- 
bottoms,  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Plant  from  3'  to  2°  high.    Flower  5"  wide. 
Head  of  fruit  ovoid,  3"  wide. 

3.  E.  raclicaiis,  Engelm.    Leaves  somewhat  truncately  broadly  heart- 
shaped,  obtuse,  nerved  (3'  -8'  broad  and  long,  long-petioled);  stems  or  scapes 
prostrate,  creeping  (2°  -4°  long),  proliferous,  bearing  many  whorls  of  flowers; 
stamens  about  21  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  achenia  short-beaked,  ribbed,  the 
keeled  back  denticulate.     1|.  (Alisma  radicans,  Nutt.)  —  Swamps,  W.  Illinois 
and  southward.  —  Flowers  about  1'  in  diameter. 

5.    SAGITTARIA,    L.        ARROW-HEAD. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  often  dioecious  in  No.  2.  Petals  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few.  Ovaries  many,  crowded  in  a  spherical 
head  on  a  globular  receptacle,  in  fruit  forming  flat  membranaceous  winged 
achenia.  —  Marsh  or  aquatic,  chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  milky  juice  and  fibrous 
roots  ;  the  scapes  sheathed  at  the  base  by  the  bases  of  the  long  cellular  petioles, 
of  which  the  primary  ones,  and  sometimes  all  of  them,  are  flattened,  nerved, 
and  destitute  of  any  proper  blade  :  when  present  the  blade  is  arrow-shaped  or 
lanceolate,  nerved  and  with  cross  veinlets  as  in  Alisma.  Flowers  (produced  all 
summer)  mostly  whorled  in  threes,  with  membranous  bracts  ;  the  sterile  above. 
(Name  from  sagitta,  an  arrow,  from  the  prevalent  form  of  the  leaves.) 


ALISMACE^E.       ( WATER-  PLANTAIN    FAMILY.)  439 

*  Filaments  slender  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  anthers :  scape  simple  m  branched. 

1.  S.    falcuta,    Pursh.     Scape  l°-5°  high,  with  several  of  the  lower 
whorls  fertile ;  bracts  ovate  or  orbicular ;  pedicels  slender,  the  fertile  recurved  in 
fruit ;  filaments  hairy ;  achenia  obovatefalcate,  pointed  with  a  short  incurved  beak ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  all  with  a  tapering  base,  thick  (6' -18'  long,  and 
on  a  long  and  stout  petiole),  the  nerves  mostly  arising  from  the  very  thick  midrib. 
(S.  lancifolia,  Michx.)  —  Swamps,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Known  at  once  by 
its  coriaceous  and  large,  thick-ribbed,  never  sagittate  leaves,  &c. 

2.  S.  varulbilis,  Engelm.     Scape  (^°-4°  high)  12-angled,  with  one  or 
more  of  the  lower  whorls  fertile ;  bracts  pointed ;  pedicels  of  the  fertile  flowers 
about  half  the  length  of  the  sterile  ones ;  petals  with  white  claws  ;  filaments  glabrous, 
nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  anthers ;  achenia  obovate,  with  a  long  and  curved 
beak  of  J  or  £  its  length  ;  leaves  very  various,  mostly  sagittate.     (S.  sagittifolia, 
Amer.  auth.,  fyc.     The  European  species  has  the  fertile  pedicels  only  J  or  ^  the 
length  of  the  sterile,  the  claws  of  the  petals  purple-tinged,  the  filaments  not 
longer  than  the  anthers;  the  achenia  almost  orbicular,  very  broadly  winged, 
and  short-beaked.)  —  In  water  or  wet  places;   very  common. — Excessively 
variable  in  size  and  foliage :  the  following  are  the  leading  forms.    Var.  OBTtrsA 
(S.  obtusa,  Wi/ld.)  is  large,  dioecious  ;  the  broadly  sagittate  leaves  obtuse,  £°- 
1°  long. — Var.  LATir6LiA   (S.  latifolia,   Willd.)  is  large,  monoecious,  with 
broad  and  acute  sagittate  leaves.  —  Var.  DIVERSIF^LIA,  with  some  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  others  more  or  less  sagittate.  —  Var.  SAGiTTir6LiA  is  the  or- 
dinary form,  with  narrowly  halberd-shaped  or  sagittate  leaves  (including  S. 
hastata,  Pursh).  —  Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA  has  the  narrow  leaves  with  long  and 
linear  diverging  lobes,  and  a  larger  more  horizontally  beaked  fruit.  —  Var.  GRA- 
CILIS  (S.  gracilis,  Pursh)  is  the  most  slender  form,  with  nearly  linear  leaves  and 
lobes. 

*  #  Filaments  very  short,  with  a  very  broad  glandular  base:  scape  commonly  simple. 

3.  S.  tieteropliylla,  Pursh.     Scape  weak,  at  length  mostly  procum- 
bent ;  bracts  roundish,  obtuse ;   the  lowest  whorl  of  fertile  flowers,  which  are 
almost  sessile ;  the  sterile  flowers  on  long  pedicels ;  achenia  narrowly  obovate,  long- 
beaked.  —  Rather  common,  at  least  southward,  and  nearly  as  variable  in  foliage 
as  the  last.    Var.  ELL£PTICA  has  broad  leaves  (sometimes  6'  long  and  5'  wide), 
either  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base,  or  sagittate.  —  Var.  RfoiDA  (S.  rigida, 
Pursh)  has  stout  petioles  and  rigid  narrowly  lanceolate  blades,  acute  at  both 
ends.  —  Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA  has  nearly  linear  leaves.  —  Var.  FL^JITANS  has 
narrowly  linear  and  delicate  floating  leaves. 

4.  S.  simplex,  Pursh.     Scape  very  slender,  erect   (3' -20'  high),  the 
lower  whorls  fertile ;  bracts  triangular,  rather  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  connate ; 
pedicels  all  slender,  the  sterile  and  fertile  of  equal  length;  achenia  small,  obovate,  nar- 
rowly winged,  beaHess ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear,  rarely 
sagittate.     (S.  acutifolia,  Pursh,  &c.)  — Bather  common,  especially  southward. 
—  Flowers  much  smaller  than  in  any  of  the  foregoing. 

5.  S.  pusilla,  Nutt.    Dwarf;  scape  (l'-3'  high)  shorter  than  the  linear 
or  awl-shaped  entire  leaves  (their  proper  blade  obscure  and  obtuse  or  none) ; 
lowers  only  2-9,  on  slender  pedicels,  the  fertile  recurved  after  flowering ;  stamens 


440  HYDRO CHARIDACE^S.       (FROG'S-BIT   FAMILY.) 

7-9;  ovaries  short-pointed  (ripe  fruit  not  seen).  (Alissna  subul.'ita,  Pursh.)— • 
Low  shores,  near  Philadelphia,  &c. — Apparently  distinct  from  dwarf  forms  of 
the  last ;  hut  needs  further  investigation. 

S.kNiTAN8,  Michx.,  apparently  the  only  remaining  good  species  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  is  only  found  farther  south. 


ORDER  117.    HYDROCHARIDACE^E.    (FROG'S-BIT  FAM.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  ivith  dioecious  or  polygamous  regular  flowers  on  scape-like 
peduncles  from  a  spathe,  and  simple  or  double  floral  envelopes,  which  in  the 
fertile  flowers  are  united  into  a  tube  and  coherent  with  the  l-9-celled  ovary. 
Stamens  3-12,  distinct  or  monadelphous :  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  3  or 
6.  Fruit  ripening  under  water,  indehiscent,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ascend- 
ing,  without  albumen :  embryo  straight. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     STRATIOTIDB^E.    Ovary  6-9-celled:  stigmas  6-9. 

1.  LIMNOBITJM.    Filaments  unequally  united  into  a  solid  column  in  the  staminate  flowers  • 
anthers  6  - 12,  linear. 

TMBS  H.    VALLISNERIE.E.    Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae :  stigmas  3. 

3.  ANACHABJS.    Stem  leafy.    Tube  of  the  perianth  of  the  fertile  flowers  long  and  thread- 

form  ;  its  lobes  6. 
8.  VALLISNERIA.     Stemless.     Tube  of  the  perianth  not  prolonged  beyond  the  elongated 

ovary ;  its  lobes  3. 

1.    L<IMNOBHJM,    Richard.        AMERICAN  FROG'S-BIT. 

Flowers  dioecious,  (or  monoecious?)  from  sessile  or  somewhat  peduncled 
spathes  ;  the  sterile  spathe  1 -leaved,  producing  about  3  long-pedicelled  flowers  ; 
the  fertile  2-leaved,  with  a  single  short-pcdicelled  flower.  Calyx  3-parted  or 
cleft ;  sepals  oblong-oval.  Petals  3,  oblong-linear.  Filaments  entirely  united 
in  a  central  solid  column,  bearing  6-12  linear  anthers  at  unequal  heights  :  there 
are  3 -6  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  stamens  in  the  fertile  flowers.  Ovary  6-9- 
celled,  with  as  many  placentae  in  the  axis,  forming  an  ovoid  many-seeded  berry 
in  fruit :  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells,  but  2-parted,  awl-shaped  (ovules  orthotro- 
pous,  Torr.). — A  stemless  perennial  herb,  floating  in  stagnant  water,  prolif- 
erous by  runners,  with  long-petioled  and  round-heart-shaped  leaves,  which  are 
spongy-reticulated  and  purplish  underneath ;  rootlets  slender,  hairy.  Sterile 
flowers  rather  small ;  the  fertile  larger :  peduncle  nodding  in  fruit.  Petals 
white?  (Name  from  Xi/m>j3ios,  living  in  pools.) 

1.  Li.  Sjumiiia,  Richard.  (Hydrocharis,  Bosc.  H.  cordifolia,  Nutt.)  — 
Braddock's  Bay  (Monroe  County,  N.  Y.),  Lake  Ontario,  Dr.  Bradley,  Dr.  Sart- 
weU.  (Otherwise  only  in  the  Southern  States.)  Aug. — Leaves  l'-2'  long, 
faintly  5-nerved.  Peduncle  of  the  sterile  flower  about  3'  lorg,  thread-like ;  of 
the  fertile,  only  1',  stout. 


HYDROCHARIDACE.fi.      (FROG'S-BIT    FAMILY.)  441 

2.  ANACIIARIS,    Rich.        (UD6RA,  Nutt.)    WATER-WEED. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  solitary  and  sessile  from  a  sessile  and  tubular 
2-cleft  axillary  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  small  or  minute ;  with  3  sepals,  barely 
united  at  the  base,  and  usually  3  similar  or  narrower  petals  :  filaments  short  and 
monadelphous  at  the  base,  or  none ;  anthers  9,  oval.  Fertile  flowers  either  pis- 
tillate or  apparently  perfect:  perianth  extended  into  an  extremely  long  and 
capillary  tube  ;  the  limb  6-parted;  the  small  lobes  (sepals  and  petals)  obovate, 
spreading.  Stamens  3-6,  sometimes  merely  short  sterile  filaments,  without 
anthers,  or  with  imperfect  ones,  sometimes  with  oblong  almost  sessile  anthers. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placenta?,  each  bearing  a  few  orthotropous  ovules ; 
the  capillary  style  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth  :  stigmas  3,  large,  2- 
lobed  or  notched,  exserted.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded.  —  Perennial 
slender  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  elongated  branching  stems,  thickly 
beset  with  pellucid  and  veinless,  1-nerved,  sessile,  whorled  or  opposite  leaves. 
The  staminate  flowers  (which  are  rarely  seen)  commonly  break  off,  as  in  Val- 
lisneria,  and  float  on  the  surface,  where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen 
around  the  stigmas  of  the  fertile  flowers,  which  are  raised  to  the  surface  by  the 
excessively  prolonged  calyx-tube,  varying  in  length  according  to  the  depth  of 
the  water.  (Name  formed  of  dv,  throughout,  and  adapts,  without  charms,  being 
rather  homely  water-weeds.) 

1.  A.  Cairadcnsis,  Planchon.  Leaves  in  threes  or  fours,  or  the  lower 
opposite,  varying  from  linear  to  oval-oblong,  obscurely  and  minutely  serrulate  ; 
stigmas  more  or  less  2-lobed.  (Elodea  Canadensis,  Michx.  Udora  Canadensis, 
Nutt.  Anacharis  Alsinastrum  (Babington),  Nuttallii,  and  Canadensis  (perhaps 
also  Chilensis),  and  also  Apalanthe  Schweimtzii,  Planchon.) — Slow  streams 
and  ponds  ;  common.  July.  (Eu.  ?) 

3.  VAL.L.ISNERIA,    Micheli.        TAPE-GRASS.    EEL-GRASS. 

Flowers  strictly  dioecious  :  the  sterile  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  head  on  a 
conical  receptacle,  enclosed  in  an  ovate  at  length  3-valved  spathe  which  is  borne 
on  a  very  short  scape  :  stamens  mostly  3.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  and  sessile 
in  a  tubular  spathe  which  is  borne  on  an  exceedingly  long  scape.  Perianth 
(calyx)  3-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers ;  in  the  fertile  with  a  linear  tube  coherent 
with  the  1-celled  ovary,  but  not  extended  beyond  it,  3-lobed  (the  lobes  obovate) ; 
also  3  linear  small  petals.  Stigmas  3,  large,  nearly  sessile,  2-lobed.  Ovules 
very  numerous  on  3  parietal  placentae,  orthotropous  !  Fruit  elongated,  cylin- 
drical, berry-like.  —  Stemless  plants,  with  long  and  linear  grass-like  leaves, 
growing  entirely  under  water.  The  staminate  clusters  being  confined  to  the 
bottom  of  the  water  by  the  shortness  of  the  scape,  the  flower-buds  themselves 
spontaneously  break  away  from  their  short  pedicels  and  float  on  the  surface, 
where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen  around  the  fertile  flowers,  which  are 
raised  to  the  surface  at  this  tune :  afterwards  the  thread-form  fertile  scapes  (2-4 
feet  long  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water)  coil  up  spirally  and  draw  the  ovary 
ander  water  to  ripen.  (Named  in  honor  of  Vallisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

I.   V.  spiralis,  L.    Leaves  linear,  thin,   long  and  ribbon-like  (l°-2° 


442  BURMANNIACEJE.       (fiURMANNIA   FAMILY.) 

long),  obscurely  serrulate,  obtuse,  somewhat  nerved  and  netted-veined.  —  Com- 
mon in  slow  rivers,  &c.    August.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  118.    BURMANNIACE^E.     (BURMANNIA   FAMILY.) 

Small  annual  herbs,  often  with  minute  and  scale-like  leaves,  or  those  of  the 
root  grass-like ;  the  flowers  perfect,  with  a  6-cleft  corolla-like  perianth,  the 
tube  of  which  adheres  to  the  1-celled  or  S-celled  ovary;  stamens  3  and  dis- 
tinct, opposite  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth ;  pod  many-seeded,  the  seeds 
very  minute.  —  A  small  chiefly  tropical  family,  of  which  only  one  plant  is 
found  within  our  borders. 

1.    BURMANNIA,    L.        (TRIPTER£LLA,  Michx.) 

Ovary  3-celled,  with  the  thick  placentae  in  the  axis.  Filaments  3,  very  short. 
Style  slender:  stigma  capitate-3-lobed.  Pod  often  3-winged.  (Named  for 
J.  Burmann,  an  early  Dutch  botanist.) 

1.  B.  bi  flora,  L.  Stem  low  and  slender  (2' -4'  high),  2-flowered  at  the 
summit,  or  soon  several-flowered  ;  perianth  (2" -3"  long)  bright  blue,  3-winged. 
(Tripterella  cserulea,  Michx.)  —  Peaty  bogs,  Virginia  and  southward. 

^/     *)»*.*{** 

ORDER  119.     ORCHIDACE^E.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  distinguished  by  their  irregular  flowers,  6-merous  perianth  adherent 
tA  the  1-celled  ovary  with  3  parietal  placentce,  gynandrous  stamens  (only  1  or 
2),  and  pollen  cohering  in  waxy  or  mealy  masses.  Fruit  a  1-celled  3-valved 
pod,  with  innumerable  minute  seeds,  appearing  like  fine  saw-dust.  Peri- 
anth of  6  divisions  in  2  sets ;  the  3  outer  (sepals)  of  the  same  petal-like 
texture  and  appearance  as  the  3  inner  (petals),  of  which  the  upper  or  pos- 
terior one,  but  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary  or  stalk  commonly  appearing 
the  lower  or  anterior,  differs  more  or  less  in  shape  or  direction  from  the 
others,  is  often  spurred  or  appendaged,  and  is  called  the  lip.  Opposite 
this,  in  the  axis  of  the  flower,  is  the  column,  which  is  composed  of  a  single 
stamen  (or  in  Cypripedium  of  2  fertile  stamens)  entirely  coherent  and 
confluent  with  the  style,  on  which  the  2-celled  anther  is  variously  situated. 
—  Perennial  herbs,  often  tuber-bearing,  or  with  tuberous  or  thickened 
roots.  Leaves  parallel-nerved.  Flowers  commonly  showy  and  singular 
in  shape,  either  spiked,  racemed,  or  solitary,  bracted.  A  large  family,  but 
sparingly  represented  in  the  United  States. 

Synopsis. 

I.  Anther  only  one. 

TRIBE  I.    OPHR  YDEJE.    Anther  (of  2  separate  cells)  entirely  adnate  to  the  face  of  the 

stigma,  erect.  Pollen  cohering  into  a  great  number  of  coarse  grains,  which  are  all  faat- 
ened  by  elastic  and  cobwebby  tissue  into  one  large  mass,  with  a  stalk  that  connects  it 
with  a  gland  of  the  stigma.  (Flower  ringent,  the  lip  with  a,  spur  beneath.) 


ORCHIDACE.E.       (ORCHIS    ^A-BIILT.)  443 

1.  ORCHIS.    Anther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel.    Glands  of  the  stigma,  to  which  the  ban 

of  the  stalks  of  the  2  pollen-masses  cohere,  contained  in  a  common  little  pouch  formed 
of  a  fold  or  hood  of  the  stigma. 

2.  GYMNADENIA.    Anther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel :  glands  naked. 

a.  PLATANTIIERA.    Anther-cells  diverging,  widely  separated  at  the  base :  glands  naked. 

TRIBE  II.  NEOTTIEJE.  Anther  dorsal  (attached  to  the  back  of  the  column),  erect, 
parallel  with  the  stigma ;  the  2  cells  approximate.  Pollen  rather  loose  and  powdery,  or 
elastically  cohering 

4.  GOODYERA.    Lip  entire,  free  from  the  column,  strap-pointed.    Pollen-masses  elastic. 
6.  SPIRANTHES.    Lip  nearly  entire,  channelled,  pointless,  ascending,  embracing  the  column. 

6.  LISTEBA.    Lip  flat,  spreading  or  pendulous,  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 

TRIBE  IH.     ARETHUSE^,   MALAXIDEJE,  &c.    Anther  terminal  (attached  to 
the  apex  of  the  column,  or  near  it),  and  like  a  lid  over  the  stigma,  at  length  deciduous 
*  Pollen  hi  loose  or  powdery  grains,  forming  2  or  4  delicate  masses. 

7.  ARETHUSA.    Lip  bearded,  its  base  adherent  to  the  linear  column.    Pollen-masses  4. 

8.  POGONIA.    Lip  more  or  less  crested,  free  from  the  club-shaped  column.    Pollen-masses  2. 

9.  CALOPOGON.    Lip  bearded,  stalked,  free :  column  winged  at  the  apex.    Pollen-masses  2 

*  *  Pollen  in  smooth  and  finally  waxy  masses. 
f-  Pollen-masses  attached  by  elastic  stalks,  or  in  No.  10  sessile. 

10.  CALYPSO.    Lip  inflated  and  sac-like,  notched  at  the  apex  and  2-pointed  underneath  th« 

notch.    Column  winged  and  petal-like.    Pollen-masses  4.    Stem  1-flowered. 

11.  TIPULARIA.    Lip  short  and  flat,  with  a  long  and  thread-like  spur  beneath.    Column  mar- 

gined.   Pollen-masses  4.    Raceme  many-flowered. 

12.  BLETIA.    Lip  hooded,  spurless.    Column  not  margined.    Pollen-masses  8. 

f-  ••-  Pollen-masses  without  any  stalks  or  connecting  tissue. 
•H-  Plants  green  and  with  leaves.    Sepals  spreading :  lip  flat  and  spurless. 

13.  MICROSTYLIS.    Lip  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped.    Column  minute,  round. 

14.  LIPARIS.    Lip  entire,  dilated.    Column  elongated,  margined  at  the  apex. 

4+  «•  Plants  tawny  or  purplish,  leafless,  or  with  a  root-leaf  only  :  sepals  and  petals  conniving. 

15.  CORALLORHIZA.    Lip  with  a  spur  or  projection  at  the  base  adherent  to  the  ovary.    An- 

ther-cells oblique. 

16.  APLECTRUM.    Lip  spurless,  free,  raised  on  a  claw.    Anther  rather  lateral. 

II.    Anthers  two. 

TRIBE  IV.  C  YPRIPEDIE JE.  The  2  anthers  those  of  the  lateral  stamens :  the  third 
or  upper  stamen  (which  is  the  one  which  bears  the  anther  in  the  rest  of  the  order)  her* 
forming  a  petal-like  sterile  appendage  to  the  column. 

17.  CYPRIPEDIUM.    Lip  a  large  and  inflated  sac,  somewhat  slipper-form. 

1.    ORCHIS,    L.        ORCHIS. 

Flower  ringent ;  the  sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  all  of  them,  or  all  but  the 
2  lower  sepals,  converging  upwards  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  turned 
downwards,  coalescing  with  the  base  of  the  column,  spurred  at  the  base  under- 
neath. Anther-cells  contiguous  and  parallel.  Pollen  cohering  in  numerous 
coarse  waxy  grains,  which  are  collected  on  a  cobweb-like  elastic  tissue  into  2 
large  masses  (one  filling  each  anther-cell)  borne  on  a  slender  stalk,  the  base  of 
which  is  attached  to  the  2  glands  of  the  stigma,  contained  in  a  common  little 
pouch  or  hooded  fold.  Flowers  showy,  in  a  spike.  TOpx«,  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  O.  SpecUibilis,  L.     (SHOWY  ORCHIS.)    Root  of  thick  fleshy  fibres, 


444  ORCHIDACE^:.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

producing  2  oblong-obovate  shining  leaves  (31  -  5'  long)  and  a  few  flowered" 
5-angled  scape  (4'-7' high) ;  bracts  leaf-like,  lanceolate ;  sepals  and  petals  all 
vaulted,  pink-purple,  the  ovate  undivided  lip  white.  —  On  hills  in  rich  woods, 
New  England  to  Kentucky  and  (especially)  northward.    May. 

2.    GYMWADEN1A,    R.  Brown.        NAKED-GLAND  ORCHIS. 

Flower  as  in  Orchis.  Anther-cells  parallel ;  the  approximate  glands  naked 
(whence  the  name,  from  yvpvos,  naked,  and  aSqi/,  gland). 

1.  G.  trideutata,  Lindl.     Stem  slender   (6' -12'  high),  with  a  single 
oblong  or  oblanceolate  obtuse  leaf  below,  and  2  or  3  small  ones  like  bracts 
above ;  spike  6  -  12-flowered,  oblong ;  lip  wedge-oblong,  truncate  and  with  3  short  teeth 
at  the  apex ;  the  slender  and  slightly  club-shaped  spur  curved  upwards,  longer 
than  the  ovary.  —  Wet  woods  ;  rather  common,  especially  northwards.    July. 
—  Root  of  few  fleshy  fibres.     Flowers  small,  pale  yellowish-green. 

2.  O.  flava,  Lindl.     Stem  several-leaved   (15'  high),  the  1  or  2  lower 
leaves   elongated,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  the  others  becoming  smaller  and 
bract-like ;  spike  densely  many-flowered,  oblong-cylindrical ;  lip  ovate,  a  little  crenate 
or  wavy-margined,  shorter  than  the  awl-shaped  depending  spur.  —  Wet  pine  bar- 
rens of  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward.     July.  —  Root  of  very  fleshy 
fibres,  one  or  two  of  them  tuber-like.     Flowers  orange-yellow,  closely  set.     (Or- 
chis flava  &  Integra,  Nutt.    Habenaria  Elliottii,  Beck.) 

3.    PtATANTHERA,    Richard.        FALSE  ORCHIS. 

Flower  as  in  Orchis,  &c.  (lateral  sepals  spreading,  except  in  No.  5) ;  but  the 
anther-cells  diverging  below,  and  the  2  naked  glands  widely  separated  (whence 
the  name,  from  TrXarus,  wide,  and  avOrjpa,  for  anther). 

§  1.  Scape  l-leaved  at  the  base :  spur  not  exceeding  the  lip :  root  of  thick  fibres. 

1.  P.  Obtusata,   Lindl.      (DWARF    ORCHIS.)      Leaf  obovate,  obtuse; 
spike  loosely  5 -  10-flowered ;  upper  sepal  broad  and  rounded;  petals  bluntly 
triangular ;  lip  linear,  entire,  bearing  2  small  tubercles  at  the  base,  about  the  length 
of  the  curving  spur.  —  Cold  peat-bogs  and  high  mountains,  Maine  to  N.  New 
York  and  L.  Superior.    June.  —  Scape  5' -8' high.    Flowers  $'  long.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  rotundifolia,  Lindl.     (SMALL  ROUND-LEAVED  ORCHIS.)    Leaf 
"id-ovate  or  orbicular  (2' -3' wide);  spike  several-flowered;  lip  3-lobed,  larger 

*dan  the  ovate  petals  and  sepals,  the  middle  lobe  larger  and  inversely  heart- 
shaped. —  Along  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick  (Mr.  Good- 
rich), and  northward.  —  Scape  8'  high.  Leaf,  and  sometimes  the  white  flowers, 
spotted  with  purple  :  lip  £'  long. 

§  2.  Scape.  2-leaved  at  the  base :  spur  very  long :  lip  entire :  roots  thickened. 

3.  P.  orbiculata,  Lindl.     (LARGE  ROUND-LEAVED  ORCHIS.)    Leaves 
very  large  (4' -8'  wide),  orbicular,  spreading  flat  on  the  ground ;  scape  bra'cted, 
bearing  many  spreading  greenish-white  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme ;  upper  sepal  or- 
bicular, the  lateral  ovate ;  lip  narrowly  linear-spatidate,  drooping,  nearly  thrice 
the  length  of  the  ovate  reflexed  petals ;  spur  curved,  slender  (t^ '  -  2  long),  grad- 


ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  445 

ually  thickened  towards  the  apex,  blunt,  twee  the  length  of  the  ovary.  —  Rich  woods, 
under  Hemlocks,  &c.,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin;  rather  rare,  chiefly 
northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  July.  —  Leaves  very  smooth, 
shining  above,  silvery  underneath.  Scape  l°-2°  high. 

4.  P.  Ilotikeri,  Lindl.      (SMALLER   TWO-LEAVED   ORCHIS.)     Leaves 
orbicular,  spreading  (3'-4'  broad) ;  scape  mostly  naked  (^°-l°  high),  bearing 
10-20  upright  sessile  yellowish-green  flowers  in  a  strict  spike;  sepals  ovate-lanceo- 
late ;  lip  lanceolate,  pointed,  a  little  incurved,  longer  than  the  linear-lanceolate 
petals ;  spur  slender,  acute,  about  the  length  of  the  ovary  (!'  long).  —  Woods,  Rhode 
Island  to  Ohio  and  Wisconsin.    June. 

$  3.  Stem  leafy :  lip  entire  (or  nearly  so),  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  spur:  root 
a  cluster  of  fleshy  branches  or  fibres. 

5.  P.  bracteata,  Torr.      (BRACTED  GREEN  ORCHIS.)      Lower  leaves 
obovate,  the  upper  oblong  and  gradually  reduced  to  lanceolate  acute  bracts  2-3 
times  the  length  of  the  small  green  flowers ;  spike  loose ;  sepals  and  linear-lanceolate 
petals  erect ;  lip  oblong-linear  or  slightly  spatulate,  truncate  and  minutely  2  —  3-toothed 
at  the  tip,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  sac-like  somewhat  2-lobed  spur.  —  Damp 
woods ;  common  northward.    June.  —  Stem  6'  - 1 2'  high,  6-1 2-flowered.    ( Eu. "? ) 

6.  P.  hyperbdrea,  Lindl.    (NORTHERN  GREEN  ORCHIS.)    Stem  very 
leafy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  erect ;  spike  densely  many-flowered ;  lower  bracts  lance- 
olate, longer  than  the  (greenish)  flowers ;  lip  and  petals  lanceolate,  somewhat  equal, 
as  long  as  the  obtuse  spur.     (P.  Huronensis,  Lindl.) — Peat-bogs  and  wet  cold 
woods  ;  common  northward.     June,  July.  —  Stem  6'  -  2°  high,  strict :  crowded 
spike  of  small  flowers  2'-l°  long.    Lip  as  long  as  the  sepals,  obtusish,  entire, 
not  dilated  at  the  base.     (Eu.  ?) 

7.  P.  dilatata,  Lindl.     (NORTHERN  WHITE  ORCHIS.)     Leaves  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  erect ;  spike  wand-like,  densely  or  rather  loosely-flowered  ;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  (white  or  whitish)  flowers ;  petals  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  Up  linear-lanceolate  from  a  rhomboid-dilated  base,  rather  obtuse,  about 
the  length  of  the  obtuse   spur.  —  Cold  peat-bogs,  &c. ;   common   northward. 
June,  July.  —  Usually  more  slender  than  the  last,  but  often  as  tall,  and  too 
nearly  related  to  it. 

8.  P.  flava,  Gray.     (YELLOWISH  ORCHIS.)     Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate  ;  the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate  and  pointed,  passing  into  the  bracts 
of  the  elongated  raceme ;  petals  ovate ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse  or  barely  notched  at 
the  apex,  furnished  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base  and  a  small  protuberance 
on  the  palate,  about  the  length  of  the  sepals,  half  the  length  of  the  club-shaped 
spur.     (Orchis  flava,  L.I     O.  virescens,  fucescens,  herbiola,  and  bidentata,  of 
authors.)  —  Wet  places;    common.      June -Aug.  —  Stem  10' -20'  high;    the 
spike  at  first  dense,  -with  the  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers,  at  length  elongated 
and  often  loose,  with  the  upper  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  which  are  quite 
small,  dull  greenish-yellow,  drying  brownish. 

$  4.  Stem  leafy :  Up  fringed  along  the  sides,  undivided,  shorter  than  the  spur :  ovary 
taper-beaked:  root  a  cluster  of  thick  and  fleshy  fibres. 

9.  P.  cristata,  Lindl.     (CRESTED  ORCHIS.)     Lower  leaves  lanceolate, 
elongated ;  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  sharp-pointed  bracts,  nearly  the  length 

38 


446  ORCHIDACE,*.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

of  the  crcwded  (yellow]  flowers ;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical ;  petals  rounded,  ere 
nate ;  Up  ovate,  with  a  lacerate-fringed  margin,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  slender  ob- 
tuse incurved  spur,  which  is  not  half  the  length  of  the  ovary. — Bogs,  Penn. 
(Pursh)  to  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Flowers  one  quarter  the  size  of  the  next. 

10.  P.  ciliaris,  Lindl.     (YELLOW  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)    Leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate ;  the  upper  passing  into  pointed  bracts,  which  are  shorter  than  the 
long-beaked  ovaries ;  spike  oblong,  rather  closely  many -flowered ;  Jlowers  bright 
orange-yellow ;  lateral  sepals  rounded,  reflexed ;  petals  linear,  cut-fringed  at  the 
apex ;  Up  oblong,  about  half  the  length  of  the  spur,  furnished  with  a  very  long  and 
copious  capillary  fringe.  —  Bogs  and  wet  places ;  scarce  at  the  North ;  common 
southward.    July,  Aug.  —  Our  handsomest  species,  lj°-2°  high,  with  a  short 
spike  of  very  showy  flowers ;  the  lip  £'  long,  the  conspicuous  fringe  fully  £'  long 
on  each  side. 

11.  P.  blcphariglottis,  Lindl.    (WHITE  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)   Leaves, 
&c.  as  in  the  last ;  Jlowers  white ;  petals  spatulate,  slightly  cut  or  toothed  at  the 
apex ;  lip  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  with  the  irregular  capillary  fringe  of  the 
margins  usually  shorter  than  the  disk,  one  third  the  length  of  the  spur.  —  Var. 
IIOLOPETALA    (P.  holopetala,  Lindl.)  has  narrower  petals  with  the  toothing 
obsolete,  and  the  lip  less  fringed. — Peat-bogs  and  borders  of  ponds,  with  No. 
10,  or  commonly  taking  its  place  in  the  North.     July.  —  A  foot  high,  the  flow- 
ers beautiful,  but  rather  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

§  5.  Stem  leafy :  lip  3-parted,  shorter  than  the  somewhat  club-shaped  long  spur,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  into  a  claw :  roots  clustered  and  fleshy-th  ickened. 

#  Flowers  white  or  greenish. 

12.  P.  lcucoi>liri>ci,  Nutt.     (WESTERN  ORCHIS.)     Leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate ;  the  bracts  similar,  rather  shorter  than  the  (large  dull  white)  flowers  ; 
spike  elongated,   loose ;  petals  obovate,   minutely  cut-toothed ;  divisions  of  the  lip 
broadly  wedge-shaped  or  fan-shaped,  many-deft  to  the  middle  into  a  thread-like  fringe ; 
spur  longer  than  the  ovary.  —  Moist  meadows,  Central  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and 
southwestward.    July.  —  Stem  2° -4°  high;  the  spike  at  length  1°  long.    Lip 
about  I'  wide. 

13.  P»  kiccrsi,  Gray.     (RAGGED  ORCHIS.)     Leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late ;  raceme  loosely  many-flowered ;  petals  oblong-linear,  entire ;  divisions  of  the 
lip  narrow,  deeply  parted  into  a  few  long  nearly  capillary  lobes ;  spur  about  the 
length  of  the  ovary.     (0.  psycodes,  Muhl.,  &c.,  not  of  L.     O.  lacera,  Michx.) 
—  Bogs  and  moist  thickets ;  rather  common.    July.  —  Stem  1°  -  2°  high  :  bracts 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  pale  yellowish-green  flowers. 

*  *  Flowers  purple. 

14.  P.  psycodes,  Gray.    (SMALL  PUR-PLE  FRINGED-ORCHIS.)    Leaves 
oblong,  the  uppermost  passing  into  linear-lanceolate  bracts ;  raceme  cylindrical, 
densely  many-flowered',  fawer  sepals  round-oval,  obtuse ;  petals  wedge-obovate  or  spat- 
ulate, denticulate  above;  divisions  of  the  spreading  lip   broadly  wedge-shaped, 
many-cleft  into  a  short  fringe.     (O.  psycodes,  L.  !     O.  fimbriata,  Pursh,  Bigelow. 
O.  incisa  and  O.  fissa,  MM.  in  Willd.) — Moist  meadows  and  alluvial  banks; 
common.    July,  Aug.  —  Stem  2°  high.    Flowers  short-pedicelled,  crowded  ID 


ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  447 

a  spike  4' -7'  long,  small,  but  very  handsome,  fragrant:  lip  short-stalked, 
barely  £'  broad  and  not  so  long ;  the  middle  lobe  broadest  and  more  closely 
fringed,  but  not  so  deeply  cleft  as  the  lateral  ones. 

15.  P.  fimbriata,  Lindl.    (LARGE  PURPLE  FRINGED-OKCHIS.)   Lower 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  upper  few,  passing  into  lanceolate  bracts ;  splice  or  ra- 
ceme oblong,  loosely-flowered ;  lower  sepals  ovate,  acute ;  petals  oblong,  toothed  down 
the  sides ;  divisions  of  the  pendent  large  lip  fan-shaped,  many-cleft  into  a  long 
capillary  fringe.      (O.  fimbriata,  Ait.,  Willd.,  Hook.  Exot.  FL,  &c.     O.  grandi- 
flora,  Bigelow.) — Wet  meadows,  &c.,  New  England  to  Penn.,  and  (chiefly) 
northeastward.    June.  —  Stem  2°  high.     Flowers  fewer,  paler  (or  lilac-purple), 
and  3  or  4  times  larger  than  those  of  No.  14 ;  the  more  ample  dilated  lip  f '  to 
1'  broad,  with  a  deeper  and  nearly  capillary  crowded  fringe,  different-shaped 
petals,  &c. 

16.  P.  peranicena,  Gray.     (GREAT  PURPLE  ORCHIS.)     Lower  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  spike  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely  .flow- 
ered ;   lower   sepals  round-ovate  ;  petals   rounded-obovate,  raised  on  a  claw ; 
divisions  of  the  large  lip  very  broadly  wedge-shaped,  irregularly  ei'oded-toothed  at  the 
broadly  dilated  summit,  the  lateral  ones  truncate,  the  middle  one  2-lobed.     (P.  fissa, 
Lindl.     O.  fissa,  Pursh,  not  of  Muhl.}  — Moist  meadows  and  banks,  Penn.  to 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     Aug.  —  Stem  2° -4° 
high.     Flowers  large  and  showy,  violet-purple ;  the  lip  paler  and  very  ample, 
I'  long :  its  divisions  minutely  and  variably  toothed,  or  sparingly  cut  along  the 
terminal  edge,  but  not  fringed. 

4.    OOODYERA,    R.  Brown.        RATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. 

Flower  ringent ;  lateral  sepals  not  oblique  at  the  base,  including  the  saccate 
sessile  base  of  the  lip,  which  is  free  from  the  small  straight  column,  without 
callosities,  and  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  pointed  and  channelled  recurved 
termination.  Anther  attached  to  the  back  near  the  summit  of  the  column. 
Pollen-masses  2,  consisting  of  angular  grains  loosely  cohering  by  a  manifest 
web.  —  Root  of  thick  fibres  from  a  fleshy  somewhat  creeping  rootstock,  bearing 
a  tuft  of  thickish  petioled  leaves  next  the  ground.  Scape,  spike,  and  the  green- 
ish-white small  flowers  usually  glandular-downy.  (Dedicated  to  John  Goodyer, 
an  early  English  botanist.) 

1.  G.  re  pens,  R.  Brown.    Small  (5' -8'  high)  and  slender;  leaves  ovate, 
more  or  less  reticulated  with  white  (about  1'  long) ;  flowers  several,  in  a  loose 
l-sided  spike;  lip  inflated,  the  apex  oblong  and  obtuse;  stigma  distinctly  2- 
toothed.  —  Rich  woods,  under  evergreens ;  common  northward,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies,    Aug.  —  Intermediate  forms  apparently  occur  between 
this  and  the  next.     (Eu.) 

2.  O.  pubescens,  R.  Brown.     Leaves  ovate,  conspicuously  reticulated 
and  blotched  with  white  (2'  long) ;  flowers  numerous  in  a  crowded  spike,  not  l-sided; 
lip  inflated,  and  with  an  abrupt  ovate  apex ;  stigma  rounded  at  the  summit.  — 
Rich  woods  ;  rather  common,  especially  southward.       July,   Aug.  —  Scape 
8'- 12'  high. 


448  OKCHiDACE.fi.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

5.    SPIRANT  II ES,    Kichard.        LADIES' 

Flower  somewhat  ringent ;  the  lateral  sepals  rather  oblique  at  the  base  and 
somewhat  decurrent  on  the  ovary,  covering  the  base  of  the  lip ;  the  upper  one 
cohering  with  the  petals ;  all  usually  erect.  Lip  oblong,  concave  and  embracing 
the  wingless  column  below,  furnished  with  2  callosities  next  the  base,  contracted 
into  a  short  claw  below  them  or  sessile,  the  spreading  apex  more  or  less  dilated. 
Column  arching,  obliquely  short-stalked,  the  ovate  stigma  usually  with  a 
short-pointed  and  at  length  2-cleft  beak.  Anther  attached  to  the  back  of  the 
column.  Pollen-masses  2,  club-shaped  or  obovate,  fixed  to  the  stigma  by 
a  gland,  deeply  2-cleft  from  the  broader  end  (and  in  S.  gracilis  again  2-cleft) 
into  tender  lamellse  which  are  more  or  less  inrolled  when  young,  bearing 
the  powdery  pollen-grains. — Roots  clustered-tuberous.  Stems  naked,  or 
leafy  below.  Flowers  small,  white,  bent  horizontal,  in  a  close  usually  spi- 
rally twisted  spike  (whence  the  name,  from  (nreipa,  a  coil  or  curl,  and  avdos. 


•%  Scape  naked,  barely  bracted  below :  leaves  all  at  or  near  tlie  ground,  early  disap- 
pearing :  flowers  all  one-sided. 

1.  S.  gracilis,    Bigelow.     Scape  very  slender   (8' -15'  high),  smooth; 
spike  slender,  so  twisted  as  to  throw  the  flowers  as  they  expand  all  into  a  single 
(straightish  or  usually  spiral)  row ;  bracts  ovate,  pointed,  not  longer  than  tho 
pods,  to  which  they  are  closely  appressed ;  lip  spatulate-oblong,  strongly  wavy- 
crisped  at  the  rounded  summit  (not  lobed),  the  callosities  at  the  base  conspicu- 
ous, incurved;  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled  (l'-2 
long),  thin.     (Also  S.  Beckii,  LindL,  as  to  the  Northern  plant.)  —  Hilly  woods 
and  sandy  plains:  common.     July,  Aug.  —  Perianth  and  lip  |'  —  1'  long,  of  a' 
delicate  pearly  texture :  the  caUi  at  first  oval,  bearded  at  the  base  inside,  at 
length  elongating  and  recurved. 

*  *  Scape  or  stem  leafy  towards  the  base :  flowers  not  unilateral, 

2.  S.  lati  folia,  Torr.  in  Lindl.    Low  (4' -9'  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
narrowed  into  a  sheathing  base ;  spike  oblong,  rather  dense,  more  or  less  twist- 
ed ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acutish,  the  lower  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  lip  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  wavy-crisped  at  the  apex,  5  -  7-nerved  below,  and  with  2  oblong  adnate 
callosities  at  the  base.     (S.  plantaginea;  Torr.  in  N.  Y.  FL,  not  of  Lindl.     S. 
sestivalis,  Oakes,  cat.) — Moist  banks,  N.  New  York,  W.  New  England,  and 
northward;  not  rare.     June.  —  Leaves  chiefly  towards  the  base  of  the  stem, 
2'  -  4'  long  and  about  £'  wide,  thickish ;  above  are  one  or  two  small  leaf-like 
bracts.     Flowers  white  with  the  lip  yellowish,  larger  than  in  No.  1,  much  small- 
er than  in  No.  3 ;  the  sepals  minutely  glandular-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  axis 
of  the  spike.  — I  find  nothing  to  distinguish  it  from  S.  asstivalis  except  that  tho 
flowers  are  a  trifle  smaller,  and  the  bracts  less  acute. 

3.  S.  cerniia,  Richard.     Root-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  those  of  the 
stem  similar  but  smaller,  passing  into  bracts ;  spike  dense,  minutely  pubescent ; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  lip  oblong,  furnished 
with  two  minute  callosities  at  the  base,  constricted  above  the  middle,  rounded  at 
the  summit,  wavy-crisped.  —  Wet  grassy  places ;  common.    Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Stem 


ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  449 

8' -2°  high,  the  root  leaves  4' -12'  long.  Spike  thick,  3' -5'  long,  seldom 
twisted.  Flowers  white  or  cream-color,  fragrant ;  the  perianth  about  5"  long.  — 
The  la-ge  states  seem  to  pass  into  S.  odorata,  Nittt. 

6.  LISTER  A,    E.  Brown.        TWAYBLADE. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Lip  mostly  drooping, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  2-lobetl  or  2-cleft.  Column  wingless :  stigma  with  a 
rounded  beak.  Anther  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column  at  the  summit,  ovate, 
pollen  powdery,  in  2  masses,  joined  to  a  minute  gland.  —  Roots  fibrous.  Stem 
bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  sessile  leaves  in  the  middle,  and  a  spike  or  raceme  of 
greenish  or  brownish-purple  small  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Martin  Lister,  an 
early  and  celebrated  British  naturalist.) 

*  Column  very  short.     (Sepals  ovate,  reflexed:  plants  delicate,  4' -8'  high.) 

1.  L.  cordalat,  R.  Brown.    Leaves  round-ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(£'- 1'  long) ;  raceme  almost  smooth,  powers  minute,  crowded,  on  pedicels  not  long- 
er than  the  ovary ;  lip  linear,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  1 -toothed  on  each  side 
at  the  base,  2-cle/l  to  the  middle.  —  Damp  cold  woods ;  from  Penn.  northward. 
June,  July.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  mist  ra  1  is,  Lindl.     Leaves  ovate ;  raceme  loose  and  slender  ;  flowers 
very  small,  on  minutely  glandular-pubescent  pedicels  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary;  lip 
linear,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  sepals,  2-parted,  the  divisions  linear-setaceous. 
—  Damp  thickets,  New  Jersey  to  E.  Virginia  and  southward.    June. 

*  *  Column  longer,  arching  or  straightish. 

3.  L.  I'Oiivallurioitles,  Hook.    Leaves  oval  or  roundish,  and  some- 
times a  little  heart-shaped  (!'-!£'  long);  raceme  loose,  pubescent;  flowers  on 
slender  pedicels ;  lip  wedge-oblong,  2-lobed  at  the  dilated  apex,  and  1 -toothed  on 
each  side  at  the  base,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  narrowly  lanceolate  spread- 
ing sepals,  purplish,  £'  long.      (Epipactis   convallarioides,  Swartz.)  —  Damp 
mossy  woods,  along  the  whole  Alleghany  Mountains,  to  Penn.,  N.  New  Eng- 
land, Lake  Superior,  and  northward. — Plant  4' -9'  high. 

7.  AltETIltlSA,    Gronov.        ARETHUSA. 

Flower  ringent ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  united  at  the 
base,  ascending  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  dilated  and  recurved-spread- 
ing  towards  the  summit,  bearded  inside.  Column  adherent  to  the  lip  below, 
petal-like,  dilated  at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal,  of  2  approximate 
cells:  pollen-masses  powdery-granular,  2  in  each  cell. — A  beautiful  low  herb, 
consisting  of  a  sheathed  scape  from  a  globular  solid  bulb,  terminated  by  a  single 
large  rose-purple  and  sweet-scented  flower.  Leaf  solitary,  linear,  nerved,  hidden 
in  the  sheaths  of  the  scape,  protruding  from  the  uppermost  after  flowering. 
(Dedicated  to  the  Nymph  Arethusa.) 

1.  A    bulbosa,  L.  —  Bogs,  Virginia  to  Maine,  N.  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward: rare.    May. — Flower  .'-2'  long,  very  handsome. 
38* 


450  ORCHID ACE^.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

8.    POCr6lVIA,   Juss.       POGONIA. 

Flowe:  irregular,  the  sepals  and  petals  separate.  Lip  crested  or  3-lobed. 
Column  free,  elongated,  club-shaped,  wingless.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like, 
stalked:  pollen-masses  2  (one  in  each  cell),  powdery-granular.  —  Stem  1-5- 
leaved.  (Umywvias,  bearded,  from  the  lip  of  some  of  the  original  species.) 

§  1.  POGONIA  PROPER.  —  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike,  pink-purple. 

1.  P.  opllioglossoides,  Nutt.    Boot  of  thick  fibres;  stem  (6' -9'  high) 
bearing  one  clasping  oval  or  lanceolate  leaf  near  the  middle,  and  a  smaller  similar 
bract  next  the  solitary  flower;  lip  spatulate.  beard-crested  and  fringed. — Bogs; 
common.    June,  July.  —  Flower  handsome,  1'  long,  pale  purple,  rarely  2  or  3. 

2.  P.  pendllla,  Lindl.     Stem  (3'  -  6'  high)  from  oblong  tubers,  bearing 
3  or  4  alternate  ovate-clasping  small  leaves,  and  nearly  as  many  drooping  flowers 
on  axillary  pedicels ;  lip  spatulate,  somewhat  3-lobed,  roughish  or  crisped  above, 
but  not  crested.     (Triphora,  Nutt.) — Rich  damp  woods,  from  W.  New  Eng- 
land southward  and  westward  :  rare.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Flowers  whitish,  tinged 
with  pink,  1'  long;  sepals  and  petals  erect. 

$  2.  ODONECTIS,  Raf.  —  Sepals  linear,  much  longer  than  the  erect  petals:  Up 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  crested :  flowers  dingy  purple. 

3.  P.  verticillata,  Nutt.    Root  of  thick  fibres;   stem  (6' -12'  high) 
bearing  a  whorl  of  5  oval  or  oblong-obovate  pointed  sessile  leaves  at  the  summit,  1- 
flowered;  sepals  erect  (l'-2f  long). — Bogs;  W.  New  England  to  Michigan, 
Kentucky,  and  southward :  scarce.    June. 

4.  P.  divaricata,  R.  Br.     Stem  (2°  high)  bearing  one  lanceolate  leaf  m 
tlie  middle,  and  a  leafy  bract  next  the  single  flower;  sepals  widdy  spreading  (2'- 
*£'  long).  —  Wet  pine-barrens,  Virginia  and  southward.    May. 

9.    CALOPOGON,    R.  Brown.        CALOPOGON. 

Flower  with  the  ovary  or  stalk  not  twisting,  therefore  presenting  its  lip  on  the 
upper  or  inner  side !  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-ovate,  spreading, 
distinct.  Lip  rather  spreading,  raised  on  a  narrowed  base  or  stalk,  dilated  at 
the  summit,  strongly  bearded  along  the  upper  side.  Column  free,  winged  at 
the  apex.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like,  sessile :  pollen-masses  2  (one  in  each 
cell),  of  soft  powdery  grains.  —  Scape  from  a  solid  bulb,  sheathed  below  by  the 
base  of  the  grass-like  leaf,  naked  above,  bearing  several  flowers.  Bracts  minute. 
(Name  composed  of  KaAos,  beautiful,  and  7ro>y<Bi/,  beard,  from  the  bearded  lip.) 

1.  C.  pillchellllS,  R.  Brown.  Leaf  linear;  scape  about  1°  high,  2-6- 
flowered ;  lip  beautifully  bearded  towards  the  dilated  summit  with  white,  yel- 
low, and  purple  club-shaped  hairs. — Bogs;  common.  July. — Flowers  1' 
broad,  pink-purple,  fragrant. 

10.    CAL.YPSO,    Salisb.        CALYPSO. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  similar,  ascending,  spreading,  lanceolate,  pointed. 
Lip  larger  thin  the  rest  of  the  flower,  sac-shaped,  inflated,  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 


ORCHID  ACE  JS.      (ORCHIS    FAMII  Y.)  451 

the  middle  lobe  bearded  above,  and  2-pointed  underneath.  Column  erect, 
broadly  winged  and  petal-like.  Anther  lid-like,  just  below  the  apex  of  tno 
column  :  pollen-masses  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  sessile  on  the  membranaceous 
gland.  —  A  little  bog-herb;  the  solid  bulbs  producing  a  single  petioled  ovate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  thin  leaf,  and  a  short  (3' -5'  high)  scape,  sheathed 
below,  bearing  a  large  and  showy  (variegated  purple  and  yellow)  flower. 
(Name  from  the  goddess  Calypso.} 

1.  C.  borealis,  Salisb.  —  Cold  bogs  and  wet  woods,  the  bulbs  resting  in 
moss,  N.  New  England  to  N.  Michigan,  and  northward.  May.  —  A  very  rare 
and  beautiful  plant.  Lip  f  long,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  a  Lady's 
Slipper.  (Eu.) 

11.    TIPI7L.ARIA,    Nutt.        CKANE-FLT  ORCHIS. 

Sepals  and  petals  spreading,  oblong ;  the  latter  rather  narrower.  Lip  pro- 
longed underneath  into  a  thread-like  ascending  spur  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of 
the  flower,  3-lobed ;  the  middle  lobe  linear,  a  little  wavy,  as  long  as  the  petals, 
the  side  lobes  short  and  triangular.  Column  narrow  and  wingless.  Anther 
lid-like,  terminal :  pollen-masses  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  connected  by  a  linear 
stalk  with  the  transverse  small  gland.  —  Herb  with  large  solid  bulbs  connected 
horizontally,  producing  in  autumn  a  single  ovate  nerved  and  plaited  leaf  on  a 
slender  petiole,  which  is  tinged  with  purple  beneath ;  and  in  summer  a  long 
and  naked  slender  scape  (10' -18'  high),  with  1  or  2  sheaths  at  the  base,  bearing 
a  many-flowered  raceme  of  small  greenish  flowers  tinged  with  purple.  (So 
named  from  some  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flowers  to  insects  of  the  genus 
Tipula.) 

1.  T.  discolor,  Nutt. — Pine  woods,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Oakes.  Deer- 
field,  Massachusetts,  Prof.  Hitchcock.  Vermont,  Beck.  Parma,  Monroe  County, 
New  York,  Dr.  Bradley.  N.  Michigan,  Dr.  Cooky.  Rockport,  Ohio,  Dr. 
Bassett.  Also  southward,  where  it  is  much  less  rare.  July.  —  Spur  almost 
1'  long. 

12,    BL.ETIA,    Ruiz&Pavon.        BLETIA. 

Sepals  spreading,  equal,  rather  exceeding  the  petals.  Lip  hooded,  jointed, 
crested  along  the  upper  face,  often  3-lobed.  Column  half-cylindrical ;  the  fleshy 
anther  forming  a  lid  at  its  apex.  Pollen-masses  8,  in  pairs,  with  a  stalk  to  each 
pair,  waxy,  becoming  powdery.  —  Scape  many-flowered  from  solid  tubers. 
(Named  for  Louis  Blet,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  aphylla,  Nutt.  Leafless;  scape  (l°-2°high)  beset  with  purplish 
scales,  the  lower  ones  sheathing ;  flowers  racemed,  brownish-purple ;  lip  not  sac- 
cate. Rich  woods,  Kentucky  and  southward. 

13.    OTICROSTYL.IS,    Nutt.        ADDJR'S-MOUTH. 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  thread-like  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  auricled  or 
halberd-shaped  at  the  base,  not  tubercled,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Column  very 
small,  with  2  teeth  or  auricles  at  the  summit  and  the  lid-like  anther  between 


452  OECHIDACE^.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

them.  Pollen-masses  4,  in  one  row  (2  in  each  cell),  cohering  by  pairs  at  the 
apex,  waxy,  without  any  stalks  or  elastic  connecting  tissue.  —  Little  herbs  from 
solid  bulbs,  producing  simple  stems  or  scapes,  which  bear  1  or  2  leaves,  and  a 
raceme  of  minute  greenish  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  /u/epos,  little,  and  orvXt's, 
a  column  or  style.) 

1.  HI.   monophyllos,    Lindl.      Slender   (4' -6'  high);    leaf  solitary, 
sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem,  ovate-elliptical ;  raceme  spiked,  long  and  slender ; 
pedicels  not  longer  than  the  flowers ;  lip  triangular-halberd-shaped,  long-pointed.  — 
Cold  wet  swamps,  N.  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
July.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  opliioglossoides,  Nutt.    Leaf  solitary  near  the  middle  of  tho 
stem,  ovate,  clasping  ;  raceme  short  and  obtuse ;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flow- 
ers ;  lip  obtusely  auricled  at  the  base,  3-toothed  at  the  summit.  —  Damp  woods  ; 
more  common  southward.  —  Plant  4'  - 10'  high.    July. 

14.    L,  I  PARIS,    Richard.        TWAYBLADE. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  linear,  or  the  latter  thread-like,  spreading. 
Lip  flat,  entire,  often  bearing  2  tubercles  above  the  base.  Column  elongated, 
incurved,  margined  at  the  apex.  Anther,  &c.  as  in  the  last.  —  Small  herbs,  with 
solid  bulbs,  producing  2  root-leaves  and  a  low  scape,  which  bears  a  raceme  of  few 
purplish  or  greenish  flowers.  (Name  from  Xurapos,  fat  or  shining,  in  allusion  to 
the  smooth  or  unctuous  leaves.) 

1.  I*.  li  Hi  folia,  Richard.    Leaves  2,  ovate ;  petals  thread-like,  reflexed ; 
lip  large  (%'  long),  wedge-obovate,  abruptly  short-pointed,  brown-purplish.     (Malaxis 
liliifolia,  Swartz.)  — Moist  woodlands :  commonest  hi  the  Middle  States.    June. 

2.  L,.  Loeselii,  Richard.    Leaves  2,  elliptical-lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharp- 
ly keeled ;  lip  obovate  or  oblong  (2"  long),  mucronate  at  the  incurved  tip,  yellow- 
ish-green, shorter  than  the  linear  unequal  petals  and  sepals.     (Malaxis  Correana, 
Barton.) — Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and 
northward :  rare.    June.     (Eu.) 

15.    CORALL.ORHIZA,    Haller.        CORAL-SOOT. 

Flower  ringent ;  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  the 
lateral  ascending  and  the  upper  arching :  lip  spreading  above,  with  2  projecting 
ridges  or  lamellae  on  the  face  below,  slightly  adherent  at  the  base  to  the  2-edged 
straightish  column,  and  often  more  or  less  extended  into  a  protuberance  or  short 
spur  coalescent  with  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  Anther  2-lipped,  terminal  and 
lid-like.  Pollen-masses  4,  obliquely  incumbent,  soft-waxy  or  powdery,  free.  — 
Brownish  or  yellowish  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage,  with  much-branched 
and  toothed  coral-like  root-stocks  (probably  root-parasitical),  sending  up  a  sim- 
ple scape,  furnished  with  sheaths  in  place  of  leaves,  and  bearing  small  and  dull- 
colored  flowers  in  a  spiked  raceme.  (Name  composed  of  /copoXAioi/.  coral,  and 
pffa,  root.) 

*•  Lip  3-lobed  (the  middle  lobe  very  much  largest)  and  with  2  distinct  lamellce  or  plaited 
ridges  on  thi  face,  wtitish,  usually  spotted  or  mottled  with  crimson. 


ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.)  453 

1.  C.  iimfita,  R.  Brown.    Plant  slender,  light  brownish  01  yellowish 
(5' -9'  high),  5-12-flowered ;  lip  somewhat  hastdtely  3-lobed  above  the  base,  the 
lamellae  thick  and  rather  short;  spur  none;  pod  oval  or  elliptical  (3 '-4"  long). 
(C.  verna,  Nutt.)  —  Swamps  and  damp  woods,  throughout;  but  scarce.    May, 
June.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  in u Iti flora,  Nutt.      Plant  purplish,  rather  stout   (9' -18' high), 
10-30-flowered;  lip  deeply  3-lobed  at  the  base;  the  middle  lobe  very  wavy,  re- 
curved, the  lamellae  occupying  a  great  part  of  its  length ;  spur  a  manifest  protu- 
berance; pod.  oblong   (i'-f  long). — Dry  rich  woods;    common,  especially 
northward.     July -Sept.  —  Flower  much  larger  than  in*  the  last:  sepals  and 
petals  3" -4"  long. 

*  *  Lip  not  at  all  lobed  (mostly  purplish,  but  unspotted) ;  the  lamettce  consisting  of 
short  and  tooth-like  processes  near  the  base. 

3.  C.  odontorhiza,  Nutt.    Plant  light  brown  or  purplish ;  stem  rather 
slender,  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base  (6' -16'  high),  6  - 20-flowered ;  flowers 
small,  on  rather  slender  pedicels  ;  lip   (2" -3"  long)  obovate  or  ovate  with  a  short 
narrowed  base,  flattish,  with  the  margin  wavy  and  obscurely  denticulate  ;  spur  ob- 
solete; pod  oval  (3" -5"  long).     (C.  Wistariana,  Conrad,  is  merely  a  larger 
form.)  — Rich  woods,  W.  New  England  and  New  York  to  Michigan  and  south- 
ward ;  common.     May -Aug. — Flowers  intermediate  in  size  between  No.  1 
and  No.  2.     There  is  a  small  tooth,  more  or  less  evident,  on  each  side,  where 
the  base  of  the  lip  and  the  wing-like  margin  of  the  column  join. 

4.  C.  RIsicr&i,  Gray.    Plant  purplish,  stout  (6' -16'  high),  bearing  15- 
20  large  flowers  in  a  crowded  spike,  on  very  short  pedicels ;  lip  oval,  very  obtuse,  rath- 
er fleshy  (purple),  3-nerved,  perfectly  entire,  concave,  the  margins  incurved,  the 
sessile  base  obscurely  auricled  and  with  1-3  short  lamellae ;  spur  none  at  all ; 
pod  ovoid  (i'long). —  Woods,  along  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior  (Mackinaw, 
C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  Whitney,  &c.,  West  Canada,  W.  F.  Macrae. )  —  Sepals  and 
petals  6"  -  8"  long,  conspicuously  3-nerved ;  but  this  cannot  be  C.  striata,  LindL, 
which  is  said  to  have  a  3-lobed  and  acute  lip,  &c.    Flowers  the  largest  of  the 
genus. 

16.    APL.ECTRUM,    Nutt.        PUTTY-BOOT.    ADAM-AND-EVE. 

Sepals  and  petals  much  as  in  the  last.  Lip  with  a  short  claw,  free,  3-lobed, 
the  palate  3-ridged ;  no  trace  of  a  spur.  Anther  slightly  below  the  apex  of  the 
cylindrical  straightish  column  :  pollen-masses  4.  —  Scape  and  raceme  as  in  Co- 
rallorhiza,  invested  below  with  3  greenish  sheaths,  springing  in  May  from  the 
side  of  a  thick  globular  solid  bulb  or  corm  (filled  with  ex  teedingly  glutinous 
matter),  which  also  produces  from  its  apex,  late  in  the  preceding  summer,  a 
large,  oval,  many-nerved  and  plaited,  petiolcd,  green  leaf,  lasting  through  the 
winter.  (Genus  too  near  the  last?  The  name  composed  of  a  privative  and 
trX^Krpov,  a  spur,  from  the  total  want  of  the  latter.) 

1.  A.  hyemale,  Nutt.  —  Woods,  in  rich  mould  :  rare.  — Solid  bulbs  of- 
ten 1'  in  diameter,  one  produced  annually  on  a  slender  stalk,  along  with  fibroua 


454  OBCHIDACE.E.     (ORCHIS  FAMILY.) 

toots,  generally  lasting  until  the  third  year  before  it  shrivels,  so  thai  2-3  or 
more  are  found,  horizontally  connected.  Scape  1°  high.  Flowers  dingy  green- 
ish-brown and  purple ;  the  lip  whitish  and  speckled,  nearly  £'  long. 

17.    CYPRIPEDIUM,    L.        LADY'S  SLIPPER. 

Sepals  spreading  ;  the  2  anterior  distinct,  or  commonly  united  into  one  under 
the  lip.  Petals  similar  but  usually  narrower,  spreading.  Lip  a  large  inflated 
sac,  somewhat  slipper-shaped.  Column  short,  3-lobed ;  the  lateral  lobes  bearing 
a  2-celled  anther  under  each  of  them,  the  middle  lobe  (sterile  stamen)  dilated 
and  petal-like,  thickish,  incurved.  Pollen  pulpy-granular.  Stigma  terminal, 
obscurely  3-lobed.  —  Root  of  many  tufted  fibres.  Leaves  large,  many-nerved 
and  plaited,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Mowers  solitary  or  few,  large  and  showy. 
(Name  composed  of  KvTrpis,  Venus,  and  nodiov,  a  sock  or  buskin,  i.  e.  Venus's 
Slipper.)  Also  called  MOCCASON-FLOWER. 

§  1.  Stem  leafy,  1  -3-flowered:  sepals  and  the  linear  wavy-twisted  petals  longer  than 
the  lip,  pointed,  greenish  shaded  with  purplish-brown ;  the  2  anterior  sepals  united 
into  one  quite  or  nearly  to  the  tip. 

1.  C.  pubescens,  Willd.    (LARGER  YELLOW  LADY'S  SLIPPER.)    Se- 
pals elongated-lanceolate ;  lip  flattened  laterally,  very  convex  and  gibbous  above, 
pale  yellow;  sterile  stamen  (appendage  of  the  column)  triangular.  —  Bogs  and 
damp  low  woods ;  common  northward  and  westward,  and  southward  'in  the 
Alleghanies.    May,  June.  —  Stem  2°  high,  pubescent,  as  are  the  broadly  oval 
acute  leaves.    Flower  scentless.    Lip  l^'-2'  long. 

2.  C.  parviflorum,  Salisb.     (SMALLER  YELLOW  LADY'S  SLIPPER.) 
Sepals  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  lip  flattish  from  above,  bright  yellow;  sterile  sta- 
men triangular ;   leaves  oval,  pointed.  —  Rich  low  woods  ;   rather  common. 
May,   June.  —  Stem  l°-2°   high.      Flower  fragrant:  perianth   more  brown- 
purple  than  the  last :  lower  sepal  often  narrower  than  the  upper,  frequently  cleft 
at  the  apex.    Lip  f '- 1'  long. 

3.  C.  candid  u  ill,  Muhl.    (SMALL  WHITE  LADY'S  SLIPPER.)    Sepals 
ovate-lanceolate ;  lip  flattish  laterally,  convex  above,  white ;  sterite  stamen  lanceo- 
late; leaves  lance-oblong,  acute.  —  Low  grounds,  W.  Penn.  to  Kentucky,  Wis- 
consin, and  northwestward.  —  Plant  5' -10'  high,  slightly  pubescent,  1-flowered. 
Petals  and  sepals  greenish,  nearly  equal  in  length,  not  much  longer  than  the 
lip,  which  is  f '  long. 

§  2.  Stem  very  leafy,  1  -3-Jlowered:  sepals  and  petals  fiat  and  rounded,  -cJdte,  not 
longer  than  the  lip,  the  2  anterior  sepals  perfectly  united  into  one 

4.  C.  Spectabile,  Swartz.     (SHOWY  LADY'S  SLIPPER.)    Sepals  round- 
ovate  or  the  upper  orbicular,  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  petals ;  lip  much  in 
flated,  white  tinged  with  purple  in  front ;  sterile  stamen  h^art-ovate.  —  Peat-bogs, 
Maine  and  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin ;  common  northward,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies.     July.  —  The  most  beautiful  of  the  genus,  downy,  2° 
high.    Leaves  ovate,  pointed.    Lip  fully  l£'  in  diameter,  sometimes  almcet  all 
purple. 


AMARYLLIDACE^E.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.)  455 

f  3.  Scape  naked,  2-leaved  at  the  base,  \-flowered;  sepals  and  petals  greenish,  shorter 

than  the  lip,  the  2  anterior  perfectly  united  into  one. 

5.  C.  aeaiile,  Ait.  (STEMLESS  LADY'S  SLIPPER.)  Sepals  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  linear  petals ;  lip  drooping,  obovoid, 
rose-purple,  with  a  fissure  in  front ;  sterile  stamen  rhomboid,  pointed ;  leaves 
oblong.  (C.  humile,  Salisb.) — Dry  or  moist  woods,  under  evergreens;  com- 
mon, especially  northward.  May,  June. — Plant  downy:  the  scape  8;-12' 
high,  with  a  green  bract  at  the  top.  Lip  nearly  2'  long,  veiny,  sometimes  pale, 
or  even  white. 

§  4.  Stem  leafy,  l-fiowered :  the  2  anterior  sepals  separate. 

*  6.  C.  arietinum,  R.  Brown.  (RAM'S-HEAD.)  Upper  sepal  ovate-lan- 
<scolate,  pointed  ;  the  2  lower  and  the  petals  linear  and  nearly  alike,  rather  longer 
than  the  red  and  white  veiny  lip,  which  is  prolonged  at  the  apex  into  a  short 
conical  dcflexed  point ;  sterile  stamen  rounded ;  leaves  3  or  4,  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, nearly  smooth.  ( Cryosanthes,  Raf.  Arietinum,  Beck.)  —  Swamps  and 
damp  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward :  rare.  June. 
—  Stem  slender,  6' -12' high.  Perianth  greenish-brown:  lip  small,  somewhat 
conical,  hairy  at  the  orifice,  £'  long. 


ORDER  120.    AMARYLLJDACE^E.    (AMARYLLIS  FAMILY.) 

Chiefly  bulbous  and  scape-bearing  herbs,  not  scurfy  or  woolly,  with  linear 
flat  root-leaves,  and  regular  (or  nearly  so)  perfect  6-androus  flowers,  the  tube 
of  the  corolline  ^-parted  perianth  coherent  with  the  ^-celled  ovary,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single.  Pod  3-celled, 
several  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  nearly  so,  with  a  straight 
embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  An  order  represented  in  our  gar- 
dens by  the  Narcissus  (N.  POETICUS),  Jonquil  (N.  JONQUILLA),  and  Daf- 
fodil (N.  PSEUDO-NARCISSUS),  the.  Snowdrop  (GALANTHUS  NIVALIS) 
and  the  Snow/lake  (LEUCOJUM  VERNUM),  &c.,  but  with  very  few  indige- 
nous representatives  in  this  country.  Bulbs  acrid.  Hypoxys  is  the  type 
of  a  small  suborder  ? 

Synopsis. 

*  Pod  3-valved,  loculicidal :  anthers  versatile :  perianth  funnel-shaped. 

1.  AMARYLLIS.    Flower  naked  in  the  throat ;  the  tube  short  or  none.    Bulbs  coated. 

2.  PANCRATIUM.    Flower  with  a  slender  tube  and  narrow  recurred  lobes ;  a  cup-shaped 

crown  connecting  the  stamens.    Bulbs  coated. 
3   AGAVE.    Flower  equally  6-cleft,  persistent :  no  crown.    Fleshy-leaved,  not  bulbous. 

*  *  Pod  indehiscent :  anthers  sagitate. 
4.  HYPOXYS.    Perianth  6-par ted  nearly  down  to  the  ovary.    Bulb  solid. 

1.    AMEART"L,L,IS,L.   §  ZEPHYRANTHES,  Herb..  AMARYLLIS. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  from  a  tubular  base  ;  the  6  divisions  petal-like  and  aim  • 
ilar,  spreading  above ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  in  its  naked  throat :  anthers  versar- 


456  AMARYLLIDACE^E.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.) 

tile.     Pod  membranaceous,  3-lobed.  —  Leaves  and  scape  from  a  coated  bulb 
Flowers  1  or  2,  from  a  1  -2-leaved  spathe.     (A  poetical  name.) 

1.  A.  A  tn  ma  sco,  L.  (ATAMASCO  LILY.)  Spathe  2-cleft  at  the  apex ; 
perianth  white  and  pink ;  stamens  and  style  declined.  —  Penn.  (MM.)  Virginia, 
and  southward.  June.  —  Flower  3'  long,  on  a  scape  6'  high. 

2.    PANCRATIUM,    L.        PANCBATIUM. 

Perianth  with  a  long  and  slender  tube,  and  an  equal  6-parted  limb ;  the  lobes 
long  and  narrow,  recurved :  the  throat  bearing  a  tubular  or  cup-shaped  corolliue 
delicate  crown,  which  connects  the  bases  of  the  6  exserted  stamens.  Anthers 
linear,  versatile.  Pod  thin,  2 -3-lobed,  with  a  few  fleshy  seeds,  often  like  bulb- 
lets.  —  Scapes  and  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  large  and  showy  in  an 
umbel-like  head  or  cluster,  leafy-bracted.  (Name  composed  of  TTCLV,  all,  and 
KparvS) powerful,  from  fancied  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  P.  rotatum,  Ker.  Leaves  ascending,  strap-shaped  (l°-2°  long); 
scape  few-flowered  ;  the  handsome  (white  and  fragrant)  flower  with  a  spreading 
large  12-toothed  crown,  the  alternate  teeth  bearing  the  filaments.  (Hymeno- 
callis  rotata,  &c.,  Herbert.)  —  Marshy  banks  of  streams,  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and 
southward.  May.  —  Flowers  opening  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather. 

3.  AGAVE,    L.        AMERICAN  ALOE. 

Perianth  tubular-funnel-form,  persistent,  6-parted  ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal, 
narrow.  Stamens  6,  soon  exserted :  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Pod  coriaceous, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  flattened. — Leaves  very  thick  and  fleshy,  often  with  car- 
tilaginous or  spiny  teeth,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  many-flowered  scape,  from 
a  thick  fibrous-rooted  crown.  (Name  altered  from  dyavos,  wonderful,  not  inap 
propriate  as  applied  to  A.  Americana,  the  Century-plant.) 

1.  A.  Virgiuica,  L.  (FALSE  ALOE.)  Herbaceous;  scape  simple  (3° 
-6°  high);  the  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  wand-like  spike,  greenish-yellow, 
very  fragrant.  —  Dry  or  rocky  banks,  Penn.  ?  Kentucky,  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward. Sept. 

4.     HYPOXYS,    L.        STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  persistent,  6-parted,  spreading ;  the  3  outer  divisions  a  little  herba- 
ceous outside.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  erect.  Pod  crowned  with  the  withered  or 
closed  perianth,  not  opening  by  valves.  Seeds  globular,  with  a  crustaceous 
coat,  ascending,  imperfectly  anatropous,  the  rhaphe  not  adherent  quite  down  to 
the  micropyle,  the  seed-stalk  thus  forming  a  sort  of  lateral  beak.  Radicle  infe- 
rior !  —  Stcmless  small  herbs,  with  grassy  and  hairy  linear  leaves  and  slender 
few-flowered  scapes  from  a  solid  bulb.  (Name  composed  of  VTTO,  beneath,  and 
o£vs,  sfiarp,  it  is  thought  because  the  pod  is  acute  at  the  base.) 

1.  H.  erecta,  L.  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  longer  than  the  umbellately 
1  -4-flowered  scape;  divisions  of  the  perianth  hairy  and  greenish  outside,  yellow 
within.  —  Meadows  ana  open  woods ;  common.  June  -  Aug. 


(BLOODWOBT   FAMILY.)  457 

ORDER  121.    H^EMODORACE^E.    (BLOODWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  usually  equitant  leaves,  and  perfect  8-6-androus 
regular  flowers,  which  are  woolly  or  scurfy  outside  ;  the  tube  of  the  6-lobed 
periantii  coherent  with  the  whole  surface,  or  with  merely  the  lower  part,  of  the 
3-celled  ovary.  —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single,  sometimes  3-partible; 
the  3  stigmas  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Pod  crowned  or  en- 
closed by  the  persistent  perianth,  3-celled,  loculicidal,  3  -  many-seeded. 
Embryo  small,  in  hard  or  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family.* 

Synopsis. 

*  Ovary  wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  :  style  filiform :  seeds  peltate,  amphitropous. 

1.  LACHNANTHES.    Stamens  3,  exserted :  anthers  versatile.    Leaves  equitant. 

*  *  Ovary  free  except  the  base :  style  3-partible :  seeds  anatropous. 

2.  LOPHIOLA.    Stamens  6,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  woolly  6-cleft  perianth.    Leave* 

equitant. 

8.  ALETRIS.    Stamens  6,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  warty-roughened  and  tubular  6-tootued 
perianth.    Leaves  flat. 

1.  L.ACHNANTHES,  Ell.   BED-ROOT. 

Perianth  woolly  outside,  6-parted  down  to  the  adherent  ovary.  Stamens  3, 
opposite  the  3  larger  or  inner  divisions  :  filaments  long,  exserted :  anthers  linear, 
fixed  by  the  middle.  Style  thread-like,  exserted,  declined.  Pod  globular. 
Seeds  few  on  each  fleshy  placenta,  flat  and  rounded,  fixed  by  the  middle.  — 
Herb  with  a  red  fibrous  perennial  root,  equitant  sword-shaped  leaves,  clustered 
at  the  base  and  scattered  on  the  stem,  which  is  hairy  at  the  top,  and  terminated 
by  a  dense  compound  cyme  of  dingy  yellow  and  loosely  woolly  flowers  (whence 
the  name,  from  \dxvr),  wool,  and  avdos*  blossom). 

1.  L..  tinctoria,  Ell.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  and 
southward,  near  the  coast.  July  -  Sept. 

2.     L.OPHIOLA,    Ker.        LOPHIOLA. 

Perianth  densely  woolly,  deeply  6-cleft ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  spreading, 
longer  than  the  6  stamens,  which  are  inserted  at  their  base.  Anthers  fixed  by 
the  base.  Pod  ovate,  free  from  the  perianth  except  at  the  base,  pointed  with 
the  awl-shaped  style,  which  finally  splits  into  3  divisions,  one  terminating  each 
valve.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  ribbed,  anatropous.  —  A  slender  perennial 
herb,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots,  linear  and  nearly  smooth  equi- 
tant leaves  ;  the  stem  leafless  and  whitened  with  soft  matted  wool  towards  the 
summit,  as  well  as  the  crowded  or  panicled  cyme.  Perianth  dingy  yellow  in- 

*  The  character  by  which  Endlicher  distinguishes  this  family  from  the  foregoing,  viz.  by  hay- 
ing the  3  cells  of  the  ovary  opposite  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth,  is  not  true  of  either  of 
the  following  genera.  Yet,  in  Lophiola  and  Aletris,  the  3  stigmas,  as  well  as  the  3  divisions  in- 
to which  the  style  splits  at  maturity,  are  indeed  thus  situated :  but  they  stand  over  the  parti- 
lions,  instead  of  the  cells,  and  therefore  exactly  surmount  the  valves  of  tke  loculicidal  pod. 
39 


458  BROMELIACEJE.       (PINE-APPLE    FAMILY.) 

side;  the  lobes  naked  only  towards  the  tip,  each  clothed  with  a  w(olly  tuft 
towards  the  base  (whence  the  name,  from  Xo<£e!oi>,  a  small  crest). 

1.  Li.  aurea,  Ker.  (Conostylis  Americana,  Pursh.) — Boggy  pine  bar- 
rens, New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  June  -  Aug. 

3.    ALETRIS,    L.        COLIC-BOOT.    STAH-GRASS. 

Perianth  cylindrical,  not  woolly,  but  wrinkled  and  roughened  outside  by 
thickly-set  points,  which  look  like  scurfy  mealiness,  the  tube  cohering  below 
with  the  base  only  of  the  ovary,  6-cleft  at  the  summit.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  lobes  :  filaments  and  anthers  short,  included.  Style  awl-shaped, 
3-cleft  at  the  apex :  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.  Pod  ovate,  enclosed  in  the 
roughened  perianth ;  the  dehiscence,  seeds,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Lophiola.  —  Peren- 
nial and  smooth  stemless  herbs,  very  bitter,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  a  spreading 
cluster  of  thin  and  flat  lanceolate  leaves ;  the  small  flowers  in  a  wand-like  spiked 
raceme,  terminating  a  naked  slender  scape  (2° -3°  high).  Bracts  awl-shaped, 
minute.  ('AXerpi's,  a  female  slave  who  grinds  corn;  the  name  applied  to 
these  plants,  in  allusion  to  the  apparent  mealiness  dusted  over  the  blossoms.) 

1.  A.  lai'iBiosn,  L.      Flowers  oblong-tubular,  white;  lobes  lanceolate- 
oblong.  —  Grassy  or  sandy  woods  ;  common,  especially  southward.    July,  Aug. 

2.  A.  aili'ca,  Walt.    Flowers  bell-shaped,  yellow  (fewer  and  shorter) ; 
lobes  short-ovate. — Barrens,  &c.,  N.  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

ORDER  122.    BROMELIACE^E.     (PINE-APPLE  FAMILY.) 

Herbs  (or  scarcely  woody  plants,  nearly  aU  tropical),  the  greater  part  epi- 
phytes, with  persistent  dry  or  fleshy  and  channelled  crowded  leaves,  sheathing 
at  the  base,  usually  covered  with  scurf;  6-androus ;  the  6-cleft  perianth  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary  in  the  Pine-apple,  &c.,  or  free  from  it  in  our  only  rep- 
resentative, viz. 

1.     TILLANDSIA,    L.        LONG  Moss. 

Perianth  plainly  double,  6-parted ;  the  3  outer  divisions  (sepals)  membrana- 
ceous ;  the  3  inner  (petals)  colored ;  all  convolute  below  into  a  tube,  spreading 
above,  lanceolate.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous !  or  the  alternate  ones  cohering  with 
the  base  of  the  petals :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  free  :  style  thread-shaped  :  stig- 
mas 3.  Pod  cartilaginous,  3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved ;  the  valves  splitting 
into  an  inner  and  an  outer  layer.  Seeds  several  or  many  in  each  cell,  anatro- 
pous,  club-shaped,  pointed,  raised  on  a  long  hairy-tufted  stalk,  like  a  coma. 
Embryo  small,  at  the  base  of  copious  albumen.  —  Scurfy-leaved  epiphytes. 
(Named  for  Prof.  TiUands  of  Abo.) 

1.  T.  usneoides,  L.  (COMMON  LONG  Moss  or  BLACK  Moss.)  Stems 
thread-shaped,  branching,  pendulous ;  leaves  thread-shaped  ;  peduncle  short,  1- 
flowered.  —  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia,  and  southward ;  growing  on  the  branches 
of  trees,  forming  long  hanging  tufts.  A  characteristic  plant  of  the  Southern 
States,  and  barely  coining  within  the  limits  of  this  work. 


IRIDACEJE.      (IRIS    FAMILY.)  459 

ORDER  123.    IRIDACE^E.     (!RIS  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  equitant  ^-ranked  leaves,  and  regular  or  irregular  perfect  flow- 
ers ;  the  divisions  of  the  %-cleft  petal-like  perianth  convolute  in  the  bud  in  2 
sets,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  3-celled  ovary,  and  3  distinct  or  monadelphous 
stamens  with  extrorse  anthers.  —  Flowers  from  a  2-leaved  spathe,  usually 
showy  and  ephemeral.  Style  single :  stigmas  3,  alternate  with  the  cells  of 
the  ovary.  Pod  3-celled,  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous: 
embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albumen.  Rootstocks,  tubers,  &c.  mostly  acrid. 
—  A  rather  small  family,  here  represented  by  only  two  genera. 

1.    IRIS 9    L.        FLOWER-DE-LUCE. 

Perianth  6-cleft;  the  3  outer  divisions  spreading  or  reflexe^;The  3  inner 
smaller  and  erect.  Stamens  distinct,  placed  before  the  outer  divisions  of  the 
perianth,  and  under  the  3  petal-like  stigmas.  Pod  3-6-angled.  Seeds  de- 
pressed-flattened.—  Perennials  with  creeping  and  often  tuberous  rootstocks, 
sword-shaped  or  grassy  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers,  flpis,  the  rainbow 
deified,  anciently  applied  to  this  genus  on  account  of  the  bright  and  varied 
colors  of  the  blossoms.) 

#  Stems  leafy  (l°-3°  high),  often  branching:  rootstocks  thick:  flowers  crestless,  the 

inner  divisions  (petals)  much  smaller  than  the  outer. 

1.  I.  versicolor,  L.     (LARGER  BLUE  FLAG.)    Stem  stout,  angled  on 
one  side ;  leaves  sword-shaped  (f '  wide) ;  ovary  obtusely  triangular  with  the  sides 
flat ;  pod  oblong,  turgid,  with  rounded  angles.  — Wet  places ;  common.    May, 
June.  — Flowers  blue,  variegated  with  green,  yellow  and  white  at  the  base,  and 
veined  with  purple. 

2.  I.  Virgiiiica,  L.      (SLENDER  BLUE  FLAG.)      Stem  very  slender, 
terete;  leaves  narrowly  linear  (#  wide);  ovary  3-angled,  and  each  side  deeply 
2-grooved  ;  pod  triangular,  acute  at  both  ends.     (I.  prismatica,  Pursh.     I.  gra- 
cilis,  Biyel. )  —  Marshes,  Maine  to  Virginia,  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 
June.  —  Flower  much  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

*  *  Low,  almost  stemless,  1  -  3-Jlowered :  divisions  of  the  light  blue-purple  perianth, 
nearly  equal :  rootstocks  slender,  and  here  and  there  tuberous-thickened,  creeping  and 
tufted. 

3.  I.  vrriia,  L.     (DWARF  IRIS.)     Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  rather  glau- 
cous, the  thread-like  tube  of  the  perianth  about  the  length  of  the  divisions,  which 
are  all  beardless  and  crestless;  pod  triangular.  —  Wooded  hill-sides,  Virginia, 
Kentucky,  and  southward.    April. 

4.  I.  cristata,  Ait.     (CRESTED  DWARF  IRIS.)     Leaves  lanceolate  (3'  - 
5'  long  when  grown) ;  those  of  the  spathe  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the 
thread-like  tube  of  the  perianth,  which  is  2'  long  and  considerably  exceeds  the  divis- 
ions ;  the  outer  ones  crested,  but  beardless ;  pod  sharply  triangular.  —  Mountains 
of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     May. 

5.  I.  lacustris,  Nutt.     (LAKE  DWARF  IRIS.)    Tube  of  the  perianth  rather 
thorter  than  the  divisions  (yellowish,  £'  -  \'  long),  dilated  upwards,  not  exceeding 


460  DIOSCOREACE^E.       (YAM    FAMILY.) 

the  spathe  :  otherwise  much  as  in  the  last.  —  Gravelly  shores  of  Lakes  Huron 
and  Michigan.     May. 

I.  PUMILA,  L.,  the  DWARF  IRIS  of  the  Old  World,  and  I.  SAMBUC!NA,  L., 
the  common  FLOWER-DE-LUCE  (i.  e.  Fleur-de-Lis),  are  familiar  in  gardens. 

2.    SISYRINCHIUM,    L.        BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Perianth  6-parted;  the  divisions  alike,  spreading.  Stamens  monadelphous. 
Stigmas  involute-thread-like.  Pod  globular-3-angled.  Seeds  globular.  —  LOTT 
slender  perennials,  with  fibrous  roots,  grassy  or  lanceolate  leaves,  mostly  branch- 
ing 2-edged  or  winged  stems,  and  fugacious  umbelled-clustered  small  flowers 
from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  (Name  composed  of  <ri>s,  a  hog,  and  pvyxos,  snout, 
from  a  fancy  that  the  hogs  are  fond  of  rooting  it  up.) 

1.  S.  Berniiidiaiia,  L.  Scape  winged,  naked,  or  1- 2-leaved;  leaves 
narrow  and  grass-like ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  obovate,  more  or  less  notched 
at  the  end,  and  bristle-pointed  from  the  notch.  (Leaves  of  the  spathe  almost 
equal,  shorter  than  the  flowers.)  —  Var.  ANCEPS  (S.  anceps,  Cav.)  has  a 
broadly  winged  scape,  and  the  outer  leaf  of  the  very  unequal  spathe  longer  than 
the  flowers.  — Var.  MUCRONATUM  (S.  mucronatum,  Michx.)  has  a  slender  and 
narrowly  winged  scape,  very  narrow  leaves,  those  of  the  spathe  sharp-pointed, 
unequal,  one  of  them  usually  longer  than  the  flowers.  But  there  are  various 
intermediate  forms.  —  Moist  meadows,  &c.,  among  grass  ;  common  everywhere. 
June -Aug.  —  Flowers  small,  delicate  blue,  changing  to  purplish,  rarely  whit- 
ish, 4-6  opening  in  succession. 

THE  CROCUS,  the  CORN-FLAG  (GLADIOLUS),  the  BLACKBERRY  LILY  (PAR- 
DANTHUS  CHINENSIS),  and  the  TIGER-FLOWER  (TIGRIDIA  PAv6NiA),  are 
common  cultivated  plants  of  the  family. 

ORDER  124,     DIOSCOREACEJE.     (YAM   FAMILY.) 

Plants  with  twining  stems  from  large  tuberous  roots  or  knotted  rootstocks, 
and  rilled  and  netted-veined  petioled  leaves,  small  dioecious  6-androus  and 
regular  flowers,  with  the  Q-cleft  calyx-like  perianth  adherent  in  the  fertile 
plant  to  the  ^-celled  ovary.  Styles  3,  distinct. — Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell, 
anatropous.  Fruit  usually  a  membranaceous  3-angled  or  winged  pod. 
Seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  in  hard  albumen.  —  Represented  chiefly 
by  the  genus 

1.    DIOSCOREA,    Plumier.        YAM. 

Flowers  very  small,  in  axillary  panicles  or  racemes.  Stamens  6,  at  the  base 
of  the  divisions  of  the  6-parted  perianth.  Pod  3-celled,  3-winged,  loculicidally 
3-valved  by  splitting  through  the  winged  angles.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  flat, 
with  a  membranaceous  wing.  (Dedicated  to  the  Greek  naturalist  Dioscorides.) 

1.  D.  villosa,  L.  (WiLD  YAM-ROOT.)  Herbaceous  ;  leaves  mostly 
alternate,  sometimes  nearly  opposite  or  in  fours,  more  or  less  downy  under- 


SMTLACEJE.       (SMIL AX   FAMILY.)  461 

neath,  heart-shaped,  conspicuously  pointed,  9- 11 -ribbed ;  flowers  pale  greenish- 
yellow,  the  sterile  in  drooping  panicles,  the  fertile  in  drooping  simple  racemes. 
—  Thickets,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  common  southward.  July.  —  A 
slender  vine,  from  knotty  and  matted  rootstocks,  twining  over  bushes.  Pods  £' 
long.  —  A  bad  name,  for  the  plant  is  never  villous,  and  often  nearly  smooth. 


ORDER  125.     SMILACE-flE.     (SMILAX  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  or  climbing  shrubby  plants,  with  ribbed  and  conspicuously  netted- 
veiny  leaves,  regular  6-lQ-androus  Jlowers  with  the  Q  —  10-leaved  perianth 
free  from  the  3  -  5-celled  (rarely  1  -  2-celled)  ovary;  the  styles  or  sessile  stig- 
mas  as  many  and  distinct.  Anthers  introrse.  Fruit  a  few  -  several-seeded 
berry.  Embryo  minute,  in  hard  albumen.  —  A  group  with  no  known  and 
clear  marks  of  distinction  from  the  next :  as  here  received  it  comprises  two 
marked  suborders,  viz. :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    EUSMILACE^.    THE  TRUE  SMILAX  FAMILY. 

Flowers  dioecious,  axillary ;  the  6  divisions  of  the  perianth  all  alike. 
Anthers  1-celled  (2-locellate).  Styles  nearly  wanting:  stigmas  1-3. 
Seeds  orthotropous,  pendulous.  —  Chiefly  shrubby  and  alternate-leaved. 

1.  SMILAX.    Perianth  of  6  distinct  and  similar  divisions.    Ovules  solitary,  rarely  2  in  each 

cell. 

SUBORDER  II.    TRILLIACE^.    THE  TRILLIUM  FAMILY. 

Flowers  perfect,  terminal :  the  sepals  and  petals  usually  different  in  col- 
or. Anthers  2-celled.  Styles  manifest.  Seeds  anatropous,  several  in 
each  cell.  Herbs :  leaves  whorled. 

2.  TRILLIUM.    Sepals  3,  green,  persistent.    Petals  3.    Flower  single. 

a  MEDEOLA.    Sepals  and  petals  3,  colored  alike,  deciduous.    Flowers  umbelled. 

SUBORDER  I.    EUSMFLACE^E.    THE  TRUE  SMILAX  FAMILI 

1.    §  UII  Li  AX,    Tourn.        GREENERIES.    CATBRIBB. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  of  6  (rarely  5  or  7)  equal  spreading  sepals 
(greenish  or  yellowish),  deciduous.  Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
and  at  their  base :  filaments  linear :  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  base. 
Fert.  Fl.  Filaments,  if  present,  sterile.  Stigmas  thick  and  spreading,  almost 
sessile-.  Berry  globular,  1-3-celled,  1-6-seeded.  Seeds  orthotropous,  sus 
pended,  globular.  Albumen  horny.  —  Shrubs,  or  rarely  perennial  herbs,  often 
evergreen  and  prickly,  climbing  by  a  pair  of  tendrils  on  the  petioles,  with  yel- 
lowish-green stems,  variously  shaped  simple  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary 
peduncled  umbels.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

{  1.  SMILAX  PROPER.  —  Stems  woody,  often  prickly :  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  m 
etch  cell.     (All  our  species  are  glabrous.) 
39* 


462  SMILACEJE.      (SMILAX   FAMILY.) 

#  Leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  frc.,  most  of  them  roundish  or  heart-shaped  at  the  base^ 

5  -  9-nerved,  the  three  middle  nerves  or  ribs  stronger  and  more  conspicuous. 

••-  Peduncles  shorter  or  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles :  leaves  thickish,  inclining  to 
be  evergreen,  at  least  southward,  green  both  sides. 

1.  S.  Walteii,  Pursh.    Branches  somewhat  angled,  prickly  or  unarmed; 
leaves  ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped  (3' -4£'  long) ;  berries  red.     (S.  China, 
Walt.)  —  S.  E.  Virginia  and  southward.    July. 

2.  S.  ro tu n di folia,  L.    (COMMON  GREENBRIER.)     Stem  armed  with 
scattered  prickles,  as  well  as  the  terete  branches ;  branchlets  more  or  less  4- 
angular ;  leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  often  broader  than  long,  slightly  heart-shaped, 
abruptly  short-pointed  (2' -3'  long) ;  berries  blue-black,  with  a  bloom.     (S.  cadu- 
ca,  L.,  is  only  a  more  deciduous  and  thin-leaved  form.)  — Moist  thickets ;  com- 
mon, especially  southward.    June.  —  Plant  yellowish-green,  often  high-climbing. 
— Passes  into  var.  QUADRANGULAR  is ;  the  branches,  and  especially  the  branch- 
lets,  4-angular,  often  square.     (S.  quadrangularis,  Muhl.)  — Penn.  to  Kentucky 
and  southward. 

-  -  »~  Peduncles  longer  than,  but  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the  petiole :  leaves  tardily 

deciduous  or  partly  persistent :  berries  black,  with  a  bloom. 

3.  S.  gla.uca.,  Walt.     Terete  branches  and  somewhat  4-angular  branch- 
lets  armed  with  scattered  stout  prickles,  or  naked;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  subcor- 
date,  glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above  as  well  as  the  branchlets  when 
young  (about  2'  long),  abruptly  mucronate,  the  edges  smooth  and  naked.     (S. 
Sarsaparilla,  L.,  in  part,  but  not  as  to  syn.  Bauhin,  whence  the  name  was  taken. 
S.  caduca,  Wittd.,  &c.     S.  spinulosa,  Smith?  Torr.  fi.)—  Dry  thickets,  &c.,  S. 
New  York  to  Kentucky  and  southward.    July. 

4.  S.  tamuoides,  L.    Branches  and  the  angular  (often  square)  branch- 
lets  sparsely  armed  with  short  rigid  prickles ;  leaves  varying  from  round-heart- 
shaped  and  slightly  contracted  above  the  dilated  base  to  fiddle-shaped  and  hal- 
berd-shaped -3-lobed,  green  and  shining  both  sides,  cuspidate-pointed,  the  margins 
often  somewhat  bristly-ciliate  or  spinulose.    (S.  Bona-nox,  L.,  S.  hastata,  Wittd., 
S.  panduratus,  Pursh,  &c.,  are  all  forms  of  this.)  —  Thickets,  New  Jersey  to  Illi- 
nois, and  (chiefly)  southward.    July. 

•»-••-•«-  Peduncles  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  petiole :  leaves  ample  (3r  -  5'  long), 
thin  or  thinnish,  green  both  sides :  berries  black :  stem  terete  and  branchlets  nearly  so. 

5.  S.  bispida,  Muhl.    Kootstock  cylindrical,  elongated ;  stem  (climbing 
high)  below  densely  beset  with  long  and  weak  blackish  bristly  prickles,  the  flowering 
branchlets  mostly  naked;  leaves  ovate  and  the  larger  heart-shaped,  pointed, 
slightly  rough-margined,  membranaceous  and  deciduous.  —  Moist  thickets,  Penn. 
and  W.  New  York  to  Michigan.    June.  —  Peduncles  l£'  -  2'  long.     Sepals  lan- 
ceolate, almost  3"  long. 

6.  S.  Pseudo-China,    L.     Rootstock  tuberous;  stems  and  branches  un- 
armed, or  with  very  few  weak  prickles ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  or  on  the 
branchlets  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate-pointed,  often  rough-ciliate,  becoming  firm 
in  texture;  peduncles  flat  (1^'- 3' long).  — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  New  Jersey  to 
Kentucky,  and  southward.    July. 


SMILACE^E.       (SMILAX   FAMILY.)  463 

#  *  Leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short 
petiole,  3  -  5-nerved,  shining  above,  paler  or  glaucous  beneath,  many  without  tendrils 
peduncles  short,  seldom  exceeding  the  pedicels;   the  umbels  sometimes  panicled 
branches  terete,  unarmed. 

7.  S.  lanceolata,  L.    Leaves  tliin,  rather  deciduous,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
lance-oblong ;  berries  red.  —  S.  E.  Virginia  and  southward.    June. 

8.  S»  laurifolia,  L.     Leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  varying  from 
oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  (2£' -5'  long) ;  berries  black,  mostly  1 -seeded.— Pine 
barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.    July,  Aug. 

§  2.  COPROSMANTHUS,  Torr.  —  Stem  herbaceous,  not  prickly:  ovules  mostly 
in  pairs  in  each  cell :  leaves  long-petioled,  membranaceous,  mucronate-tipped :  berries 
bluish-black  ivith  a  bloom. 

9.  S.  herbacea,  L.     (CARRION-FLO WEE.)     Stem  erect  and  recurving, 
or  climbing ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  rounded,  mostly  heart-shaped,  7  -  9-nerved,  smooth ; 
tendrils  sometimes  wanting ;  peduncles  elongated  (3'  -  4.'  long,  or  often  6'  -  8', 
and  much  longer  than  the  leaves),  20  -  40-flowcred.  —  Var.   PULVERULENTA 
(S.  pulverulenta,  Michx.  &  S.  peduncularis,  Muhl.)  has  the  leaves  more  or  less 
soft-downy  underneath.     A  shorter  peduncled  state  of  this  is  S.  lasioneuron, 
Book.  —  Moist  meadows  and  river-banks  ;   common.     June.  —  Stem  3°  -  6° 
long.    Leaves  very  variable  :  petioles  l'-3f  long.    Flowers  exhaling  the  stench 
of  carrion.     Seeds  6. 

10.  S.  taillilifolia,  Michx.      Stem  upright  or  climbing ;  leaves  heart- 
halberd-shaped,  5-nerved,  smooth;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles.     (S.  tam- 
noides,  Pursh.,  not  of  L.) — Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  south- 
ward. —  Leaves  abruptly  narrowed  above  the  dilated  heart-shaped  base,  tapering 
to  the  apex.    Berry  (always  7)2- 3-seeded. 

SUBORDER  n.    TRIL.L.IACEJE.    THE  TRILLIUM  FAMILY. 

2.    TBIIj!LIUin[»    L.        THREE-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE. 

Flower  perfect.  Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  spreading,  herbaceous,  persistent. 
Petals  3,  larger,  withering  in  age.  Stamens  6  :  anthers  linear,  adnate,  on  short 
filaments.  Styles  (or  rather  stigmas)  awl-shaped  or  slender,  spreading  or  re- 
curved above,  persistent,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Berry  often  6-sided, 
ovate,  3-celled  (purple).  Seeds  horizontal,  several  in  ea'ch  cell.  —  Low  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  a  stout  and  simple  stem  rising  from  a  very  short  and  abrupt 
tuber-like  rootstock,  naked  below,  bearing  at  the  summit  a  whorl  of  3  ample 
and  commonly  broadly  ovate  leaves,  and  a  terminal  large  flower.  (Name 
from  trilix,  triple;  all  the  parts  being  in  threes.)  —Monstrosities  are  not  rarely 
met  with  in  some  species,  especially  in  Nos.  5  and  7,  with  the  calyx  and 
sometimes  the  petals  changed  to  leaves,  or  with  the  parts  of  the  flower  increased 
in  number. 

1 1.  Flower  sessife  and  involucrate  by  the  3  leaves,  erect ;  petals  varying  from  spatulate 
to  lanceolate,  l'-2'  long,  little  exceeding  the  sepals,  withering-persistent:  stems 
mostly  two  from  the  same  bud. 


464  SMILACE^:.       (SMILAX   FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  Sessile,    L.    Leaves  also  sessile,  ovate  or  rhomboidal,  acute,  often 
blotched  or  spotted ;  sessile  petals  erect-spreading  (dark  and  dull  purple,  varying 
to  greenish).  —  Moist  woods,  Penn.   to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     April,. 
May.  —  Stem  4'  - 12'  high. 

2.  T.  reciirvatum,  Beck.     Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  petiole, 
ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate ;  sepals  reflexed,  petals  pointed  at  both  ends,  unguiculate> 
dark  purple.  —  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    April. 

§  2.  Flower  raised  on  a  peduncle :  petals  withering  away  soon  after  blossoming* 
*  Short  peduncle  recurved  under  the  leaves :  rootstocks  clustered,  bearing  2-3  stems. 

3.  T.  eernuuni,  L.     (NODDING  TRILLIUM  or  WAKE-ROBIN.)    Leaves 
broadly  rhomboid,  pointed,  nearly  sessile ;  petals  white,  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  re- 
curved, wavy,  rather  longer  than  the  sepals.  — Moist  woods,  N.  England  to  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky,  and  southward ;  common  eastward.    May.  —  Petals  f '  - 1 '  long. 

*  #  Peduncle  erect  or  at  lenqth  nodding :  rootstocks  bearing  a  single  stem. 
•*-  Leaves  sessile,  abruptly  taper-pointed. 

4.  T.  er£ctlim,  L.     (PURPLE  TRILLIUM.    BIRTHROOT.)     Leaves  dilat- 
ed-rhomboidal,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  very  abruptly  pointed ;  petals  ovate,  acutish, 
dark  dull  purple,  spreading,  little  longer  than  the  sepals  (I'-lj^  long).      (T. 
rhomboideum,  var.  atropurpureum,  Michx.)  — Rich  woods ;  common  northward> 
especially  westward,  and  along  the  Alleghanies.    May.  —  Peduncle  l'-3'  long,, 
at  length  inclined. 

Var.  album,  Pursh.  Petals  greenish-white,  or  rarely  yellowish;  ovary 
mostly  dull-purple.  (T.  pendulum,  Ait.,  &c.)  —  With  the  purple-flowered  form, 
especially  from  New  York  westward. 

5.  T.  grandifldrum,  Salisb.     (LARGE  WHITE  TRILLIUM.)    Leaves 
rhomboid-obovate,  longer  than  broad,  more  taper-pointed,  barely  sessile ;  petals  obo- 
vate, spreading  from  an  erect  base,  longer  and  much  broader  than  the  sepals 
(2' -2^'  long),  white,  changing  with  age  to  rose-color.  —  Rich  woods,  Vermont  to 
Wisconsin  and  Kentucky,  and  northward.    June.  — Flower  on  a  peduncle  2'- 
3'  long,  very  handsome. 

H—  H—  Leaves  petioled,  rounded  at  the  base. 

6.  T.  iiivale,  Riddell.     (DWARF  WHITE  TRILLIUM.)     Small  (2'-3' 
high) ;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse :  petals  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse,  rather  wavy,  white, 
as  long  as  the  peduncle,  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Wiscon- 
sin.   April.  — Leaves  l'-2',  and  petals  1',  long.     Styles  long  and  thread-like. 

7.  T.  erythrocarpum,  Michx.    (PAINTED  TRILLIUM.)    Leaves  ovate, 
taper-pointed ;  petals  ovate  or  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  wavy,  widely  spreading,  white 
painted  with  purple,  stripes  at  the  base,  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  shorter 
than  the  peduncle.     (T.  pictum,  Pursh.)  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  bogs,  New- 
England  to  Lake  Superior  and  northward,  and  southward  in  the  higher  Alle- 
ghanies through  Virginia.    May,  June. 

3.    MEDEOL-A,    Gronov.        INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  revolute,  of  3  sepals  and  3  petals  which  are  oblong 
and  alike  (pale  greenish-yellow),  deciduous.  Stamens  6  :  filaments  thread-lik^ 


LILIACEjr,,       (LILY    FAMILY.)  465 

longer  than  the  linear-oblong  anthers,  which  are  attached  by  their  back  near  tho 
base.  Styles  3,  recurved-diverging,  long  and  thread-form  (stigmatic  along  tho 
upper  side),  deciduous.  Berry  spherical  (dark  purple),  3-celled,  few-seeded.  — 
A  perennial  herb,  with  a  simple  slender  stem  (l°-3°  high,  clothed  with  floccu- 
lent  deciduous  wool)  rising  from  a  horizontal  and  tuberous  white  rootstock 
(which  has  the  taste  of  the  cucumber),  bearing  a  whorl  of  5-9  obovate-lanceo- 
late  and  pointed  sessile  leaves  near  the  middle,  and  another  of  3  smaller  ovate 
ones  at  the  top,  subtending  a  sessile  umbel  of  small  recurved  flowers.  (Named 
after  the  sorceress  Medea,  from  the  imaginary  notion  that  it  possesses  great  me- 
dicinal virtues.) 

1.  M.  Virsjiiiicii,  L,     (Gyromia,  Nutt.)  —  Rich  damp  woods.    June. 


ORDER  126.     L.ILJACEJE.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  paraUel-nerved  sessile  or  sheathing  leaves,  regular  perfect  6- 
(rarely  4-)  androus  flowers  with  the  petal-like  consimilar  6-merous  perianth 
free  from  the  2  -  3-celled  ovary,  introrse  anthers  attached  by  a  point,  and  the 
style  single.  —  Stigmas  3,  or  combined  into  one.  Fruit  a  3-valved  loculi- 
cidal  pod,  or  a  berry,  many  -  few-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  ampbitro- 
pous.  Embryo  slender  or  minute,  in  fleshy  or  hard  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.     ASPARAGEJB.    Fruit  a  few-seeded  berry,  2  -3-celled.    Albumen  horny. 
Not  bulbous  :  rootstocks  creeping  or  tuberous.    Pedicels  jointed  under  the  flower. 
*  Stems  branching,  very  leafy.    Seeds  amphitropous. 

1.  ASPARAGUS.    Perianth  6-parted.    Leaves  thread-like  or  bristle-form.    Pedicels  jointed 

*  *  Stem  simple,  leafy. 

2.  POLYGONATUM.    Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft  :  stamens  above  the  middle.    Flowers  axillary. 
8.  SMILACINA.    Perianth  4  -6-parted,  spreading,  he  stamens  borne  at  the  base.    Flowers  in 

a  raceme. 

*  *  *  Scape  naked. 

4.  CONVALLARIA.    Perianth  bell  -shaped,  6-lobed.    Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme. 

6.  CLINTONIA.    Perianth  of  6  separate  sepals.    Stamens  hypogynous.    Flowers  in  an  umbeL 

TEIBB  II.    ASPHODEL,E^E.    Fruit  a  few  -many  -seeded  pod,  3-celled.    Seed-coat  crus- 
taceous,  black. 

*  Not  bulbous.     Perianth  united  in  a  tube  below. 

6.  HEMEROCALLIS.    Perianth  funnel-form.    Stamens  declined.    Pod  many-seeded. 

*  *  Bulbous  :  scape  simple.    Perianth  6-sepalled  or  6-parted. 

7.  ORNITHOGALUM.    Flowers  corymbed,  never  blue  or  reddish.    Style  3-sided. 

8.  SCILLA.    Flowers  racemed,  purple  or  blue.     Style  thread-like. 

9.  ALLIUM.    Flowers  umbelled,  from  a  spathe.    Sepals  1-nerved. 

TRIBE  III.    TULIP  ACE.3E.    Fruit  a  many  -seeded  3-celled  pod.    Seed-coat  pale.    Pill. 
anth  6-leaved. 

*  Bulbous  herbs.     Perianth  deciduous. 

10.  LILIUM.    Stem  leafy.    Pod  oblong.    Seeds  vertically  much  flattened. 

11.  ERYTHRONIUM.    Scape  naked,  1-flowered.     Pod  obovate-triangular  :  seeds  ovoW. 

*  *  Not  bulbous  :  stem  (caudex)  perennial.     Perianth  not  deciduous. 

12.  YUCCA     Flowers  in  a  term  nal  panicle.    Leaves  crowded,  rigid  and  persistent. 


466  LILIACEJC.     (LILT  FAMILY.; 

1.    ASPARAGUS,    L.        ASPARAGUS. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading  above :  the  6  stamens  at  their  base.  Style  short ; 
Btigma  3-lobed.  Berry  spherical,  3-celled;  the  cells  2-seeded.  —  Perennials, 
with  much-branched  stems  from  thick  and  matted  rootstocks,  very  narrow  leaves 
in  clusters,  and  small  greenish-yellow  axillary  flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name.) 

1.  A»  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (GARDEN  ASPARAGUS.)  Herbaceous  ;  bushy- 
branched;  leaves  thread-like.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  into  waste 
places  on  the  coast.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    POL.YGONATUM,    Tourn.        SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Perianth  tubular,  6-lobed  at  the  summit ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  or  above 
the  middle  of  the  tube,  included.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  2-6  ovules  in  each  cell : 
style  slender,  deciduous  by  a  joint :  stigma  obtuse  or  capitate,  obscurely  3-lobed. 
Berry  globular,  black  or  blue ;  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
simple  erect  or  curving  stems,  rising  from  creeping  thick  and  knotted  rootstocks, 
above  bearing  nearly  sessile  or  half-clasping  nerved  leaves,  and  axillary  nod- 
ding greenish  flowers.  (The  ancient  name,  composed  of  TroXvs,  many,  and 
•yoi/u,  knee,  alluding  to  the  numerous  joints  of  the  rootstocks  and  stems.)  — 
Ours  are  all  alternate-leaved  species,  and  with  the  stem  terete  or  scarcely  angled 
when  fresh. 

1.  P.  bifloriuil,  Ell.     (SMALLER  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.)     Glabrous,  except 
the  ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  nearly  sessile  Leaves,  which  are  commonly  mi- 
nutely pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  (but  sometimes  smooth),  as  well  as  pale  or 
glaucous  underneath;  stem  slender  (l°-3°high);  peduncles  1-3-  but  mostly  2- 
flowered ;  filaments  papillose-roughened,  inserted  towards  the  summit  of  the  cylin- 
drical-oblong perianth.     (Convallaria  biflora,  Walt.     C.  pubescens,  Willd.    Po- 
ly gonatum  pubescens,  angustifolium,  &  multiflorun^PursA.)  — Wooded  banks; 
common.  —  Perianth  %'  long,  greenish. 

2.  P.  gigaiiteum,  Dietrich.     (GREAT  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.)      Glabrous 
throughout;  stem  stout  and  tall  (3° -8°  high),  terete;  leaves  ovate, partly  clasp- 
ing (5' -8' long),  or  the  upper  oblong  and  nearly  sessile,  many-nerved,  green 
both  sides ;  peduncles  several-  (2-8-)  flowered ;  filaments  smooth  and  naked,  or  nearly 
so,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  cylindrical-oblong  perianth.    (Con- 
vallaria canaliculata,  Willd.     Poly  gonatum  canaliculatum,  Pursh.     P.  commu- 
tatum,  Dietrich.)  —  River-banks  and  woods,  in  alluvial  soil;  not  rare.    June. 
(The  stem  not  being  at  all  channelled  in  the  living  plant,  it  is  better  to  dis 
card  the  earlier  name  of  canaliculatum.) — Pedicels  £'-!£'  long:  perianth  f 
long.  v 

3.  P.  latifolium.  Desf.     Upper  part  of  the  stem  (2°-3°  high),  the  1  -  5- 
flowered  peduncles,  pedicels,  and  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  mostly 
petioled  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent ;  filaments  glabrous.    (P.  hirtum,  Pursh.    Con- 
vallaria hirta,  Poir.) — Pennsylvania,  MuJdenberg  !  —  This  appears  to  be  essen- 
tially the  European  P.  latifolium. 

P.  MULTIFLORUM,  with  hirsute  filaments,  I  have  never  seen  in  this  country. 


LILIACFJE.     (LILT  FAMILY.)  467 

8.    SMILACtNA,    Desf.       FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL. 

Perianth  4-6-parted,  spreading,  deciduous  (white),  with  as  many  stamens 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  divisions.  Filaments  slender :  anthers  short.  Ovary 
2-3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell:  style  short  and  thick:  stigma  obscurely 
2  -3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  1  -2-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  stems 
from  creeping  or  thickish  rootstocks,  alternate  nerved  leaves,  and  white,  often 
fragrant  flowers  in  a  terminal  simple  or  compound  raceme.  (Name  a  diminu- 
tive of  Smilax,  which,  however,  these  plants  are  quite  unlike.) 

$  1.  SMILACINA  PROPER.  —  Divisions  of  the  perianth  (oblong-lanceolate)  and 
stamens  6,  the  latter  longer :  ovary  3-celled :  ovules  collateral :  racemes  crowded  in 
a  compound  raceme  or  close  panicle. 

1.  S.  raccmosa,  Desf.    (FALSE  SPIKENARD.)    Minutely  downy ;  leaves 
numerous,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  ciliate,  abruptly  somewhat 
petioled. — Moist  copses:   common.     June.  —  Stem  2°  high  from  a  thickish 
rootstock,  zigzag.    Berries  pale  red,  speckled  with  purple,  aromatic.     (S.  cili- 
ata,  Desf.,  is  a  dwarf  state  of  this.) 

§  2.  ASTERANTHEMUM,  Kunth.  —  Divisions  of  the  perianth  6,  oblong-lance- 
olate, longer  than  the  stamens :  ovary  2  -  3-cetted :  ovules  one  above  the  other :  raceme 
single,  5  -  12-Jlowered. 

2.  S.  Stellata,  Desf.    Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  7  - 12  oblong-lanceolate  leaves 
minutely  downy  beneath  when  young,  slightly  clasping  ;   berries  blackish.  — 
Moist  banks;   common,  especially   northward.      May,  June. — Plant  l°-2° 
high.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  trifolia,  Desf.     Glabrous,  dwarf  (3'  -  6'  high) ;  leaves  3  (sometimes 
2  or  4),  oblong,  tapering  to  a  sheathing  base;  berries  red. —  Cold  bogs,  New 
England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     May. 

§3.  MAlANTHEMUM,  Desf.  —  Divisions  of  the  reflexed-spreading  perianth 
(oval)  and  the  stamens  4,  of  equal  length :  ovary  2-cetted:  ovules  collateral:  raceme 
single,  many-flowered. 

4.  S.  bifolia,  Ker.     Glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent,  low  (3'  -  5'  high)  ; 
leaves  mostly  2  (sometimes  3),  heart-shaped,  petioled,  or  in  our  plant  (var. 
CANADENSIS)  one  or  both  often  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  clasping.  —  Moist 
woods ;  very  common,  especially  northward.    May.     (Eu.) 

4.    CONVAI.L.ARIA,    L.  (in  part).    LILY  OP  THE  VALLEY. 

Perianth  bell-shaped  (white),  6-lobed,  deciduous ;  the  lobes  recurved.  Sta 
mens  6,  included,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  3-celled,  tapering 
into  a  stout  style :  stigma  triangular.  Ovules  4  -  6  in  each  cell.  Berry  few- 
seeded  (red).— A  low  perennial  herb,  glabrous,  stemless,  with  slender  running 
rootstocks,  sending  up  from  a  scaly-sheathing  bud  2  oblong  leaves,  with  their 
long  sheathing  petioles  enrolled  one  within  the  other  so  as  to  appear  like  a  stalk. 
and  an  angled  scape  bearing  a  one-sided  raceme  of  pretty  sweet-scented  nodding 
flowers.  (Altered  from  Lilium  convallium,  the  popular  name.) 


468  LILIACEJS.     (LILY  FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  majalis,  L. —  High  Alleghanies  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 
May.  —  Same  as  the  European  plant  so  common  in  gardens.  (Eu.) 

5.     CL,  INTO  MI  A,    Raf.        CLINTOKIA. 

Perianth  of  6  separate  sepals,  bell-shaped,  lily-like,  deciduous;  the  6  stamens 
inserted  at  their  base.  Filaments  long  and  thread-like  :  anthers  linear-oblong. 
Ovary  ovoid-oblong,  2-3-celled:  style  long,  columnar-thread-like:  stigma  de- 
pressed. Berry  ovoid,  blue,  few  -  many-seeded. —  Stemless  perennials,  with 
slender  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  a  naked  scape  sheathed  at  the  base  by 
the  stalks  of  2-4  large  oblong  or  oval  ciliate  leaves.  Flowers  rather  large,  um- 
belled,  rarely  single,  somewhat  downy  outside.  (Dedicated  to  De  Witt  Clinton.) 

1.  C.  borealiS,  Raf.     Umbd  few-  (2-7-)  flowered;  ovules  20  or  more. 
(Dracaena  borealis,  Ait.)  —  Cold  moist  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin  and 
northward,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    June.  —  Scape  and  leaves  5' -8 
long.    Perianth  over  £'  long,  greenish-yellow. 

2.  C.  nmbellata,  Torr.     Umbel  many-flowered;  ovules  2  in  each   cell. 
(C.  multiflora,  Beck.     Convallaria  umbellulata,  Michx.     Smilacina,  Desf.)  — 
Rich  woods,  S.  W.  New  York,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.    June.  — 

JFlowers  half  the  size  of  the  last,  white,  speckled  with  green  or  purplish  dots. 

6.    HEMEROCALLIS,    L.        DAY-LILY. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  lily-like ;  the  short  tube  enclosing  the  ovary,  the  spread- 
ing limb  6-parted ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  its  throat.  Filaments  and  stylo 
long  and  thread-like,  declined  and  ascending :  stigma  simple.  Pod  rather  fleshy, 
3-angled,  3-valved,  with  several  black  spherical  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Showy  pe- 
rennials, with  fleshy-fibrous  roots  ;  the  long  and  linear  keeled  leaves  2-ranked  at 
the  base  of  the  tall  scapes,  which  bear  at  the  summit  several  bracted  large  yellow 
flowers  :  these  collapse  and  decay  after  expanding  for  a  single  day  (whence  the 
name,  from  fjpepa,  a  day,  and  KaAXos,  beauty). 

1.  H.  FULVA,  L.  (COMMON  DAY-LILY.)  Inner  divisions  (petals)  of  the 
tawny  orange  perianth  wavy  and  obtuse.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens, 
where  it  is  common.  July.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

H.  FLAVA,  L.,  the  YELLOW  DAY-LILY,  is  commonly  cultivated.  —  The 
White  and  the  Blue  Day-Lilies  of  the  gardens  are  species  of  FUNKIA,  a  very 
different  genus. 

7.    ORNITHOOAL.UM,    Tourn.        STAR-OF-BETHLBHEM. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (white)  spreading  sepals,  3-7-nerved.  Filaments  6, 
flattened-awl-shaped.  Style  3-sided :  stigma  3-angled.  Pod  membranous, 
roundish-angular,  with  few  dark  and  roundish  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Scape  and 
linear  channelled  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  corymbed,  bracted.  (An 
ancient  whimsical  name  from  opvis,  a  bird,  and  -yaXa,  milk.) 

1.  O.  TTMBELLATUM,  L.     Flowers  5-8,  on  long  and  spreading  pedicels; 
sepals  green  in  the  middle  on  the  outside. — Escaped  from  gaidens  inU 
meadows,  eastward.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


LILIACE.E.     (LILT  FAMILY.)  469 

8.    SCILLA,    L.        SQUILL. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (blue  or  purple)  spreading  sepals,  mostly  deciduous ; 
the  6  awl-shaped  filaments  at  their  base.  Style  thread-like.  Pod  3-angled,  3- 
valved,  with  several  black  roundish  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Scape  and  linear  leaves 
from  a  coated  bulb :  the  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  mostly  bracted.  (The 
ancient  name.) 

1.  S.  Fraseri.  (EASTERN  QUAMASH.  WILD  HYACINTH.)  Leaves 
long  and  linear,  keeled ;  raceme  elongated ;  ,bracts  solitary,  longer  than  the 
pedicels  ;  stigma  minutely  3-cleft ;  pod  triangular,  the  cells  several-seeded. 
(Phalangium  esculentum,  Nutt.  in  part.  Scilla  esculenta,  Ker.  Camassia 
Fraseri,  Torr.  mss.) — Moist  prairies  and  river-banks,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  and 
southwestward.  May.  —  Bulb  onion-like,  eaten  by  the  Indians.  Scape  1°  high. 
Sepals  widely  spreading,  pale  blue,  3-nerved,  ^'  long.  (I  do  not  discern  suffi- 
cient characters  for  the  genus  Camassia.) 

9.    AL.L.IUM,    L.        ONION.    GARLIC. 

Perianth  of  6  entirely  colored  sepals,  which  are  distinct,  or  united  at  the  very 
base,  1 -nerved,  often  becoming  dry  and  scarious  and  more  or  less  persistent: 
the  6  filaments  awl-shaped  or  dilated  at  their  base.  Style  persistent,  thread- 
like :  stigma  simple.  Pod  lobed,  3-valved,  with  1  or  few  ovoid-kidney-shaped 
amphitropous  or  campylotropous  black  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Strong-scented  and 
pungent  stemless  herbs  ;  the  leaves  and  scape  from  a  coated  bulb  :  flowers  in  a 
simple  umbel,  some  of  them  frequently  changed  to  bulblets ;  spathe  1  -  2-valved. 
(The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Garlic.) 

#  Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell :  leaves  broad  and  flat,  appealing  in  early 

spring,  and  dying  before  ihefloioers  are  developed. 

1.  A.  tricoccum,  Ait.     (WiLD  LEEK.)     Scape  naked  (9'  high),  bear- 
ing an  erect  many-flowered  umbel;   leaves   lance-oblong  (5' -9'  long,   l'-2' 
wide) ;  scapes  1°  high  from  clustered  pointed  bulbs  (2'  long) ;  sepals  oblong 
(white),  equalling  the   simple   filaments;   pod   strongly  3-lobed.  —  Rich   cool 
woods,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies.     July. 

*  *  Ovules  and  seeds  mostly  2  in  each  cell :  ovary  crested  with  6  teeth  at  the  summit : 

leaves  long  and  narrow. 
•*-  Umbel  bearing  only  flowers  and  ripening  pods. 

2.  A.  cernuimi,  Roth.     (WiLD  ONION.)     Scape  naked,  angular  (1°  -  2° 
high),  often  nodding  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  loose  or  drooping  many-flowered  umbel; 
leaves  linear,  sharply  keeled  (1°  long);  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute  (rose-color), 
shorter  than  the  simple  slender  filaments.  —  Steep  banks,  W.  New  York  to  Wis- 
consin and  southward.     Aug. 

3.  A.  StellatUKIl,  Nutt.     Scape  terete,   slender,  bearing  an  erect  umbel; 
leaves  flat ;  sepals  equalling  the  stamens  :  otherwise  resembling  the  last,  but  usu- 
ally not  so  tall ;  the  pod  more  crested. — Rocky    slopes,   Illinois  (Enydmannt 
and  northwestward, 

40 


470  LILIACE^:.       ^LILT    FAMILY.) 

4.  A.  SclHrnoprasum,  L.     (CHIVES.)     Scape  naked,  or  leafy  at  the 
base  (£°-l°  high)  bearing  a  globular  capitate  umbel  of  many  rose-purple  flow 
ers ;  sepals  lanceolate,  pointed,  longer  than  the  simple  downwardly  dilated  fila- 
ments; leaves  awl-shaped,  hollow.     Var.  with  recurved  tips  to  the  sepals  (A. 
Sibiricum,  L.)  —  Shore  of  Lakes  Huron,  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

•*-  H-  Umbel  often  densely  bulb-bearing,  with  or  without  Jlowers. 

5.  A.  VIKEALE,  L.     (FIELD    GARLIC.)     Scape  slender,  clothed  with  the 
sheathing  bases  of  the  leaves  below  the  middle  (l°-3°  high) ;  leaves  terete,  lid- 
low,  slender,  channelled  above ;  filaments  much  dilated,  the  alternate  ones  Deleft, 
the  middle  division  anther-bearing.  —  Moist  meadows  and  fields,  near  the  coast. 
June. — Flowers  rose-color  and  green.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  A.  Canadense,  Kalm.    (WILD  MEADOW  GARLIC.)    Scape  leafy- 
only  at  the  base  (1°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  Jlattish;  umbel  few-flowered; 
filaments  simple,  dilated  below.  —  Moist  meadows,  &c.     May,  June. — Flowers 
pale  rose-color,  pedicelled  ;  or  a  head  of  bulbs  in  their  place. 

*  =fc  *  Ovules  several  in  each  cell ;  leaves  long  and  linear.    (Nothoscordum,  Kunth.) 

7.  A.  strifttuui,  Jacq.    Leaves  narrowly  linear,  often  convolute,  striate 
on  the  back,  about  the  length  of  the  obscurely  3-angled  naked  scape  (6' -12' 
long) ;  filaments  dilated  below,  shorter  than  the  narrowly  oblong  sepals  (which 
are  white  with  a  reddish  keel) ;  ovules  4-7  in  each  cell.  —  Prairies  and  open 
woods,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     May. 

A.  TRIFL6RUM,  Raf.,  from  the  mountains  of  Penn.,  is  wholly  obscure. 
A.  SATIVUM,  the  GARDEN  GARLIC,  A.  P6RRUM,  the  LEEK,  and  A.  CEI-A. 
the  ONION,  are  well-known  cultivated  species. 

10.    JL1LIVJJI,    L.        LILT. 

Perianth  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped,  colored,  of  6  distinct  sepals,  spreading  or 
recurved  above,  with  a  honey-bearing  furrow  at  the  base,  deciduous ;  the  6  sta- 
mens somewhat  adhering  to  their  bases.  Anthers  linear,  versatile.  Style  elon- 
gated, somewhat  club-shaped  :  stigma  3-lobed.  Pod  oblong,  containing  numer- 
ous flat  (depressed)  soft-coated  seeds  densely  packed  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. — 
Bulbs  scaly,  producing  simple  stems,  with  numerous  alternate-scattered  or 
whorled  short  and  sessile  leaves,  and  from  one  to  several  large  and  showy 
flowers.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek  Xeipiov.) 

*  Flowers  erect,  bell-shaped,  the  sepals  narrowed  below  into  claws. 

1.  L«.  Philadelpliicum,  L.     (WILD  ORANGE-RED  LILT.)     Leaves 
linear-lanceolate ;  the  upper  chiefly  in  whorls  of  5  to  8 ;  flowers  1-3,  open-bell- 
shaped,  reddish-orange  spotted  with  purplish  inside ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  not 
recurved  at  the  summit.  —  Open  copses ;  rather  common.     June,  July,  —  Stem 
2°  -3°  high  :  the  flower  2£'  long. 

2.  L,.  Catesbeei,  Walt.     (SOUTHERN  &ED  LILT.)     Leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, scattered;  flower  solitary,  open-bell-shaped,  the  long-clawed  sepals  wavy 
on  the  margin  and  recurved  at  the  summit,  scarlet,  spotted  with  dark  purple  and 
yellow  inside.  —  Low  sandy  soil,  Pennsylvania?  to  Kentucky  and  southward. 


LILIACEJE.     (LILY  FAMILY.)  471 

*  #  Flowers  nodding,  bell-shaped,  the  sessile  sepals  revolute. 

3.  L..  Caiiadciise,  L.    (WiLD  YELLOW  LILY.)    Leaves  remotely  whorled, 
lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved,  the  margins  and  nerves  rough,  flowers  few,  long- 
peduncled,  oblong-bell-shaped,  the  sepals  recurved-spreading  above  the  middle,  yel- 
low, spotted  inside  with  purple.  —  Moist  meadows  and  bogs ;  common,  especially 
northward.     June,  July.  —  Stem  2°  -  3°  high.     Flower  2'  -  3'  long. 

4.  It.  superb  mil,  L.     (TURK'S-CAP  LILY.)     Lower  leaves  wkorled,  lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  3-nerved,  smooth ;  flowers  often  many  (3  -  20  or  40)  in  a  pyram- 
idal raceme ;  sepals  strongly  revolute,  bright  orange,  with  numerous  dark  purple 
spots  inside.  —  Rich  low  grounds  ;  rather  common.    July,  Aug.  —  Stem  3°  -  7° 
high  :  sepals  3'  long.     L.  Caroliuianum,  Michx.,  is  apparently  a  variety  of  this. 

L.  CANDIDUM,  the  WHITE  LILY,  and  L.  BULsfrERUM,  the  ORANGE  BDLB- 
BEAUING  LILY,  are  most  common  in  gardens. 

11.     ERYTHRONIUM,    L.        DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET. 

Perianth  lily-like,  of  6  distinct  lanceolate  sepals,  recurved  or  spreading  above, 
deciduous,  the  3  inner  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  erect 
base,  and  a  groove  in  the  middle.  Filaments  6,  awl-shaped :  anthers  oblong- 
linear.  Style  elongated.  Pod  obovate,  contracted  at  the  base,  3-valved:  Seeds 
rather  numerous,  ovoid,  with  a  loose  membranaceous  tip.  —  Nearly  stemlcss 
herbs,  with  2  smooth  and  shining  flat  leaves  tapering  into  petioles  and  sheathing 
the  base  of  the  1 -flowered  scape,  rising  from  a  deep  solid-scaly  bulb.  Flower 
nodding,  vernal.  (Name  from  epvOpfa,  red,  which  is  inappropriate  as  respects 
the  American  species.) 

1.  E.  AinericuilUlll,  Smith.     (YELLOW  ADDER'S-TONGUE.)     Leaves 
elliptical-lanceolate,  pale  green,  spotted  with  purplish  and  dotted  ;  perianth  pale 
yellow,  spotted  near  the  base ;  style  club-shaped ;  stigmas  united.  —  Low  copses, 
&c. ;  common.    May.  —  Scape  6'  -  9'  high :  flower  1'  or  more  long.  —  E.  BRAO- 
TEATUM,  Boott,  from  the  Camel's  Rump  Mountain,  Vermont,  is  probably  only 
an  accidental  state  of  this  species. 

2.  E.  ftllmluiii,  Nutt.     (WHITE  DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET.)     Leaves    el- 
liptical-lanceolate, spotted,  not  dotted ;  perianth  ivhite  or  bluish-white ;  sepals  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  the  inner  without  lateral  teeth;  style  thread-like  and  club- 
shaped;  stigma  3-cleft. — Low  thickets  from  Albany,  New  York,  and  W.  Penn- 
sylvania to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    April,  May. 

12.    Y  IT  CCA,    L.        BEAR-GRASS.     SPANISH  BAYONET. 

Perianth  of  6  petal-like  (white)  oval  or  oblong  and  acute  flat  sepals,  wither- 
ing-persistent, the  3  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  6  stamens.  Stigmas  3,  ses- 
sile. Pod  oblong,  somewhat  6-sided,  3-celled,  or  imperfectly  6-celled  by  a  par- 
tition from  the  back,  fleshy,  tardily  3-valved  at  the  apex.  Seeds  very  many  in 
each  cell,  depressed.  —  Stems  woody,  either  very  short,  or  rising  into  thick  and 
columnar  palm-like  trunks,  clothed  with  persistent  rigid  linear  or  sword-shaped 
leaves,  and  terminated  by  an  ample  compound  panicle  of  showy  (often  po'yga- 
mous)  flowers.  (An  aboriginal  name.) 


472         MELANTHACE^E.   (COLCHICUM  FAMILY.) 

1.  Y.  filamentosa,  L.  (ADAM'S  NEEDLE.)  Stemless,i.  e.  the  tram 
(from  a  running  rootstock)  rising  for  a  foot  or  less  above  the  earth,  covered  with 
the  lanceolate  unarmed  coriaceous  leaves  (l°-2°  long),  which  bear  filaments  on  their 
margins ;  scape  or  flower-stem  6°  -  8°  high,  erect.  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Virginia  and 
southward.  July. 

Y.  GLORi6sA,  L.,  and  Y.  ALOir6LiA,  L.  (SPANISH  BAYONET),  which  are 
caulescent  and  thick-leaved  species,  belong  farther  south,  and  probably  are  not 
indigenous  north  of  the  coast  of  North  Carolina. 

The  TULIP,  the  CROWN  IMPERIAL,  the  HYACINTH,  and  the  TUBEROSE 
(POLIANTHES  TUBER6SA)  are  common  cultivated  representatives  of  this 
Family. 

ORDER  127.     MELANTHACEJE.     (COLCHICUM  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  regular  6-merous  and  6-androus  flowers,  the  consimilar  peri- 
anth free  (or  nearly  free)  from  the  3-celled  ovary,  extrorse  anthers,  and  3 
more  or  less  distinct  styles.  (Anthers  introrse  in  Tolieldia,  a  connecting 
link  with  Juncacese/.  Styles  sometimes  perfectly  united  in  Uvularieae.) 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  soft  or  membranous  seed-coat,  and  a  small  embryo 
in  copious  albumen.  —  If  we  include  the  Bell  worts,  which  form  a  group 
ambiguous  between  this  order,  TrilliaceaG,  and  Liliaceae,  (all  of  which  are 
connected  by  various  gradations,)  we  shall  have  two  strongly  marked  sub- 
orders, viz. : — 

SUBORDER  I.    UVULARIE^.    THE  BELLWORT  FAMILY. 

Perianth  early  deciduous,  the  sepals  distinct,  petal-like.  Styles  united 
into  one  at  the  base  or  throughout !  Fruit  a  3-celled  few-seeded  berry  or 
loculicidal  pod.  —  Stems  from  small  perennial  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots, 
forking,  bearing  ovate  or  lanceolate  membranaceous  sessile  or  clasping 
leaves,  like  those  of  Solomon's  Seal,  and  perfect  flowers :  peduncles  solitary 
or  1-flowered. 

1.  UVULARIA.    Pod  3-angular  or  3-lobed.    Anthers  linear,  adnate,  on  short  filaments. 

2.  PROSARTES.    Berry  3-6-seeded.    Anthers  linear-oblong,  pointless,  fixed  near  the  base. 

Flowers  terminal. 

3.  STREPTOPUS.    Berry  several-seeded.     Anthers  arrow-shaped,  1  -  2-pointed.    Flowers  ax- 

illary ;   their  pedicels  bent  in  the  middle. 

SUBORDER  II.    MELANTHIE^E.     TRUE  COLCHICUM  FAMILY. 

Perianth  mostly  persistent  or  withering  away ;  the  sepals  distinct,  or 
rarely  their  claws  united.  Styles  3,  separate.  Fruit  a  3-celled  3-partible 
or  septicidal,  rarely  loculicidal,  pod.  —  Herbs  with  acrid  poisonous  proper- 
ties ;  the  simple  or  rarely  panicled  stems  springing  from  solid  bulbs  or 
corms,  or  sometimes  from  creeping  rootstocks.  Flowers  sometimes  pc  lyga- 
mous  or  dioecious. 


MELANTHACE^E.       (COLCHICUM    FAMILY.)  478 

•  Anthers  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  confluently  1-celled,  shield-shaped  after  opening: 
pod  3-horned.  septicidal :  seeds  flat,  membranaceous-margined. 

•*-  Sepals  glandular  on  the  inside  near  the  base. 
4.  MELANTHIUM.    Flowers  polygamous.    Sepals  entirely  free  from  the  ovary,  their  long 

claws  bearing  the  stamens. 

6.  ZYGADENUS.    Flowers  perfect.    Sepals  nearly  free  or  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary 
stamens  separate. 

•«-  ••-  Sepals  destitute  of  glands,  not  clawed. 

6.  STENANTHIUM.    Perianth  below  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  the  sepals  lanceo- 

late, pointed,  longer  than  the  stamens.    Racemes  compound-panicled. 

7.  VERATRUM     Perianth  entirely  free ;  the  obovate  or  oblong  sepals  longer  than  the  sta- 

mens.    Flowers  panicled,  polygamous. 

8.  AMIANTHIUM.    Perianth  free,  the  oval  or  obovate  sepals  shorter  than  the  stamens 

Flowers  racemed,  perfect. 

*  *  Anthers  2-celled  :  pod  loculicidal.    Flowers  racemed  or  spiked. 

9.  XEROPHYLLUM.    Flowers  perfect.    Cells  of  the  globose-3-lobed  pod  2-seeded.    Learea 

rush-like.    Seeds  2  in  each  cell. 

10.  HELONIAS.    Flowers  perfect.     Cells  of  the  globose-3-lobed  pod  many-seeded.     Leaves 

lanceolate.     S»*pe  naked.    Seeds  numerous. 

11.  CHABL&LIRIUM.     Flowers  dioacious.     Pod  oblong,  many-seeded.     Stem  leafy. 

*  *  *  Anthers  2-celled,  Innate  or  introrse :  pod  septicidal. 

12.  TOFIELDIA.    Flowers  perfect,  spiked  or  racemed.    Leaves  equitant. 

SUBORDER  I.     UVUL.ARIEJE.     THE  BELLWORT  FAMILY. 

1.    UVUJLARIA,    L.        BELLWORT. 

Perianth  nearly  bell-shaped,  lily-like ;  the  sepals  spatulate-lanceolate,  with  a 
honey-bearing  groove  or  pit  at  the  erect  contracted  base,  much  longer  than  the 
stamens,  which  barely  adhere  to  their  base.  Anthers  long  and  linear,  adnate : 
filaments  short.  Style  deeply  3-cleft ;  the  divisions  stigmatic  along  the  inner 
side.  Pod  triangular  or  3-lobed,  3-valved  from  the  top.  Seeds  few  in  each 
cell,  obovoid,  with  a  tumid  or  fungous  rhaphe.  —  Rootstock  short  or  creeping. 
Flowers  pale  yellow,  nodding,  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs,  on  terminal  peduncles 
which  become  lateral  by  the  growth  of  the  branches.  (Name  "  from  the  flowers 
hanging  like  the  uvula,  or  palate.") 

#  Leaves  clasping-perfoliate :  sepals  acute :  pod  obouate-truncate,  3-lobed  at  the  top. 

1.  U.  grandiflora,  Smith.    (LARGE-FLOWERED  BELLWORT.)    Leaveg 
oblong  or  elliptical-ovate,  pale   and  obscurely  pubescent  underneath;  sepals 
smooth  within;  anthers  Hunt-pointed;  lobes  of  the  pod  with  convex  sides.  —  Rich 
woods,  Vermont  to  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.    May,  June. — Flowers 
pale  greenish-yellow,  •!£'  long. 

2.  U.  perfoliata,  L.      (SMALLER  BELLWORT.)     Leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, smooth,  glaucous  underneath ;  sepals  granular-roughened  inside ; 
anthers  conspicuously  pointed;   lobes   of  the  pod  with   concave  sides. — Moist 
copses  ;    common   eastward   and    southward.      May.  —  Smaller  than   No.   1 : 
flowers  pale  yellow,  |'  to  1'  long. 

*  *  Leaves  sessile :  sepals  rather  obtuse :  pod  ovoid-triangular,  sharp-angled. 

3.  U.  sessilifolia,  L.    (SESSILE-LEAVED  BELLWORT.)    Smooth ;  leaves 
oval  or  lanceolate-oblong,  pale,  glaucous  underneath ;  styles  united  to  the  mid- 
40* 


474  MELANTHACE^.      (COLCHICUM   FAMILY.) 

die,  exceeding  the  pointless  anthers;  pod  triangular-obwate,  narrowed  into  a  stalk. 

—  Low  woods ;  common.    May.  —  Stem  6'  -  9'  high  when  in  flower :  the  cream- 
colored  flower  1'  long. 

4.  U.  puberula,  Michx.  Slightly  puberulent ;  leaves  bright  green  both 
sides,  and  shining,  with  rough  edges ;  styles  separate  to  near  the  base,  not 
exceeding  the  short-pointed  anthers ;  pod  ovate,  not  stalked.  —  Mountains  and 
throughout  the  upper  part  of  Virginia,  and  southward. 

2.    PROSARTES,    Don.        PROSARTES. 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  much  as  in  Uvularia.  Filaments  thread-like,  much 
longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt  anthers,  which  are  fixed  near  the  base. 
Ovary  with  2  ovules  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell :  styles  united  into 
one :  stigmas  short,  recurved-spreading.  Berry  ovoid  or  oblong,  pointed,  3-6- 
seeded,  red.  —  Downy  low  herbs,  divergently  branched  above,  with  closely  sessile 
ovate  and  membranaceous  leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  drooping  flowers  on  slen- 
der terminal  peduncles,  solitary  or  few  in  an  umbel.  (Name  from  Trpoo-aprdw, 
to  hang  from,  in  allusion  to  the  pendent  ovules  or  flowers.) 

1.  P.  lanugiiidsa,  Don.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  closely  sessile,  downy  underneath ;  flowers 
solitary  or  in  pairs ;  "sepals  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  (£'  long),  soon  spread- 
ing, twice  the  length  of  the  stamens,  greenish;  style  smooth.  (Streptopus 
lanuginosus,  Michx. )  —  Eich  woods,  Western  New  York  to  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  May. 

3.    STREPTOPUS,    Michx.        TWISTED-STALK. 

Perianth  recurved-spreading  from  a  bell-shaped  base  j  the  sepals  lanceolate- 
acute,  the  3  inner  keeled.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  fixed  near  the  base  to  the 
short  flattened  filaments,  tapering  above  to  a  slender  entire  or  2-cleft  point. 
Ovary  with  many  ovules  in  each  cell :  styles  united  into  one.  Berry  red,  round- 
ish-ovoid, many -seeded.  —  Herbs,  with  rather  stout  stems,  divergently-spreading 
branches,  ovate  and  taper-pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous  leaves,  and 
small  (extra-)  axillary  flowers,  either  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  slender  thread-like 
peduncles,  which  are  abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the  middle  (whence  the 
name,  from  o-rpeTrros,  twisted,  and  Trovs,foot,  or  stalk). 

1.  S.  amplexifolilis,  DC.       Leaves  very  smooth,  glaucous  underneath, 
strongly  clasping ;  flower  greenish-white  on  a  long  peduncle  abruptly  bent  above 
the  middle ;  anthers  tapering  to  a  slender  entire  point ;  stigma  entire,  truncate. 
S.)  distortus,  Michx.    Uvularia  amplexifolia,  L.)  —  Cold  and  moist  woods, 
Northern  New  England  to  the  mountains  of  Perm.,  and  northward.    June.  — 
Stem  2°  -3°  high,  rough  at  the  base,  otherwise  very  smooth.     Sepals  £'  long. 

—  In  this,  as  in  the  next,  the  peduncles  are  opposite  the  kaves,  rather  than  truly 
axillary,  and  are  bent  round  the  clasping  base  underneath  them :  they  are  rarely 
2-flowered.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  rose  us,  Michx.    Leaves  green  both  sides,  finely  ciliate,  and  the  branches 
sparingly  beset  with  short  bristly  hairs ;  flower  rose-purple,  more  than  half  the 


MELANTHACE^E.       (COLCHICUM   FAMILY.)  475 

length  of  the  slightly  bent  peduncle  ;  anthers  2-horned  ;  stigma  3-clefi.  —  Cold 
damp  woods  ;  common  northward,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  southward.  May.  — 
Smaller  than  the  last. 


SUBORDER  II.    MEIiANTHlJE.    TRUE  COLCHICUM  FAMILY 

4.    MEL.ANTHIUOT,    Gronov.,  L.        MELANTHIUM. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Perianth  of  6  separate  and  free  widely 
spreading  somewhat  heart-shaped  or  oblong  and  halberd-shaped  sepals,  raised  on 
slender  claws,  cream-colored,  the  base  marked  with  2  approximate  or  confluent 
glands,  turning  greenish-brown  and  persistent.  Filaments  shorter  than  the 
sepals,  adhering  to  their  claws  often  to  near  their  summit,  persistent.  Styles 
awl-shaped,  diverging,  tipped  with  simple  stigmas.  Pod  ovoid-conical,  3-lobed, 
of  3  inflated  membranaceous  carpels  united  in  the  axis,  separating  when  ripe, 
and  splitting  down  the  inner  edge,  several-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  broadly  winged. 
—  Stem  simple  (3°  -5°  high),  from  a  somewhat  bulbous  base,  roughish-downy 
above,  as  well  as  the  open  and  ample  pyramidal  panicle  (composed  chiefly  of 
simple  racemes),  the  terminal  part  mostly  fertile.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
grass-like,  those  from  the  root  broader.  (Name  composed  of  /ze'Xas,  black,  and 
avQos,  flower,  from  the  dark  color  which  the  persistent  perianth  assumes  after 
blossoming.) 

1.  M.  VirginiCiim,  L.  (BUNCH-FLOWER.)  (M.  Virginicum  &  race- 
mosum,  Michx.  Leimanthium  Virginicum,  Willd.  L.  Virg.  &  hybridum, 
Roem.  fr  Schult.,  Gray,  Melanth.)  —  Wet  meadows,  Southern  New  York  to  Illi- 
nois, and  common  southward.  July.  —  The  two  received  species  are  doubtless 
forms  of  one. 

5.    Z  V  O  A  I>  E  N  U  S  ,    Michx.        ZYGADBNB. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  spreading  ;  the  petal-like  ses- 
sile or  slightly  clawed  oblong  or  ovate  sepals  1  -  2-glandular  next  the  more  or 
less  narrowed  base,  which  is  either  free,  or  united  and  coherent  with  the  base  of 
the  ovary.  Stamens  free  from  the  sepals  and  about  their  length.  Styles  and 
pod  nearly  as  in  Melanthium.  Seeds  margined  or  slightly  winged.  —  Very 
smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous  perennials,  with  simple  stems  from  creeping 
rootstocks  or  coated  bulbs,  linear  leaves,  and  pretty  large  panicled  greenish- 
white  flowers.  (Name  composed  of  £vyos,  a  yoke,  and  ddrjv,  a  gland.) 
#  Glands  on  the  perianth  conspicuous. 

1.  Z.  glaberrimilS,  Michx.     Stems  l°-3°  high,  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock  ;  leaves  grass-like,  channelled,  conspicuously  nerved,  elongated,  tapering  to 
a  point  ;  panicle  pyramidal,  many-flowered  ;  perianth  nearly  free  ;  the  sepals 
(£'  long)  ovate,  becoming  lance-ovate,  with  a  pair  of  orbicular  glands  above  the 
short  daw-like  base.  —  Grassy  low  grounds,  S.  Virginia  (Pursh)  and  southward. 
July. 

2.  Z.  gj  ailCUS,  Nutt.     Stem  about  1°  high  from  a  coated  brlb  ;  leaves 
fiat  ;  panicle  simple,  mostly  few-flowered  ;  base  of  the  perianth  coherent  with  the 


476        MELANTHACE^.   (COLCHICUM  FAMILY.) 

base  of  the  ovary,  the  thin  ovate  or  obovate  sepals  marked  with  a  large  obcordatt 
gland.  (Anticlea  glauca,  Kunth.)  — Banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  New  York,  to 
Wisconsin  and  northwestward :  rare.  July. 

#  #  Glands  of  the  perianth  obscure.  (Here  also  Amianthium  Nuttallii,  Gray.} 
3.  Z.  leimanthoides.  Stem  l°-4°high  from  a  somewhat  bulbous 
base,  slender ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  small  (4"  in  diameter)  and  nu- 
merous, in  a  few  crowded  panicled  racemes ;  perianth  free,  the  obovate  sepals 
with  a  yellowish  glandular  discoloration  on  the  contracted  base.  (Amianthium 
leimanthoides,  Gray.} — Low  grounds,  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  (Durand, 
Knieskern},  Virginia,  and  southward.  July. 

6.  STENANTHIUM,    Gray  (under  Veratram). 

Flowers  polygamous  or  perfect.  Perianth  spreading ;  the  sepals  narrowly 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point  from  the  broader  base,  where  they  are  united  and 
coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing,  persistent,  much  longer 
than  the  short  stamens.  Pods,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Veratrum.  Seeds  nearly  wing- 
less. —  Smooth,  with  a  wand-like  leafy  stem  from  a  somewhat  bulbous  base, 
long  and  grass-like  conduplicate-keeled  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  in 
compound  racemes,  forming  a  long  terminal  panicle.  (Name  composed  of 
arevos,  narrow,  and  avQos,  flower,  from  the  slender  sepals  and  panicles.) 

1.  S.  angnstifdlilim,  Gray.  Leaves  linear,  elongated;  flowers  small 
(£'  long),  white,  very  short-pedicelled,  in  slender  racemes  ;  the  prolonged  termi- 
nal one,  and  often  some  of  the  lateral,  fertile.  (Veratrum  angustifolium,  Pursh. 
Helonias  graminea,  Bot.  Mag.)  —  Grassy  prairies  and  low  meadows,  Ohio,  Illi- 
nois, Virginia,  and  southward  toward  the  mountains.  July.  —  Stem  slender, 
2° -6°  high. 

7.  VERATRUM,    Tourn.        FALSE  HELLEBORE. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  and  separate 
obovate-oblong  (greenish  or  brownish)  sepals,  more  or  less  contracted  at  the 
base,  entirely  free  from  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing.  Filaments  free  from  the 
sepals  and  shorter  than  they,  recurving.  Pistils,  fruit,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Melan- 
thium.  —  Somewhat  pubescent  perennials,  with  simple  stems  from  a  thickened 
base  producing  coarse  fibrous  roots  (very  poisonous),  3-ranked  leaves,  and  ra- 
cemed-panicled  dull  or  dingy  flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  vere,  truly,  and 
ater,  black.) 

1.  V.  viridc,  Ait.     (AMERICAN  WHITE  HELLEBORE.    INDIAN  POKE.) 
Stem  stout,  very  leafy  to  the  top  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  oval,  pointed, 
sheath  clasping,  strongly  plaited;  panicle  pyramidal,  the  dense  spike-like  racemes 
spreading,  perianth  yellowish-green,  moderately  spreading.  —  Swamps  and  low 
grounds  ;  common.    June.     (Too  near  V.  album  of  Europe.) 

2.  V.  parviflorum,  Michx.     Stem  slender  (2°  -  5°  high),  sparingly  leafy 
below,  naked  above ;  leaves  scarcely  plaited,  glabrous,  contracted  into  sheathing  peti- 
oles, varying  from  oval  to  lanceolate ;  panicle  very  long  and  loose,  the  terminal 

wand-like,  the  lateral  ones  slender  and  spreading ;  pedicels  as  long  as  ih* 


MELANTHACEJE.       (COLCHICUM   FAMILY.)  477 

flowers;  sepals  dingy -green,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  (2£"  -3"  long,  those  of 
the  sterile  flowers  on  claws,  widely  spreading.  (Melanthium  monoicum,  Walt. 
Leimanthium  monoicum,  Gray.)  —  Kich  woods,  mountains  of  Virginia  and 
southward.  July. 

3.  V.  Woodii,  Bobbins.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  pedi- 
cels (l£"-3"  long)  shorter  than  the  flowers,  the  oblanceolate  spreading  sepals  (3"- 
4%"  long)  dingy  green  turning  brownish  purple  within :  otherwise  much  as  in  the 
last,  of  which  it  may  prove  to  be  a  variety ;  but  the  flowers  are  mostly  double 
the  size,  the  panicle  stouter,  &c.  (Plant  3° -6°  high.)  —  Woods  and  hilly  bar- 
rens, Green  Co.,  Indiana,  Wood.  Augusta,  Illinois,  Mead.  July. 

8.    AMIANTHIUM,    Gray.        FLY-POISON. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading ;  the  distinct  and  free  petal-like 
(white)  sepals  oval  or  obovate,  sessile,  not  gland-bearing.  Filaments  capillary, 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  perianth.  Anthers  (as  in  all  the  foregoing)  kidney- 
shaped  or  heart-shaped,  becoming  1 -celled,  and  shield-shaped  after  opening. 
Styles  thread-like.  Pods,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Melanthium.  Seeds  wingless,  ob- 
long or  linear,  with  a  loose  coat,  1  -  4  in  each  cell.  —  Glabrous  plants,  with  sim- 
ple stems  from  a  bulbous  base  or  coated  bulb,  scape-like,  few-leaved,  terminated 
by  a  simple  dense  raceme  of  handsome  flowers,  turning  greenish  with  age. 
Leaves  linear,  keeled,  grass-like.  (From  dp'ai/ros,  unspotted,  and  avQos, flower; 
a  name  made  with  more  regard  to  euphony  than  to  correctness  of  construction, 
alluding  to  the  glandless  perianth.) 

1.  A.  inusrn  (6\i<  mil,  Gray.  (Fi/r-PoisON.)  Leaves  broadly  linear, 
elongated,  obtuse  (£'  to  1'  wide),  as  long  as  the  scape;  raceme  simple,  oblong  01 
cylindrical ;  pod  abruptly  3-horned ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  fleshy  red  coat.  (He- 
lonias  erythrosperma,  Michx.)  —  Open  woods,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
to  Kentucky  and  southward.  June,  July. 

9.    XEROPHYL.JLIIIH,   Michx.        XBROPHYLLUM. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading ;  sepals  petal-like  (white),  oval, 
distinct,  sessile,  not  glandular,  at  length  withering,  about  the  length  of  the  awl- 
shaped  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled,  short.  Styles  thread-like,  stigmatic  down 
the  inner  side.  Pod  globular-3-lobed,  obtuse  (small),  loculicidal ;  the  valves 
bearing  the  partitions.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  3-angled,  not  margined. 
—  Herb  with  the  aspect  of  an  Asphodel ;  the  stem  simple,  l°-4°  high,  from  a 
bulbous  base,  bearing  a  simple  compact  raceme  of  showy  white  flowers,  thickly 
beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  bristle-like  bracts  ; 
those  from  the  root  very  many  in  a  dense  tuft,  reclined,  1°  or  more  long,  1' 
wide  below,  rough  on  the  margin,  remarkably  dry  and  rigid  (whence  the  name, 
from  £rjpos,  arid,  and  <£vXAov,  leaf). 

1.  X.  asphodeloidcs,  Nutt.  (X.  tenax,  Nutt.  X  setifolium,  Michx. 
Helonias,  L.)  — Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey,  Virginia?  and  southward.  (Also  in 
Oregon  and  California.)  June. 


478         MELANTHACEJE.   (^COLCHICUM  FAMILY.) 

1O.     II 12  L  ONI  AS,    L.        HELONIAS. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-oblong  (purplish  taming  greenish) 
sepals,  persistent,  shorter  than  the  thread-like  filaments.  Anthers  2-cellod, 
roundish-oval,  blue.  Styles  revolute,  stigraatic  down  the  inner  side.  Pod  ob- 
cordately  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved ;  the  valves  divergently  2-lobed.  Seeds 
many  in  each  cell,  linear,  with  a  tapering  appendage  at  both  ends.  —  A  smooth 
perennial,  with  many  oblanceolate  or  oblong-spatulate  flat  leaves,  from  a  tuber 
ous  rootstock,  producing  in  early  spring  a  hollow  naked  scape  (l°-2°high) 
sheathed  with  broad  bracts  at  the  base,  and  terminated  by  a  simple  and  short 
dense  raceme.  Bracts  obsolete:  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers.  (Name 
probably  from  eXos,  a  swamp ;  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  H.  bullata,  L.  (H.  latifolia,  Michx.}—  Wet  places,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia  :  rare.  May. 

11.  CHAMJELIRIUM,    Willd.       DEVII/S-BIT, 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-linear  (white)  spreading  sepals, 
withering-persistent.  Filaments  and  (yellow)  anthers  as  in  Helonias :  fertile 
flowers  with  rudimentary  stamens.  Styles  linear-club-shaped,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side.  Pod  ovoid-oblong,  not  lobed,  of  a  thin  texture,  loculicidally  3- 
valved  from  the  apex,  many-seeded.  Seeds  linear-oblong,  conspicuously  winged 
at  each  end.  —  A  smooth  herb,  with  a  wand-like  stem  from  a  (bitter)  thick  and 
abrupt  tuberous  rootstock,  terminated  by  a  long  and  wand-like  spiked  raceme 
(4'  -  9'  long)  of  small  bractless  flowers ;  the  fertile  plant  more  leafy  than  the 
staminate.  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  the  lowest  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  petiole. 
(Name  composed  of  xa/*at>  on  the  ground,  and  \eipiov,  lily ;  of  no  obvious  appli- 
cation.) 

1.  C.  luteum.  (BLAZING-STAR.)  (C.  Carolinianum,  Willd.  Veratrum 
luteum,  L.  Helonias  lutea,  Ait.  H.  dioica,  Pursh.)  —  Low  grounds,  W.  New 
England  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  June. 

12.  T  OF  I  ELD  I  A,    Hudson.        FALSE  ASPHODEL. 

Flowers  perfect,  usually  with  a  little  3-bracted  involucre  underneath.  Peri- 
anth more  or  less  spreading;  the  sepals  (white  or  greenish)  concave,  oblong  or 
obovate,  sessile.  Filaments  awl-shaped :  anthers  short,  innate  or  somewhat 
introrse,  2-celled.  Styles  awl-shaped :  stigmas  terminal.  Pod  3-angular,  3- 
partible  or  septicidal ;  the  cells  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong.  —  Slender  peren- 
nials, mostly  tufted,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  simple  scape-like  stems  leafy  only 
at  the  base,  bearing  small  flowers  in  a  close  raceme  or  spike.  Leaves  2-ranked, 
equitant,  linear.  (Named  after  Mr.  Tofield,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  cen- 
tury.)—  The  two  following  compose  the  subgenus  TRIANTHA,  Nutt. :  pedi- 
cels mostly  in  threes ;  the  flowering  proceeding  from  the  apex  downwards , 
seeds  tail-pointed  at  both  ends. 

1'.  X.  gllltillOSa,  Willd.  Stem  (6'  -16'  high)  and  pedicels  very  glutinous 
with  dark  glands ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  short.  —  Moist  grounds,  Maine,  Miohi' 
gan,  Wisconsin,  and  northward :  also  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.  June. 


(RUSH  FAMILY.)  479 

2.  T.  pftbens,  Ait.  Stem  (l°-2°  high)  and  pedicels  roughened  with  mi- 
nute glands;  leaves  longer  and  narrower.  —  Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia and  southward.  July. 

T.  PALtfsTRis,  Hudson,  a  Northern  species  of  both  hemispheres,  grows  on 
Isle  Royale  and  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior ;  but  has  not  yet  been  found 
on  the  United  States  side. 


ORDER  128.    JUNCACE-^E.     (Rusn  FAMILY.; 

Grass-like  or  sedge-like  herbs,  with  jointed  stems,  and  a  regular  persistent 
perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  sepals,  6  or  rarely  8  stamens  with  introrse 
anthers,  and  a  1  -  ^-celled  ovary,  forming  a  S-valved  8  -  many-seeded  pod. 
Style  single.  Seed  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  enclosed  at  the  base 
of  the  albumen.  —  Rushes,  with  the  flowers  liliaceous  in  structure,  but 
grass-like  in  aspect  and  texture  (excepting  the  ambiguous  Narthecium). 

Synopsis. 

*  Stigma  entire.    Perianth  partly  colored  (yellowish). 

1.  NARTHECIUM.    Filaments  woolly.    Pod  many-seeded.    Seeds  long-tailed  at  both  end* 

*  *  Stigmas  3,  thread-like,  hairy.    Sepals  glume-like. 

2.  LUZULA.    Pod  1-celled,  3-seeded.    Leaves  mostly  hairy. 

&  JUNCUS.    Pod  3-ceUed  (sometimes  imperfectly  so),  many-seeded. 

1.    NARTHlkCIURI,    Moehring.        BOG-ASPHODEL. 

Sepals  linear-lanceolate  (yellowish).  Filaments  6,  woolly:  anthers  lineat 
Pod  cylindrical-oblong,  pointed  with  the  undivided  style  terminated  by  a  single 
stigma,  3-celled,  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  appendaged  at  each  end  with 
a  bristle-form  tail  of  great  length.  —  Rootstock  creeping,  bearing  linear  equitant 
leaves,  and  a  simple  stem  or  scape  (6'  - 10'  high),  terminated  by  a  simple  raceme. 
(Name  from  vapOrjKiov,  a  rod,  or  box  for  fragrant  ointments;  application  uncer- 
tain.) 

1.  N.  Aiiierii'Ymuiii,  Ker.  Pedicels  of  the  dense  raceme  bearing  a 
bractlet  below  the  middle.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey.  June. 

2.    LtTZULA,    DC.        WOOD-RUSH. 

Perianth  glumaceous.     Stamens  6.     Stigmas  3.    Pod  1-celled,  3-seeded.  — 
Perennials,  with  flat  and  soft  usually  hairy  leaves  and  spiked-crowded  or  um- 
belled  flowers.    (Name  said  to  be  altered  from  the  Italian  lucciola,  a  glowworm.) 
*  Flowers  loosely  long-peduncled,  umbelled  or  corymbed. 

1 .  L«.  pilosa,  Willd.    Leaves  lance-linear,  hairy ;  peduncles  umbelled,  sim- 
ple, chiefly  1 -flowered ;  sepals  pointed,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  pod ;  seeds  tipped 
with  a  curved  appendage.  —  Woods  and  banks ;  common  northward.     May.  — 
Plant  6' -9' high.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  parviflora,  Desv.,  var.  melanocarpa.     Nearly  smooth ; 
leaves  broadly  linear ;  corymb  decompound,  loose ;  pedicels  drooping ;  sepals  pointed. 


480  JDNCACE^.       (RUSH    FAMILY.) 

straw-color,  about  the  length  of  the  minutely  pointed  brown  pod.  (L.  mclancv 
carpa,  Desv.)  — Mountains,  Maine,  W.  Massachusetts,  N.  New  York,  and  north 
ward.  July.  —  Stems  1°- 3°  high,  scattered.  (Eu.) 

#  *  Flowers  crowded  in  spikes  or  close  clusters.     (Plants  6'  -  12'  high.) 

3.  Jit.  campeStriS,  DC.     Leaves  fiat,  linear ;  spikes  4  - 12,  somewhat  urn 
belled,  ovoid,  straw-color,  some  of  them  long-peduncled,  others  nearly  sessile ; 
sepals  bristle-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtuse  pods ;  seeds  with  a  conical  appen- 
dage at  the  base.  —  Dry  fields  and  woods ;  common.    May.     (Eu.) 

4.  It*  SlFCUSttH,,  Meyer.     Leaves  channelled,  linear ;  spikes  3  —  5,  on  unequal 
often  recurved  peduncles,    ovoid,   chestnut-brown  ;   bracts  ciliate-fringed ;  sepals 
taper-pointed,   longer  than  the  obtuse  pod;  seeds  not  appendaged.  —  Alpine 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

5.  It.  Spicfttel*  Desvaux.     Leaves  channelled,  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  in 
sessile  clusters,  forming  a  noddiny  interrupted  spiked  panicle,  brown  ;  sepals  bristle- 
pointed,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  abruptly  short-pointed  pod ;  seeds  merely  with 
a  roundish  projection  at  the  base.     (Our  plant  is  L.  racemosa,  Desv.  ?  according 
to  Godet.)     With  the  last,  and  more  common.     (Eu.) 

3.    JIJNCUS,    L.        BUSH.     BOG-RUSH. 

Perianth  glumaceous.  Stamens  6,  or  sometimes  3.  Stigmas  3.  Pod  3- 
•celled  (often  imperfectly  so  at  maturity),  loculicidsil,  many-seeded.  —  Chiefly 
perennials,  with  pithy  stems,  and  cymose,  panicled,  or  clustered  small  (greenish 
or  brownish)  flowers,  usually  produced  all  summer.  (The  classical  name,  from 
jungo,  to  join,  alluding  to  their  use  for  bands.) 

=*  Scapes  naked  and  simple  from  matted  running  rootstocks,  many  of  them  barren, 
furnished  with  short  leafless  sheaths  at  the  base :  flowers  in  a  sessile  cymose  panicle 
produced  from  the  side  of  the  scape  above  the  middle,  &-androus  (except  in  No.  1) : 
seeds  not  appendaged. 

1.  J.  cflfusus,  L.      (COMMON  or  SOFT  BUSH.)     Scape  soft  and  pliant 
<(2°-4°  high),  finely  striated;  panicle  diffusely  much-branched  (sometimes  closely 
•crowded),  many-flowered;  sepals  green,  lanceolate,  very  acute,  as  long  as  the 
obovate  very  obtuse  and  pointless  pod;  stamens  3  or  6.  —  Marshy  ground; 
everywhere.     (Eu.) 

2.  J.  fill  for  III  is,  L.     Scape  slender    (l°-2°  high),  pliant;  panicle  few- 
flowered,  simple;  sepals  green,  lanceolate,  acute,  rather  longer  than  the  very 
obtuse  but  short-pointed  pod.    (J.  setaceus,  Tori'.  Fl.)  —  Wet  banks  and  shores, 
I?.  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  north\vard.     (En.) 

3.  J.  Baltic  US,  Willd.     Scape  rigid  (2° -4°  high),  from  a  very  strong 
Tootstock ;  panicle  ascending,  loose,  dark  chestnut-colored ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
the  3  outer  sharp-pointed,  as  long  as  the  elliptical  rather  triangular  pod.  —  Sandy 
shores  of  New  England  and  of  the  Great  Lakes  ;  thence  northward      (Eu.) 

#  *  Scapes,  SfC.  as  in  the  preceding,  but  some  of  the  sheaths  at  the  base  leaf-bearing  ; 
the  leaves  terete,  knotless,  like  the  continuation  of  the  scape  above  the  panicle :  sta- 
mens 6. 


JUNCACE^E.       (RUSH    FAMJLY.)  481 

4.  J.  setaceilS,  Rostk.     Scape  slender  (2° -3°  high) ;  panicle  loose,  rather 
simple,  turning  light  chestnut-color ;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  especially 
the  3  exterior,  longer  than  the  obovate  mucronate-pointed  pod.  —  Penn.,  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

5.  J.  mar iti mils,  Lam.     Scape  stout  and  rigid  (2° -5°  high),  the  apex 
pungent ;  panicle  compound,  erect,  loose ;  the  flowers  clustered  in  small  heads ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  the  outer  acute,  as  long  as  the  elliptical  short-pointed  pod. 
(J.  acutus,  MM.,  &c.)  — Brackish  marshes,  New  Jersey  (Pursh),  Virginia,  and 
southward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Stems  leaf-bearing :  leaves  terete,  or  flattened  laterally  (equitant),  knotted  oy 
cross  partitions  internally :  cyme  or  panicle  terminal :  flowers  in  heads  or  small  clus- 
ters (very  liable  to  a  monstrosity,  from  the  bite  of  insects  making  them  appear  as 
if  viviparous) :  pod  more  or  less  \-celled. 

•*-  Stamens  3. 

6.  J.  scirpoides,  Lam.    Stem  stout  (l°-3°  high)  and  terete,  as  are^the 
leaves  ;  panicle  rather  simple,  bearing  several  (5-18)  pale  green  densely  many-flow- 
ered spherical  heads;  sepals  rigid,  awl-shaped  and  bristly-pointed,  especially  the 
outer,  as  long  as  the  oblong  triangular  taper-pointed  pod ;  seeds  barely  pointed 
at  each  end,  tailless,     (J.  polycephalus,  Michx.  (excl.  var.  a?).     J.  echinatus, 
Muhl.    J.  nodosus,  var.  multiflorus,   Torr.) —  Wet  borders  of  streams,  &c. ; 
rather  common.  —  Rootstock  thickish,  creeping.     Remarkable  for  its  bur-like 
green  heads,  usually  $'  in  diameter. 

7.  J.  paradtixus,  E.  Meyer.     Stem  rather  stout  (1°-2|°  high),  terete; 
leaves  terete  or  somewhat  flattened  ;  panicle  decompound;  the  numerous  greenish 
heads  globular,  many-  (8  -  15-)  flowered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  somewhat  awl-pointed, 
rigid,  shorter  than  the  oblong-triangular  abruptly  short-pointed  pod  ;  seeds  con- 
spicuously tailed  at  both  ends !     ( J.  polycephalus,  Darlingt.,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  excl. 
var.  3,  &  syn.    J.  fraternus,  Kunth.    J.  sylvaticus,  Pursh.)  —  Wet  places;  com- 
mon.—  Heads  less  dense,  fewer-flowered,  and  sometimes  smaller,  than  in  the 
foregoing.     Remarkable  for  the  loose  white  seed-coat  prolonged  at  both  ends 
into  a  tail  longer  than  the  oblong  body  of  the  seed. 

8.  J.  dcbiliS.     Stems  weak  and  slender  (l°-2°  long),  flattened,  as  are  the 
slender  leaves ;  panicle  decompound,  loose,  widely  spreading ;  the  numerous  pale  green 
heads  4  -  8-flowered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  herbaceous,  shorter  than  the  oblong 
pod ;  seeds  tailless,  minutely  and  barely  pointed  at  each  end.     (J.  subverticilla- 
tus,  Muhl.,  not  of  Wulf.    J.  pallescens,  Meyer,  as  to  N.  American  plant.     J. 
polycephalus,  var. "?  depauperatus,  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.) — Wet  swamps;   common, 
especially  southward  and  westward. — Roots  fibrous.     Stems  often  decumbent 
or  floating  and  rooting :  branches  of  the  cymose  panicle  slender  and  diverging. 
Heads  2"  long.     Pods  pale,  sometimes  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  when  ripe 
—  This,  which  is  pretty  clearly  the  J.  acuminatus  of  Kunth,  is  perhaps  the  plant 
of  Michaux  ;  but  the  next  is  the  species  taken  for  J.  acuminatus  by  American 
authors. 

9.  J.  acuminatus,   Michx.     Stem  erect  (10' -15'  high),  terete,  leaveg 
slender,  nearly  terete ;  panicle  with  rather  slightly  spreading  branches,  bearing  few  or 
mtany  3  -  8-flowered  chestnut-colored  heads ;  sepals  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 

41 


482  JUNCACE2E.     (RUSH   FAMILY.) 

rery  acute,  one  third  or  one  half  the  length  of  the  prismatic  triangular  and  at* 
ruptly  acute  pod ;  seeds  tail-pointed  at  both  ends.  ( J.  sylvaticus,  Muhl.  J.  Can- 
adensis,  Gay.) — Peat-bogs,  and  sandy  borders  of  ponds.  —  Pods  turning  deep 
chestnut-brown.  Tails  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  seed. 

••-  •»-  Stamens  6.     (Heads  chestnut-colored:  the  pods  becoming  blackish  or  brovm,  and 
shining:  seeds  tailless,  but  sometimes  short-pointed  at  both  ends.) 

10.  J.  articillatllS,  L.     Stem  erect  (9' -18'  high),  and  with  the  1-3 
slender  leaves  slightly  compressed;  panicle  spreading;  heads  2  -  ^-flowered ;  sepals 
lance-oblong,  the  outer  acute,  the  inner  mostly  obtuse,  usually  mucronate,  shorter 
than  the  ovate-oblong  triangular  abruptly  mucronate-pointed  pod.     ( J.  lamprocarpus, 
Ehrh.,  &c.)  —  Var.  PELOCARPUS  (J.  pelocarpus,  E.  Meyer  $>  ed.  1.)  is  a  va- 
riety with  fewer  flowers  in  the  head,  and  rather  blunter  pods  slightly  exceeding 
the  sepals.  —  Wet  places,  Rhode  Island  to  Lake  Huron,  and  northward :  tho 
genuine  European  form  received  from  Mr.  Olney  and  Dr.  SartwelL     (Eu.) 

11.  J.  HlilitariS,  Bigel.     Stem  stout  (2° -3°  high),  bearing  a  solitary 
cylindrical  bayonet-like  leaf  below  or  near  the  middle,  which  overtops  the  crowded 
panicle;  heads  numerous,  5  -  lO-JJowered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  as  long  as 
the  ovate  taper-pointed  pod.  —  Sandy  bogs,  Tewksbury  and  Plymouth,  Massachu- 
setts, pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  southward.     Rootstock  thick,  creeping. 
Leaf  stout,  1  °  -  2°  long.     Heads  2 "  -  3"  wide,  brown . 

12.  J.  nodosus,  L. !     Stem  erect,  slender  (6' -15'  high),  3-5-leaved; 
leaves  terete,  short;  heads  1-2,  or  several  and  clustered, globose,  many-  (10-20-) 
Jlowered ;  sepals  lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  slender  triangular  taper- 
pointed  pod.     (J.  Rostkovii,  E.  Meyer.)  —  Var.  MEGAC£PHALUS,  Torr. :  heads 
rather  numerous  and  larger,  50  -  60-flowered,  crowded  in  a  dense  cluster  at  tho 
summit  of  the  stout  and  rigid  stem  (2°  high).  —  Gravelly  borders  of  streams; 
common,  especially  northward ;  the  var.  on  the  sandy  shore  of  Lake  Ontario, 
&c.  —  Rootstocks  slender.  —  Quite  distinct  from  No.  6  and  No.  7,  with  which  it 
has  been  confounded. 

13.  J.  Coiiradi,  Tuckerm.     Stems  slender  (6' -10' high),  leafy,  branch- 
ing above  into  a  compound  diffusely  spreading  cymose  panicle,  bearing  chiefty 
solitary  scattered  Jlowers  in  the  forks  and  along  one  side  of  the  branches  ;  leaves 
thread-form,  the  upper  slightly  knotted ;  sepals  oblong,  acutish,  shorter  than  the  ob- 
long taper-beaked  pod.     ( J.  viviparus,  Conrad,  —  so  named  from  a  condition  in 
which  most  of  the  flowers  develop  into  a  tuft  of  rudimentary  or  manifest  leaves. 
J.  No.  15,  Muhl.  Gram.  ?  and  therefore  J.  Muhlenbergii,  Spreng.  ?)  —  Wet  sandy 
places,  Canada  and  Wisconsin  ?  N.  New  England  to  Virginia,  and  southward, 
chiefly  near  the  coast.  —  Rootstocks  slender. 

%•%.•%•%.  Leaves  knotlpss :  inflorescence  terminal. 
•*- Heads  cymose-panicled :  leaves  Jlat  and  open  :  stamens  3. 

14.  J.  marginatus,  Rostk.     Stem  leafy,  erect,  flattened  (l°-3°  high)  ; 
leaves  linear,  grass-like,  nerved ;  heads  globose,  3  -  8-flowered ;  sepals  oblong, 
the  3  outer  with  the  bracts  slightly  awned,  the  inner  obtuse  and  pointless,  as 
long  as  the  globular  pod ;  seeds  minutely  pointed  at  both  ends.     ( J.  aristulatus, 
Michx.j — Moist  sandy  places,  S.  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
July.  —  Sepals  soft,  chestnut-purplish,  with  a  green  keel. 


PONTEDERIACE^".       (PICKEREL-WEED     FAMILY.)  4S3 

«-  •»-  Head  single  (or  sometimes  2  or  3) :  leaves  channelled  above :  stamens  6. 

15.  J.  Stygius,  L.     Stem  slender,  erect  (6' -10'  high),  l-3-leaved  below, 
naked  above ;  leaves  thread-like ;  heads  3  -  4-flowered,  about  the  length  of  the 
sheathing  scarious  awl-pointed  bract;  sepals  oblong  and  lanceolate,  scarcely 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  acute  pod ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  very 
loose  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  Peat-bog  bordering  Perch  Lake,  Jefferson 
County,  New  York.     (Eu.) 

16.  J.  trifidlis,  L.     Stems  densely  tufted  from  matted  creeping  rootstocks, 
erect  (5' -10'  high),  wiry  and  thread-like,  sheathed  at  the  base,  leafless  below,  about 
3-leaved  at  the  summit ;  the  upper  thread-like  leaves  subtending  the  sessile  head 
of  2  -  4  flowers ;  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  rather  than  the  globose-ovate 
beak-pointed  (brown)  pod;  seeds  roundish,  angled.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the 
mountains  of  N.  New  England  and  N.  New  York,  and  high  northward.    (Eu.) 
••"•*--»-  Flowers  cymose-panided,  separate  (not  clustered  in  heads)  :  leaves  channelled 

or  involute,  or  else  thread-form,  or  almost  setaceous :  stamens  6. 

17.  J.  tennis,  Willd.     Stems  slender,  wiry  (9' -18'  high),  simple,  leafy 
only  near  the  base ;  cyme  shorter  than  the  involucral  leaves,  small,  the  flowers 
mostly  one-sided,  almo'st  sessile,  green  and  shining ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute, 
one  third  longer  than  the  globose-ovoid  obtuse  pod.  — Low  grounds  and  fields ;  very 
common. 

18.  J.  Greenii,  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.     Stems  rigid  (l°-2°  high),  simple, 
naked,  1  -  2-leaved  at  the  base ;  cyme  much  shorter  than  the  principal  erect  involucral 
leaf,  dense,  the  numerous  crowded  flowers  one-sided  ;   sepals  lanceolate,  acute, 
greenish,  shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  obtuse  pod.  —  Sandy  coast  of  Long  Island 
and  New  England,  and  occasionally  on  river-banks  in  the  interior. 

19.  J.  blllbosns,    L.  (BLACK  GRASS.)    Stems  simple,  somewhat  fattened, 
slender,  but  rigid   (l°-2°  high),  leafy  below;  panicle  somewhat  cymose,  rather 
crowded,  usually  shorter  than  the  bracteal  leaf;  sepals  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  incurved, 
chestnut-color  and  greenish,  mostly  rather  shorter  than  the  oblong-oval  and 
somewhat  triangular  obtuse  mucronate  pod.     (J.  compressus,  Jacq. :  a  name 
with  which  some  supersede  the  Linnsean,  because  the  stem  is  really  not  bulbous 
at  the  base.)  —  Var.  GERARDI  (J.  Gerardi,  Loisel.,  and  J.  Bothnicus,  Wahl.)  is 
the  more  common  form  in  this  country,  with  the  panicle  usually  exceeding  the 
bract,  and  the  calyx  as  long  as  the  pod.  —  Salt  marshes ;  common  along  tho 
coast  from  New  Jersey  northward.     (Eu.) 

20.  J.  bllfonillS,  L.     Annual;  stems  low  and  slender  (3' -9'  high),  leafy, 
often  branched  at  the  base ;  panicle  forking,  spreading ;  the  flowers  remote,  greenish ; 
sepals  lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  much  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  pod.  —  Low 
grounds  and  road-sides,  everywhere.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  129.  PONTEDERIACE^G.   (PICKEREL-WEED  FAM.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  flowers  from  a  spathe  ; 
the  petal-like  Q-merous  perianth  free  from  the  3-celled  ovary;  the  3  or  6  most- 
ly unequal  or  dissimilar  stamens  inserted  in  its  throat.  —  Perianth  with  the  6 


484  PONTEDERIACEjE.       (PICKEREL-WEED     FAMILY.) 

divisions  colored  alike,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  the  whole  together 
sometimes  revolute-coiled  after  flowering,  withering  away,  or  the  base 
thickened-persistent  and  enclosing  the  fruit.  Anthers  introrse.  Ovules 
anatropous.  Style  1 :  stigma  3-lobed  or  6-toothed.  Fruit  a  perfectly  or 
incompletely  3-celled  many-seeded  pod,  or  a  1-celled  1-seeded  utricle.  Em- 
bryo slender,  in  floury  albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1.  PONTEDERIA.    Perianth  2-lipped,  its  fleshy  base  enclosing  the  1-seeded  utricle     Sta- 

mens 6     Spike  many-flowered. 

2.  HETERANT1IERA.      Perianth   salver-shaped,  withering-fugacious.     Pod  many-seeded 

Stamens  3,  unequal,  of  2  forms.    Spathe  1  -  few-flowered 
8   SCHOLLERA.    Perianth  salver-shaped,  regular.    Stamens  3,  alike     Spathe  1-flowered. 

1.     PONTEDERIA,    L.        PICKEREL-WEED. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  2-lipped ;  the  3  upper  divisions  united  to  form  the  3- 
lobed  upper  lip ;  the  3  lower  spreading,  and  their  claws,  which  form  the  lower 
part  of  the  curving  tube,  more  or  less  separate  or  separable  down  to  the  base : 
after  flowering  the  tube  is  revolute-coiled  from  the  apex  downwards,  and  its 
fleshy-thickened  persistent  base  encloses  the  fruit.  Stamens  6,  the  3  lower  ex- 
serted  with  elongated  filaments ;  the  3  upper  (often  sterile  or  imperfect)  with 
very  short  filaments,  unequally  inserted  lower  down  :  anthers  oval,  blue.  Ovary 
3-celled ;  two  of  the  cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Utri- 
cle 1-celled,  filled  with  the  single  seed.  —  Stout  herbs,  growing  in  shallow  water, 
with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  erect  long-petioled  mostly  heart-shaped 
leaves,  and  a  1 -leaved  scape,  terminated  by  a  spike  of  violet-blue  ephemeral  flow- 
ers. Root-leaves  with  a  sheathing  stipule  within  the  petiole.  (Dedicated  to 
Pontedera,  Professor  at  Padua  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  P.  corclftta,  L.  Leaves  arrow-heart-shaped,  blunt ;  spike  dense,  from 
a  spathe-like  bract.  —  Var.  ANGU8Tir6LiA  (P.  angustifolia,  Pursh)  has  triangu- 
lar-elongated and  tapering  leaves  scarcely  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  —  Common. 
July-  Sept.  —  Calyx-tube  in  fruit  crested  with  6  toothed  ridges.  Upper  lobe  of 
the  perianth  marked  with  a  pair  of  small  yellow  spots. 

2.    HETERANTIIERA,    Ruiz  &  Pav.        MUD  PLANTAIN. 

Perianth  salver-form  with  a  slender  tube ;  the  spreading  limb  somewhat  equal- 
ly 6-parted,  ephemeral,  soon  withering  or  decaying.  Stamens  3 ;  the  2  upper 
with  their  filaments  thickened  in  the  middle  and  bearing  ovate  (yellow)  anthers ; 
the  other  with  a  longer  filament  bearing  a  larger  oblong  or  arrow-shaped  (green- 
ish) anther.  Pod  incompletely  3-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Creeping  or  floating 
low  herbs,  with  chiefly  rounded  long-petioled  leaves,  and  a  1  -  few-flowered 
spathe  bursting  from  the  sheathing  side  or  base  of  a  petiole.  Flowers  blue  or 
white.  (Name  from  erf  pa,  different,  and  dvdrjpd,  anther.) 

1.  H.  rciiitoriiiis,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Leaves  round-kidney-shaped ;  spathe  3- 
5-flowered ;  flowers  white.  —  Muddy  margins  of  streams,  S.  New  York  to  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.  Aug. 


COMMELYNACEJE.       (SPIDERWORT   FAMILY.)  485 

2.  H.  limosa,  Vahl.    Leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends ; 
spathe  1-flowered  ;  flowers  blue.     (Leptanthus  ovalis,  Michx.)  —  W.  Virginia  to 
Ulit-ois,  and  southward.    July -Sept. 

3.  SCROLLER  A,    Schreber  (1789).        WATER  STAR-GRASS. 

Perianth  salver-form,  with  6  nearly  equal  lance-linear  spreading  divisions  on 
a  very  long  thread-like  tube.  Stamens  3,  with  similar  oblong-arrow-shaped  an 
thers  (or  rarely  a  fourth  which  is  abortive) :  filaments  nearly  equal,  awl-shaped. 
Pod  oblong,  invested  by  the  withered  perianth,  1 -celled  with  3  projecting  parie- 
tal placenta?,  many-seeded. — A  grass-like  herb,  like  a  Pondweed,  growing 
wholly  under  water,  only  the  (small  pale  yellow)  flowers  expanding  on  the  sur- 
face ;  the  slender  branching  stems  clothed  with  linear  translucent  sessile  leaves, 
and  bearing  a  terminal  1-flowered  spathe.  (Named  after  one  Schotter,  a  German 
botanist.) 

1.  S.  grrainmea,  Willd.  (Leptanthus,  Michx.)  —In  streams ;  common. 
July -Sept. 


ORDER  130.    COMMELYNACE^E.    (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY.) 

Herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  thickened  roots,  jointed  often  branching 
leafy  stems,  and  chiefly  perfect  and  6-androus,  often  irregular  flowers,  with 
the  perianth  free  from  the  2-  3-cetted  ovary,  and  having  a  distinct  calyx  and 
corolla,  viz. :  Sepals  3,  persistent,  commonly  herbaceous.  Petals  3,  ephem- 
eral, decaying  or  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  some  of  them  often 
sterile :  anthers  with  2  separated  cells.  Style  1  :  stigma  undivided.  Pod 
2-3-celled,  2-3-valved,  loculicidal,  3  -  several-seeded.  Seeds  orthotro 
pous.  Embryo  small,  pulley-shaped,  partly  sunk  in  a  shallow  depression 
at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear,  flat, 
sheathed  at  the  base ;  the  uppermost  often  dissimilar  and  forming  a  kind 
of  spathe.  —  A  chiefly  tropical  family,  not  aquatic,  here  represented  only 
bv  two  genera. 

1.    COMNIEL^NA,    Dill.       DAT-FLOWER. 

Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal ;  the  2  lateral  partly 
united  by  their  contiguous  margins.  Two  lateral  petals  rounded  or  kidney- 
shaped,  on  long  claws,  the  odd  one  smaller.  Stamens  unequal,  3  of  them  fer- 
tile, one  of  which  is  bent  inward :  3  of  them  sterile  and  smaller,  with  imperfect 
cross-shaped  anthers  :  filaments  naked.  Pod  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  2-seeded, 
the  other  1 -seeded  or  abortive.  —  Stems  branching,  often  procumbent  and  root- 
ing at  the  joints.  Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  sheathing  petioles ;  the 
floral  one  heart-shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together  or  hooded  and  forming  a 
kind  of  spathe  enclosing  the  flowers,  which  expand  for  a  single  morning  and 
are  recurved  on  their  pedicel  before  and  afterwards.  Petals  blue.  Flowering 
all  summer.  (Dedicated  to  the  early  Dutch  botanists  J.  and  G.  Commdyn.) 
41* 


486  COMMELYNACKE.       (SPIDERWORT   FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  erecta,  L.     Stem  erect,  rather  stout  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  large 
(5' -7'  long,  l'-2'  wide),  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  surface  and  margins  very 
rough  backwards,  sheaths  fringed  with  rusty  bristles ;.  spathes  crowded  and  nearly 
sessile,  hooded,  top-shaped  in  fruit ;  odd  petal  shaped  like  the  others  but  shorter, 
round-ovate,  raised  on  a  claw;  pod  3-celled.     1J.    (C.  Virginica,  ed.  1,  &c.) 
—A  hairy  form  apparently  is  C.  hirtella,  Vahl. — Alluvial  and  shaded  river- 
banks,  Penn.  to  Illinois  and  southward.  —  Our  largest  species,  and  the  only  one 
with  a  top-shaped  spathe. 

2.  C.  Virginica,  L.     Stems  slender,  erect,  or  reclined  and  rooting  to- 
wards the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate ;  spathes  mostly  solitary 
or  scattered,  pedunded,  conduplicate,  round-heart-shaped  when  expanded,  pointed, 
in  fruit  somewhat  hood-like,  and  with  a  short  top-shaped  base ;  odd  petal  usu- 
ally inconspicuous  and  nearly  sessile;  pod  2-celled.     ]\.   (C.  Virginica,  L.,  as 
to  syn.  Pluk.,  which  gave  the  name  :  Linnaeus's  detailed  description  apparently 
pertains  to  No.  1,  which  however  must  bear  the  name  which  he  took  from  Dil- 
lenius,  the  authority  for  the  species.     C.  angustifolia,  Michx.  3f  ed.  1.) — Damp 
rich  woods  and  banks,  S.  New  York  to  Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

3.  C,  agr&ria,  Kunth.     Stems  creeping,  glabrous;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or 
lance-oblong,  obtuse,  small  (l'-2'long);  spathes  heart-ovate  when  expanded,  pe- 
dunded, conduplicate,  the  base  not  contracted  in  fruit,  3  -  4-flowered ;  the  odd  petal 
round-ovate,  nearly  sessile.     1J.  (C.  Cajennensis,  Rich.) — Alluvial  banks,  Illi- 
nois and  southward.  —  The  smallest-leaved  and  smallest-flowered  species. 

2.    TKADESCANTIA,    L.        SPIDERWORT. 

Flowers  regular.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.  Sta- 
mens all  fertile:  filaments  bearded.  Pod  2 -3-celled,  the  cells  1-2-seeded. — 
Perennials.  Stems  mucilaginous,  mostly  upright,  nearly  simple,  leafy.  Leaves 
keeled.  Flowers  ephemeral,  in  umbelled  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal;  the 
floral  leaves  nearly  like  the  others.  (Named  for  the  elder  Tradescant,  gardener 
to  Charles  the  First.) 

#  Umbels  sessile,  clustered,  usually  involucrate  by  2  leaves. 

1.  T.  Virginica,  L.    (COMMON  SPIDERWORT.)    leaves  lanceolate-linear, 
dongated,  tapering  from  the  sheathing  base  to  the  point,  ciliate,  more  or  less 
open ;  umbels  terminal,  many-flowered.  —  Moist  woods,  from  W.  New  York  to 
Wisconsin,  and  southward  :  commonly  cultivated.    May  -  Aug.  —  Plant  either 
smooth  or  haiiy ;  the  large  flowers  blue,  in  gardens  often  purplish  or  white. 

2.  X.  pilosa.,  Lehm.    Leaves  broadly  lanceolate  from   a  narrowed  base, 
pointed,  downy-hairy  both  sides,  minutely  ciliate ;  umbels  many-flowered,  in 
very  dense  terminal  and  axillary  clusters  ;  pedicels  and  calyx  glandular-hairy. 
(T.  flexuosa,  Raf.)  —  Ohio,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    June  -  Sept.  — 
Stem  stout,  smooth  below,  2°  -  3°  high,  often  branched,  zigzag  above,  with  an  at 
»ength  close  cluster  of  small  (f  broad)  lilac-blue  flowers  in  all  the  upper  axils. 

#  #  Umbels  long-pedunded,  naked. 

3.  T.  rosea,  Vent.     Small,  slender  (6' -10'  high),  smooth;  leaves  linear, 
grass-like,  ciliate  at  the  base ;  umbel  simple,  or  sometimes  a  pair ;  flowers  ($' 
wide)  rose-color.  —  Sandy  woods,  Penn.  (?)  to  Kentucky,  and  southward. 


XYRIDACE^E.       (YELLOW-EYED    GRASS    FAMILY.)  487 

ORDER  131.     XYJRIDACEJE.     (YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAM.) 

Rush-like  herbs,  with  equitant  leaves  sheathing  the  lase  of  a  ndkea  scape, 
which  is  terminated  by  a  head  of  perfect  3-androus  flowers,  with  extrwse  an- 
thers, a  glumaceous  calyx,  and  a  regular  corolla;  the  3-valved  mostly  l-celled 
pod  containing  several  or  many  ortholropous  seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the 
apex  of  fleshy  albumen:  —  represented  by  Xyris. —  The  anomalous  genus 
Mayaca,  consisting  of  a  few  moss-like  aquatic  plants,  intermediate  in  char- 
acter between  this  family  and  the  last,  may  be  introduced  here. 

1.     UIAYACA,    Aublefc        (SYENA,  Schreber.) 

Flowers  single,  terminating  a  naked  peduncle.  Perianth  persistent,  of  3  her- 
baceous lanceolate  sepals  and  3  obovate  petals.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Ovary  l-celled  with  3  parietal  few-ovuled  placenta :  style  filiform :  stig- 
ma simple.  Pod  3-valved,  several-seeded.  —  Moss-like  low  herbs,  creeping  in 
shallow  water,  densely  leafy;  the  leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile,  1 -nerved,  pellu- 
cid, entire,  notched  at  the  apex  :  the  peduncle  solitary,  sheathed  at  the  base. 
(An  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  M.  Michauxii,  Schott  &  Endl.  Peduncles  not  much  exceeding  the 
leaves,  nodding  in  fruit;  petals  white.  (Syena  fluviatilis,  Pursh.)  —  S.  E.  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward.  July. 

2.    X  "tltlS,    L.        YELLOW-EYED  GBASS. 

Flowers  single  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  scale-like  bracts,  which  are  densely 
imbricated  in  a  head.  Sepals  3 ;  the  2  lateral  glume-like,  boat-shaped  or  keeled 
and  persistent;  the  anterior  one  larger  and  membranaceous,  enwrapping  the 
corolla  in  the  bud  and  deciduous  with  it.  Petals  3,  with  claws,  which  cohere 
more  or  less.  Fertile  stamens  3,  with  linear  anthers,  inserted  on  the  claws  of 
the  petals,  alternating  with  3  sterile  filaments  which  are  cleft  and  plume-bearing 
at  their  apex.  Style  3-cleft.  Pod  oblong,  free,  l-celled  with  3  parietal  more  or 
less  projecting  placentae,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Flowers  yellow.  (Svpis. 
an  ancient  name  of  some  plant  with  2-edged  leaves,  from  £vpov,  a  razor.) 

1.  X.  lmlt>6sa,  Kunth.    Scape  slender,  from  a  more  or  less  bulbous  base, 
somewhat  3-angled,  flattish  at  the  summit,  very  smooth,  much  longer  than  the 
narrowly  linear  leaves,  both  commonly  twisted  with  age ;  head  roundish-ovc/ 
(4"  -  5"  long) ;  lateral  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  finely  ciliate-scabrous  on  the  nctf 
wingless  keel,  and  usually  with  a  minute  bearded  tuft  at  the  very  apex.     (X.  ,; 
pacai,  Michx.  in  part.     X.  Indica,  Pursh.     X.  flexuosa,  Muhl.  Cat.    X.  brevt 
folia,  of  Northern  authors,  not  of  Michx.}  —  Sandy  or  peaty  bogs,  from  New 
Hampshire  and  Michigan  southward  :  rare  except  near  the  coast.    July -Sept 
—  Leaves  l£'-8',  the  scape  3' -14',  high.    Petals  minutely  toothed  at  the  sum- 
mit. —  This  species  should  have  borne  Mulilenberg's  name  of  X.  flexuosa,  which, 
however,  Elliott  appears  to  have  applied  rather  to  the  following. 

2.  X.  Caroliniaua,  Walt.     Scape  flattish,  1 -angled  below,  2-edged  at 
the  summit,  smooth;  leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  flat;  head  globular-ovoid  (5'* 


488  ERIOCAULONACE2E.       (PIPEWORT    FAMILY.) 

-7  long) ;  lateral  sepals  obscurely  lacerate-fringed  above  on  the  winged  Iced,  rathe* 
shorter  than  the  bract.  (X.  Jupacai,  partly,  Michx.  X.  anceps,  Muhl.)  —  Sandy 
swamps,  &c.,  Rhode  Island  to  Virginia  and  southward,  near  the  coast.  Aug. 
—  Scape  l°-2°  high :  leaves  l"-4"  wide.  Petals  pretty  large,  the  claws  turn- 
ing brownish. 

3.  X.  Jinibrijita,  Ell.  Scape  somewhat  angled  (2°  high),  rather  longer 
than  the  linear-sword-shaped  leaves ;  head  oblong  (§'  long) ;  lateral  sepals  lance- 
olate-linear, nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  bract,  above  conspicuously  fringed  on  the 
wing-margined  keel,  and  even  plumose  at  the  summit,  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey, 
Virginia,  and  southward. 


ORDER  132.    ERIOCAULONACE^E.    (PIPEWORT  FAMILY.) 

-  Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  stemless  or  short-stemmed,  with  a  tuft  of  fibrous 
roots,  and  a  cluster  of  linear  often  loosely  cellular  grass-like  leaves,  and  naked 
scapes  sheathed  at  the  base,  bearing  dense  heads  of  monoecious  or  rarely  dioz- 
cious  small  2  -  3-merous  flowers,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious  bract ;  the 
perianth  double  or  rarely  simple,  chaffy ;  anthers  introrse  ;  the  fruit  a  2  -  3- 
celled  2  -  3-seeded  pod :  the  ovules,  seeds,  embryo,  &c.  as  in  the  preceding 
order.  —  Chiefly  tropical  plants,  a  few  in  northern  temperate  regions. 

Synopsis. 

1.  ERIOCAULON.    Perianth  double,  the  inner  (corolla)  tubular-funnel-form  in  the  staminate 

flowers  ;  the  stamens  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes  (4  or  6).    Anthers  2-celled. 

2.  P^IPALANTHUS.    Perianth  as  in  the  last :  the  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 

inner  series,  or  corolla  (3).    Anthers  2-celled. 

8.  LACHNOCAULON.    Perianth  simple,  of  3  sepals.    Stamens  3,  monadelphous  below.    An- 
thers 1-celled. 

1.    ERIOCAlir,ON,  L.       PIPEWORT. 

Flowers  mono3cious  and  androgynous,  i.  e.  both  kinds  in  the  same  head,  eithei 
intermixed,  or  the  central  ones  sterile  and  the  exterior  fertile,  rarely  dioscious. 
Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  of  2  or  3  keeled  or  boat-shaped  sepals,  usually  spatulate  or 
dilated  upwards.  Corolla  tubular,  2  -  3-lobed,  each  of  the  lobes  bearing  a  black 
gland  or  spot.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  one  inserted 
at  the  base  of  each  lobe  and  one  in  each  sinus ;  anthers  2-celled.  Pistils  rudi- 
mentary. Pert.  FL  Calyx  as  in  the  sterile  flowers,  often  remote  from  the  rest 
of  the  flower  (therefore  perhaps  to  be  viewed  as  a  pair  of  bractlets).  Corolla  of 
2  or  3  separate  narrow  petals.  Stamens  none.  Ovary  often  stalked,  2-3- 
lobed,  2  -  3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell :  style  1  :  stigmas  2  or  3, 
slender.  Pod  membranaceous,  loculicidal.  —  Leaves  mostly  smooth,  loosely 
cellular  and  pellucid.  Scapes  or  peduncles  terminated  by  a  single  head,  which  is 
involucrate  by  some  outer  empty  bracts.  Flowers,  also  the  tips  of  the  bracts, 
&c.,  usually  bearded  or  woolly.  (Name  compounded  of  epiov,  wool,  and  KauAoy, 
a  stalk,  from  the  wool  at  the  base  of  the  scape  and  leaves  of  the  original  species.  • 
Excepting  this  and  the  flowers,  our  species  are  wholly  glabrous.)  —  The,  North 


ERIOCAULONACE^.       (PIPEWOKT    FAMILY.)  487 

American  species  are  all  stemless,  with  a  depressed  head,  and  have  the  parts  of 
the  flowers  in  twos,  the  stamens  4. 

1.  E.  decangulare,  L.    (syn.  Pluk.,  &c.)     Leaves  linear-sux>rd-shaped, 
ascending  (6' -15'  long),  of  a  rather  firm  texture;  scape  lQ-I2-ribbed  (l°-3° 
high) :  chaff  (bracts  among  the  flowers)  pointed.     1J.    (E.  serotinum,  Walt.)  — 
Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  ?  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     July  -  Sept.  — 
Involucral  scales  roundish,  straw-color  or  light  brown.    Flowers  and  bracts,  as 
in  the  following,  tipped  with  a  white  beard. 

2.  E.  gnaplialodes,  Michx.     Leaves  short  and  spreading  (2' -5' long), 
grassy-awl-shaped,   soft    and    cellular,   tapering  gradually  to   a  point,   mostly 
shorter  than  the  sheath  of  the  IQ-ribbed  scape;  chaff  obtuse.     1J.    (E.  decangulare, 
L.,  in  part,  viz.  as  to  pi.  Clayt.) — Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward.    June -Aug.  —  This  and  the  last  have  been  variously 
confounded. 

3.  E.  septailgnilsire,  Withering.    Leaves  short  (l'-3;  long),  awl-shaped, 
pellucid,  soft  and  very  cellular;  scape  7-striate,  slender,  2' -6'  high,  or  when 
submerged  becoming  l°-6°  long  (Torr.),  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water; 
chaff  acutish.    1J.    (E.  pcllucidum,  Michx.) — In  ponds  or  along  their  borders, 
from  New  Jersey  and  Pcnn.  to  Michigan,  and  northward.     Aug.  —  Head  2"  -3" 
broad ;  the  bracts,  chaff,  &e.  lead-color,  except  the  white  coarse  beard.     (Eu.) 

2.    PJEPAL.ANTHUS,    Mart.     (Sp.  of  ERIOCAULON  of  authors.) 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  (often  involute)  lobes  of  the  funnel-form  corolla  of 
the  sterile  flowers,  and  opposite  them,  commonly  3,  and  the  flower  ternary 
throughout.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Eriocaulon.  (Name  from  iramd\T],  dust  or 
flour,  and  avOos,  flower,  from  the  meal-like  down  or  scurf  of  the  heads  and  flow- 
ers of  many  [South  American]  species.) 

1.  P.  II; i. vie!  us,  Kunth.  Tufted,  stemless  ;  leaves  bristle-awl-shaped 
(1'long);  scapes  very  slender,  simple,  minutely  pubescent  (6' -12' high),  5- ' 
angled ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  pale  straw-color,  those  among  the 
(ternary)  flowers  mostly  obsolete ;  perianth  glabrous ;  sepals  and  petals  of  the 
fertile  flowers  linear-lanceolate,  scarious-white.  ty  ?  (Eriocaulon  flavidum, 
Michx.) — Low  pine  barrens,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

3.     L,ACHNOCAITL,O]V,    Kunth.        HAIRY  PIPEWORT. 

Flowers  monoecious,  &c.,  as  in  Eriocaulon.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla 
none !  Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  3  :  filaments  below  coalcscent  into  a  club-shaped 
tube  around  the  rudiments  of  a  pistil,  above  separate  and  elongated :  anthers 
1-celled !  Pert.  FL  Ovary  3-celled,  surrounded  by  3  tufts  of  hairs  (in  place 
of  a  corolla).  Stigmas  3,  two-cleft.  —  Leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  tufted. 
Scape  slender,  simple,  bearing  a  single  head,  2-3-angled,  hairy  (whence  ,he 
name,  from  Xa^i/os,  wool,  and  <av\6s,  stalk). 

1.  Lu  Micliauxii,  Kunth.  (Eriocaulon  villosum,  Michx.)—  Low  pine 
barrens,  Virginia  (Pursh),  and  southward 


490  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE     FAMILY.) 

ORDER  133.     CYPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots  and  solid  stems  (culms), 
closed  sheaths,  and  spiked  chiefly  3-androus  flowers,  one  in  the  axil  of  each 
of  the  glume-like  imbricated  bracts  (scales,  glumes),  destitute  of  any  perianth, 
or  with  hypogynous  bristles  or  scales  in  its  place ;  the  l-celled  ovary  with  a 
single  erect  anatropous  ovule,  in  fruit  forming  an  achenium.  Style  2-cleft 
•when  the  fruit  is  flattened  or  lenticular,  or  3-cleft  when  it  is  3-angular 
Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  somewhat  floury  albumen.  Stem-leaves 
•when  present  3-ranked.  —  A  large,  widely  diffused  family. 

Synopsis. 

TRIBE  I.  CYPEREJE.  Flowers  perfect,  2-ranked  (distichous),  1  -  many-flowered. 
1.  CYPERUS.  Spikes  few- many-flowered,  usually  elongated  or  slender.  Perianth  none. 
2  KYLLINGIA.  Spikes  1-flowered,  glomerate  in  a  sessile  head.  Perianth  none 

3.  DULICHIUM.    Spikes  6  -  10-flowered.    Perianth  of  6  - 10  bristles.     Achenium  beaked. 

TRIBE  II.  HYPO!L YTRE.3E.  Flowers  perfect ;  the  scales  many-ranked  :  each  flower 
provided  with  its  own  (1  -  4)  proper  scale-like  bractlets.  True  perianth  none. 

4.  HEMICARPHA.    Bractlet  or  inner  scale  1,  very  small.    Stamen  1.    Style  2-cleft. 

TRIBE  III.     SCIRPE.3E.     Flowers  perfect ;  the  scales  regularly  several-ranked,  each  cov- 
ering a  naked  flower,  or  only  the  lowest  empty.    Perianth  of  bristles  or  hairs,  or  none. 
*  Perianth  of  hypogynous  bristles  or  hairs  (rarely  obsolete  or  wanting). 

6 .  ELEOCHARIS.    Achenium  with  a»tubercle  jointed  on  its  apex,  consisting  of  the  bulbous 

persistent  base  of  the  style.    Head  solitary,  terminating  the  leafless  and  bractless  culm. 
6   SCIRPUS.    Achenium  naked  at  the  apex,  or  pointed  with  the  continuous  simple  base  of 
the  style.    Perianth  of  3  -  6  bristles.     Culms  leafy  at  the  base     Heads  one  or  more. 

7.  ERIOPHORUM.    Achenium,  &c.,  as  in  Scirpus.    Perianth  of  long  and  tufted  woolly  hairs. 

*  *  Perianth  none. 

8.  FIMBRISTYLIS.    Style  bulbous  at  the  base,  deciduous  (with  or  rarely  without  the  jointed 

bulb)  from  the  achenium. 

*  *  *  Perianth  of  3  large  scales,  and  mostly  as  many  alternating  bristles 
«.  FUIRENA.    Scales  of  the  spike  awned  below  the  apex     Achenium  triangular,  pointed 
with  the  base  of  the  style. 

TRIBE  IV.  RHYNCHOSPORKJE.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  Scales  of  th« 
few-flowered  spikes  irregularly  several-ranked,  many  of  the  lower  ones  empty,  and  often 
the  upper  sterile.  Perianth  of  bristles  or  none.  Stems  leafy. 

*  Achenium  beaked  with  the  dilated  persistent  style  or.  its  base. 
H-  Perianth  none :  style  2-cleft :  achenium  wrinkled  transversely. 

10.  PSILOCARYA.    Spikes  many-flowered,  terete,  ovoid,  cymose,  naked 

11.  DICHROMENA.    Spikes  few-flowered,  flattened,  crowded  into  a  leafy-involucrate  head 

•<-  •»-  Perianth  of  bristles  or  awns,  rarely  wanting 
12    CERATOSCHCENUS.     Style  simple,  all  persistent  in  the  awned  beak  of  the  flat  achenium 

13.  RHYNCHOSPORA.    Style  2-cleft,  the  base  only  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  acheniun; 

*  *  Achenium  without  a  beak  or  tubercle  ;  the  style  deciduous. 

14.  CLADIUM.    Achenium  globular,  corky  or  pointed  at  the  summit.    Perianth  none. 

TRIBE  V.  SCI^ERIE^l.  Flowers  monrecious  :  the  fertile  spikes  1-flowered  ;  the  stem* 
inate  several-flowered.  Achenium  nut-like,  mostly  crustaceous. 

15.  SCLERIA.    Achenium  bony  or  crustaceous.     Proper  perianth  none. 


CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  491 

TWBJB  V«I.  C  ARICKJE.  Flowers  monoecious  in  the  same  (androgynous)  or  in  separata 
spikes,  or  sometimes  dioecious.  Proper  perianth  none.  Acheniuin  enclosed  in  a  sac 
(perigynium  which  answers  to  a  bractlct  or  pair  of  bractlets),  lenticular  or  triangular. 

16.  CAREX.    Fertile  flowers  without  a  bristle-form  hooked  appendage  projecting  from  the  sac 

1      CYPEBUS,    L.        GALINGALE. 

Spikes  many  -  few-flowered,  flat  or  rarely  terete,  variously  arranged,  mostly 
in  clusters  or  heads,  which  are  commonly  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound 
terminal  umbel.  Scales  2-ranked  (their  decurrent  base  often  forming  margins  or 
wings  to  the  joint  of  the  axis  next  below),  deciduous  when  old.  Stamens  (1, 
2,  or  mostly)  3.  Perianth  none.  Style  2  -3-cleft,  deciduous.  Achenium  len- 
ticular or  triangular,  naked  at  the  apex.  —  Culms  triangular,  simple,  leafy  at 
the  base,  and  with  one  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  forming  an  involucre  to  the 
umbel.  Peduncles  unequal,  sheathed  at  the  base.  (KvTretpoy,  the  ancient 
name.) 

$  1.  PYCR^US,  Beauv.  —  Style  2-cleft:  achenium  flattened :  spikes  flat,  many- 
flowered :  only  the  lowest  scale  empty.  (Root  of  all  our  species  fibrous  and  appar- 
ently annual.) 

1.  C.  flavescens,  L.     Stamens  3;  spikes  becoming  linear,  obtuse,  clus- 
tered at  the  end  of  the  2-4  very  short  rays   (peduncles)  ;  scales  obtuse,  straw- 
yellow ;   aclienium  shining,  orbicular.  —  Low  grounds,   mostly  near  the  coast. 
Aug.  —  Culms  4' -10'  high:  spikes  5" -8"  long.      Involucre  3-leaved,  very 
unequal.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  diandnis  Torr.     Stamens  2,  or  sometimes  3 ;  spikes  lance-oblong, 
scattered  or  clustered  on  the  2-5  very  short  or  unequal  rays ;  scales  rather  obtuse, 
purple-brown  on  the  margins  or  nearly  all  over;  achenium  dull,  oblong-obovate : 
otherwise  much  like  the  last.  —  Var.  CASTANEUS,  Torr.  (C.  castaneus,  Bigel.} 
is  only  a  form  with  browner  scales.  —  Low  grounds ;  common.    Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  C.  :\lltt;illii,  Torr.     Stamens  2 ;   spikes  lance-linear,  acute,  very  flat 
(£'-!'  long),  crowded  on  the  few  very  short  (or  some  of  them  distinct)  rays; 
scales  oblong,  yelloivish-brown,  rather  loose  ;  achenium  oblong-obovate,  very  blunt,  dull. 

—  Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

—  Culms  4'- 12'  high.  —  C.  minimus  ?  NutL,  the  C.  Cleaveri,  Torr.,  fr  ed.  1,  is 
a  depauperate  condition  of  this,  with  a  1 -leaved  involucre,  and  only  one  or  two 
spikes  ! 

4.  C.  flavicomilS,  Michx.     Stamens  3;    spikes   linear   (4" -8'    long), 
spiked  and  crowded  on  the  whole  length  of  the  branches  of  the  several-rayed 
umbel,  spreading ;  scales  oval,  very  obtuse,  yellowish  and  brownish,  broadly  scarious- 
(whitish-)  margined;  achenium  obovate,  mucronate,  blackish;  culm  stout  (l°-3° 
high);  leaves  of  the  involucre  3  -  5,  very  long.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and 
southward.    July  -  Oct. 

4  2.  PAPYRUS,  Thouars.  —  Style  3-cleft  :  achenium  triangular :  stamens  3  : 
spikes  many-ftowered,  Jlattish :  joints  of  the  axis  margined  by  a  pair  of  more  or 
less  free  scales,  which  remain  after  the  proper  scale  falls  away  :  otherwise  as  in  §  3. 


492  CYPERACE^;.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

5.  C.  erythrorllizos,  Muhl.     Culm  obtusely  triangular  (2° -3°  high); 
umbel  compound,  many-rayed  ;  involucre  4  -  5-leaved,  very  long ;  involucels 
bristle-form ;  spikes  very  numerous,  crowded  in  oblong-cylindrical  nearly  sessile 
heads,  spreading  horizontally,  linear,  flatfish  (%'  long),  bright  chestnut-colored; 
scales  lanceolate,  mucronulate.     (V  — Alluvial  banks,  Penn.  to  Wisconsin?  and 
southward.    August.  —  Root  fibrous,  red. 

§  3.  CYPEKUS  PROPER.  —  Style  3-cle/l :  achenium  triangular  :  spikes  many- 
fiowered,  flat  or  almost  terete ;  only  the  lowest  scale  empty ;  the  joints  of  the  axis 
narrowly  wing-margined  or  naked. 

*  Roots  annual,  fibrous :  no  creeping  rootstocks :  culm  triangular :  spikes  awl-shaped, 
thread-shaped,  or  very  narrowly  linear,  very  numerous,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the 
rays  of  the  simple  or  mostly  compound  ample  and  open  umbel :  involucre  very  long, 
3  —  several-leaved :  scales  of  the  spike  pointless ;  the  joints  of  the  axis  winged  by  a 
pair  of  adherent  scales  :  stamens  3. 

6.  C.  IVIicIiRiiviaiiiis,  Schultes.      Culm  stout  (l°high);  rays  short; 
spikes  linear-thread-shaped,  teretish  when  mature  (!'  —  £'  long) ;  the  joints  of  its  axis 
short  and  winged  with  very  broad  scaly  margins,  which  embrace  the  ovate  triangular 
achenium ;  scales  ovate,  obtusish.  —  Marshes,  especially  along  the  coast  and 
large  rivers,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. — 
Flowers  6  -  20  in  the  spike,  yellowish-brown. 

7.  C.  Ellgclimiimi,  Steud.     Culm   £° -3°  high;    rays   mostly  short; 
spikes  filiform,  almost  terete  (about  £' long),  somewhat  remotely  5  -  9-fiowered,  the 
zigzag  joints  of  the  axis  slender,  narrowly  wing-margined;  achenium  oblong-linear , 
almost  equalling  the  oblong  or  oval  broadly  scarious  scale.    (C.  tenuior,  Engelm. 
mss.     C.  stenolepis,  Tori'.,  probably,  though  the  character  does  not  accord  :  the 
greenish  keel  or  centre  was  perhaps  taken  for  the  whole  scale,  which  is  not  nar- 
row, so  the  name  is  inapplicable  as  well  as  doubtful. )  —  Low  banks  of  streams, 
Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Virginia  ?  and  southward.  —  Between  the  foregoing  and 
the  next.     The  scales  of  the  spike  are  so  separated  that  their  base  is  never 
touched  by  the  one  next  beneath  on  the  same  side. 

8.  C.  StrigosilS,  L.      Culm  mostly  stout,  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base 
(l°-3°  high)  ;  some  of  the  rays  elongated,  their  sheaths  2-bristled  ;  spikes  linear- 
awl-shaped,  but  fiat,   8-1 5-flowered,   very  numerous,   reflexed   with  age ;   the 
slender  joints  of  the  axis  naiTowly  wing-margined ;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  sev- 
eral-nerved, much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  achenium.  —  Var.  SPECi6sus  (C. 
speciosus,  Vahl?  Torr.)  is  a  rank  state,  with  some  of  the  partial  umbels  fur- 
nished with  a  leafy  involucel.  —  Low  or  rich  grounds ;   common,  especially 
southward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Spikes  greenish,  turning  straw-color,  £'  - 1'  long. 

*  *  Roots  annual,  fibrous:  stamen  only  1  :  culm  slender,  low  (l'-12'  high) :  spikes 
fiat,  oblong-linear  or  ovate,  crowded  into  heads  on  the  few  simple  or  compound  rays : 
involucre  2  -  3-leaved :  scales  of  the  spike  with  spreading  points :  joints  of  the  axis 
slightly  or  not  at  all  margined. 

9.  C.  infleXllS,  Muhl.     Dwarf  (l'-5^high);  spikes  oblong-linear,  7-13- 
flowered,  collected  in  2-3  ovate  heads  (either  sessile  and  clustered  or  short-pe 
duncled) ;  scales  nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  recurved  point ,-  achenium  obovate, 
obtuse.  —  Sandy  wet  shores  ;  common.    July  -  Sept.  —  Sweet-seer  ted  iu  drying. 


CYFERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  493 

10.  C.  :i<  llllliiiatiis,  Torr.     Slender  (3'-  12'  high) ;  spikes  ovate,  becom- 
ing oblong,  16-  30-flowered,  pale,  collected  in  simple  or  compound  hends  ;  scales 
obscurely  3-nerved,  their  short  acute  tips  somewhat  spreading;  achenium  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends.  —  Low  ground,  Illinois  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Root  perennial:  stamen  only  1 :  spikes  shoi-t  and  fiat,  ovate  and  oblong,  crowd- 
ed in  close  globular  heads ;  the  joints  of  the  axis  not  margined. 

11.  C.  vireilS,  Michx.     Culm  (l°-4°high)  either  sharply  or  obtusely 
triangular ;  leaves  and  involucre  very  long,  keeled ;  umbel  compound,  many- 
rayed  ;  achenium  oblong  or  linear,  £  to  |  the  length  of  the  narrow  oblong  acut- 
ish  scale.     (C.  vegetus,  Torr.)  —  Wet  places,  Virginia  and  southward.  —  Heads 
of  spikes  green,  turning  tawny. 

*  *  *  *  Root  perennial :  rootstocks  creeping,  or  tuberous :  stamens  3. 

•*-  Spikes  fiat,  closely  fiowtred,  ovate-oblong  or  becoming  broadly  linear,  3  -  5  at  the 

end  of  each  ray  of  the  compound  umbel. 

12.  C.  dcntatMS,  Torr.    Culm  slender  (6' -12' high) ;  umbel  4-7-rayed; 
spikes  6  -  30-flowered  ;  scales  strongly  keeled,  and  with  abruptly  sharp-pointed 
slightly  spreading  tips,  reddish-brown  on  the  sides,  green  on  the  back ;  achenium 
obovate,  sharply  triangular.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  a»d 
southward.     Aug.  —  Spikes  2"  -  5"  long,  sometimes  changing  into  leafy  tufts 
t-  •»-  Spikes  fiat,  closely  fiowered,  linear  (£'-!'  long),  loosely  spiked  along  the  upper 

part  of  the   rays  of  the  open  umbel :  rootstocks  slender,  creeping  extensively,  and 
bearing  small  nut-like  tubers. 

13.  C.  rotuudus,  L.,  var.  Hydra.      (NUT-GRASS.)      Culm  slender 
(£°-  l£°  high),  longer  than  the  leaves;  umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound, 
about  equalling  the  involucre ;  the  few  rays  each  bearing  4-9  dark  chestnut- 
purple  12-40-flowered  acute  spikes;  scales  ovate,  closely  appressed,  nerveless  except 
on  the  green  keel.     (C.  Hydra,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  fields,  Virginia  and  south- 
ward :  probably  an  immigrant  from  farther  south.     Excessively  troublesome  to 
planters.     (Eu.) 

14.  C.  phymatodes,  Muhl.    Culm  (1°-^°  high)  equalling  the  leaves; 
umbel  often  compound,  4  -  7-rayed,  much  shorter  than  the  long  involucre  ;  spikes 
numerous,  light  chestnut,  or  straw-color,  acutish,  12  — 30-flowered;  scales  oblong,  nar- 
rowly scarious-margined,  nerved,  the  acutish  tips  rather  loose ;  achenium  oblong. 
(C.  repens,  EU.) — Low  grounds,  along  rivers,  &c.,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  common  southward.     Aug.  —  Tubers  small,  at  the  end  of  very  slender 
rootstocks  :  by  these  the  plant  multiplies  rapidly,  and  becomes  a  pest. 
•*-•»-+-  Spikes  fiattish,  rather  loosely  fiowered,  greenish,  lance-linear,  capitate-clus- 
tered (except  in  No.  15) ;  the  convex  ovate  scales  many-nerved,  only  ^  or  ^  longer 
than  the  triangular  achenium :  culms  tufted  from  hard  tuberiferous  rootstocks. 

15.  C.  Schweinitzii,  Torr.     Culm  rough  on  the  angles  (1°- 2° high); 
leaves  linear;  umbel  simple,  4-S-rayed;  spikes  crowded  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
mostly  elongated  rays,  erect,  loosely  6  -  9-flowered,  a  bristly  bract  at  the  base  of 
each ;  scales  awl-pointed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate  achenium ;  joints  of  the 
axis  narrowly  winged.  —  Dry  sandy  shores,  &c.,  Lake  Ontario,  New  York,  to 
Illinois,  and  northwestward.     Aug.  —  Spikes  £'-£'  long:  the  scales  large  in 
proportion. 

42 


494  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

16.  C.  Grayii,  Torr.    Culm  thread-form,  wiry  (6'  - 12'  high) ;  leaves  nearly 
bristle-shaped,  channelled ;  umbel  simple,  4  -  Grayed;  spikes  5  - 10  in  a  loose  head, 
spreading,  5-  7-flowered,  the  joints  of  the  axis  winged;  scales  rather  obtuse,  green- 
ish-chestnut-color ;  achenium  obovate,  minutely  pointed.  —  Barren  sandy  soil, 
Rhode  Island  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast.    Aug.     (Approaches  the  next.) 

17.  C.  filiculmis,  Vahl.     Culm  slender,  wiry,  often  reclined  (8' -15' 
high) ;  leaves  linear  (1"  -  2"  wide) ;  spikes  numerous  and  clustered  in  one  sessile  dense 
head,  or  in  I  -3  additional  looser  heads  on  spreading  rays,  6 -  10-flowered  ;  joints  oj 
the  axis  naked ;  scales  blunt,  greenish;  achenium  obovate,  short-pointed.    (C.  ina- 
riscoides,  Ell.)  — Dry  sterile  soil;  common,  especially  southward.    Aug. 

§  4.  MARf  SCUS,  Vahl.  —  Style  3-cleft :  the  achenium  triangular :  stamens  3  : 
spikes  1  -few-flowered,  scarcely  flattened  ;  the  2  lower  scales  short  and  empty :  oth- 
erwise as  in  §  3. 

18.  C.  OVUlariS,  Torr.    Smooth;  culm  sharply  triangular  (6' -12'  high) ; 
umbel  1  -  6-rayed ;  spikes  in  globular  dense  heads,  2  -  ^-flowered,  short  and  thick : 
joints  of  the  axis  winged ;  scales  ovate,  blunt,  greenish ;  achenium  obovoid.     1J. 
(Kyllingia,  Michx.) —  Sandy  soil,  S.  New  York  to  Virginia,  and  south  ward. 
Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Heads  barely  £'  in  diameter,  of  50  - 100  spikes. 

19.  C.  retro  fractllS,  Torr.     Culm  minutely  downy  like  the  leaves,  rough 
on  the  obtusish  angles  ( 1  °  -  3°  high ) ;  umbel  many-rayed ;  spikes  slender,  awl- 
snaped,  very  numerous  in  obovate  or  oblong  heads  terminating  the  elongated 
rays,  soon  reflexed,  1  -  2-flowered  in  the  middle ;  scales  usually  4  or  5,  the  two 
lowest  ovate  and  empty,  the  fertile  lanceolate,  the  uppermost  involute-awl-shaped  ; 
achenium  linear.     1|   (Scirpus  retrofractus,  L.)  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  to 
Virginia,  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Spikes  £'  long,  50- 100  in  a  head,  greenish. 

2.    KYLLINGIA,    L.        KYLLINGIA. 

Spikes  of  3-4  two-ranked  scales,  1  -1^-flowered;  the  2  lower  scales  minute 
and  empty,  as  in  Cyperus  §  4 ,  otherwise  as  in  Cyperus  §  1  (viz.  style  2-cleft ; 
achenium  lenticular) :  but  the  numerous  spikes  densely  aggregated  in  solitary 
or  triple  sessile  heads.  Involucre  about  3-leaved.  (Named  after  Kylling,  a 
Danish  botanist.) 

I.  K.  ]>iunila,  Michx.  Head  globular  or  3-lobed,  whitish-green  (4" 
broad) ;  spikes  strictly  1-flowered ;  upper  scales  ovate,  pointed,  rough  on-  the 
keel ;  stamens  2 ;  leaves  linear.  —  Low  grounds,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
Aug.  —  Culms  2'  -  9'  high. 

3.     DUIjiCHIIJlfEy    Richard.        DULICHIUM. 

Spikes  many-  (6  - 10-)  flowered,  linear,  flattened,  sessile  in  2  ranks  on  axillary 
solitary  peduncles  emerging  from  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves.  Scales  2-ranked, 
lanceolate.  Perianth  of  6  -  9  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style 
2-cleft  above.  Achenium  flattened,  linear-oblong,  beaked  with  the  long  persist- 
ent style.  — A  perennial  herb,  with  a  terete  simple  culm  (l°-2°  high),  jointed 
and  leafy  to  the  summit;  the  leaves  short  and  flat,  linear,  3-ranked.  (The  name 
of  a  Greek  island ;  its  application  unexplained.) 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  495 

1.  D.  spatliaceum,  Pers. — Borders  of  ponds;  common.  July- 
Sept. 

4.     II  JEM  I  CARPI!  A,    Nees.        HJSMICABPHA. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  ovoid,  one  or  few  in  a  lateral  cluster,  sessile.  Scales 
regularly  imbricated  in  many  ranks,  ovate  or  obovate.  Inner  scale  single  be- 
hind the  flower,  very  thin,  finally  often  adhering  to  or  wrapped  around  the  ob- 
long or  obovoid  pointless  naked  achenium.  Perianth  none.  Stamen  1.  Style 
2-cleft.  —  Little  tufted  annuals  resembling  Scirpus,  except  as  to  the  minute  inner 
scale,  which  is  readily  overlooked ;  the  naked  culms  with  bristle-like  leaves  at 
the  base.  (Name  from  rjfu,  half,  and  <dp(j)os,  straw  or  chaff,  in  allusion  to  the 
single  inner  scalelet  on  one  side  of  the  flower.) 

1.  H.  Sllbsquarrosa,  Nees.  Dwarf  (!' -4' high);  involucre  1 -leaved, 
as  if  a  continuation  of  the  bristle-like  culm,  and  usually  with  another  minute 
leaf;  spikes  2-3  (2"  long);  scales  brown,  tipped  with  a  short  recurved  point 
(Scirpus  subsquarrosus,  Muhl.)  —  Sandy  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers ;  not  rare, 
often  growing  with  Cyperus/  inflexus.  July.  —  Var.  DRUMMONDII  (H.  Drum- 
mondii,  Nees)  is  a.  form  with  single  and  pale  or  greenish  heads. — Illinois  and 
southward. 

5.     131.  HOC  Iff  A  It  IS,    R.  Brown.        SPIKE-RUSH. 

Spike  single,  terminating  the  naked  culm,  many  -  several-flowered.  Scales 
imbricated  all  round  in  many,  rarely  in  2  or  3,  ranks.  Perianth  of  3  - 12  (com- 
monly 6)  bristles,  usually  rough  or  barbed  downwards,  rarely  obsolete.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Style  2  -  3-cleft,  its  bulbous  base  persistent  as  a  tubercle,  which  is 
jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  lenticular  or  obtusely  triangular  achenium.  — Leaf- 
less, chiefly  perennial,  with  tufted  culms  sheathed  at  the  base,  from  matted  or 
creeping  rootstocks.  (Name  from  eXor,  a  marsh,  and  xat/Pa)5 to  delight  in ;  being 
marsh  plants.) 

$  1.  LIMN6CHLOA,  Nees.  —  Scales  of  the  dense  and  terete  many-flowered  spike 
papery-coriaceous  and  rounded,  with  a  scarious  margin,  pale :  style  3-cleft :  ache- 
nium doubly  convex,  about  equalling  the  bristles. 

#  Culms  large  and  stout,  often  thicker  than  the  cylindrical  spike:  scales  faintly  many' 
striate,  and  densely  imbricated  so  as  usually  to  form  (five)  distinct  spiral  roivs : 
sheaths  at  the  base  often  nearly  leaf-bearing.  (LIMNOCHLOA  proper.) 

1.  E.  eqilisetOldes,  Torr.      Culm  terete,  knotted  as  if  jointed  by  many 
cross  partitions  (2°  high,  thick  as  a  goosequill) ;  achenium  smooth,  crowned  with 
a  conical-beaked  tubercle.  —  Shallow  water,  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  Michigan 
(Houghton],  Delaware,  and  southward.  —  Spike  1'  or  more  long. 

2.  E.  qiiadranglllata,  R.  Brown.     Culm  even,  sharply  4-angled  (2°- 
4°  high) ;  achenium  finely  reticulated,  crowned  with  a  conical  flattened  distinct 
tubercle.  —  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  southward. 

*  *  Culms  slender :  spike  ovate  or  oblong :  scales  with  a  midrib. 

3.  E.  tuberculosa,  R.  Brown.     Culms  striate  (8' -12'  Hgh);  bristles 
strongly  barbed  downward ;  achenium  triangular,  ribbed  and  minutely  reticulated, 


496  CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

surmounted  by  a  flattish  cap-shaped  tubercle  as  large  as  itself.  —  Wet  sandy  places, 
Massachusetts,  along  the  coast,  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

$  2.  ELE6CHARIS  PROPER.  —  Scales  of  the  terete  several  -  many-flowered  spike 

membranaceous,  and  with  a  midrib  or  nerve,  imbricated  in  more  than  three  ranks. 

•*  Achenium  lenticular  (smooth)  :  style  2-cleft,  in  No.  4  commonly  3-cleJl:  spike  dense, 

many-flowered:  culms  rather  slender,  spongy.     (ELEOGENUS,  Nees.) 

4.  E.  Obtusa,  Schultes.     Culms  nearly  terete,  tufted  (8' -14' high)  from 
fibrous  roots;  spike  globose-ovoid  and  with  aye  oblong,  obtuse  (dull  brown);  the 
scales  very  obtuse  and  numerous  (80-130),  densely  crowded  in  many  ranks ;  style  3- 
( rarely  2-)  cleft;  achenium  obovate,  shining,  tumid-margined,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  6  bristles,  crowned  with  a  short  and  very  broad  flattened  tubercle.  — 
Muddy  places ;  everywhere  common. 

5.  E.  olivacea,  Torr.     Culms  flattish,  grooved,  diffusely  tufted  on  slen 
der  matted  rootstocks  (2' -4' high);  spike  ovate,  acutish,  20 - 30-flowered ;  scales 
ovate,  obtuse,  rather  loosely  imbricated  in  many  ranks  (purple  with  a  green  mid- 
rib and  slightly  scarious  margins) ;  achenium  obovate,  dull,  abruptly  beaked 
with  a  narrow  tubercle,  about  half  the  length  of  the  6-8  bristles.  —  Inundated 
sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

6.  E.  palustris,  R.  Brown.     Culms  nearly  terete,  striate  (l°-2°  high), 
from  running  rootstocks;  spike  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  many-flowered;  scales 
ovate-oblong,  loosely  imbricated  in  several  ranks,  reddish-brown  with  a  broad  and 
translucent  whitish  margin  and  a  greenish  keel,  the  upper  acutish,  the  lowest 
rounded  and  often  enlarged ;   achenium  obovate,  somewhat  shining,  crowned 
with  a  short  ovate  or  ovate-triangular  flattened  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  usually 
4  bristles. — Var.  GLAUCESCENS  (S.  glaucescens,  WiM.l):  culms  slender  or  fili- 
form ;  tubercle  narrower  and  acute,  beak-like,  sometimes  half  the  length  of  the 
achenium.  —  Var.  CALVA  (E.  calva,  Torr.)'.  bristles  wanting;  tubercle  short, 
nearly  as  in  the  true  E.  palustris,  but  rather  narrower  (Watertown,  New  York, 
Crawe).  —  Very  common,  either  in  water,  when  it  is  pretty  stout  and  tall;  or  in 
low  grassy  grounds,  when  it  is  slender  and  lower.     (Eu.) 

*  •*  Achenium  triangular :  style  3-cleft :  bristles  sometimes  few  and  fragile  or  alto- 
gether wanting.     (SciRpfoiUM,  Nees,  nearly.) 
«-  Spike  much  broader  than  thefllifonn  or  slender  culm  :  scales  imbricated  in  several 

ranks,  brownish  or  purplish  with  scarious  whitish  margins,  l^nerved. 
•-«•  Bristles  4-6,  longer  than  the  achenium,  stout  and  bearded  downward. 

7.  E.  I'OStellata,  Torr.     Culms  flattened  and  striate-grooved,  wiry,  erect 
(l°-2°  high),  the  sheath  transversely  truncate;  spike  ovoid-lanceolate,  acute,  12- 
ZQ-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  rather  rigid  (light  brown) ;  achenium  smooth, 
obovate-triangular,  narrowed  into  the  confluent  pyramidal  tubercle,  which  is 
overtopped  by  the  4-6  bristles.  —  Marshes,  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  Penn  Yan, 
New  York  (Sartwell),  and  Michigan.  —  Allied  to  S.  multicaulis  of  Eu. 

8.  E.   intermedia,    Schultes.       Culms  capillary,   wiry,   striate-grooved, 
densely  tufted  from  fibrous  roots,  diffusely  spreading  or  reclining  (6' -12'  long)  ; 
spike  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  loosely  W-lS-flowered  (2" -3"  long);  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  green-keeled,  the  sides  purplish-brown  ;  achecium  smooth,  obovoid  with 


CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  497 

a  narrowed  base,  beaked  with  a  slender  conical-awl-shaped  distinct  tubercle, 
which  nearly  equals  the  6  bristles.  (E.  reclinata,  Kunth !)  —  Wet  slopes  ;  com- 
mon northward. 

**  •*-*•  Bristles  2-4,  shorter  than  the  achenium  .and  fragile,  or  none. 

9.  E.  teniliS,  Schultes.     Culms  almost  capillary,   erect,   sharply  4-angular 
(1°  high),  the  sides  concave;  spike  elliptical,  acutish,  20 - 30-flowered  (3"  long) ; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse,  chestnut-purple  with  a  broad  scarious  margin  and  green  keel ; 
achenium  obovate,  roughened  with  close  and  fine  projecting  dots,  crowned  with  a  small 
depressed  tubercle ;  bristles  2-3,  half  the  length  of  the  achenium,  or  wanting. 
(E.  elliptica,  Kunth!)  — Wet  meadows  and  bogs ;  common. 

10.  E.    COmprcssa,    Sullivant.     Culms  flat,   strongly   striate,   slender, 
erect  (1|°  high) ;  spike  ovate-oblong,  20 - 30-flowered  (4"  long) ;  scales  lanceolate- 
ovate,  acute,  dark  purple  with  broad  white  pellucid  margins  and  summit,  the  latter 
2-cleft;  achenium  obovate-pear-shaped,  obtusely  3-angled,  obscurely  wrinkled-pitted, 
crowned  with  a  small  globular-conical  tubercle ;  bristles  none  (rarely  a  single  rudi- 
ment).—  Wet  places,  N.  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Illinois.  —  Culms  tufted  on  run- 
ning rootstocks,  £"  broad,  strikingly  flat,  spirally  twisted  in  drying. 

11.  E.  mclaiiocarpa,  Torr.     Culms  flattened,  grooved,  wiry,  erect  (9' 
- 18'  high) ;  spike  cylindrical-ovoid  or  oblong,  thick,  obtuse,  densely  many-flowered 
(3"  -  6"  long) ;  scales  roundish-ovate,  very  obtuse,  brownish  with  broad  scarious 
margins ;  achenium  smooth,  obovate-top-shaped,  obtusely  triangular,  the  broad  summit 
entirely  covered  like  a  lid  by  the  flatly  depressed  tubercle,  which  is  raised  in  the  cen- 
tre into  a  short  abrupt  triangular  point;  bristles  3  or  4,  shorter  than  the  (soon 
blackish)  achenium,  fragile,  often  obsolete.  —  Wet  sand,  Plymouth,  Massachu- 
setts, to  Virginia,  and  southward  along  the  coast.     Scales  closely  many-ranked, 
as  in  the  first  division  of  §  2. 

12.  E.  tricostata,  Torr.     Culms  flatfish,  thread-like  (1°-  2°  high);  spike 
cylindrical-oblong,  densely  many-flowered  (6" -9"  long),  thickish;  scales  ovate, 
very  obtuse,  rusty  brown,  with  broad  scarious  margins ;  achenium  obovate,  with  3 
prominent  thickened  angles,  minutely  rough-wrinkled,  crowned  with  a  short-conical 
acute  tubercle;  bristles  none.  —  Quaker  Bridge,  New  Jersey   (Knieskem),  and 
southward. 

H-  •*-  Spike  lance-linear,  scarcely  broader  than  the  sharply  triangular  culm :  scale* 
few-ranked,  greenish,  finely  several-nerved  on  the  keeled  back. 

13.  E.  Rofrbinsii,  Oakes.     Flower-bearing  culms  exactly  triangular,  rather 
stout,  erect  (8' -2°  high),  also  producing  tufts  of  capillary  abortive  stems,  like 
fine  leaves,  which  float  in  the  water;  sheath  obliquely  truncate ;  scales  of  the 
pointed  spike  3-9,  convolute-clasping,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  scarious  mar- 
gins ;  achenium  oblong-obovate,  3-angular,  minutely  reticulated,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  6  downwardly-barbed  strong  bristles,  tipped  with  a  flattened  awl- 
shaped  tubercle.  —  Shallow  water,  from  Pondicherry  Pond,  New  Hampshire 
(Bobbins),  to  Rhode  Island,  Thurber,  &c.  —  Spike  varying  from  $'  to  1'  long,  by 
1"  wide ;  the  long  scales  being  rather  remote  and  sheath-like.       /r~ 

$  3.  CELETOCYPERUS,  Nees.  —  Scales  of  the  compressed  few  -  several-flowered 
spike  membranaceous,  2  -  3-ranked:  bristles  3  -  6,  fragile  or  fugacious :  style  3-cleft . 
achenium  triangular  or  somewhat  terete :  culms  small  and  capillary. 
42* 


4:98  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

*  Achenium  obscurely  triangular,  many-ribbed  on  the  sides. 

14.  E.  acicillaris,  K.  Brown.      Culms  finely   capillary   (2' -8'  long), 
more  or  less  4-an  rular;  spike  3-9-flowered  ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse 
(greenish  with  purple  sides) ;  achenium  obovate-oblong,  tumid,  with  3  ribbed 
angles  and  2-3  times  as  many  smaller  intermediate  ribs,  also  transversely  stri- 
ate,  longer  than  the  3-4  very  fugacious  bristles;  tubercle  conical-triangular. 
(S.  trichodes,  Muhl.,  &c.)  —  Muddy  places,  and  margins  of  brooks;  common. 
(Eu.) 

#  *  Achenium  triangular,  with  smooth  and  even  sides. 

15.  E.  pygm&a,  Torr.     Culms  bristle-like,  flattened  and  grooved  (!'- 
2' high) ;  spike  ovate,  3  -  B-flowered ;  scales  ovate  (greenish),  the  upper  rather 
acute ;  achenium  ovoid,  acutely  triangular,  smooth  and  shining,  tipped  with  a 
minute  tubercle ;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the  fruit,  sometimes  wanting.     (S. 
pusillus,  Vahl.?     Cha3tocyperus  polymorphus,  Nees?) — Brackish  marshes  and 
river-banks,  as  far  as  salt  water  reaches. 

16.  E.  mici'OCarpa,  var.  ?  filiCUlmiS,  Torr.     "  Culms  capillary  or 
thread-like,  wiry,  4-angular  (3' -4'  high) ;  spikes  oblong,  often  proliferous,  15-25- 
flowered ;  bristles  nearly  as  long  as  the  obovate-oblong  (obtusely  triangular)  nut 
without  the  tubercle;  scales  dark  chestnut-color."  —  Wet  places,  in  the  pine 
barrens  of  New  Jersey,  Torrey. 

6.    SCIRPUS,   L.        BOLKUSH.    CLUB-BUSH. 

Spikes  many  -  several-flowered,  terete,  single  or  mostly  clustered,  and  sub- 
tended by  one  or  more  involucral  leaves,  often  appearing  lateral  from  the  exten- 
sion of  an  involucral  leaf  like  a  continuation  of  the  culm.  Scales  regularly 
imbricated  all  round  in  several  ranks.  Perianth  of  3-6  bristles.  Stamens 
mostly  3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  simple,  not  bulbous  at  &e  base,  wholly  deciduous, 
or  leaving  a  persistent  jointless  base  as  a  tip  or  point  to  the  lenticular  or  trian- 
gular achenium.  —  Culms  sheathed  at  the  base ;  the  sheaths  usually  leaf-bearing. 
Perennials,  except  No.  8.  (The  Latiu  name  of  the  Bulrush.) 

§  1.  SCIRPUS  PROPER.  —  Bristles  rigid,  not  exserted,  mostly  barbed  downwards. 

*  Spike  single,  terminal,  with  an  empty  scale  or  bract  at  its  base  equalling  or  overtop- 
ping it,  few-flowered :  culms  slender,  jointless,  leaf-bearing  only  at  the  base  (style 
3-cleft :  achenium  triangular,  smooth). 

1 .  S.  csespitosus,  L.     Culms  terete,  wiry,  densely  sheathed  at  the  base, 
in  compact  turfy  tufts  (3'  - 10'  high) ;  the  upper  sheath  prolonged  into  a  short 
awl-shaped  leaf,-  spike  ovoid,  rusty-color ;  the  2  lower  scales  bract-like,  callous- 
pointed,  and  as  long  as  the  spike ;  bristles  6,  smooth,  longer  than  the  abruptly 
short-pointed  achenium. — Alpine  tops  of  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  N.  New  York.     Also  high  mountains  of  Virginia  ?     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  planifolillS,  Muhl.     Culms  triangular,  loosely  tufted  (5'  - 10'  high), 
leafy  at  the  base ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  as  long  as  the  culm,  rough  on  the  edges  and 
keel,  as  is  the  culm ;  spike  ovate  or  oblong,  rusty -color ;  scales  ovate,  with  a 
strong  green  keel  prolonged  into  an  awned  tip,  the  lowest  about  as  long  as  the 
spike ;  bristles  4-6,  upwardly  hairy,  as  long  as  the  blunt  achenium.  —  Diy  or 
moist  woods,  Delaware  to  New  England,    June. 


CYPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  499 

3.  S.  SllbterminaliS,   Torr.      Culms   (l°-3°  long)   and  slender  terett 
leaves  immersed  and  cellular ;  spike  overtopped  by  a  green  bract,  which  appears  like 
a  prolongation  of  the  culm,  oblong,  raised  out  of  the  water;  scales  scarcely 
pointed ;  bristles  6,  bearded  downwards,  rather  shorter  than  the  abruptly-pointed 
achcnium.  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds,  New  Jersey  and  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, and  westward.     Aug. 

*  *  Spikes  clustered  (rarely  reduced  to  one),  appearing  lateral  by  the  extension  of  the. 

one-leaved  involucre  exactly  like  a  continuation  of  the  naked  culm. 

•»-  Culm  triangular,  stout,  chiefly  from  running  rootstocks :   spikes  many-flowered, 

rusty  brown,  closely  sessile  in  one  cluster  :  sheaths  at  base  more  or  less  leaf-bearing. 

4.  S.  piin^reilS,  Vahl.     Culm  sharply  3-angled  throughout  (1°- 4°  high), 
with  concave  sides;  lear>es  1-3,  elongated  (4' -10'  long),  keeled  and  channelled; 
spikes  1-6,  capitate,  ovoid,  long  overtopped  by  the  pointed  involucral  leaf; 
scales  ovate,  sparingly  ciliate,  2-cleft  at  the  apex  and  awl-pointed  from  between 
the  •  acute  lobes  ;  anthers  tipped  with  an  awl-shaped  minutely  fringed  appendage  ; 
style  2-cleft ;  bristles  2-6,  shorter  than  the  obovate  plano-convex  and  mucronate 
smooth  achenium.     (S.  triqueter,  Michx.,  not  of  L.     S.  Americanus,  Pers.)  — 
Borders  of  salt  and  fresh  ponds  and  streams.     July,  Aug.  —  This  is  the  species 
generally  used  for  making  rush-bottom  chairs.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  Oliicyi,  Gray.     Culm  3-wing-angled,  with  deeply  excavated  sides,  stout 
(2° -7°  high),  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  short  3-angular  leaf  or  none,  spikes  6- 
12,  closely  capitate,  ovoid,  obtuse,  overtopped  by  the  short  involucral  leaf;  scales 
orbicular,  smooth,  the  inconspicuous  mucronate  point  shorter  than  the  scarious 
apex ;  anthers  with  a  very  short  and  blunt  minutely  bearded  tip ;  style  2-cleft ;  bris- 
tles 6,  scarcely  equalling  the  obovate  plano-convex  mucronate  achenium.  —  Salt 
marshes,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Oakes,  Khode  Island,  Olney,  and  New  Jersey, 
Knieskern ;  also  southward.     July.  —  Cross-section  of  the  stem  strongly  3-rayed, 
with  the  sides  parallel.  —  Much  nearer  than  the  last  to  the  European  S.  triqueter, 
which  has  similar  anthers  and  an  abbreviated  or  almost  abortive  leaf;  but  its 
culm  is  wingless,  and  the  cluster  of  spikes  compound,  some  of  them  umbellate- 
stalked. 

6.  S»  T6rreyi,  Olney.     Culm  3-angled,  with  concave  sides,  rather  slender 
(2°  high),  leafy  at  the  base;  leaves  2-3,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  culm,  tri- 
angular-channelled, slender ;  spikes  1-4,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  distinct,  sessile,  long 
overtopped  by  the  slender  erect  involucral  leaf;  scales  ovate,  smooth,  entire, 
barely  mucronate ;  style  3-cleft ;  bristles  longer  than  the  unequally  triangular  obovate 
very  smooth  and  long-pointed  achenium.     (S.  mucrotiatus,  Pursh  ?  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.) 
—  Borders  of  ponds,  both  brackish  and  fresh,  New  England  to  Michigan.    July, 
Aug.  —  (S.  mucronatus,  L.,  should  it  be  found  in  the  country,  will  be  known 
by  its  leafless  sheaths,  conglomerate  head  of  many  spikes,  stout  involucral  leaf 
bent  to  one  side,  &c.) 

•»-  •*-  Culm  terete,  naked. 

7.  S.  lacustris,    L.     (BULRUSH.)     Culm  large,  cylindrical,  gradually 
tapering  at  the  apex  (3° -8°  high),  the  sheath  bearing  a  small  lineal -awl-shaped 
leaf  or  none ;   spikes  ovate-oblong,  numerous,  in  a  conrpound  umbel-like  panick 
turned  to  one  side,  rusty-brown ;  scales  ovate,  mucronate ;  bristles  \  -  6 ;  achenium 


500  CYPERACE.E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

obovate,  mucronate,  plano-convex.  —  Our  plant  appears  constantly  to  hs  ve  a  2 
cleft  style,  and  the  scales  often  a  little  downy  on  the  back,  and  is  S.  validus,  Vahl. 
&  S.  acutus,  MuhL  —  Fresh-water  ponds  and  lakes ;  common.  July.  —  Culm 
as  thick  as  the  finger  at  the  base,  tipped  with  an  erect  and  pointed  involucral 
leaf,  which  is  shorter  or  longer  than  the  panicle.  (Eu.) 

8.  S.  debilis,  Pursh.     Culms  slender  (6' -12'  high),  striate,  tufted,  from 
fibrous  roots,  leafless,  or  1 -leaved  at  the  base  ;  spikes  ovate,  few  (1-8)  in  a  sessile 
cluster,  appearing  deeply  lateral  by  the  prolongation  of  the  1 -leaved  involucre ; 
scales  round-ovate  (greenish-yellow) ;  style  2-3-cleft;  bristles  4-6,  longer  than 
the  obovate  plano-convex  or  lenticular  shining  minutely  dotted  achenium,  or 
rarely  obsolete.     ® —  Low  banks  of  streams,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.     Aug. 

#  #  #  Spikes  clustered  and  mostly  umbelled,  plainly  terminal,  many-flowered :  involu- 
cre leafy :  culm  leafy,  triangular ,  and  with  closed  joints  below  (style  3-cleft). 
H-  Scales  of  the  large  spikes  awl-pointed,  lacerate-3-deft  at  the  apex. 

9.  S.  Hiaritimtis,  L.     (SEA  CLUB-RUSH.)     Leaves  flat,  linear,  as  long 
as  the  stout  culm  (l°-3°  high),  those  of  the  involucre  1-4,  very  unequal; 
spikes  few  -  several  in  a  sessile  cluster,  and  often  also  with  1-4  unequal  rays 
bearing  1-3  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  (rusty  brown)  spikes  ;  achenium  obovate- 
orbicidar,  much  compressed,  fiat  on  one  side,  convex  or  obtuse-angled  on  the  other,  mi- 
nutely pointed,  shining,  longer  than  thel-G  unequal  and  deciduous   (sometimes 
obsolete)  bristles.  —  Var.  MACROSTACHYOS,  Michx.   (S.  robustus,  Pursh.)  is  a 
larger  form,  with  very  thick  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads,  becoming  1'- 1£'  long, 
and  the  longer  leaf  of  the  involucre  often  1°  long.  —  Salt  marshes  ;  common  on 
the  coast,  and  near  salt  springs  (Salina,  New  York),  &c.     Aug.  —  Heads  beset 
with  the  spreading  or  recurved  short  awns  which  abruptly  tip  the  scales.    (Eu.) 

10.  S.  fluviutilis.     (RIVER  CLUB-RUSH.)     Leaves  flat,  broadly  linear 
(y  or  more  wide),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  very 
ong  involucre  very  much  exceeding  the  compound  umbel ;  rays  5-9,  elongated, 
rxurved-spreading,  bearing  1-5  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  acute  heads ;  acheni- 
um obovate,  sharply  and  exactly  triangular,  conspicuously  pointed,  opaque,  scarcely 
equalling  the  6  rigid  bristles.    (S.  marit.,  var.  ?  fluviatilis,  Torr.,  excl.  syn.  Ell.) 
—  Borders  of  lakes  and  large  streams,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 
July,  Aug.  —  Culm  very  stout,  sharply  triangular,  3°  -  4°  high.     Leaves  rough- 
ish  on  the  margin,  like  the  last;  those  of  the  umbel  3-7,  the  largest  l°-2° 
long.     Principal  rays  of  the  umbel  3' -4'  long,  sheathed  at  the  base.     Heads  f 
to  \\'  long,  paler  and  duller  than  in  No.  9  ;  the  scales  less  lacerate  and  the  awns 
less  recurved  ;  the  fruit  larger  and  very  different. 

H-  H-  Scales  of  the  small  compound-umbelled  and  clustered  heads  mucronate-tipped. 

11.  S.  SylvdtiCUS,  L.     Culm  leafy  (2° -5°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
flat,  rough  on  the  edges ;  umbel  cymose-decompound,  irregular ;  the  numerous 
spikes  clustered  (3-10  together)  in  dense  heads,  ovoid,  dark  lead-colored  or  olive- 
green  turning  brownish ;  bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed  their  whole  length,  straight, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  convex-triangular  achenium.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  New 
England  and  northward.  —  Var.  ATROVIRENS  (S.  atrovirens,  MuhL)  is  a  form 
with  the  spikes  (10-30  together)  conglomerate  into  denser  larger  heads.  — Wet 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  501 

meadows,  &c.,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward.   July.     (Eu.) 

12.  S.  polyphyllllS,  Vahl.      Culm,  umbel,  &c.  as  in  the  last;  spikes 
clustered  in  heads  of  3  -  8,  ovoid,  becoming  cylindrical  with  age,  yellowish-brown ; 
bristles  6,  usually  twice  bent,  soft-barbed  towards  tlie  summit  only,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  achenium.     (S.  exaltatus,  Pwrsh.     S.  brunneus,  Muhl.)  —  Swamps 
and  shady  borders  of  ponds,  W.  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    July. 
—  Intermediate  in  character  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

§2.  TRICH6PHORUM,  Richard.  —  Bristles  capillary,  tortuous  and  entangled, 
naked,  not  barbed,  much  longer  than  the  (triangular)  achenium,  when  old  projecting 
beyond  the  rusty-colored  scales.  (Leaves,  involucre,  frc.  as  in  the  last  species.) 

13.  S.  lineatus,  Michx.     Culm  triangular,  leafy  (l°-3°high);  leaves 
linear,  flat,  rather  broad,  rough  on  the  margins ;  umbels  terminal  and  axillary, 
loosely  cymose-panicled,  drooping,  the  terminal  with  a  1  -  3-leaved  involucre  much 
shorter  than  the  long  and  slender  rays ;  spikes  oblong,  becoming  cylindrical,  on 
thread-like  drooping  pedicels ;   bristles  at  maturity  scarcely  exceeding  the  ovate 
green-keeled  and  pointed  scales;  achenium  sharp-pointed. — Low  grounds,  W. 
New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.     July. 

14.  S.  Erioplioriiiii,  Michx.      (WOOL-GRASS.)      Culm  nearly  terete, 
very  leafy  (2° -5°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  Ifcng,  rigid,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre 3-5,  longer  than  the  decompound  cymose-panicled  umbel,  the  rays  at  length 
drooping ;  spikes  exceedingly  numerous,  ovate,  clustered,  or  the  lateral  pedi- 
celled,  woolly  at  maturity ;  the  rusty-colored  bristles  much  longer  than  the  pointless 
scales;  achenium  short-pointed.     (Eriophorum  cyperinum,  L.)  —  Var.  CYPERi- 
NUS  (S.  cyperinus,  Kunth)  is  the  form  with  nearly  all  the  spike  conglomerate  in 
small  heads.      Var.  LAXUS  (S.  Eriophorum,  Kunth)  has  the  heads  scattered, 
the  lateral  ones  long-pedicelled.      Various  intermediate  forms  occur,  and  the 
umbel  varies  greatly  in  size.  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps ;  common  northward 
and  southward.     July -Sept. 

7.    E  It  I  6  I'll  OKU  HI,    L.        COTTON-GRASS. 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  all  round  in  several  ranks.  Peri- 
anth woolly,  of  numerous  (rarely  6)  flat  and  delicate  hair-like  bristles  much 
longer  than  the  scales,  persistent  and  forming  a  silky  or  cotton-like  usually  white 
tuft  in  fruit.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  (3-cleft)  and  achenium  as  in  Scirpus.  Pe- 
rennials. (Name  from  epioi/,  wool  or  cotton,  and  <£opa,  bearing.) 

#  Bristles  of  the  fiower  only  6,  crisped,  white ;  spike  single :  small,  involucre  none. 

1.  E.  nlpiiiuiii,    L.      Culms  slender,  many  in  a  row  from  a  running 
rootstock  (6' -10' high),  scabrous,  naked;  sheaths  at  the  base  awl-tipped. — 
Cold  peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  far  north  warl.     May, 
June.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Bristles  very  numerous,  long,  not  crisped,  forming  dense  cottony  heads  in  fruit. 
•*-  Culm  bearing  a  single  spike :  involucre  none :  wool  silvery  white. 

2.  E.  vaginatiim,  L.     Culms  in  close  tufts  (1°  high),  leafy  only  a*,  the 


502  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

base,  and  with  2  inflated  leafless  sheaths  ;  root-leaves  long  and  thread-form,  tri- 
angular-channelled ;  scales  of  the  ovate  spike  long-pointed,  lead-color  at  matu- 
rity. —  Cold  and  high  peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward  ; 
rare.  June.  (Eu.) 

•H-  --  Culm  leafy,  bearing  several  umbellate-clustered  heads,  involucrate. 

3.  E.  Virginicum,  L.      Culm  rigid  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  elongated,  flat ;  spikes  crowded  in  a  dense  cluster  or  head ;  wool  rusty  or 
copper-color,  only  thrice  the  length  of  the  scale;  stamen  1.  —  Bogs  and  low 
meadows  ;  common.    July,  Aug. 

4.  E.  poly  si  achy  oil,  L.     Culm  rigid  (l°-2°  high),  obscurely  triangu- 
lar ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  or  barely  channelled  below,  triangular  at  the  point ;  involucre 
2-3-kaved;  spikes  several  (4-12),  on  nodding  peduncles,  some  of  them  elon- 
gated in  fruit;  achenium  obovate ;  wool  white,  very  straight  (!'  long  or  more). 
—  Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIUM  (E.  angustifolium,  Roth,  and  European  botanists,  not 
of  American,  and  the  original  E.  polystachyon  of  L.)  has  smooth  peduncles. — 
Var.  LATIF^LIUM  (E.  latifolium,  Hoppe,  &  E.  polystachyon,  Toir.,  $r.)  has  rough 
peduncles,  and  sometimes  broader  and  flatter  leaves.  —  Both  are  common  in 
bogs,  especially  northward,  and  often  with  the  peduncles  obscurely  scabrous, 
indicating  that  the  species  should  probably  be  left  as  Linnaeus  founded  it.    June, 
July.     (Eu.) 

5.  E.  gracile,  Koch.     Culm  slender   (l°-2°  high),  rather  triangular; 
leaves  slender,  channelled-lriangular,  rough  on  the  angles  ;  involucre  short  and  scale- 
like,  mostly  l-leaved;  peduncles  rough  or  roughish-pubescent ;  achenium  ellipti- 
cal-linear.    (E.  triquetrum,  Hoppe.     E.  angustifolium,  Torr.)  —  Cold  bogs,  New 
England  to  Illinois,  and  northward.    July,  Aug.  —  Spikes  3-7,  small,  when 
mature  the  copious  white  wool  £'  to  |'  long.     Scales  brownish,  several-nerved, 
or  in  our  plant,  var.  PAUCINERVIUM,  Engelm.,  mostly  light  chestnut-color, 
and  about  3-nerved.     (Eu.) 

8.     FOIBRISTYL.IS,    Vahl.        (Species  of  SCIRPUS,  L.) 

Spikes  several -many-flowered,  terete;  the  scales  all  floriferous,  regularly  im- 
bricated in  several  ranks.  Perianth  (bristles,  &c.)  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style 
2-3-cleft,  with  a  thickened  bulbous  base,  which  is  deciduous  (except  in  No.  4) 
from  the  apex  of  the  naked  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium.  Otherwise  as  in 
Scirpus.  —  Culms  leafy  at  the  base.  Spikes  in  our  species  umbelled,  and  the 
involucre  2-3-leaved.  (Name  compounded  of  fimbria,  a  fringe,  and  stylus,  the 
style,  which  is  fringed  with  hairs  in  the  genuine  species.) 

$  1.  FIMBKISTYLIS  PROPER.  —  Style  2-cleft,  mostly  fiat  and  dliate  on  the 
margins,  falling  away  with  the  bulbous  base  from  the  lenticular  achenium;  scales  of 
the  many-fiowered  spike  very  closely  imbricated. 

1.  F.  Spadicea,  Vahl.  Culms  (l°-2£°  high)  naked  above,  rigid,  as  are 
the  thread-form  convolute-channelled  leaves,  smooth  ;  spikes  ovate-oblong  becoming 
cylindrical,  dark  chestnut-color  (2"  thick) ;  stamens  2  or  3 ;  acheniuri  minutely 
ttriate  and  dotted.  y.  (F.  cylindrica,  Vahl.)  —  Salt  marshes  along  tho  coast 
New  York  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept. 


CTPKRACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  508 

2.  F.  1A\n,  Vahl.     Culms  slender  (2'- 12'  high),  weak,  grooved  and  flat- 
tish;  leaves  linear, flat,  ciliate-denticulate,  glaucous,  sometimes  hairy;  spikes  ovate, 
acute  (3"  long) ;  stamen  1  ;  acheniwn  6-8^ribbed  on  each  side,  and  with  finer  cross 
lines.     Qi)    (F.  Baldwiniana,   Torr.    F.   brizoides,   Nees,   &c.) — Low,  mostly 
clayey  soil,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    July  -  Sept. 

$  2.  TRICHEL6STYLIS,  Lestib.  —  Style  3-cleft:  achenium  triangular:  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  §  1. 

3.  F.  autumnalis,  Roam.  &  Schult.    Low  (3' -9' high),  in  tufts;  culms 
flat,  slender,  diffuse  or  erect ;  leaves  flat,  acute ;  umbel  compound ;  spikes  ob- 
long, acute  (l"-2"  long)  single  or  2-3  in  a  cluster;  the  scales  ovate-lanceo- 
late, mucronate ;  stamens  1-3.    (I)  (Scirpus  autumnalis,  L.) — Low  grounds, 
Maine  to  Illinois,  and  southward.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

^3.  ONCOST YLIS,  Martius.  —  Style  3-cleft,  slender,  its  small  bulb  more  or  less 
persistent  on  the  apex  of  the  triangular  achenium. 

4.  F.  capillaris.    Low,  densely  tufted  (3'-9'  high);  culm  and  leaves 
nearly  capillary,  the  latter  all  from  the  base,  short ;  umbel  compound  or  pani- 
cled;  spikes  (2"  long)  ovoid-oblong;  stamens  2  ;  achenium  minutely  wrinkled, 
very  obtuse.     (D  (Scirpus,  L.)  —  Sandy  fields,  &c.,  common,  especially  south- 
ward.   Aug.  -  Sept. 

9.    FUlRfeNA,    Rottboll.        UMBRELLA-GRASS. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  terete,  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Scales  imbricated  in  many  ranks,  awned  below  the  apex,  all  floriferous.  Peri- 
anth of  3  ovate  or  heart-shaped  petaloid  scales,  mostly  on  claws,  and  usually 
with  as  many  alternate  small  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achenium 
triangular,  pointed  with  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  Culms  obtusely  angu- 
lar. (Named  for  G.  Fuiren,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  F.  sqtiarro§a,  Michx.  Stem  (1°-  2°  high)  leafy;  leaves  and  sheaths 
hairy ;  spikes  ovoid-oblong  (£'  long),  clustered  in  heads,  bristly  with  the  spread- 
ing awns  of  the  scales  ;  perianth-scales  ovate,  awn-pointed,  the  interposed  bris- 
tles minute.  —  Var.  P^JMILA,  Torr.  is  a  dwarf  form,  l'-6'  high,  with  2-6 
spikes ;  perianth-scales  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblanceolate.  1J.  —  Sandy  wet 
places,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  and  southward;  also  Michigan;  northward 
mostly  the  small  variety.  Aug. 

10.     PSILOCARYA,    Torr.        BALD-RUSH. 

Spikes  ovoid,  terete,  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  perfect.  Scales  imbri- 
cated in  several  ranks ;  the  lower  ones  empty.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  usu- 
ally 2.  Style  2-cleft.  Achenium  doubly  convex,  more  or  less  wrinkled  trans- 
versely, crowned  with  the  persistent  tubercle  or  dilated  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms 
leafy ;  the  spikes  in  terminal  and  axillary  cymes.  (Name  from  tyi\os,  bare,  and 
icapua,  nut,  alluding  to  the  absence  of  bristles.) 

1.  P.  SCirpoideS,  Torr.  Spikes  20-30-flowered;  scales  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  chestnut-colored ;  achenium  obscurely  wrinkled,  beaked  with  the  sword- 


504  CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

shaped  persistent  style,  and  somewhat  margined ;  culm  4'  -  9'  high  :  leaves  flat 
(D  — Inundated  places,  Rhode  Island  and  Plymouth,  Massachusetts.    July. 

11.    IMCHKOUIENA,    Richard.        DICHROMENA. 

Spikes  terete,  flattened,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  leafy  involucrate  head, 
many-flowered;  some  of  the  flowers  imperfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  3. 
Style  2-cleft.  Achenium  lenticular,  wrinkled  transversely,  crowned  with  the 
broad  tubercled  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  leafy,  from  creeping  rootstocks  ;  the 
leaves  of  the  involucre  mostly  white  at  the  base  (whence  the  name,  from  Si's, 
double,  and  xpco/ia,  color). 

1.  !>•  leilCOCepliala,  Michx.  Culm  triangular ;  leaves  narrow ;  invo- 
lucre 5-7-leaved;  achenium  truncate,  not  margined.  1J. —  Damp  pine  barrens 
of  New  Jersey  to  Virginia  and  southward.  August. 

12.     CERATOSCHOBNUS,    Nees.        HORNED  RUSH. 

Spikes  spindle-shaped,  producing  1  perfect  and  1  to  4  staminate  flowers. 
Scales  few  and  loosely  imbricated;  the  lower  ones  empty.  Perianth  of  5-6 
rigid  or  cartilaginous  flattened  bristles,  which  are  somewhat  dilated  or  united 
at  the  baso.  Stamens  3.  Style  simple,  entirely  hardening  in  fruit  into  a  long 
and  slender  awl-shaped  upwardly  roughened  beak  with  a  narrow  base,  much  ex- 
serted,  and  several  times  longer  than  the  flat  and  smooth  obovate  achenium. — 
Perennials,  with  triangular  leafy  culms,  and  large  spikes  clustered  in  simple  or 
compound  terminal  and  axillary  cymes.  (Name  composed  of  /cc'pas,  a  horn,  and 
tr^ou/off,  a  rush.) 

1.  C.  COrniClllata,  Nees.     Cymes  decompound,  diffuse;  bristles  awl-shaped, 
stout,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  achenium. — Wet  places,  Penn.  to  Illinois,  and 
southward.     August.  —  Culm  3°  -  6°  high.     Leaves  £'  wide.     Fruit  with  the 
taper  beak  1'  long. 

2.  C.  macrostachya,  Gray.     Cymes  somewhat  simple,  small,  the  spikes 
closely  clustered  ;  bristles  capillary,  twice  the  length  of  the  achenium.  — Borders  of 
ponds,  E.   Massachusetts,  Rhode   Island,  New  Jersey,  and  rare   southward. 
(Some  states  occur  intermediate  between  this  and  the  last.) 

13.     R1EYNCHOSPORA,    Vahl.        BEAK-RTTSH. 

Spikes  ovate,  few  -  several-flowered ;  the  lower  of  the  loosely  imbricated 
scales  empty,  the  uppermost  usually  with  imperfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  6  (01 
rarely  more)  bristles.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Achenium  lenticular 
or  globular,  crowned  with  the  dilated  and  persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle). 
—  Perennials,  with  more  or  less  triangular  and  leafy  culms  ;  the  small  spikes  in 
terminal  and  axillary  clusters,  cymes,  or  heads  :  flowering  in  summer.  (Name 
composed  of  pvyxos,  a  snout,  and  OTropa,  a  seed,  from  the  beaked  achenium.) 
*  Achenium  transversely  wrinkled,  more  or  less  flattened,  bristles  upwardly  denticulate. 

1.  R.  cymosa,  Nutt.  Culm  triangular;  leaves  linear  ($'  wide);  cymes 
corymbose ;  the  spikes  crowded  and  clustered;  achenium  round-obovate,  twice  the 


(SEDGE    FAMILY.)  505 

length  of  the  bristles,  four  times  the  length  of  the  depressed-conical  tubercle.  — 
Low  grounds,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

2.  B.  Toireyana,  Gray.     Culm  nearly  terete,  slender;  leaves  bristk-form ; 
cymes  panicled,  somewhat  loose,  the  spikes  mostly  pediceUed ;  achenium  oblong-obo- 
vate,  longer  than  the  bristles,  thrice  the  length  of  the  broad  compressed-conical 
tubercle.  —  Swamps  ;  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  southward. 

3.  B.  iiH'\g>:iiisa,  Vahl.     Culm  triangular,  slender;  leaves  narrowly  lin- 
ear ;  spikes  spindle-shaped,  mostly  pedicelled,  in  drooping  panicles ;  achenium  oblong  t 
half  the  length  of  the  slender  bristles,  twice  the  length  of  the  triangular-sub- 
ulate tubercle. — Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 

#  #  Achenium  smooth  and  even,  lenticular. 
H-  Bristles  of  the  perianth  denticulate  or  barbed  upwards. 

4.  B.  fit scsi,   Roem.  &  Schultes.     Leaves  bristle-form,   channelled;  spikes 
ovate-oblong,  few,  clustered  in  1-3  loose  heads  (dark  chestnut-color) ;  achenium 
obovate,  half  the  length  of  the  bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  triangular-sword- 
ghaped  acute  tubercle,  which  is  rough-serrulate  on  the  margins.  —  Low  grounds, 
New  Jersey  to  New  Hampshire :  rare.     July.  —  Culm  6'  - 12'  high.     (Eu.) 

5.  B.  gracileilta,  Gray.     Leaves  narrowly  linear;  spikes  ovoid,  in  2 - 4 
small  clusters,  the  lateral  long-peduncled  ;  achenium  ovoid,  rather  shorter  than  the 
bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  flattened  awl-shaped  tubercle.  —  Low  grounds, 
S.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Culm  very  slender,  l°-2°  high. 

-*-  •*-  Bristles  denticulate  or  barbed  downwards  (in  No.  9  both  ways). 

6.  B*  alba,  Vahl.     Leaves  almost  bridle-form ;  spikes  (whitish)  several  in  a 
corymbed  cluster,  lanceolate ;  achenium  ovoid,  narrowed  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the 
9-11  bristles,  a  little  longer  than  the  slender  beak-like  tubercle  ;  stamens  usually 
anli/  2. — Bogs;  common  eastward  (both  north  and  south)  and  northward. — 
Culm  slender,  12' -20'  high.     (Eu.) 

7.  B.  capillacea,  Torr.     Leaves  bristle-form;  spikes  3-6  in  a  terminal 
cluster,  and  commonly  1  or  2  on  a  remote  axillary  peduncle,  oblong-lanceolate  (pale 
chestnut-color,  J'  long) ;  achenium  oblong-ovoid,  stipitate,  very  obscurely  wrinkled, 
about  half  the  length  of  the  6  stout  bristles,  and  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate- 
beaked  tubercle.  —  Bogs  and  rocky  river-banks,  Pennsylvania  to  New  York  and 
Michigan.  —  Culm  6'  -  9'  high,  slender. 

8.  B.  Kllieskemii,  Carey.      Leaves  narrowly  linear,  short ;  spikes  nu- 
merous,  crowded  in  4-6  distant  clusters,  oblong-ovate  (chestnut-color,  scarcely  1'' 
long) ;  achenium  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  equalling  the  6  bristles,  twice  the 
length  of  the  triangular  flattened  tubercle.  —  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  on 
bog  iron-ore  banks  exclusively  (Knieskern),  and  southward;   rare.  —  Culm* 
tufted,  6'  - 18'  high,  slender.  j 

9.  B.  glomerata,  Vahl.     Leaves  linear,  flat ;  spikes  numerous  in  distant 
clusters  or  heads  (which  are  often  in  pairs  from  the  same  sheath),  ovoid-oblong 
(chestnut-brown)  ;  achenium  obovate,  margined,  narrowed  at  the  base,  as  long 
as  the  lance-awl-shaped  flattened  tubercle,  which  equals  the  (always)  downwardly 
barbed  bristles.  —  Low  grounds,  Maine   to  Kentucky,  and  southward.  —  Culm 
l°-2°  high.  — A  state  with  small  panicled  clusters  is  R.  paniculata,  Gray. 

43 


506  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

10.  R.  CCplialantlia,  Torr.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  fiat,  keeled ;  spifa* 
very  numerous,  crowded  in  2-3  or  more  dense  globular  heads  which  are  distant  (and 
often  in  pairs),  oblong-lanceolate,  dark  brown  ;  achenium  orbicular-obovate,  mar- 
gined, narrowed  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  awl-shaped  beak,  half  the 
length  of  the  stout  bristles,  which  are  barbed  either  downwards  or  upwards.  —  Sandy 
swamps,  Long  Island  to  New  Jersey,  and  southward.  —  Culm  stout,  2°  -  3°  high : 
the  fruit,  &c.  larger  than  in  the  last,  of  which  very  probably  it  is  only  a  marked 
variety. 

14.     CL.ADIUM,   P.  Browne.        Twio-Rusn. 

Spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  of  several  loosely  imbricated  scales  ;  the  lower  ones 
empty,  one  or  two  above  bearing  a  staminato  or  imperfect  flower;  the  terminal 
flower  perfect  and  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-3-cleft,  decid- 
uous. Achenium  ovoid  or  globular,  somewhat  corky  at  the  summit,  or  pointed, 
without  any  proper  tubercle.  —  Perennials,  with  the  aspect  of  Rhynchospora. 
(Name  from  *Xa<W,  a  twig  or  branch,  perhaps  on  account  of  the  branching  styles 
of  some  species.) 

1.  C.  nmriSCOides,  Torr.  Culm  obscurely  triangular  (l°-2°  high); 
leaves  narrow,  channelled,  scarcely  rough-margined ;  cymes  small ;  the  spikes 
clustered  in  heads  3- 8  together  on  2-4  peduncles;  style  3-cleft.  (Schcenus, 
Muhl.}  — Bogs,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Ohio,  and  northward.  July. 

15.     SCL.ERIA,    L.        NUT-RUSH. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  spikes  1 -flowered,  usually  intermixed  with 
clusters  of  few-flowered  staminate  spikes.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the  lowei 
ones  empty.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achenium  globular,  stony,  bony, 
or  enamel-like  in  texture.  Bristles,  &c.  none. — Perennials,  with  triangulai 
leafy  culms.  (Name  (TK\r)pia%  hardness,  from  the  bony  or  crustaceous  fruit.) 
*<  Achenium  smooth  and  polished :  its  base  surrounded  by  an  obscurely  triangular  crus- 
taceous ring  or  disk :  stamens  3. 

1.  S.  triglonitir&ta,  Michx.     Culm  (2° -3°  high)  and  broadly  linear 
leaves  roughish  ;  fascicles  of  spikes  few,  terminal  and  axillary,  in  triple  clusters, 
the  lower  peduncled;  achenium  ovoid-globnlar,  slightly  pointed  (2"  broad).-— 
Low  grounds,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  &c. ;  common  southward.    July. 

*  =*  Achenium  reticulated,  seated  on  a  flatfish  disk  of  3  conspicuous  and  ovate-lan- 
ceolate entire  scale-like  lol^es :  stamens  2. 

2.  S.  reticillfsris,  Michx.     Culms  slender  (1°  high);  leaves  narrowly 
linear ;  clusters  loose,  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile  or  short-peduncled  ;  ache- 
nium  globular,  deeply  pitted  betiveen  the  regular  reticulations,  not  hairy.  —  Sandy 
swamps,  Eastern  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  southward :  rare. 
August. 

3.  S.  laxa,  Torr.  .  Culms  slender  and  weak  (l°-2°  high) ;  leaves  linear; 
clusters  loose,  the  lower  mostly  long-peduncled  and  drooping;  achenium  globular, 
pitted  and  somewhat  spirally  marked  with  minutely  hairy  wrinkles.  —  Sandy  swamps, 
Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  southward,  near  the  coast.     Too  like  the  last. 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  507 

#  *  *  Achenium  warty-roughened,  but  shining  and  white :  disk  a  narrow  ring  sup- 
porting 6  minute  rounded  tubercles,  in  pairs :  stamens  3. 

4.  S.  pauciflora,  Muhl.     Somewhat  downy  or  smoothish ;  culms  slen- 
der  (9-' -18'  high);  leaves  narrowly  linear;   clusters  few-flowered,  the  lower 
lateral  ones  when  present  peduncled ;  bracts  ciliate.  —  Swamps  and  hills,  S 
and  W.  New  England,  W.  New  York,  and  southward.    July. 

#  *  *  *  Disk  none :  achenium  white,  rough  with  minute  tubercles :  stamens  1-2. 

5.  S.  verticillata,  Muhl.     Smooth;  culms  simple  and  slender  (6'- 10* 
high),  terminated  by  an  interrupted  spike  of  4-6  rather  distant  sessile  clusters; 
bracts  minute;  leaves  linear;  achenium  globular   (small). —  Swamps,  Yates 
County,  New  York  (Sartwell),  Michigan  (Cooley),  Pennsylvania  (Muhlenberg), 
Ohio  (Lesquereux),  and  southward.    June. 

16.    CAKEX,   L.        SEDGE.* 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  separated  (monoecious),  either  borne  together 
in  the  same  spike  (androgynous),  or  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  stem,  verj 
rarely  on  distinct  plants  (dioecious).  Scales  of  the  spikes  1-flowered,  equallj 
imbricated  around  the  axis.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2.  Ovary  enclosed  in  an  inflat- 
ed sac  (composed  of  two  inner  scales  (bractlets)  united  at  their  margins),  form- 
ing a  rounded  or  angular  bladdery  fruit  (perigynium),  contracted  towards  the 
apex,  enclosing  the  lenticular,  plano-convex,  or  triangular  achenium,  which  is 
crowned  with  more  or  less  of  the  persistent  (rarely  jointed)  base  of  the  style. 
Stigmas  2-3,  long,  projecting  from  the  orifice  of  the  perigynium.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  chiefly  flowering  in  April  or  May,  frequently  growing  in  wet  places,  often 


*  Contributed  by  JOHN  CARET,  Esq  ,  with  the  subjoined  explanatory  note.  \ 

"  In  arranging  the  Carices  for  your  work,  I  have  had  constantly  in  view  the  species  compre- 
hended within  your  geographical  range,  and  have  framed  the  sections  and  subsections  with  es- 
pecial reference  to  these,  without  regard  to  other  excluded  species  belonging,  in  many  cases,  to 
the  same  groups,  but  exhibiting  peculiarities  which  would  require  the  combining  characters  to 
be  modified  or  changed.  Indeed,  most  of  my  subsections  would,  in  a  monograph  of  the  genus, 
require  to  stand  as  distinct  sections,  with  appropriate  subdivisions.  I  have  thought  it  an  as- 
sistance to  the  student  to  give  a  leading  name  to  the  principal  groups,  and  in  some  cases  have 
adopted  those  already  suggested  by  different  authors  ;  but  as  I  am  uncertain  whether  the  char- 
acters on  which  I  rely  are  in  accordance  with  their  views,  I  have  cited  no  authorities  under 
euch  subsections.  I  have  endeavored  to  bring  the  allied  groups  (as  I  understand  them)  as 
nearly  together  as  I  could  ;  but  this,  of  course,  is  not  always  practicable  in  any  lineal  arrange- 
ment. It  might,  however,  have  been  done-with  much  greater  satisfaction  on  a  larger  and  more 
comprehensive  scale.  I  have  retained  the  small  artificial  group  Psyllophorse,  from  its  manifest 
convenience,  but  should  not  have  done  so  in  a  more  philosophical  work.  Upon  the  whole,  I 
am  inclined  to  hope  that  the  present  will  at  least  possess  this  one  advantage  over  the  hitherto 
more  artificial  arrangement  in  general  iise,  —  that  a  student,  when  acquainted  with  one  species 
of  a  group,  will  be  enabled  to  recognize  the  co-species  for  himself,  whilst  a  merely  artificial 
enumeration  must  at  times  place  very  incongruous  forms  in  juxtaposition.  Any  increased 
difficulty,  if  such  there  be,  in  commencing  the  study  of  this  vast  and  intricate  genus  upon 
principles  of  natural  classification,  will  be  amply  repaid  by  the  more  accurate  knowledge  of 
structure  thus  obtained,  than  by  a  reliance  merely  on  the  loose  external  characters  derived 
from  the  number  and  position  of  the  spikes.  I  shall  be  well  satisfied  if  my  attempt  shall  be 
an  assistance  to  others  in  doing  far  better,  hereafter."  Ed.  1.  —  The  additions  and  alteration* 
in  the  present  edition  are  mainly  from  notes  obligingly  furnished  by  Mr.  Carey. 


508  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILT.} 

in  dense  tufts.  Culms  triangular,  bearing  the  spikes  in  the  axils  of  green  and 
leaf-like  or  scale-like  bracts  ;  commonly  with  thin  membranaceous  sheaths  at 
the  base  which  enclose  more  or  less  of  the  stalks  of  the  spikes.  Leaves  grassy, 
usually  rough  on  the  margins  and  keel.  (A  classical  name,  of  obscure  signifi- 
cation ;  derived  by  some  from  careo,  to  want,  the  upper  spikes  being  mostly 
sterile;  and  by  others  from  Kei'pw,  to  cut,  on  account  of  the  sharp  leaves.) 


ABRIDGED   SYNOPSIS    OF   THE    SECTIONS. 

A.  Spike  Bolitary,  simple,  dioecious  or  androgynous  :  bracts  small,  colored  and  scale-like.  -  - 

(This  division,  retained  for  the  convenience  of  students,  is  merely  artificial,  and  combine* 
species  having  no  real  natural  affinity.)  —  PSYLLOPHOR^E,  Loisel. 
$  1.  Spike  dioecious,  or  with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  its  base.    No.  1-3. 
2.  Spike  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit.    No.  4-7. 

B.  Spike  solitary,  single,  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit  :  bracts  and  scales  of  the  fer- 

tile flowers  green  and  leaf-like.    Stigmas  3.  -  PHYLLOSTACHYS,  Torr.  &  Gr.    No.  8  -10. 

C.  Spikes  several  or  numerous,  androgynous  (occasionally  dioecious  in  No.  11  and  33),  sessile, 

forming  compact,  or  more  or  less  interrupted,  sometimes  paniculate,  compound  or  de- 
compound spikes.     Stigmas  2.  —  VIGNEA,  Beauv. 
$  1.  Spikes  approximate,  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  variously  situated.    No.  11  -  18. 

2.  Spikes  pistillate  below,  staminate  at  the  summit.    No.  14  -  28. 

3.  Spikes  pistillate  above,  staminate  at  i  he  base     No.  29-41. 

D.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne  in  separate  (commonly  more  or  less  stalked)  simple 

spikes  on  the  same  culm  ;  the  one  or  more  staminate  (sterile)  spikes  constantly  upper- 
most, having  occasionally  more  or  less  fertile  flowers  intermixed  ;  the  lower  spikes  all 
pistillate  (fertile)  or  sometimes  with  staminate  flowers  at  the  base  or  apex.  Stigmas  3  (or 
only  2  in  No.  42-49  and  58).  —  CAKEX  PBOPER. 

*  Perigynia  with  merely  a  minute  or  short  point,  not  prolonged  into  a  beak. 
f  1.  Perigynia  not  inflated  (slightly  so  in  No.  51),  smooth,  nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a  minute 
straight  point  ;  glaucous-green,  becoming  whitish,  or  more  or  less  spotted  or  tinged  with 
purple.    Scales  blackish-purple  or  brown.    Staminate  spikes  1  -  3,  or  the  terminal  spike 
androgynous  and  staminate  at  the  base,  the  rest  all  fertile.    No  42  -  57. 

2.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth,  nerved,  obtuse  and  pointless  or  with  a  straight  or 
oblique  point.     Scales  brown,  becoming  tawny  or  white.    Staminate  spike  solitary  (ex- 
cept sometimes  in  No.  62)  or  androgynous  and  pistillate  above,  the  rest  all  fertile.    No. 
58  -  71. 

3.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  hairy  (in  No.  70  smooth  at  maturity),  nerved,  with  a  minute 
straight  point.    Terminal  spike  androgynous,  pistillate  at  the  apex,  the  rest  all  fertile. 
No.  72,  73. 

4.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  smooth,  regularly  striate,  with  a  short,  entire,  obliquely  bent  or 
recurved  point,  remaining  green  at  maturity.    Staminate  spike  solitary.    Bracts  green 
and  leaf-like  (except  in  No.  74).     No  74  -  81 

6.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  smooth  or  downy,  not  striate,  with  a  minute,  obliquely  bent,  white 
and  membranaceous  point,  reddish-brown  or  olive-colored  at  maturity.  Terminal  spike 
all  staminate,  or  with  2-3  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  ;  the  rest  all  fertile,  or  with  a  tew 
sterile  flowers  at  the  apex.  Bracts  reduced  to  colored  sheaths,  or  with  a  short  green  pro- 
longation. No.  82,  83. 
*  *  Perigynia  with  a  distinct  beak,  either  short  and  abrupt,  or  more  or  less  prolonged. 

6.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  hairy,  with  a  rather  abrupt  beak,  terminating  in  a  membrana- 
ceous notched  or  2-toothed  orifice     Bracts  short  :  culms  mostly  low  and  slender  ;  leaves 
all  radical,  long  and  narrow      Staminate  spike  solitary.    No  84-90. 

7.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  hairy  or  smooth,  with  a  short  beak  terminating  in  an  entire 
or  slightly  notched  orifice     Bracts  long  and  leaf-like  :  culms  tall  and  leafy.    Staminats 
spike  solitary  (in  No  91  pistillate  at  the  summit)  :  fertile  spikes  erect  (except  in  No.  91). 
No.  91  -93. 


CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  509 

f  8.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth  and  shining,  green,  few-nerved  or  nerveless,  with  a 
(Straight  tapering  beak  terminating  in  2  small  mcmbranaceous  teeth.  Staminate  spike 
solitary  :  fertile  spikes  all  on  slender  and  pendulous  stalks.  No.  94  -  97. 
9.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth,  nerved,  with  a  tapering  somewhat  serrulate  beak, 
terminating  in  2  distinct  inembranaceous  teeth  ;  becoming  tawny  or  yellow  at  maturity. 
Staminate  spike  solitary.  No.  98  -  101. 

10.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  rough  or  woolly,  with  an  abrupt  straight  beak.    Staminate 
spikes  usually  2jor  more.    No.  102  -  105. 

11.  Perigynia  moderately  inflated,  smooth  (except  No.  109),  conspicuously  many-nerved,  with 
a  straight  beak  terminating  in  2  rigid  more  or  less  spreading  teeth.    Staminate  spikes  1- 
6.    No.  106-112. 

12.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  with  a  long  tapering  2- 
toothed  beak.     Staminate  spike  solitary.    No.  113  -  120. 

18.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  obovoid  or  obconic,  smooth,  few-nerved,  with  an  extremely  ab- 
rupt, very  long,  2-toothed  beak,  tawny  or  straw-colored  at  maturity,  horizontally  spread- 
ing or  deflexed.  Terminal  spike  Staminate,  or  androgynous  and  fertile  at  the  apex. 
No.  121,  122. 

14.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  smooth,  nerved  (except  No  132),  shining  and  straw-colored  at 
maturity,  with  a  tapering  and  more  or  less  elongated  2-toothed  beak.  Staminate  spike* 
2-3.  No.  123  -132. 

A.  Spike  solitary,  simple,  dioecious  or  androgynous  :  bracts  small,  colored  and  scale- 
like.  —  PsTLLdpHORJs,  Loisel. 


4  1.  Spike  dioecious,  or  the  fertile  merely  with  a  few  Staminate  flowers  at  the  base. 

#  Stigmas  2  :  leaves  att  radical,  bristle-form. 

*•  C5.  gry  no  crates,  Wormskiold.  Culm  and  leaves  smooth,  or  minutely 
rough  at  the  top  ;  barren  spike  linear  ;  fertile  spike  ovoid,  loosely  flowered  ;  peri- 
gynia  oblong,  short-beaked,  with  a  white  membranaceous  obtusely  2-toothed  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  nerved  throughout,  smooth,  spreading  horizontally  at  maturity, 
longer  than  the  acute  or  acutish  scale.  (C.  dioica,  ed.  1,  not  of  L.)  —  Swamps, 
Wayne  County,  New  York  (Sartwell),  to  Michigan  and  northward.  (Eu.) 

2.  C.  exiliS,  Dew.     Culm  rough;  spike  rarely  all  Staminate  and  filiform, 
but  commonly  fertile  with  a  few  Staminate  flowers  at  the  base,  densely  flowered, 
occasionally  with  1-2  very  small  additional  fertile  spikes  below  the  sterile 
flowers  ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  plano-convex,  with  a  few  flne  nerves  only  on  the 
convex  side,  serrulate  on  the  margin,  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  spreading,  rather  longer 
than  the  acute  scales.  —  Swamps,  E.  New  England  to  New  Jersey,  near  the 
coast  :  also  borders  of  mountain  lakes,  Essex  County,  New  York. 

*  *  Stigmas  3  :  leaves  flat. 

3.  C»  SCirpoidea,  Michx.     Spike  narrowly  cylindrical  ;  perigynia  ovoid, 
with  a  minute  point,  densely  hairy,  dark  purple  at  maturity,  about  the  length  of 
the  pointed  ciliate  scale.     (C.  Wormskioldiana,  Hornem.     C.  Michauxii,  Schw.) 
—  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire  (Oakes,  $*c.),  Wil- 
loughby  Mt.,  Vermont  (  Wood),  Drummond's  Island,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

§  2.  Spike  androgynous,  Staminate  at  the  summit. 
*  Stigmas  2  :  leaves  bristle-form. 

4.  C.  Capitata,  L.     Spike  small*  roundish-ovoid  ;  perigynia  broadly  ellip- 
tical with  a  notched  membranaceous  point,  compressed,  smooth,  spreading,  longer 

43* 


510  CYPERACEJS.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 


the  rather  obtuse  scale.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  New 
Hampshire,  Bobbins,  Oakes.     (Eu.) 

*  #  Stigmas  3  :  leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm. 

5.  C.  pauciflora,  Lightfoot.    Spike  few-flowered ;  sterile  flowers  1  or  2 ; 
perigynia  awl-shaped,  reflexed,  straw-colored;  scales  deciduous.     (C.  leucoglochin, 
Ehrh.)  — Peat-bogs,  from  New  England  and  W.  New  York  northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  C.  polytrichoides,  Muhl.      Culm  slender;  spike  very  small,  few- 
flowered  ;  perigynia  erect,  alternate,  oblong,  compressed-triangular,  obtuse,  slightly 
nerved,  entire  at  the  apex,  green,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  scale.     (C.  lepta- 
lea,  Wahl.     C.  microstachya,  Michx.)  — Low  grounds  and  bogs;  common. 

*  *  *  Stigmas  3  :  leaves  very  broad  (!'  -  !£'),  longer  than  the  naked  culm. 

7.  C.  Frasca'isVna,  Sims.    Pale  or  glaucous  and  glabrous  ;  leaves  with- 
out a  midrib,  many-nerved,  smooth,  with  minutely  crisped  cartilaginous  margins 
(9' -18'  long),  convolute  below  around  the  base  of  the  scape-like  culm  :  spike 
oblong,  the  fertile  part  becoming  globular ;  perigynia  ovoid,  inflated,  mucro- 
nateiy  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  point,  longer  than  the  scarious  oblong  obtuse 
scale ;  often  with  a  short  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  achenium.  —  Rich  woods, 
mountains  of  Penn.  ?   Virginia,  and  southward;  rare.  —  A  most  remarkable 
species,  with  no  obvious  affinity  to  any  other. 

B.  Spike  solitary,  simple,  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit ;  bracts  and 
scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers  green,  leaf-like,  tapering  from  a  broad  base,  the  lowest 
much  longer  than  the  spike,  the  uppermost  equalling  the  slightly  inflated  peri- 
gynia :  style  jointed  at  the  base :  stigmas  3.     (Leaves  long  and  grassy,  much 
exceeding  the  short,  almost  radical  culms.) — PHYLI^STACHYS,  Torr.  &  Gr. 

8.  C.  Willdendvii,  Schk.    Sterile  flowers  4-8,  closely  imbricated ;  peri- 
gynia 6-9,  somewhat  alternate,  oblong,  rough  on  the  angles  and  tapering  beak ; 
achenium  oblong,  triangular,  finely  dotted ;  stigmas  downy.  —  Copses,  Mass.,  "W. 
New  York,  and  southwestward. 

9.  C.  Stcudelii,  Kunth.     Sterile  flowers  10  - 15,  rather  loosely  imbricated 
into  a  linear  (apparently  distinct)  spike;  perigynia  2-3,  roundish-obovoid,  smooth, 
with  a  long  and  abrupt  rough  beak ;  achenium  roundish,  obscurely  triangular,  very 
minutely  dotted;  stigmas  downy.     (C.  Jamesii,  Schw.) — Woody  hill-sides,  N. 
New  York  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

10.  C.  ISacKii,  Boott.    Sterile  flower-s  3,  inconspicuous;  perigynia  2-4,  loose, 
qlobose-ovoid  with  a  conical  beak,  smooth  throughout ;  achenium  globose-pyriform, 
scarcely  dotted ;  stigmas  smooth.  — /Rocky  hills,  W.  Massachusetts  (Mount  Tom, 
Prof.  Whitney),  and  N.  New  York  to  Ohio,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  — 
Culms  generally  shorter,  and  the  leafy  scales  broader  and  more  conspicuous, 
than  in  the  last  two. 

C.  Spikes  several  or  numerous,  androgynous  (occasionally  dioecious  in  No.  11 
and  33),  sessile,  forming  a  compact  or  more  or  less  interrupted  sometimes  panic- 
ulate-compound or  decompound  inflorescence :  stigmas  2  :  achenium  lenticular.  — - 
VIGN&A,  Beauv. 

4  1.  Spikes  approximated,  with  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  variously  situ- 
ated; perigynia  plano-convex,  nerved,  with  a  rough  slightly  toothed  beak  •. 


,      CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  511 

bracts  light  brown,  resembling  the  scales,  or  with  a  prolonged  point,  shorter 
than  the  (at  maturity)  brown  and  chaffy-looking  spikes.  —  SiccXx^E. 

11.  C.  bromoicles,  Schk.     Spikes  4-6,  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  some 
of  the  central  ones  wholly  fertile ;  perigynia  erect,  narrow-lanceolate  with  a  taper- 
ing point,  solid  and  spongy  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale ;  style 
jointed  at  the  base.  —  Swamps,  &c. ;  common.  —  A  slender  species,  occasionally 
dioecious. 

12.  C.  Siccfita,  Dew.     Spikes  4-8,  ellipsoid,  the  uppermost,  and  commonly 
I  — 3  of  the  lowest,  fertile  below,  the  intermediate  ones  frequently  all  staminate ;  peri- 
gynia ovate-lanceolate,  compressed,  with  a  long  rather  abrupt  beak,  about  the 
length  of  the  scale;  style  minutely  hairy.     (C.  pallida,  C.  A.  Meyer.     C.  Lid- 
doni,  ed.  1,  not  of  Boott.)  —  Sandy  plains,  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  north- 
westward. 

13.  C.  Sartwellii,  Dew.     Spikes  numerous,  short  and  ovoid,  the  upper  chief- 
ly staminate,  the  lower  principally  or  entirely  fertile ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  the 
margins  not  united  to  the  top,  leaving  a  deep  cleft  on  the  outer  side ;  scale  ovate, 
pointed,  about  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Seneca  County,  New  York  (Sart- 
well),  to  Illinois.  —  Too  near  C.  intermedia  of  Eu. 

§  2.  Spikes  pistillate  below,  staminate  at  the  summit. 

#  Perigynia  of  a  thick  and  corky  texture,  with  a  short  2-toothed  roughly-margined 
beak,  nerved  towards  the  base,  dark  chestnut-brown  and  polished  at  maturity: 
spikes  decompound,  paniculate :  scales  light  brown,  with  white  membrana- 
ceous  margins  ;  the  bracts  at  the  base  resembling  them,  and  with  a  short  bristly 
prolongation.  —  PANICULATE. 

14.  C.  teretitiSCllla,  Good.     Spikes  with  very  short  appressed  branches, 
forming  a  slender  crowded  spiked  panicle ;  perigynia  ovate,  unequally  biconvex, 
short-stalked,  with  3-5  short  nerves  on  the  outer  side  near  the  broad  somewhat  heart- 
shaped  base ;  scale  acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  perigynium ;  achenium  obovoid- 
pyriform,  obtusely  triangular.    (C.  paniculata,  var.  teretiuscula,  Wold.)  —  Swamps ; 
common,  especially  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  major,  Koch.      Spikes  more  panicled;  perigynia  rather  narrower. 
(C.  paniculata,  var.  minor,  ed.l.    C.  Ehrhartiana,  Hoppe.    C.  prairiea,  Deiv.) 
Bogs  and  low  grounds,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

15.  C.  decomposita,  Muhl.     Panicle  large,  with  very  numerous  dense- 
ly-crowded spikes  on  the  rather  short  spreading  branches  ;  perigynia  obovate,  un- 
equally biconvex,  sessile,  with  a  short  very  abrupt  beak,  conspicuously  nerved  on  each 
side,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  scale.     (C.  paniculata,  var.  decom- 
posita,  Dew.)  —  Swamps,  W.  New  York  (Sartwell)  to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  south' 
westward. 

*  *  Perigynia  small,  compressed,  2-3-nerved,  membranaceous,  with  a  short  2- 
toothed  rough  beak,  yellow  or  brown  at  maturity :  spikes  decompound,  with  nu- 
merous small  very  dense/y-Jlowered  heads :  -scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  tawny,  with 
the  green  keel  prolonged  into  a  rough  point :  bracts  short  and  resembling 
them  at  the  base,  or  often  becoming  green  and  bristle-  shaped,  and  much  ex- 
ceeding the  culm.  — 


512  CYrET!ACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMII  Y.) 

16.  C.  vnl  piiioidca,  Michx.     Spike  oblong  and  dense,  or  more  or  lesg 
interrupted,  of  8-10  crowded  clusters  (l£'-2£'  long);  pcrigynia  cvate  from  a 
broad  base,  with  a  more  or  less  abrupt  beak,  diverging  at  maturity.     (C.  multi- 
flora,  Muhl     C.  bracteosa  and  C.  polymorpha,  Schw.     C.  micrcisperma,  WaU.) 

—  Varies  with  the  perigynium  narrower,  and  the  beak  tapering  and  more  strongly 
serrulate.      (C.  setacea,  Dew.) — Low  meadows;  very  common.  —  Varies  ex- 
ceedingly in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  perigynium  and  beak. 

#  #  *  Perigynia  on  short  stalks,  plano-convex,  without  a  margin,  membranaceous, 
with  a  thick  and  spongy  base  and  a  long  tapering  2-toothed  rough  beak,  distinct- 
ly nerved  (only  obscurely  so  in  No.  20  and  21),  widely  spreading  and  yellour'at 
maturity :  spikes  dense,  more  or  less  aggregated,  sometimes  decompound  : 
scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  tawny,  with  a  sharp  point :  bracts  bristle-shaped, 
shorter  than  the  thick  and  triangular  culms.  —  VULPINE. 

17.  C»  crilS-c6rvi,  Shuttleworth.    ?Spike  very  large,  decompound,  the 
lower  branches  long  and  distinct,  the  upper  shorter  and  aggregated ;  bracts  often 
^.-toothed  at  the  base  ;  perigynia  attenuated  from  an  ovate  dilated  and  truncate  base  into 
a  very  long  slightly-winged  beak,  much  exceeding  the  scale ;  style  tumid  at  the  base. 
(C.  sicaeformis,  Boott.     C.  Halei,  Dew.)  —  Swamps,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  and 
southward.  —  A  conspicuous,  very  large  species,  with  spikes  4' -9'  long,  often 
somewhat  paniculate,  and  glaucous  leaves  £'  wide. 

18.  C.  Stipata,  Muhl.     Spikes  10-15,  aggregated,  or  the  lower  ones  dis- 
tinct and  sometimes  compound ;  perigynia  lanceolate,  with  a  long  beak  tapering 
from  a  truncate  base,  much  exceeding  the  scale ;  style  not  tumid  at  the  base.     ( C.  vul- 
pmoidea,  Torr.,  Cyp.,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Swamps  and  low  grounds;  common. 

19.  C.  Vlllpilia,  L.     Spikes  numerous,  aggregated  into  a  cylindrical  and 
dense  (or  at  times  elongated  and  somewhat  interrupted)  compound  spike;  peri- 
gynia compressed,  tapering  from  a  broadly -ovate  base  into  a  beak  not  much  longer  than 
the  scale ;  achenium  oval ;  style  tumid  at  the  base.  —  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Kentucky. 

—  A  tall,  robust  species,  3° -4°  high,  with  wide  leaves  and  a  remarkably  thick 
rough  culm.     It  is  very  like  the  last,  from  which  it  chiefly  differs  in  the  more 
compressed  and  wider  base  and  shorter  beaks  of  the  perigynia.  —  The  forma 
with  interrupted  spikes  have  also  a  general  resemblance  to  No.  22;  which,  l,ow- 
ever,  is  distinguished  by  the  margined  and  nerveless  perigynia.     (Eu.) 

20.  C.  alopecoidea,  Tuckerman.     Head  of  8-10  aggregated  spikes 
oblong,  dense ;  perigynia  compressed,  very  obscurely  nerved,  ovate  from  a  broad  trun- 
cate or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  a  little  longer  than  the  scale  ;  achenium  pyri- 
form;  base  of  the  style  not  tumid.     (C.  cephalophora,  var.  maxima,  Dew.)  — 
Woods,  W.  New  York  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  &c.  —  Much  resembling  the  last, 
but  smaller,  with  shorter  and  more  compact  spikes  ;  easily  distinguished  by  the 
nearly  nerveless  perigynia,  and  the  different  achenium  and  style. 

21.  C.  imiricata,  L.     Spikes  4  -  6,  ovoid,  approximate  but  distinct,  the 
lowermost  sometimes  a  little  remote ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  com- 
pressed, nerveless,  or  very  obscurely  nerved  towards  the  base,  rather  longer  than  the 
scale;  achenium  ovate,  base  of  the  style  not  tumid.  —  Fields,  M issachusetts  (in^ 
troduced  ?),  Ohio,  and  Kentucky ;  rare.  —  Spikes  mostly  looser  than  in  the  last, 
the  perigynia  narrower,  with  a  longer  and  more  tapering  boak.     ^Eu.) 


CYPERACE^E,       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  513 

*  #  *  *  Per  'gynia  sessile,  plano-convex,  compressed,  more  or  less  margined,  mem- 
branaceous,  with  a  rather  short  and  rough  (or  wholly  smooth  in  No.  26)* 
2-toothed  beak,  spreading  and  green  at  maturity:  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes 
tawny  cr  white:  bracts  bristle-shaped,  commonly  shorter  than  the  culm.  — 


22.  C.  sparganioides,  Muhl.     Spikes  6-10,  ovoid;  the  upper  ones  ag- 
gregated, the  lower  distinct  and  more  or  less  distant  ;  periyynia  broadly-ovate,  nerveless, 
rough  on  the  narrow  margin,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-pointed  scale  ; 
achenium  roundish  -ovate  ;  style  short,  tumid  at  the  base,  —  Var.  CEPHALOfDEA  is  a 
reduced  state,  with  4-6  rather  smaller  spikes,  closely  aggregated  into  an  oblong 
head;  resembling  No.  23  in  general  appearance.     (C.  cephalophora,  var.  cepha- 
loidea,  £  C.  cephaloidea,  Dew.)  —  Low  rich  grounds;  not  rare:  the  var.  in 
fields  and  hedges.  —  A  robust  species,  with  rather  wide  pale-green  leaves  ;  some- 
times with  1  -  2  short  branches  of  a  few  spikes  each  at  the  base  of  the  compound 
spike  (probably  C.  divulsa,  Pursh,  not  of  Goodenough). 

23.  C.  cephal6phora,  Muhl.     Spikes  5-6,  small,  and  densely  aggregat- 
ed in  a  short  ovoid  head;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  with  3-4  indistinct  nerves'  on  the 
outer  side,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate  roughly-pointed  scale  ;  achenium  and 
style  as  in  the  last.     (C.  Leavenworthii,  Dew.)  —  Woods  and  fields  ;  common. 

24.  C.  ftluhlenbergii,  Schk.     Spikes  5-7,  closely  approximate,  forming 
an  oblong  head  ;  perigynia  orbicular-ovate,  with  a  very  short  beak,  prominently  nerved 
on  both  sides,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  roughly-pointed  scale;  achenium  or- 
bicular, with  a  very  short  bulbous  style.  —  Fields  ;  rather  common,  especially  south- 
ward. —  Plant  12'  -  18'  high,  pale  green,  commonly  with  a  bract  at  the  base  of 
each  spike. 

25.  C.  rosea,  Schk.     Spikes  4-6,  the  2  uppermost  approximate,  the  others 
all  distinct,  and  the  lowest  often  remote;  perigynia  oblong  (about  8-10  in  each 
spike),  narrow  at  the  base,  widely  diverging  at  maturity,  twice  as  long  as  the 
broadly  ovate  obtuse  scale.  —  Varies  with  weak  slender  culms,  and  small  3  -  4-flow- 
ered  spikes.     (Var.  RADIATA,  Dew.     C.  neglecta,  Tuckerman.)  —  Moist  woods 
and  meadows  ;  common. 

26.  C.  retroflexa,  Muhl.     Spikes  4-5,  all  approximate,  the  1-2  lowest 
distinct  but  not  remote  ;  perigynia  (about  5-7  in  each  spike)  ovate,  or  ovate-Ian' 
ceolate,  smooth  on  the  margin  and  beak,  not  much  exceeding  the  ovate-lanceolate  pointeft 
scale,  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity.     (C.  rosea,  var.  retroflexa,  Torr,t 
Cyp.  )  —  Copses  and  moist  meadows  ;  less  common  than  the  last,  from  which  it 
is  distinguished  by  the  smaller  approximate  spikes,  longer  and  sharper  scales, 
and  especially,  from  every  species  in  this  subsection,  by  the  smooth  margin  and 
beak  of  the  perigynium. 

*  #  #  #  *  Perigynia  plano-convex,  without  a  beak,  of  a  thick  and  leathery  texture, 
prominently  nerved,  smooth  (except  on  the  angles),  with  a  minute  and  entire 
or  slightly  notched  white  membranaceous  point  :  achenium  conformed  to  the  peri- 
gynium, crowned  with  the  short  thick  style  :  bracts  like  the  scales  (brown), 
the  lowest  with  a  prolonged  point  :  rootstock  creeping.  —  CHORDORH!Z^E. 

27.  C.  Chordorlliza,  Ehrh.     Culms  branching  from  the  long  creeping  root- 
stock  (4'  -9'  high),  smooth  and  naked  above,  clothed  at  the  base  with  short  ap- 


514  OYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

pressed  leaves ;  spikes  aggregated  into  an  ovoid  head ;  perigynia  ovate,  9.  little 
longer  than  the  scale.  —  Cold  peafr-bogs,  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward. (Eu.) 

28.  C.  tenella,  Schk.      Spikes  2-4,  very  small,  remote,  with  commonly  2 
fertile  flowers;  perigynia  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  scale.     (C.  loliacea,  Schk. 
supp.,  not  of  L.     C.  disperma,  Dew.     C.  gracilis,  ed.  1,  not  of  Ehrh.)  —  Cold 
swamps,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. — A  slender  spe- 
cies, 6'- 12'  high,  with  long  grassy  leaves,  growing  in  tufts.     (Eu.) 

§  3.  Spikes  pistillate  above,  staminate  at  the  base. 

#  Spikes  roundish-ovoid,  rather  small,  more  or  less  distant  on  the  zigzag  axis  (closely 
aggregated  in  No.  30) :  perigynia  plano-convex,  smooth,  pale  green,  becoming 
whitish  or  silvej-y :  scales  white  and  membranaceous ;  the  bracts  resembling 
them,  or  prolonged  and  bristle-shaped.  —  CANESCENTES. 

H-  Perigynia  somewhat  thickened  and  leathery,  distinctly  nerved,  with  a  smooth  or  mi- 
nutely serrulate  short  point,  entire  or  slightly  notched  at  the  apex. 

29.  C,  trisperma,  Dew.      Spikes  2-3,  very  small,  with  about  3  fertile 
flowers,  remote,  the  lowest  with  a  long  bract ;  perigynia  oblong,  with  numerous 
slender  nerves,  longer  than  the  scale.  —  Cold  swamps  and  woods,  especially  on 
mountains,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  and  northward.  —  Re- 
sembling the  last,  but  with  larger  spikes  and  fruit,  and  weak  spreading  culms, 
l°-2°long. 

30.  C.  teillliflora,  Wahl.     Spikes  3,  few-flowered,  closely  approximated; 
perigynia  ovate-oblong,  about  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  scale.  —  Cold  swamps, 
N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

31.  C.  canescens,  L.  (in  part).     Pale  or  glaucous;  spikes  5-7   (about 
12 - 20-flowered) ,  the  2-3  upper  approximated,  the  rest  all  distinct  and  the  lower- 
most remote ;  perigynia  ovate,  about  the  length  of  the  pointed  scale.     (C.  curta, 
Good.     C.  Richardi,  Michx.)  — Marshes  and  wet  meadows  ;  common,  especially 
northward.     (Eu.) 

'  Var.  vitilis  is  a  more  slender  and  weak  form,  not  glaucous,  with  smaller 
and  roundish  6  - 1 5-flowered  spikes,  the  more  pointed  perigynia  spreading  (and 
often  tawny)  at  maturity:  perhaps  a  good  species.  (Var.  alpicola  and  var, 
sphserostachya,  ed.  1.  C.  tenella,  Ehrh.  C.  Persoonii,  Sieber.  C.  vitilis,  Fries.  % 
C.  Gebhardi,  Hoppe.  C.  sphaerostachya  and  C.  Bucklcyi,  Dew.)  —  On  moun- 
tains, and  high  northward.  (Eu.) 

•»-  •»-  Perigynia  thickened  only  at  the  base,  obscurely  nerved  on  the  outer  side,  tapering 
into  a  rough  2-toothed  beak. 

32.  C»  Deweyana,  Schw.     Spikes  about  4 ;  the  2  uppermost  approxi- 
mate, the  others    listinct,  the  lowest  long-bracted ;  perigynia  oblong-lanceolate, 
rather  longer  than  the  sharply  pointed  or  awned  scale.  —  Copses,  New  England 
to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

*  *  Spikes  ovoid  or  obovoid.  more  or  less  clustered ;  perigynia  concave-convex,  com- 
vressed,  margined  or  winged,  nerved,  with  a  rough  2-toothed  beak,  often  tawny 
at  maturity :  scales  tawny  or  white,  awnless :  bracts  bristle-shaped,  usually 
falling  before  the  maturity  of  the  spikes  (in  No.  34  persistent,  very  long  and 
lea£like.) 


(SEDGE  FAMILY.)  515 

•»-  Spikes  small ;  perigynia  thick  and  spongy  at  the  base,  and  with  a  ri<jid  margin, 
not  dilated.  —  STELLTJLAT.E. 

33.  C.  Stelllllata,  Good.     Spikes  3-5,  distinct,  obovoid  or  roundish  at 
maturity;  perigynia  ovate  from  a  broad  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  widely 
spreading  at  maturity,  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale ;  'achenium  ovate,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  a  minute  stalk ;  style  slightly  tumid  at  the  base.  —  Var. 
BCIRPOIDES  has  smaller  more  approximate  spikes,  the  perigynia  ovate  from  a 
rounded  or  truncate  base,  narrower  and  less  acute  scales,  and  a  very  short  style. 
(C.  scirpoides,  Schk.) — Var.  STERILIS  has  the  spikes  occasionally  dioecious,  or 

'  the  staminate  ones  with  but  few  fertile  flowers,  and  the  pistillate  nearly  destitut^ 
of  barren  ones ;  the  culms  stouter  and  rigidly  erect ;  and  the  leaves  generally 
glaucous ;  achenium  rounder,  with  a  more  tapering  base,  and  the  style  scarcely 
tumid  at  the  base.  (C.  sterilis,  Schk.)  —  Var.  ANGUSTATA  has  about  4  aggre- 
gated spikes,  with  narrowly  lanceolate  perigynia  tapering  into  a  long  slightly  rough 
beak,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  blunt  scale ;  the  achenium  oblong.  — 
Swamps  and  wet  meadows ;  common,  especially  northward.  (Eu.) 
•«-  •*-  Spikes  rather  large :  perigynia  thickened  and  spongy  on  the  angles,  with  a  mora 
or  less  dilated  membranaceous  margin  or  wing.  —  OvALES. 

34.  C.  sycllllOCepliala,  Carey.     Spikes  densely  clustered,  forming  a  short 
compound  spiked  head  subtended  by  3  very  long  unequal  leafy  bracts  ;  perigynia  taper- 
ing from  an  abruptly  contracted  ovate  base  into  a  long  slender  beak,  somewhat  ex- 
ceeding the  lanceolate  abruptly  mucronate  scale.     (C.  cyperoides,  Dew.,  not 
of  L.) — Jefferson  County   (Vasey  fr  Knieskern)  and  Little  Falls,  New  York, 
Vasey.  —  Different  in  habit  from  all  the  rest  of  this  section,  and  recognized  at 
once  by  the  ovoid  compound  spike,  seated  at  the  base  of  the  long  leafy  bracts, 
by  which  the  lower  spikes  are  partly  concealed. 

35.  C.  arida,  Schw.  &  Torr.    Spikes  8-10,  approximate  (|;  long),  oblong- 
cylindrical,  contracted  at  each  end;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate  (4-5  lines  in 
length),  tapering  into  a  long  beak  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-lanceolate 
scale;  achenium  sessile,  narrowly  oblong.     (C.  Muskingumensis,  Schw.)  — Wet 
meadows,  Ohio  and  Michigan  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  In  its  characters  scarce- 
ly distinguished  from  the  next,  but  strikingly  different  in  appearance ;  a  much 
larger  plant,  with  long,  dry,  and  chaffy -looking  spikes. 

36.  C.  scopfiria,   Schk.     Spikes  5-8,  club-shaped,  at  length  ovate,  more 
or  less  approximate,  sometimes  forming  a  dense  head ;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, tapering  into  a  long  slender  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  pointed  scale ;  ache- 
nium distinctly  stalked,  exactly  oval.  — Low  meadows ;  everywhere  common.  — 
Spikes  brownish  or  straw-colored  when  ripe. 

37.  C.  lagopodioides,  Schk.     Spikes  10-15,  approximate;  perigynia 
ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate-oblong  rather  obtuse  scale  ;  ache- 
nium narrowly  oval,  on  a  short  stalk.  —  Var.  CRISTATA  has  the  spikes  closely 
aggregated,  with  the  perigynia  spreading.     (C.  cristata,  Schw.  $•  Torr.)  —  Wet 
fields ;  equally  common  with  the  last,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  only  by  the 
more  numerous  shorter  spikes,  and  shorter  less  tapering  perigynia  and  scales. 
The  variety  has  the  spikes  crowded  into  an  ovate  head,  to  which  the  diverging 
points  of  the  fruit  give  a  squarrose  appearance. 

!< 

V    or 
UNIVERSITY 


516  CYPERACE/..     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

38.  C.  adftsta,  Boott.     Spikes  4-10,  approximate  or  rather  distant,  ovate 
or  at  length  club-shaped  (straw-color  or  pale  chestnut)  ;  perigynia  ovate  with  a 
tapering  beak,  slightly  winged,  rather  obscurely  nerved,  especially  on  the  upper  side, 
equalling  the  scale  in  length  and  breadth.  —  Rhode  Island  (Olney),  New  York 
(S.  T.  Carey,  $*c.),  Lake  Superior  (C.  G.  Loring,  Jr.,  with  the  smaller  form), 
and  northward.  —  Much  like  some  forms  of  the  next,  but  the  spikes  more  chaffy, 
the  perigynia  tapering  into  a  longer  beak. 

39.  C.  festlicacea,  Schk.     Spikes  6-8,  obovoid  or  club-shaped,  the  lower 
distinct;  perigynia  ovate,  narrowly  winged,  with  a  short  beak,  longer  than  the  ovate » 

.lanceolate  scale;  achenium  sessile,  broadly  oval.  —  Var.  TENERA  has  (3-5) 
smaller  spikes,  which  are  more  distant  on  the  slender,  flexuose,  sometimes  nod- 
ding stem.  (C.  tenera,  Dew.)  —  Var.  MIRABILIS  has  (6-8)  rounder  approx- 
imate spikes,  with  fewer  staminate  flowers,  and  the  perigynia  somewhat  spread- 
ing. (C.  mirabilis,  Dew.}  — About  fields  and  fences ;  rather  common,  especially- 
northward.  —  A  stiff  and  rigid  species,  often  of  a  pale-green  appearance,  except 
the  first  variety,  which  has  commonly  brownish  heads,  and  a  weak  stem. 

40.  C.  fttenea,  Muhl.     Spikes  4 -W,  ovoid,  approximate,  the  lower  rarely 
compound,  of  a  glaucous-green  color ;  perigynia  ovate,  winged,  with  a  short  beak, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  oblong  and  bluntish  white  scale ;  achenium  on  a  short 
stalk,  oval.  —  Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  on  the  sea-coast,  Rhode  Island  (Olney) 
to  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  Much  like  the  last,  from  which  it  differs  princi- 
pally in  the  color  of  the  spikes,  and  in  the  constantly  erect  and  more  broadly- 
margined  perigynia.     The  culm  is  smooth  and  stout. 

41  C.  Straminea,  Schk.  Spikes  (about  6),  roundish-ovoid,  approximate ; 
perigynia  orbicular-ovate,  much  compressed,  broadly  and  membranaceously  winged, 
with  a  short  abrupt  beak  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale ;  achenium 
nearly  sessile,  oval.  —  Borders  of  woods  and  in  fields ;  rather  common.  —  The 
larger  forms  have  a  remarkably  wide  wing,  often  brown  on  the  margin,  giving  a 
variegated  appearance  to  the  soft  and  flaccid  spikes.  In  the  smaller  forms  the 
heads  are  fewer  (3-4)  and  more  rigid,  owing  to  the  narrower  wings  of  the 
perigynia.  \ 

I>.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne  in  separate  (commonly  more  or  less 
stalkeW)  simple  spikes  on  the  same  culm ;  the  one  or  more  staminate  (sterile)  spikes 
constantly  uppermost,  having  occasionally  more  or  less  fertile  flowers  intermixed 
the  lower  spikes  all  pistillate  (fertile),  or  sometimes  with  staminate  flowers  at  th 
base  or  apex  :  stigmas  3 :  achenium  sharply  triangular  (only  2  stigmas  and  thft 
achenium  lenticular  in  No.  42-51  and  58).  —  CAREX  Proper. 

$  1.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth,  not  inflated  (slightly  in  No.  51),  terminating 
in  a  minute,  straight,  entire  or  notched  point,  glaucous-green  when  young,  be- 
coming whitish,  often  spotted  or  tinged  with  purple,  or  occasionally  nearly 
black  at  maturity :  pistillate  scales  blackish-purple  (brown  in  No.  51  and  57), 
giving  a  dark  appearance  to  the  spikes. 

*  Sterile  spikes  1-3,  stalked,  often  with  more  or  less  fertile  flowers :  pistillate 
spikes  3-5,  frequently  with  sterile  flowers  at  the  apex :  bract  of  the  lowest  spike 
leaf-like,  with  dark-colored  expansions  (auricles)  at  the  base,  and  T?ry  minute 
sheaths,  or  none.  ( Culm  and  leaves  more  or  less  glaucous.) 


CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  517 

•<- Stigmas  2  (in  No.  42  sometimes  3) :  perigynium  lenticular. — ActJTJS. 
**  Scales  awnless,  mostly  obtuse. 

42.  C.  rigicla,  Good.      Sterile  spike  solitary;  the  fertile  2-4,  cylindrical, 
erect,  rather  loosely  flowered,  the  lower  on  short  peduncles  ;  lowest  bract  about  the 
length  of  the  culm,  with  rounded  auricles ;  stigmas  2-3,  mostly  2 ;  perigynia  el- 
liptical, with  an  entire  scarcely  pointed  apex,  nerveless,  or  very  obscurely  nerved, 
about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  scale ;  culm  rigid,  nearly  smooth  except  towards  the 
top,  about  the  length  of  the  firm  erect  leaves.     (C.  saxatilis,  Fl.  Dan.,  not  of 
L.)  — Var.  BiGEL6vii  has  3-5  longer  fertile  spikes,  the  lowest  on  a  long  stalk, 
spreading  and  sometimes  remote.    (C.  Bigelovii,  Torr.     C.  Washingtonia,  Dew. 
C.  nigra,  Schw.  $•  Torr.,  not  of  All.) — Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  N. 
New  England  and  New  York,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

43.  C.  torta,  Boott,  Mss.     Sterile  spikes  1  -  2,  commonly  1 ;  fertile  3-4, 
elongated,  narrowly-cylindrical  or  slightly  club-shaped,  loosely  few-flowered  at  the  base, 
occasionally  more  or  less  staminate  at  the  apex,  the  lower  on  smooth  slender 
stalks,  at  first  erect,  finally  spreading  or  drooping  ;  bracts  with  oblong  auricles,  or  very 
slightly  sheathing,  the  lowest  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  the  rest  bristle-shaped, 
shorter  than  their  respective  spikes ;  perigynia  elliptical,  short-stalked,  tapering  to 
a  distinct  point,  with  a  minutely  notched  or  jagged  membranaceous  orifice,  very 
smooth,  nerveless,  or  with  2-3  indistinct  short  nerves,  the  tips  spreading  or  ob- 
liquely recurved  at  maturity,  scarcely  exceeding  the  narrow  obtuse  scale ;  achenium 
broadly  obovate,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynium ;  culm  very  smooth,  leaves 
slightly  rough  on  the  margin  only.     (C.  verrucosa,  Schwein.     C.  acuta,  var. 
sparsiflora,  Dew.?) — Rills  and  wet  banks,  N.  New  England,  New  York,  &c., 
and  along  the  mountains  from  Penn.  southward.  —  Culm  rather  slender,  15' -2° 
high,  usually  with  3  slender  and  nodding  fertile  spikes.     It  is  well  distinguished 
by  its  smoothness,  and  by  the  spreading  empty,  tips  of  the  perigynia. 

44.  C.  VUJgariS,  Fries.     Sterile  spike  1,  rarely  2 ;  the  fertile  2-4,  approx> 
imated,  oblong,  erect,  densdy-Jlowered,  occasionally  staminate   at  the   apex,  the 
lowest  on  a  very  short  stalk ;  lowest  bract  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  with 
small  blackish  rounded  auricles ;  perigynia  ovate-elliptical,  stalked,  nerved  especially 
towards  the  base,  with  a  very  short  abrupt  entire  or  minutely  notched  point, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  appressed  black  scale ;  culm  slender,  nearly  smooth,  except 
at  the  top.     (C.  csespitosa,  Good  Sf  Amer.  aitth.,  not  of  L.    C.  Goodenovii,  Gay.) 
—  Banks  of  streams,  Ne\v  England  to  Wisconsin  and  northward.  —  Grows  in 
small  patches  (not  in  dense  tufts  like  No.  46),  and  varies  in  height  from  3'  to 
18',  with  narrow  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm.     From  the  last  it  differs  in  the 
short  thick  spikes,  and  erect  perigynia,  and  in  the  auricles  of  the  bracts ;  and 
from  the  next,  in  the  shape  and  nerves  of  the  perigynium,  and  in  the  shorter, 
black,  appressed  scale.     (Eu.) 

45.  C.  aperta,  Boott.     Sterile  spikes  1-2,  oblong-cylindrical,  acute ;  fer- 
tile 2-4,  oblong,  erect,  the  uppermost  approximate  and  sessile ;  the  lower  distant  and 
short-stalked,  staminate  at  the  apex,  or  often  entirely  fertile ;  lowest  bract  about 
the  length  of  the  culm,  with  oblong  brown  auricles,  or  very  slightly  sheathing, 
the  upper  bristle-shaped,  shorter  than  the  spikes ;  perigynia  roundish-ovate,  stalked, 
without  nerves,  covered  with  ver)  minute  transparent  dots,  and  sometimes  very 

44 


518  CYPERACE^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

slightly  rough  at  the  apex,  with  an  abrupt  very  short  notched  orifice,  broader  and 
much  shortir  than  the  lanceolate  pointed  brown  scale ;  culm  sharply  triangular,  smooth 
below,  exceeding  the  rough  sharp-pointed  leaves.  (C.  acuta,  var.  erccta,  Dew.  ?) 
—  Wet  meadows,  Rhode  Island  ( Olney),  and  far  westward.  —  Culm  1°  -  2°  high, 
with  commonly  2  fertile  spikes  |'-l£'  in  length,  appearing  somewhat  bristly 
from  the  long  and  spreading  scale.  Differs  from  the  next  chiefly  in  the  rounder 
perigynium  and  nearly  smooth  culm,  and  should  perhaps  be  referred  to  it. 

46.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.  (not  of  Good. )     Sterile  spikes  1-3;  infertile  2 - 4, 
cylindrical,  slender,  usually  barren  at  the  summit,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  a  short 
stalk ;  lower  bract  with  rounded  or  oblong  brown  auricles,  seldom  exceeding  the 
culm ;  perigynia  ovate-acuminate  or  elliptical,  nerveless  or  very  obscurely  few-nerved, 
often  minutely  rough  on  tlie  short,  entire,  or  slightly  notched  point,  usually  shorter  and 
broader  than  the  narrow  reddish-brown  scale;  culm  slender,  sharply  triangular, 
rough,  longer  than  the  narrow  and  rigid  rough  and  glaucous  leaves.     (C.  acuta, 
MuM.  fr  Amer.  auth.,  not  of  L,     C.  Virginiana,  Smith  in  Rees,  Cycl.     C.  angus- 
tata,  Boott.)  —  Var.  STRfcTiOR  has  shorter  and  more  densely  flowered  fertile 
spikes,  and  perigynia  equalling  or  somewhat  exceeding  the  scale.     (C.  strio 
tior,  Dew.}  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps;  very  common.     Grows  in  large  and 
thick  tufts,  2° -2£°  high.     The  scales  of  the  fertile  spikes  are  very  variable; 
the  lower  commonly  acute,  the  upper  narrower  and  obtuse.     This  species  and 
the  last  have  been  referred  to  C.  acuta,  L.,  which  has  not  been  found  in  North 
America. 

47.  C.  aquatilis,  Wahl.     Sterile  spikes  commonly*  2  -  3 ;  the  fertile  3  -5, 
club-shaped,  erect,  densely  flowered,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  very  short  stalks ;  bracts 
long,  1  -  2  of  the  lowest  exceeding  the  culm ;  perigynia  obovate-elliptical,  stalked,  nerve- 
less, with  a  very  short  entire  point  about  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  scale ;  culm 
sharply  triangular,  rough  towards  the  top,  not  much  exceeding  the  pale-green 
glaucous  leaves.  —  Margins  of  lakes  and  rivers,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and 
northward.  —  A  rather  robust  species  2°  -  3°  high ;  the  thick  fertile  spikes  1'  -  2' 
long.     (Eu.) 

48.  C.  leilticillariS,  Michx.     Sterile  spike  single  and  mostly  fertile  at  tJte 
top ;  the  fertile  2-5,  erect,  cylindrical  (£'-!'  long),  sessile,  or  the  lower  short- 
peduncled,  densely-flowered ;  bracts  exceeding  the  culm ;  perigynia  ovate-oval, 
sessile,  more  or  less  nerved,  abruptly  short-pointed,  the  point  entire,  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  oblong  and  very  obtuse  scale ;  culm  (9'  - 15'  high)  and  leaves  smooth 
or  nearly  so.  —  Lake  Avalanche,  N.  New  York  (Torrey),  Lake  Superior,  and 
northward. 

*+  •*•+  Scales  awned. 

49.  C.  saliiia,  Wahl.     Sterile  spikes  2-3;   the  fertile  2-4,  cylindrical, 
erect,  often  sterile  at  the  apex,  on  more  or  less  included  stalks ;  bracts  long,  with 
rounded  auricles,  the  two  lowest  commonly  exceeding  the  culm ;  perigynia  ovate- 
elliptical,  with  a  minute  entire  point,  nerveless,,  rather  shorter  tlian  the  roughly- 
avmed dark-brown  scale;  culm  rough  at  the  top,  rather  exceeding  the  leaves. — 
Coast  of  Massachusetts  (near  Chelsea?  Greene),  and  far  northward.    (Eu.) 

50.  C.   mnritillia,  Vahl.     Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  each  about  2  or  3 
(1   long),  spreading  or  drooping  on  slender  peduncles ;  perigynia  nearly  orbicular, 


CYPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  519 

with  a  short  entire  point,  much  shorter  than  the  lona-awned  greenish  scale ;  culm 
(1°  high)  and  the  broad  flat  leaves  smooth.  (C.  palcacea,  Wahl.)  —  Coast  of 
Massachusetts  and  northward ;  rare.  (Eu.) 

51.  C.  ci'iiiifa,  Lam.     Sterile  spikes  1-2,  often  idth  fertile  flowers  various- 
ly intermixed ;  the  fertile  3-5,  long-cylindrical  (2' -3'  long),  densely  flowered,  on 
exserted  nodding  stalks ;  bracts  very  long,  exceeding  the  culm ;  pcrigynia  roundish- 
obovate,  slightly  inflated,  obscurely  nerved,  with  a  short  entire  point,  shorter  than 
the  oblong  roughly -awned  light-brown  scale;  culm  (2° -4°  high)  rough  and  sharply 
angled,  leafy  below ;  the  pale  leaves  3"  -  4"  wide,  also  rough-edged.  —  Varies, 
with  the  awns  of  the  scales  very  long  and  the  fruit  imperfect  (var.  M6RBIDA, 
Carey  in  Sill.  Jour.  &  C.  paleacea,  Amer.  auth.,  not  of  Wahl.) ;  and  with  awns 
not  much  longer  than  the  scales  (C.  gynandra,  Schw.).  —  Wet  meadows  and 
borders  of  rills ;  very  common.  —  A  variable  but  easily  recognized  species. 

•*-  •»-  Stigmas  3 :  perigynium  obtusely  triangular,  indistinctly  few-nerved,  more 
or  lens  compressed  :  pistillate  spikes  borne  on  exserted  flliform  drooping  stalks.  — 
LIM&S.E. 

52.  C.  flacca,  Schreb.     Sterile  spikes  1  -  2 ;  the  fertile  about  3,  cylindrical, 
on  exserted  drooping  stalks,  commonly  staminate  at  the  top;  lower  bract  usually 
shorter  than  the  culm ;   sheaths  obsolete  or  minute ;  perigynia  roundish-ovoid, 
notched  at  the  point,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened  on  the  angles,  about  the  length  of 
the  obtuse  or  pointed  black  scale;  culm  sharply  triangular,  rough,  taller  than  the 
glaucous   rigid  leaves.     (C.   glauca,  Scop.     C.   recurva,  Huds.     C.  Barrattii, 
Schw.  $•  Torr.) — Marshes  of  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast,  Collins,  Knieskern. — 
A  widely  variable  species.     (Eu.) 

53.  C.  limosa,  L.     Staminate  spike  solitary;  the  fertile  1-2,  oblong,  10- 
2Q-flowered,  occasionally  with  staminate  flowers  at  the  apex ;  bracts  very  narrow, 
the  lowest  shorter  than  the  culm ;  perigynia  ovate,  with  a  minute  entire  point,  about 
equal  to  the  ovate  mucronate  scale.  —  Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Culm  6' -12'  high,  erect,  longer  than  the  sharp 
and  rigid  leaves.     (Eu.) 

54.  C.  irriglia,  Smith.     Staminate  spike  solitary;  the  fertile  2-4,  ovoid 
or  oblong,  occasionally  staminate  at  the  apex,  or  rarely  with  a  few  sterile  flowers 
at  the  base ;  lowest  bract  as  wide  as  the  leaves,  longer  than  the  culm ;  perigynia 
roundish-ovate,  with  an  entire  orifice,  much  shorter  than  the  tapering  pointed  scale. 
(C.  limosa,  var.  irrigua,  Wahl.     C.  paupercula,  Michx.)  —  Peat-bogs,  New  Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  Taller  than  the  last,  growing  in 
clumps,  with  weaker  nodding  stems,  often  exceeded  by  the  leaves.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Uppermost  spike  club-shaped,  pistillate  above  and  staminate  at  the  base ;  the  rest 
all  fertile,  or  with  a  few  sterile  flowers  below :  lowest  bract  leaf-like,  scarcely 
equalling  the  culm,  with  minute  light-brown  auricles  and  no  sheaths :  culm 
and  leaves  of  a  pale  glaucous-green.  —  ATR\TJE.* 

55.  C.  Buxbafmiii,  Wahl.     Spikes  3-4,  obovoid  or  oblong,  the  uppermost 
short-stalked  (rarely  altogether  staminate),  the  others  nearly  sessile,  the  lowest  some- 

*  C.  VAHLII,  Schk  ,  of  this  group,  occurs  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  on  Into 
Royale,  but  has  not  yet  been  met  with  on  the  United  States  side. 


520  CTPERACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

what  remote;  perigynia  elliptical,  obtuselj  triangular,  compressed,  obscurely 
nerved,  with  a  distinctly  notched  orifice,  scarcely  equalling  the  ovate  sharp- 
pointed  or  short-awned  (dark-brown  or  brownish)  scale.  (C.  canescens,  L.,  in 
part.)  — Peat-bogs,  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  also  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies.  (Eu.) 

56.  C,  atra  ta,  L.     Spikes  3-4,  oblong-ovoid,  approximate,  all  on  short  fili- 
form stalks,  at  length  drooping;  perigynia  ovoid,  with  a  short  notched  point, 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  acute  (brown  or  dark  purple)  scale.  —  Alpine  sum- 
mits of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire.  —  About  12' -15'  high,  with 
rather  rigid  leaves,  nearly  equalling  the  culm.     Fruit  at  first  straw-color,  mostly 
becoming  dark  purple  or  nearly  black.     (Eu.) 

57.  C»  Sliortiana,  Dew.     Spikes  about  5,  cylindrical,  erect,  more  or  less 
distant,  greenish  turning  straw-color,  (2'-!?'  l°n£>)  an(l  the  lowest  rather  re- 
mote, all  androgynous  and  densely  flowered ;  the  terminal  one  about  half  stami- 
nate,  the  rest  with  only  a  few  barren  flowers  at  the  base,  the  2-3  lower  on  short 
stalks  ;  perigynia  broadly  obovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  shoii,  stalk, 
with  an  extremely  minute  entire  point,  little  longer  than  the  short-pointed  somewhat 
obovate  scale.  —  Marshes,  S.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Plant 
l°-3°high. 

$  2.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth,  slightly  inflated,  bluntly  triangular,  nerved, 
with  an  obtuse  and  pointless  orifice,  or  a  short  (and  straight  or  oblique)  entire  01 
notched  point :  bracts  leaf-like,  sheathing :  staminate  spike  solitary  (except  some- 
times in  No.  62),  07*  androgynous  and  pistillate  above;  the  rest  all  fertile. 

#  Staminate  spike  on  an  elevated  stalk  (short-stalked  or  sessile  in  No.  63,  64,  in 
No.  61  occasionally  with  1-2  small  ones  at  its  base) :  pistillate  spikes  1-6, 
erect,  the  upper  on  very  short,  the  lower  on  more  or  less  elongated  exserted 
stalks  (short  and  included  in  No.  64) :  bracts  shorter  than  the  culm  (except  in 
No.  58  and  63) :  perigynia  with  an  entire  and  straight  or  obliquely  bent  point,  glau- 
cous-green when  young,  becoming  cream-colored  or  yellow  at  maturity,  sometimes 
spotted  with  purple  (stigmas  only  2  in  No.  58) :  pistillate  scales  dark-brown 
with  white  margins,  fading  to  tawny.  (Leaves  mostly  radical,  more  or  less 

glaUCOUS.)  — PANfCE^E. 

58.  C.  ail I'C a.,  Nutt.     Fertile  spikes  3-4,  oblong,  loosely  jlowered,  the  lowest 
often  very  remote ;  perigynia  obovate  or  pear-shaped,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  ovate 
acute  scale ;  stigmas  2 ;  achenium  lenticular.    (C.  pyriformis,  Schw.)  —  Wet  grassy 
banks,  especially  on  limestone;  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 
—  A  slender,  delicate  species,  4' -8'  high,  with  long  grassy  leaves,  and  bracts 
exceeding  the  culm.     Sterile  spike  often  with  some  fertile  flowers  at  the  apex. 

59.  C.  livida,    Willd.     Fertile  spikes  1  -  2,  rarely  with  a  third  near  the 
base  of  the  culm,  lQ-15-flowei'ed:  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  with  faint  pellucid  nerves , 
tipped  with  a  straight  obtuse  pointy  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  scale.     (C. 
limosa,  var.  livida,  Wahl.    C.  Grayana,  Dew.)  —  Peat-bogs  and  wet  pine  barrens, 
New  Jersey,  Oriskany,  New  York,  and  high  northward.  —  Occurs  rarely  with  a 
single  (sterile)  spike,  or  with  an  additional  fertile  one  on  an  wect  stalk  6' -9' 
long,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  culm.     Plant  very  glaucous,  the  leaves  rigid 
and  finely  tapering.     (Eu.) 


CYPERACE2E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.)  521 

60.  C.  paiiicoa,  L.     Fertile  spikes  1-3,  commonly  2,  ovoid,  oblong,  or  cylin 
drical,  closely  flowered,  remote ;  perigynia  when  young  oblong,  and  contracted  at  each 
end,  at  maturity  roundish-obovoid,  scarcely  inflated,  with  more  obscure  nerves,  and 
a  slightly-bent  point,  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  or  awned  scale ;  achenium 
triquetrous,  flattened  at  the  top,  contracted  towards  the  base,  distinctly  dotted  under 
a  lens.     (C.  Meadii,  Dew.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  streams,  New  Eng- 
land to  Wisconsin,  and  south  westward.  —  Very  variable  in  the  length  and  thick- 
ness of  the  fertile  spikes,  the  slender  forms  approaching  closely  to  the  next ;  in 
both,  the  shape  of  the  fruit  varies  greatly  with  age.     (Eu.) 

61.  C.  tetanica,  Schk.     Fertile  spikes  1-3,  commonly  2,  oblong-cylindrical, 
loosely  flowered,  remote ;  perigynia  when  young  pointed  at  each  end,  at  maturity  obo- 
void,  scarcely  inflated,  with  a  slightly  bent  point,  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  or 
awned  scale;  achenium  ovoid-triquetrous,  indistinctly  dotted  under  a  lens.     (C.  co- 
noidea,    Gray,  Gi'am.  fy  Cyp.,  not  of  Schk.      C.  Woodii,  Dew.) — Margins  of 
lakes  and  rivers,  N.  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  southward. 

62.  C.  Crawei,  Dew.     Sterile  spike  usually  solitary,  or  with  1  (rarely  2) 
short  additional  ones  at  its  base,  the  principal  sometimes  fertile  at  the  apex ; 
fertile  spikes  3-6,  remote,  and  the  lowest  near  the  root,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely 
flowered,  and  sometimes  slightly  compound  at  the  base ;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong, 
obscurely  nerved,  with  a  short  slightly  bent  point,  longer  than  the  rather  obtuse 
scale.     (C.  heterostachya,  Torr.)  —  Clefts  of  rocks,  Jefferson  County,  New  York 
(Crawe)y  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  (Vasey),  and  N.  Michigan  (Bull). — A  very 
variable  species,  rigidly  erect,  4'  -  12'  high,  in  some  of  its  forms  much  resembling 
the  next ;  but  the  perigynium  is  less  round  and  with  fewer  and  more  indistinct 
nerves,  the  bracts  do  not  exceed  the  culm,  and  the  staminate  spike  is  long- 
peduncled. 

63.  C.  granularis,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  sessile,  or  short-stalked,  occa- 
sionally bearing  a  few  fertile  flowers ;  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  cylindrical,  densely 
flowered,  the  lowest  sometimes  very  remote,  or  near  the  root ;  perigynia  roundish- 
ovoid,  prominently  nerved,  with  a  minute  slightly  bent  point,  longer  than  the  acute 
scale ;  bracts  long,  exceeding  the  culm.  —  Wet  meadows ;  very  common. 

64.  C.  TOrreyi,  Tuckerman.     Sterile  spike  short-stalked ;  fertile  spikes  2- 
3,  ovoid,  closely  approximate,  all  on  included  stalks ;  perigynia  roundish-obovoid, 
obtuse,  with  conspicuous  elevated  nerves,  and  a  distinct  abrupt  point,  longer  than  the 
ovate  pointed  scale;  culm,  leaves,  and  short  bracts  downy.     (C.  abbreviata,  Schw. 
mss.  fr  Boott.) — Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  Schweinitz ;  and  high  northward. — 
Probably  often  overlooked  from  its  close  external  resemblance  to  the  next,  but 
it  is  very  distinct. 

#  *  Staminate  spike  sessile,  or  short-stalked  (except  in  No.  66) :  pistillate  spikea 
2-5,  erect,  all  on  more  or  less'  exserted  stalks  :  bracts  longer  than  the  culm  (ex- 
cept in  No.  66) :  perigynia  very  obtuse,  with  an  abrupt  and  minute  (or  almost 
obsolete)  point,  green  and  somewhat  pellucid  at  maturity :  pistillate  scales  tawny, 
fading  to  white. — PALLESCENTES. 

65.  C.  pallescens,  L.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid,  densely  flowered,  approX' 
vnate ;  perigynia  ibovoid-oblong,  obscurely  nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  scale.  — 
Var.  UNDUIA.TA  has  the  lower  bract  indented  at  the  base  with  transverse  waved 

44* 


522  CYPERACE.E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

lines.     (  3.  undulata,  Kunze.)  —  Meadows,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  north* 
ward.  —  Plant  8'  - 18'  high,  with  slightly  pubescent  culm  and  leaves.     (Eu.) 

66.  C.  COnoidea,  Schk.      Staminate  spike  on  a  long  stalk;  fertile  2-3, 
oblong,  closely  flcwered,  the  lower  distant ;  perigynia  oblong-conical,  with  impressed 
nerves,  slightly  oblique  at  the  summit,  rather  longer  (or  sometimes  shorter)  than 
the  sharply  pointed  or  awned  scale;  bracts  not  exceeding  the  culm.     (C.  tetanica, 
Schw.  4*  Torr.,  not  of  Schk.)  —  Moist  meadows ;  rather  common. 

67.  C.  grlsea,  Wahl.     Fertile  spikes  3-5,  oblong,  loosely  flowered,  remote, 
and  the  lowest  distant ;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  awned 
scale.     (C.  laxiflora,  Schk.,  not  of  Lam.)  —  Var.  MtrxiCA  has  longer  cylindrical 
spikes,  short-awned  scales,  and  "the  leaves  and  bracts  pale  green  and  glaucous. 
(C.  laxiflora?  var.  mutica,  Torr.  $•  Or.    C.  flaccosperma,  Dew.)  —  Moist  woods 
and  meadows ;  common,  especially  southward.    The  variety,  with  spikes  1'- 1£' 
long,  occurs  in  New  Jersey  (Knieskern)  and  in  the  South. 

#  *  *  Uppermost  spike  more  or  less  pistillate  at  the  apex  (rarely  all  staminate) ; 
pistillate  spikes  3-5,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  loosely  flowered,  distant,  on  exserted 
Aliform  and  mostly  drooping  stalks:  bracts  equalling  or  often  exceeding  the 
culm :  perigynia  oblong,  with  a  short  and  abrupt  notched  point  (obsolete  in 
No.  70),  green  and  membranaceous  at  maturity:  pistillate  scales  tawny  or 
white.  —  GaAcf  LLIM^J. 

•*-  Fertile  spikes  nodding  or  pendulous. 

68.  C.  Davisii,    Schw.  &  Torr.      Fertile  spikes  oblong-cylindrical,   rather 
thick ;  perigynia  somewhat  contracted  at  each  end,  scarcely  longer  than  the  conspic- 
uously awned  scale.     (C.  aristata,  Dew.,  not  of  R.  Br.     C.  Torreyana,  Dew.)  — 
Wet  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  —  Larger  than  the 
next  (l£°-2°  high),  and  with  stouter  and  longer  spikes. 

69.  C.  forniosa,  Dew.    Fertile  spikes  oblong,  short,  all  commonly  with  2  - 
3  barren  flowers  or  empty  scales  at  the  base ;  perigynia  somewhat  contracted  at 
each  end,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  pointed  or  cuspidate  scale.  —  Wet  meadows  ; 
Massachusetts  to  W.  New  York. 

70.  C.  gracillima,  Schw.     Fertile  spikes  linear,  slender ;  perigynia  obtuse 
and  slightly  oblique  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong  awned  scale.     (C.  digita- 
lis, Schw.  Sc  Torr.,  not  of  Willd.)  — Wet  meadows,  New  England  to  Kentucky, 
Wisconsin,  and  northward.  —  When  this  species  occurs  with  the  uppermost 
spike  altogether  staminate,  it  resembles  C.  arctata ;  but  is  readily  distinguished 
by  the  obtuse,  beakless,  and  sessile  perigynium. 

•*-  +-  Fertile  spikes  nearly  erect,  all  but  the  lowest  short-pedunded  or  nearly  sessile. 

71.  C.  sestivalis,  M.  A.  Curtis.     Spikes  slender,  loosely  flowered;  peri- 
gynia acutish  at  both  ends,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  obtuse  or  mucronate  scale ; 
achenium  somewhat  stipitate ;  sheaths  of  the  lower  leaves  pubescent :  otherwise 
nearlj-  as  the  last,  but  a  smaller  plant  (l°-l£°  high).  — Saddle  Mountain,  W. 
Massachusetts  (Dewey),  Pokono  Mountain,  Penn.  (Darlington  $•  Townsend),  and 
along  the  Alleghanies  to  Virginia  and  southward. 

f  3.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  hairy  (in  No.  73  becoming  smooth  at  maturity), 
slightly  inflated,  bluntly  3-angled,  obtuse,  conspicuously  nerved,  with  a  minut« 


CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE     FAMILY.)  523 

abrupt  straight  point:  bracts  narrow,  with  very  short  or  obsolete  sheaths,  the 
lowest  exceeding  the  culm  :  pistillate  scales  tawny  or  white :  ipikes  2-4,  erect, 
the  uppermost  androgynous,  pistillate  at  the  apex  and  club-shaped;  the  rest  all  fer 

tile.  —  VlRESCENTES. 

72.  C.  VireSCens,  Muhl.     Spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical,  on  short  stalks;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  awned  scale ; 
leaves  and  sheaths  hairy.     (C.  costata,  Schw.)  — Eocky  woods  and  hill-sides,  New 
England  to  Michigan,  and  southward.  —  Culms  rough  and  slender,  1°  - 2°  high; 
fertile  spikes  £'  - 1 '  long. 

73.  C.  triceps,    Michx.     Spikes  ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  closely  approximate; 
perigynia  broadly  obovoid,  entire  at  the  orifice,  downy  when  young,  smooth  at  matu- 
rity, rather  longer  than  the  pointed  scale ;  sheaths  very  hairy,  leaves  more  or  less 
so.     (C.  hirsuta,  Willd.     C.  viridula,  Schw.  $-  Torr.,  not  of  Michx.)  —  Varies 
with  the  spikes  rather  longer  and  on  stalks,  and  the  leaves  nearly  smooth.     (C. 
hirsuta,  var.  pedunculata,  Schw.  fr  Torr.)  —  Woods  and  meadows;  rather  com- 
mon ;  the  smoother  form  southward.  —  Culm  12'  - 18'  high.    Spikes  £'  -  f '  long. 

4  4.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth,  not  inflated,  3-angled,  regularly  striate,  termi- 
nating in  a  short  entire  rather  obliquely  bent  or  recurved  point,  remaining  green  at 
maturity:  pistillate  scales  membranaceous,  mostly  tipped  with  a  rough  point 
or  awn,  brown  or  spotted,  fading  to  white :  staminate  spike  solitary :  pistillate 
spikes  2-5,  few-flow&'ed,  more  or  less  remote,  the  lowest  often  near  the  base 
of  the  culm. 

#  Sterile  spike  club-shaped :  fertile  spikes  (erect,  the  uppermost  commonly  near 
the  base  of  the  sterile)  all  on  stalks  principally  included  within  sheathing  bracts 
(except  sometimes  the  lowest),  shorter  than  the  spikes,  or  not  much  exceeding  them  : 
perigynia  ovoid-triquetrous,  narrowed  at  each  end :  culms  numerous,  diffuse  and 
in  fniit  becoming  prostrate :  leaves  all  radical,  very  broad,  finely  and  closely 
nerved  throughout,  with  3  distinct  ribs.  —  PLANXAofNE^B. 

74.  C.  plantaginea,  Lam.     Fertile  spikes  commonly  4,  oblong,  about  5- 
8-flowered ;  bracts  very  short,  dark  purple,  or  the  lowest  greenish  at  the  apex. 
(C.  latifolia,  Schk.)  —  Shady  woods,  mostly  on  hill-sides  in  rich  soil,  New  Eng- 
land to  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies. 

75.  C.  Careya.ua,  Torr.     Fertile  spikes  2  -  3,  ovoid  or  oblong,  about  3  -x5- 
flowered,  bracts  green,  the  upper  about  equal  to  the  spikes,  the  lower  somewhat 
exceeding  them;  perigynia  large  (2" -2^"  in  length);  leaves  dark  green.  —  In 
similar  situations  with  the  last,  N.  New  York  to  Penn.  and  Ohio :  rare. 

76.  C.  platyphylla,  Carey.     Fertile  spikes  3,  filiform,  loosely  3-4-Jlou>- 
ered;  bracts  as  in  the  last;  perigynia  small ;  culms  slender;  leaves  pale  or  whitish- 
green.  —  In  similar  situations  with  No.  74,  and  with  the  same  range. 

#  *  Sterile  spike  short,  club-shaped,  pedunculate  :  fertile  spikes  2-4,  all  on  jUi~ 
form  exserted  stalks,  with  long  sheathing  bracts  resembling  the  leaves,  the  upper- 
most, as  well  as  the  leaves,  exceeding  the  slender  and  at  length  prostrate 
culms  :  perigynia  as  in  the  last  subsection.  — DIGITALES. 

77.  C.  retrocurva,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  compactly  3-8- 
Jhwered,  on  long  drooping  stalks:  leaves  glaucous,  3-4  lines  wide,  uith  3  prcninent 


524  CYPERACEJE.      (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

nerves.  —  Copses  and  hill-sides,  New  England  to  W.  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. —  Very  closely  approaching  the  next ;  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  it. 

78.  C.  digitalis,  Willd.     Fertile  spikes  linear-oblong,  loosely  6  -  ^-flowered, 
on  long  stalks,  the  lowest  sometimes  drooping ;  leaves  and  bracts  narrow,  dark 
green;  perigynia  smaller  than  in  the  last.     (C.  oligocarpa,  Schw.  $>  Torr.,  not  of 
Schk.     C.  Vanvleckii,  Sch w. )  —  Copses  and  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, and  southward.  — A  low  species,  6'  - 12'  high,  growing  in  tufts,  with  numer- 
ous culms  and  long  grassy  leaves. 

*  *  #  Sterile  spike  short,  linear ;  fertile  spikes  2-4,  erect;  the  1-2  uppermost 
commonly  near  the  base  of  the  sterile,  on  an  included  stalk ;  the  rest  on  ex- 
serted  stalks,  with  long  sheathing  bracts  resembling  the  leaves;  the  uppermost 
exceeding  the  erect  culm :  perigynia  with  obtuse  angles,  about  the  length  of  the 
scale.  —  OLIGOC!RP^. 

79.  C.  laxiflora,  Lam.     Fertile  spikes  slender,  loosely  Jlowered  on  a  zigzag 
rhachis ;  perigynia  ovoid,  nan-owed  at  each  end.     (C.  anceps,  Willd.  Sf  ed.  1.)  — 
Var.  STRIATULA  has  the  spikes  oblong,  more  densely  flowered,  and  the  perigynia 
obovoidwith  a  shorter  point.  .  (C.  striatula,  Michx.     C.  conoidea,  Muhl.,  not  of 
Schk.     C.  blanda,  Dew.}  —  Var.  PATUUF6LIA,  Dew.,  has  the  radical  leaves  very 
broad  (!'-!£'),  many-nerved,  with  a  rather  longer  point.    (C.  plantaginea,  Schk.t 
not  of  Lam.)  —  Open  woods  and  copses;  common.  —  A  very  variable  species, 
as  to  the  breadth  of  the  leaves  and  length  of  the  spikes;  the  culms  are  usually 
flattened  or  2-edged  above.     An  intermediate  form  occurs,  with  the  broad  leaves 
and  slender  spikes  of  var.  patulifolia,  but  having  the  obovoid  shortly  pointed 
fruit  of  var.  striatula,  differing  in  the  latter  respect  from  the  plant  figured  as  C. 
plantaginea  by  Schkuhr. 

80.  C.  OligOCarpa,  Schk.     Fertile  spikes  small,  3  -  8-Jlowered ;  the  point 
of  the  perigynium  slightly  oblique,  not  recurved ;  style  very  short,  thickened  towards 
the  base ;  leaves  rough  only  on  the  edge,  sheaths  smooth.    (C.  Sartwelliana,  Gay.) 
—  Woods,  W.  New  York  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Culm  slender,  8' -12 
long;  the  fertile  spikes  y -#  in  length. 

81.  C.  HitcllCOCkiaiia,  Dew.    Fertile  spikes  very  loosely  3  -  t-flowered; 
sheaths  and  upper  side  of  the  leaves  roughly  pubescent.  —  Woods,  New  England  to 
Illinois  and  Kentucky.  —  Culm  l°-2°  high,  stouter  than  the  last,  with  very 
scabrous  sheaths.     The  fruit  is  also  larger  (2£"  long) ;  but  in  other  respects  the 
plants  are  similar. 

$  5.  Perigynia  without  a  beak,  smooth  or  downy,  not  inflated,  obovoid-triquetrous, 
with  a  minute  obliquely  bent  white  and  membranaceous  point,  reddish-brown 
or  olive-colored  at  maturity :  bracts  reduced  to  colored  sheaths,  or  with  a  short  green 
prolongation:  leaves  all  radical,  narrow  or  bristle-shaped.  —  DIGITATE. 

82.  C.  ebumea,     Boott.     Sterile  spike  solitary;  infertile  3-4,  erect, 
about  5-flowered,  approximated  and  elevated  on  long  stalks  above  the  staminate  spike  : 
the  lowest  sometimes  a  little  remote ;  perigynia  obscurely  nerved,  smooth  and 
shining,  rather  longer  than  the  broad  and  obtuse  membranaceous  whitish  scale. 
(C.  alba,  var.  setifolia,  Dew.)  — Limestone  rocks,  N.  New  England  to  Kentucky, 
«nd  northward.  —  A  delicate  species,  4'  - 10'  high,  with  bristle-shaped  leaves, 


CYPERACF^E.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  525 

donning  dense  tufts.     The  fertile  spikes  do  not  exceed  2"  -3"  in  length,  and  are 
•«6ont  1"  broad. 

83.  C.  peduilClllattt,  Mulil.     Spikes  3-5,  commonly  4,  the  uppermost 
MJtile,  with  2  -  3  fertile  flowers  at  the  base,  the  rest  fertile  with  a  few  staminate  flowert 
ai  the  apex,  all  on  long  stalks,  remote,  1  -  2  of  the  lowest  near  the  base  of  the  culm ; 
sheaths  with  green  tips  much  shorter  than  the  stalks ;  perigynia  with  a  long  atten- 
uated base  and  a  minutely  notched  orifice,  somewhat  downy,  especially  on  the  angles, 
about  the  length  of  the  broadly  obovate  abruptly  awned  or  pointed  dark-purple 
scale. — Dry  woods  and  rocky  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin, 
and  northward.  —  Culms  4' -10'  high,  prostrate  at  maturity,  growing  in  tufts 
partly  ctmcaaled  by  the  very  long  and  narrow  grassy  leaves. 

$  6.  Perigynia  with  a  straight  or  slightly  bent  more  or  less  abrupt  beak,  hairy,  not  in- 
flated, terminating  in  a  membranaceous  notched  or  2-toothed  orifice :  bracts 
short,  either  green  and  slightly  sheathing  or  auriculate  at  the  base,  or  small 
and,  resembling  the  scales  :  scales  dark  brown  or  purple  with  white  margins 
fading  lightei  or  sometimes  turning  nearly  white  :  staminate  spike  solitary  ; 
the  fertile  2 -a,  nearly  sessile  (except  in  No.  84),  erect.  (Culms  mostly  low 
and  slender :  leaves  all  radical,  long  and  narrow.)  —  MONT\N^:. 

84.  C.  mil  t>ef  lain,  Schk.     Culms  very  short ;  staminate  spike  sometimes 
with  a  few  pistilinte  flowers ;  fertile  spikes  4-5,  ovoid,  few-flowered ;  the  upper- 
most close  to  the  stertte  spike  and  sessile,  the  rest  on  stalks  arising  from  the  base  of  the 
stem  and  of  about  e^aal  height,  appearing  somewhat  like  a  small  corymb,  nearly 
concealed  by  the  K*ag  grassy  leaves ;  perigynia  ovoid,  3-angled,  with  a  rather 
long  abrupt  beak,  aixmt  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  scale.  —  Rocky  hill- 
sides, New  England  «o  Penn.,  and  northward.  —  Growing  in  dense  grassy  tufts, 
with  culms  l'-3',  rarely  6'  high. 

85.  C.  Novae-  Angliae,  Schw.    Sterile  spike  on  a  short  stalk ;  the  fertile 
2-3,  ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  3  -  5-flowered,  more  or  less  distinct,  the  lowest  with  a 
green  and  bristle-shaped  or  colored  and  scale-like  awned  bract ;  perigynia  obovoid, 
3-angled,  attenuated  at  the  base  into  a  short  stalk,  minutely  hairy  (principally 
above),  indistinctly  nerved,  with  a  somewhat  elongated  2-toothed  beak  deeply  cleft  on 
the  inner  side,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  scale.     (C.  collecta,  Dew. 
C.  varia,  var.  minor,  Boott  (including  var.  Emmonsii).     C.  lucorum,  Kunze,  not 
of  Willd.?)  —  Var.  EMMONSII  has  the  fertile  spikes  5-10-flowered,  aggregated, 
the  uppermost  close  to  the  base  of  the  staminate ;  or  varying  occasionally  with 
the  lowest  on  a  long  stalk  near  the  base  of  the  culm,  concealed  by  the  long  gras- 
sy leaves.     (C.  alpestris,  Schw.  $•  Torr.,  not  of  Allioni.    C.  Davisii,  Dew.,  not  of 
Schw.fr  Torr.     C.  Emmonsii,  Dew.)  —  Woody  hills  and  mountains,  N.  New 
England  to  Ohio,  and  northward;  also  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. — 
Grows  in  grassy  tufts,  with  numerous  very  slender,  often  prostrate  culms,  vary- 
ing from  4' -15' in  length.     The  var.  is  the  prevailing  form,  but  intermediate 
ones  continually  occur,  differing  in  respect  to  the  contiguity  and  size  of  the  fer- 
tile spikes,  and  in  the  proximity  of  the  uppermost  to  the  base  of  the  sterile  one. 
The  form  of  the  perigynium  varies  with  age  ;  the  mature  ones  in  Kunze's  figure 
of  C.  lucorum  have  the  elongated  beak  of  C.  nigro-marginata,  Schw.  (possibly 
the  C.  lucorum  of  Willd.),  whilst  the  plant  delineated  is  clearly  C.  Novse-AnglJae. 


526  CYPERACEvE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.; 

86.  C.  Fcmisy  Iv:i.uic;a,  Lam.     Sterile  spike  commonly  on  a  short  stalk 
fertile  1-3,  usually  2,  approximate,  nearly  sessile,  ovoid,  4  -  &-Ji  }wered,  the  lowesi 
commonly  with  a  colored  scale-like  long-awned  bract;  perig^nia  roindish-ovoid,  with 
a  short  and  abrupt  minutely -toothed  beak  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  chest- 
nut-colored scale.     (C.  marginata,  Muhl.)  — Dry  woods  and  hill-sides,  New  Eng- 
land to  Penn.,  Illinois,  and  northward. 

87.  C.  Varia,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  sessile;  fertile  2-3,  mostly  3,  distinct,  on 
very  short  stalks,  ovoid,  6  -  \Q-flowered ;  the  lowest,  and  sometimes  the  2  lower, 
with  green  leaf-like  bracts ;  perigynia  obovoid,  with  an  abrupt  distinctly  toothed  beak, 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  pointed  light-brown  scale.     (C.  Pennsylvanica,  var. 
Muhlenbergii,  Gray,  Gram.fr  Cyp.) — Dry  wooded  hills;  common,  especially 
northward.     Closely  resembles  the  last ;  but  has  wider,  shorter,  and  more  rigid 
glaucous  leaves. 

88.  C.  PRJECOX,  Jaeq.     Sterile  spike  club-shaped;  fertile  2-3,  oblong-ovoid, 
aggregated  near  the.  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  on  a 
very  short  stalk,  with  a  leaf-like  bract  scarcely  exceeding  the  spike ;  perigynia 
ovoid-triangular,  attenuated  at  the  base,  with  a  short  beak  and  nearly  entire  orifiee, 
about  equal  to  the  ovate  pointed  dark-brown  scale ;  achenium  obovoid  with  a 
prominent  ring  at  the  apex  surrounding  the  base  of  the  style ;  culm  3'  -  6'  high ; 
leaves  short,  rather  rigid.     (C.  verna,  Villars,  Dew.,  not  of  Schk.)  —  Rocky  hills, 
Salem  and  Ipswich,  Massachusetts.     (Nat.  from  En.) 

89.  C.  Ricliardsdllii,  R.  Brown.     Sterile  spike  peduncled,  cylindrical ; 
fertile  1  or  2,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  approximate,  oblong,  longer  than  the  scale- 
like  brownish  and  mostly  short-pointed  bracts ;  perigynia  obovoid-triangular,  with 
a  tapering  base,  obtuse,  nearly  beakless,  the  short  point  with  an  almost  entire  orifice, 
rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  acutish  brown  or  chestnut-colored  scale;  culm 
(5' -9'  high)  and  rigid  leaves  rough. — Dry  ground,  near  Rochester,  New  York 
(Dewey) ;  prairies  of  Illinois  (Mead) ;  Wisconsin  (Sartwell),  and  northward.  —  A 
well-marked  species,  in  aspect  most  like  No.  86. 

90.  €!•  pubescens,  Muhl.     Sterile  spike  usually  sessile ;  fertile  3-4,  ob 
long  or  cylindrical,  loosely  flowered,  somewhat  approximated,  or  the  lowest  a  little 
remote,  on  a  short  stalk,  with  a  narrow  leaf-like  bract  about  the  height  of  the 
culm ;  fruit  ovoid  and  sharply  triangular,  downy,  attenuated  at  the  base,  vith  an 
abrupt  slender  beak  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  abrupt 
ly-pointed  white  scale ;  culm  and  leaves  soft-downy.  —  Moist  woods  and  meadow*, 
New  England  to  Wisconsin  and  Kentucky.     Differs  from  the  other  species  of 
this  section  in  its  greater  size  and  in  aspect,  and  especially  in  the  sharply  angled 
perigynium. 

§  7.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  with  a  short  beak,  terminating  in  an  entire  or  slightly 
notched  orifice :  staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked  (in  No.  91  usually  pistillate 
at  the  summit) :  culms  tall  and  leafy.  —  AN6MALSJ.* 

91.  C.  miliacea,  Muhl.     Staminate  spike  commonly  fertile  at  the  sum-, 
mit ;  fertile  spikes  3,  cylindrical,  rather  slender,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  on 


*  The  species  here  combined,  merely  to  avoid  the  multiplication  of  small  sections',  do  no* 
constitute  a  natural  group,  but  present  certain  points  of  affinity  with  sevtrsd  others. 


CYPERACK^E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  527 

JUiform  nodding  stalks ;  bracts  exceeding  the  culm,  with  short  or  nearly  obsolete 
sheaths ;  perigynia  ovoid-triangular,  very  smooth  and  thin,  with  an  entire  or  very 
minutely  notched  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  short-awned  white  scale.  (C. 
prasina,  Wahl.)  —  Kills  and  wet  meadows ;  rather  common.  —  In  aspect  some- 
what resembles  the  smaller  short-awned  forms  of  No.  51,  with  which  it  has  points 
of  affinity,  though  differing  materially  in  the  3  stigmas  and  triangular  fruit. 

92.  C.  scabrata,  Schw.     Fertile  spikes  4-5,  cylindrical,  erect,  rather 
distant,  densely  flowered,  the  lower  on  long  stalks  ;  bracts  without  sheaths,  exceed- 
ing the  culm ;  perigynia  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  base,  prominently  few-nerved, 
rough,  spreading  at  maturity,  with  an  obliquely  notched  beak,  longer  than  the 
ovate  slightly  ciliate  brown  scale;  culm,  leaves,  and  bracts  very  rough.  —  Wet 
meadows  and  swamps,  New  England  to  Penn.,  Michigan,  and  northward. 

93.  C.  Sllllivailfii,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  3-5,  commonly  4,  narrowly  cy 
lindrical,  erect,  loosely  flowered,  the  upper  approximate,  the  lowest  often  remote, 
tapering  towards  the  base  and  slightly  compound,  all  on  rough  stalks ;  bracts 
sheathing,   not  exceeding  the  hairy  culm  ;  perigynia  elliptical,  hairy,   slightly 
stalked,  with  an  entire  or  notched  orifice,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  hairy- 
fringed  rough-awned  white  scale.  —  Woods,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant.  —  About 
2°  high,  with  hairy  leaves  and  bracts,  and  slender  fertile  spikes  l'-l£'  long. 
Resembles  the  next,  but  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  erect  spikes,  hairy  and 
nerveless  fruit,  and  hairy  leaves. 

$  8.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  3-angled,  smooth  and  shining,  green,  with  a  straight 
tapering  beak  terminating  in  2  small  membranaceous  teeth  (nearly  obsolete 
in  No.  96) :  lower  bracts  green  and  sheathing-:  pistillate  scales  tawny,  becom- 
ing white  :  staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked  :  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  loosely  flow- 
ered, all  on- long  and  flliform  nodding  stalks. 

#  Fertile  spikes  long  and  slender,  remote :  perigynia  Jew-nerved :  bracts  equalling  or 

exceeding  the  culm. — DEBILES. 

94.  C.  arctata,  Boott.     Fertile  spikes  few-flowered  and  narrowed  towards 
the  base ;  perigynia  ovoid-elliptical,  triangular,  short-stalked,  rather  blunt  at  the  base, 
the  beak  very  short,  longer  than  the  pointed  scale.     (C.  sylvatica,  Dew.,  not  of 
Hudson.    C.  Knieskernii,  Dew.)  —  Woods  and  meadows,  New  England  to  Penn- 
svlvania,  and  northward. 

95.  C.  debilis,  Michx.     Staminate  spike  occasionally  fertile  at  the  apex ; 
fertile  strikes  with  loose  alternate  flowers,  on  a  somewhat  zigzag  rhachis ;  perigynia  ob- 
long, tapering  at  each  end,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  awncd  scale.    (C. 
tenuis,  Rudge.     C.  flexuosa,  Muhl.) — Moist  meadows,  N.  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  southwestward. 

#  #  Fertile  spikes  short :  perigynia  nerveless,  or  very  obscurely  nerved  in  No.  97  ; 

bracts  erect,  shorter  than  the  culm.  — FLEXILES. 

96.  C.  capillaris,  L.     Fertile  spikes  commonly  3,  minute,  with  about  6  alter 
note  flowers;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid,  contracted  at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  long  slight* 
ty  serrulate  beak,  with  an  oblique  nearly  entire  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  scale. 
—  Point  de  Tour,  Lake  Michigan;  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward.  —  An  extremely  delicate  species,  4' -6' 
high,  with  spikes  i'-^  long,  and  a  line  or  less  in  width.     (Eu.) 


528  CYPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

97.  C.  flexilis,  Iludge.    Sterile  spike  short  and  dub-sJiaped ;  fertile  spikes  ob- 
long, or  sometimes  with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  the  base  and  becoming  club- 
shaped;  the  upper  bracts  short  and  scale-like,  the  lower  bristle-shaped,  very 
slightly  sheathing;  perigynia  ovoid,  obscurely  nerved,  tapering  into  a  beak 
about  the  length  of  the  ovate  hairy-fringed  scale ;  leaves  pale  green  and  glaucous, 
and  with  the  bracts  fringed  with  delicate  hairs.     (C.  blepharophora,  Gray.)  — 
Moist,  shady  places,  W.  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward. 

$  9.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  obtusely  3-angled,  nerved,  smooth,  tapering  into  a  rath- 
er rough  beak,  with  two  distinct  membranaceous  teeth  (obscure  in  No.  101), 
becoming  tawny  or  yellow  at  maturity  (or  in  No.  98  more  or  less  spotted  with 
purple) :  achenium  obovate-triquetrous,  contracted  at  the  base :  staminate 
spike  solitary,  stalked  (sessile  in  No.  101). — FiAv.E. 

*=  Perigynia  erect :  bracts  with  long  sheaths,  not  exceeding  the  culm. 

98.  €.  laevigata,  Smith.     Fertile  spikes  3,  cylindrical,  remote,  on  exserted 
noddinp  stalks ;  perigynia  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  2-^left  beak,  rather  longer  than 
the  hyht-brown  pointed  and  awned  scale;  culm  smooth.     (C.  Greeniana,  Dew.)- 
Massachusetts  (Tewksbury  ?  B.  D.  Greene).    Introduced1?     (Eu.) 

99.  C.  flilva,  Good.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  oblong  or  ovoid,  erect,  remote,  the 
lowest  on  an  exserted  stalk ;  perigynia  ovoid,  not  much  exceeding  the  dark-brown 
scarcely  pointed  awnless  scale;  culm  rough.     (C.  binervis,  Dew.,  not  of  Smith.)  — 
Pond  at  Tewksbury,  Massachusetts,  B.  D.  Greene.     (Eu.) 

#  *  Perigynia  spreading  or  rejlexed,  longer  than  the  scale :  bracts  with  short  sheaths, 
much  exceeding  the  smooth  culm.  ( Staminate  spike  often  pistillate  at  the  apex 
or  towards  the  centre;  fertile  spikes  erect.) 

100.  C.  Ilava,  L.     Fertile  spikes  2-4,  roundish-ovoid,  compactly  flowered, 
the  upper  approximated,  the  lowest  remote  on  a  short  exserted  stalk ;  bractf 
spreading  or  rejlexed;  perigynia  tapering  from  an  ovoid  contracted  base  into  a  nar- 
row curved  beak,  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity.  —  Wet  meadows,  es- 
pecially northward.  —  Whole  plant  of  a  yellowish  hue,  6' -15'  high,  with  spikes 
£'-§'  in  length.     (Specimens,  appearing  to  be  merely  small  forms  of  this  spe- 
cies, have  been  referred  by  Prof.  Dewey  to  C.  lepidocarpa,  Tausch ;  but  they  by 
no  means  accord,  nor  does  his  character,  either  with  the  description,  or  with  au- 
thentic specimens  of  Kunze.)     (Eu.) 

101.  C.    (Ederi,    Ehrh.     Sterile  spike  commonly  sessile ;  fertile  2-4,  oblong* 
ovoid,  closely  aggregated,  or  the  lowest  rather  remote,  on  very  short  stalks,  densely 
flowered,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  apex ;  leaves  and  bracts  rigidly  erect ;  peri- 
gynia  ovoid,  with  a  short  and  rather  abrupt  minutely  notched  beak,  spreading  horizon- 
tally at  maturity.     (C.  viridula,  Michx.,  not  of  Schw.  fy  Tan.     C.  irregularis, 
Schw. )  —  Wet  rocks,  especially  on  limestone,  New  England  to  Ohio,  Lake  Su- 
perior, and  northward.  —  Resembles  the  last ;  but  the  fertile  spikes  and  perigy- 
nia are  much  smaller,  and  the  beak  of  the  latter  is  more  abrupt,  shorter,  and 
straight.     (Eu.)  \ 

§10.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  obtusely  3-angled,  nerved,  rough  or  woolly,  with 
an  abrupt  straight  beak :  bracts  leaf-like,  with  short  sheaths :  scales  dark- 
purple  or  brown. 


(SEDGE  FAMILY.)  529 

#  Perigynia  of  a  thick  or  somewhat  leathery  texture,  with  2  short  and  diverging  mem- 
branaceous  teeth :  bracts  much  exceeding  the  nearly  smooth  culm :  staminate  spikes 
2-3,  the  uppermost  stalked,  the  lower  short  and  sessile :  fertile  spikes  1-2, 
usually  2,  erect,  remote,  sessile  or  on  very  short  stalks. — LANUGIN6S2E. 

102.  C.  iiliioi  mis,  L.    Fertile,  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  the  upper  often 
staminate  at  the  apex ;  perigynia  ovoid,  densely  woolly,  obscurely  nerved,  the  orifice 
scarcely  prolonged  into  a  beak  terminating  in  2  slightly  hairy  teeth ;  leaves  and 
bracts  narrow  and  involute;  culm  very  slender.  —  Peat-bogs,  New  England  to 
Perm.,  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

103.  C.  lailiigiiiosa,  Michx.     Fertile  spikes  oblong  or  cylindrical ;  perigy- 
nia ovoid,  roughly  hairy,  conspicuously  nerved,  with  a  short  but  distinct  beak  termi- 
nating in  2  very  hairy  sharp  teeth ;  leaves  and  bracts  flat.     (C.  pelllta,  Muhl.)  — 
Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  New  England  to  Kentucky,  and  northward.  —  Ex- 
tremely like  the  last,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  commonly  longer  fertile  spikes, 
stouter  culm,  flat  leaves,  and  especially  in  the  distinct  flattish  and  hairy  beak 
of  the  perigynium,  with  longer  and  sharper  teeth.     This  species  has  often  the 
fruit  in  a  diseased  state,  when  it  becomes  more  inflated,  of  an  orange  color,  and 
has  an  abortive  achenium. 

*  =£  Perigynia  thin,  downy,  or  roughly  dotted,  the  beak  terminating  in  a  thin  and 
^carious  oblique  orifice,  either  entire  or  slightly  notched:  bracts  rigidly  erect,  short- 
er than  the  sharply  triangular  rough  culm.  —  ScARi6s^E. 

104.  C.  vestlta,  Willd.     Sterile  spikes  1-2,  the  uppermost  cylindrical, 
shortly  stalked ;  fertile  1-2,  approximate,  sessile,  ovoid  or  oblong,  sometimes 
staminate  at  the  apex ;  perigynia  ovoid,  downy,  with  a  slightly  oblique  beak  termi- 
nated by  a  thin  membranaceous  notched  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  pointed 
scale ;  leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  stout  and  rigid  culm.  —  Sandy  soils,  growing 
in  tufts,  New  England  to  Penn.  and  southward  ;  rather  rare.  —  Resembling  the 
two  last  in  external  appearance,  but  readily  distinguished  by  the  membranaceous 
beak  of  the  fruit,  which  is  red  at  the  base  and  white  and  transparent  at  the  ori- 
fice ;  and  the  style  is  twisted  within  the  perigynium. 

105.  C.  polymorphic  Muhl.  (in  part.)     Sterile  spikes  1-4,  the  upper- 
most on  a  long  stalk ;  the  lower  short,  often  with  a  few  fertile  flowers  at  the 
base ;  fertile  spike  solitary,  or  rarely  2,  remote,  oblong-cylindrical,  sometimes 
staminate  at  the  apex,  erect,  on  partly  exserted  stalks ;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid, 
8-10-nerved,  very  minutely  roughened  with  granular  dots,  the  slightly-bent  beak 
tapering  to  the  entire  (reddish)  orifice,  longer  than   the  ovate  scarcely-pointed 
purple  scale.     (C.  Halseyana,  Dew.  $*  ed.  1.     C.  striata,  Ton:  N.  Y.  FL,  not 
of  Michx.}  —  Varies,  with  the  fertile  spikes  filiform,  and  the  flowers  alternate 
and  very  distant  on  the  rhachis.  —  Upland  meadows,  E.  Mass,  to  Penn.  and  W. 
New  York.  —  Culm  rather  slender,  much  taller  (12f- 18')  than  the  rigid  leaves. 
Though  a  somewhat  variable  plant,  it  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  next, 
with  which  it  has  been  confounded,  by  the  characters  here  given,  especially  by 
the  entire,  membranaceous  orifice  of  the  fruit. 

t  11.  Perigynia  moderately  inflated,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  smooth  (except  in 
No.  109),  with  a  straight  beak  terminating  in  2  rigid  more  or  /ess  spreading  teeth : 
45 


530  GTPEBACE^:.     (SEDGE  FAMILY.) 

bracts  long  and  leaf-like,  with  very  short  sheathing  bases,  much  exceeding  the 
culm  (about  equal  to  it  in  No.  106) :  staminate  spikes  1-5. 

*  Perigynia  with  a  very  short  and  thick  beak,  and  with  short  and  thick  slig'itly 

spreading  teeth.  —  LACI^STRES. 

106.  C.  Strife  ta,  Michx.  (not  of  ed.  1.)     Sterile  spikes  2-3,  the  upper- 
most stalked ;  fertile  spikes  1-2,  oblong,  erect,  remote,  on  very  short  stalks  ;  peri- 
gynia  ovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slightly  serrulate  beak,  longer  than  the  point- 
ed purple  scale.     (C.  polymorpha,  ed.  1.) — Wet  places,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward. 

107.  C.  lacustris,  Willd.     Sterile  spikes  2-5,  the  uppermost  stalked; 
fertile  spikes  2-3,  oblong-cylindrical,  stout,  erect,  remote,  nearly  sessile,  or  the  low- 
est on  a  short  stalk ;  perigynia  oblong,  but  little  exceeding  the  lanceolate  awned 
scale ;  culm  sharply  triangular,  rough ;  sheaths  very  short,  smooth.    ( C.  riparia, 
MuhL,  not  of  Curtis.)  —  Swamps  and  borders  of  lakes  and  rivers;  common.-— 
A  robust  species,  3°  -  5°  high,  with  leaves  £'  -  \'  wide. 

*  *  Perigynia  with  an  elongated  tapering  beak,  and  long  widely  spreading  or  recurv&l 

sharp  and  spine-like  teeth.  — ARISTAT^E. 
•+-  Staminate  spikes  2-5,  some  occasionally  bearing  a  few  fertile  flowers. 

108.  C.  aristata,  R.  Brown.    Fertile  spikes  2-4,  cylindrical,  erect,  re- 
mote, the  lower  on  partly  exserted  short  stalks ;  perigynia  tapering  from  an  ovoia 
base  into  a  deeply  2-forked  beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned  scale 
culm  smooth;  sheaths  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  pubescent.     (C.  atherodes 
Spreng.) — Lake  shores  and  river-banks,  N.  New  York  to  Michigan,  and  north- 
westward. —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high  :  leaves  2"  -  3"  wide.    Fertile  spikes  2'  -  3'  long 
often  rather  loosely  flowered  towards  the  base. 

109.  C.  tricllOCarpa,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  2-3,  oblong-cylindrical,  erect, 
remote,  one  of  them  sometimes  staminate  at  the  apex,  the  lower  on  exserted 
stalks,  rather  loosely  flowered  towards  the  base ;  perigynia  very  hairy,  shaped  as 
the  last,  longer  than  the  ovate  taper-pointed  light-brown  scale ;  culm  sharply 
triangular,  smooth  except  near  the  top,  sheaths  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves 
smooth.     (C.  striata,  ed.  1,  not  of  Michx.)  — Marshes  and  lakes;  common,  es- 
pecially northward. 

•»-  •«-  Staminate  spike  solitary,  with  a  filiform  bract,  occasionally  bearing  a  few 
fertile  flowers  towards  the  apex  or  base :  fertile  spikes  3-5,  cylindrical,  dense- 
ly flowered,  on  long  exserted  and  at  length  drooping  stalks :  perigynia  widely 
spreading,  reflexed  at  maturity. 

110.  C.  comosa,  Boott.    Fertile  spikes  large  (1|'-2|'  long,  and  £'-§' 
wide),  the  lowest  sometimes  very  remote;  perigynia  tapering  from  a  stalked  ovoid- 
triangular  base  into  a  long  deeply  2-forked  beak,  the  sharp  elongated  teeth  widely  spread- 
ing or  somewhat  recurved ;  scales  lanceolate  with  a  long  bristle-shaped  awn 
shorter  than  the  mature  fruit;  culm  rough  and  triquetrous.     (C.  furcata,  Ell., 
not  of  Lapeyr.     C.  Pseudo-Cyperus,  Schw.  $•  Torr.,  Dew.,  fyc.,  in  part,  not  of  L.) 
—  Wet  places ;  rather  common. — A  robust  species  2° -3°  high,  formerly  con- 
founded with  the  next,  which  it  greatly  resembles ;  but  it  differs  especially  in 
the  larger  fertile  spikes,  longer  beak  of  the  fruit,  and  the  longer,  smooth  and 
widely-spreading  teeth,  giving  to  the  spikes  a  comose  or  bristly  appearance. 


CYPEEACEJE.       (SEDGE   FAMILY.)  581 

111.  C.  Pseildo-Cyperus,  L.    Fertile  spikes  (l£'-2£'  long,  and  about 
I'  wide)  sometimes  slightly  compound  at  the  base ;  perigynia  shaped  as  the  last 
species,  but  with  a  shorter  beak,  and  shorter  less  spreading  teeth ;  scale  about  the 
length  of  the  mature  fruit.  —  Border  of  lakes  and  in  bogs,  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  northward.  —  Somewhat  smaller  than  the  last  species  in  all 
itsparts.     (Eu.) 

112.  C.  mirata,  Dew.     Fertile  spikes  about  2,  long-cylindrical,  rather 
dense,  somewhat  erect ;  perigynia  ovate-conical,  with  a  long  2-forked  beak,  ribbed, 
glabrous,  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  bristle-pointed  or  long-awned  scale ; 
culm  (about  2°  high)  rough.  —  Shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  in  Monroe  County,  New- 
York,  Dr.  Bradley.     (Having  no  specimen,  the  character  is  taken  from  Dewey's 
description  in  Wood's  Bot.    The  Georgian  plant  referred  to  it  is  to  be  ex- 
cluded.) 

§  12.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  conspicuously  many-nerved,  smooth,  with  a  long  taper- 
ing 2-toothed  beak :  bracts  leaf-like,  much  exceeding  the  culm :  scales  tawny  or 
white  :  staminate  spike  stalked,  always  solitary.  —  LUPUL!N^J. 
#  Bracts  with  very  short  or  obsolete  sheaths. 

113.  C.  hystricina,  Willd.     Sterile  spike  often  bearing  a  few  fertile 
flowers  at  the  base  or  apex ;  fertile  spikes  2-4,  oblong-cylindrical,  densely  flow- 
ered, the  uppermost  on  a  very  short  stalk,  the  others  on  long  stalks  and  at  length 
nodding,  the  lowest  often  very  remote ;  perigynia  spreading,  tapering  from  an 
ovoid  base  into  a  long  slender  beak  with  sharp  smooth  teeth,  longer  than  the  awned 
scale.  —  A  variety  with  shorter  ovoid  spikes,  the  lowest  very  remote  on  a  filiform 
stalk,  4'  -  6'  long,  with  rather  smaller  perigynia  not  much  longer  than  the  awn, 
is  C.   Cooleyi,   Dew.  —  Wet   meadows;  common.  —  Plant  pale  or  yellowish 
green,  with  fertile  spikes  £'  to  1|'  long.    Distinguished  from  No.  Ill  by  the 
more  inflated,  less  diverging  fruit,  its  beak  longer  and  the  teeth  shorter ;  and 
from  No.  114  by  the  smaller  nodding  spikes,  marly-nerved  perigynium,  and  the 
longer  and  smooth  teeth  of  the  beak. 

114.  C.  teiltacillata,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  2  -3,  ovoid,  oblong,  or  cylin- 
drical, densely  flowered,  approximate  and  diverging  horizontally,  the  uppermost 
sessile,  the  lower  on  short  exserted  stalks ;  perigynia  spreading,  tapering  from  an 
ovoid  few-  (about  10-)  nerved  base  into  a  long  slender  beak  with  short  minutely 
serrulate  teeth,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  awned  scale.    (C.  rostrata,  Muhl.t 
not  of  Michx.)  — Wet  meadows ;  very  common. 

115.  C.  intlimesceiis,  Eudge.      Fertile  spikes  1-3,  ovoid,  loosely  few- 
(5-8-)  flowered,  closely  approximated,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  a  very  shortly 
exserted  peduncle;  perigynia  erect-spreading,  tapering  from   an  ovoid  15-20- 
nerved  base  into  a  long  beak,  slightly  rough  towards  the  apex.     (C.  folliculata, 
Schk.,  Michx.,  not  of  L.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  swamps  ;  very  common.  —  Culm 
slender,  about  18'  high,  with  the  fertile  spikes  crowded  compactly  together: 
perigynia  6" -7"  long. 

116.  C.  Cl'ayii,  Carey.    Fertile  spikes  2  (sometimes  single),  globose,  densely- 
(15-30-)  flowered,  separate  and  distinct,  on  short  exserted  peduncles ;  perigynia 
spreading  and  deflexed,  tapering  from  an  ovoid  25  -  30-nerved  base  into  a  long 
smooth  and  shining  beak. — Low  meadows  on  the  banks  of  the  Mohawk  and  of 


532  CYPERACE2E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

Wood  Creek,  New  York.    Also  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant.  —  Culm  robust, 

3°  high :  perigynia  |'  in  length.  —  Flowers  in  July,  a  month  later  than  the  last. 

#  *  Bracts  conspicuously  sheathing. 

117.  C.  folliculata,  L.     Staminate  spike  small,  short-stalked,  or  often 
sessile ;  fertile  spikes  3-4,  ovoid,  very  remote,  the  lowor  on  exserted  peduncles ; 
perigynia  erect-spreading,  tapering  from  an  oblong  base,  rather  exceeding  the  ovate 
white  long-awned  scale.     (C.  xanthophysa,  Wahl.) — Peat-bogs,  New  England  to 
Penn.,  and  northward,  and  sparingly  southward.  —  A  robust  plant,  2°  -4°  high, 
of  yellowish  appearance,  with  long  foliaceous  bracts,  and  leaves  J'  wide. 

118.  C.  rostrata,  Michx.     Staminate  spike  small,  nearly  sessile  ;  fertile 
spikes  1-3,  commonly  2,  roundish-ovoid,  the  lower  rather  distant  on  a  short  ex- 
serted peduncle ;  perigynia  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  tapering  from  an  oblong 
slightly  inflated  base  into  a  long  slender  beak  twice  the  length  of  the  blunt  light- 
brown  scale.     (C.  xanthophysa,  var.  nana  and  minor,  Dew.)  —  Cold  bogs,  moun- 
tains of  N.  New  York,  New  Hampshire,  and  northward.  —  Resembles  the  last ; 
but  smaller  in  all  its  parts,  rigidly  erect,  and  with  narrow  leaves. 

119.  C.  Sllblllata,  Michx.     Fertile  spikes  3-5,  very  remote,  on  included 
peduncles  loosely  few-  (4  -  8-)  flowered,  commonly  with  a  few  Staminate  flowers  at 
the  apex;  perigynia  awl-shaped,  strongly  rejlexed  at  maturity;  the  orifice  of  the 
long  slender  beak  furnished  with  2  sharp  and  rigidly  deflexed  teeth.     (C.  Collinsii, 
Nutt.     C.  Michauxii,  Dew.)  —  Cedar  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Khode  Island 
(Olney)  near  the  coast,  and  far  northward :  rare. 

120.  C.  lllpuliiia,  Muhl.     Fertile  spikes  2  -  4,  oblong-ovoid,  erect,  the  up- 
per approximate,  the  lower  on  more  or  less  exserted  stalks ;  perigynia  erect,  taper- 
ing from  the  ovoid  very  inflated  base  into  a  conical  slightly  serrulate  beak,  much 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  awned  scale.  —  Var.  POLYSTACHYA,  Schw.  &  Torr. 
(C.  lupiniformis,  Sartwett),  has  4-5  longer  cylindrical  fertile  spikes,  the  lowest 
remote  on  a  long  peduncle ;  and  the  perigynia  more  distinctly  serrulate  on  the 
angles  of  the  beak.  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows;  common.  —  A  coarse  robust 
species,  with  very  thick  spikes  2'  -  3'  in  length ;  the  leaves  and  long  leafy  bracts 
3-4  lines  wide,  very  rough  on  the  margin. 

§  13.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  obovoid  or  obconic,  few-nerved,  smooth,  with  an  ex- 
tremely abrupt  and  very  long  slightly  roughened  beak,  terminated  by  2  distinct 
rather  short  membranaceous  teeth,  tawny-brown  or  straw-colored  at  maturity, 
spreading  horizontally,  or  the  lower  deflexed :  bracts  leaf-like,  much  exceed- 
ing the  culm.  —  SQUARR6s^3. 

*  Spikes  1-3,  mostly  solitary,  very  rarely  4-5,  all  of  them  principally  pistillate, 
with  more  or  less  Staminate  flowers  at  the  base :  sheaths  of  the  upper  bracts 
obsolete. 

121.  C.  Squarrosa,  L.     Fertile  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse  and  very 
thick,  rigidly  erect,  on  short  stalks ;  perigynia  longer  than  the  lanceolate  pointed 
scales,  which  are  nearly  concealed  by  the  densely-crowded  bases  of  the  mature 
fruit.     (C.  typhina,  Michx.) — Low  meadows  and  copses,  S.  New  England  to 
Michigan  and  southward.  —  Remarkable  for  its  densely-flowered,  short  and  thick 
spikes,  about  1'  long,  to  which  the  spreading  beaks  of  the  perigynia  give  a  bris- 
tly appearance. 


£YPERACEJE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  533 

*  *  Spikes  4  -  7 ;  the  terminal  one  entirely  staminate,  small  and  linear,  or  with 
some  fertile  flowers  at  the  apex :  the  rest  all  pistillate :  bracts  very  long, 
sheathing. 

122.  C.  stciiolepis,  Torr.     Fertile  spikes  cylindrical,  obtuse,  the  upper 
approximated,  nearly  sessile  on  the  zigzag  stem,  the  lower  remote  on  exserted 
stalks,  all  erect,  very  densely  flowered ;  perigynia  shorter  than  the  long  awn-like 
scales.     (C.  Frankii,  Kunth.     C.  Shortii,  Stead.,  not  of  Torr.)  —  Marshes,  W. 
Penn.  ?  and  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southwestward.  —  Somewhat  resembling 
the  last ;  but  the  spikes  are  narrower  and  more  numerous,  and  of  a  still  more 
bristly  appearance  from  the  projecting  points  of  the  scales :  occasionally  all  are 
fertile,  the  uppermost  having  no  staminate  flowers. 

$  14.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  nerved  (nerveless  in  No.  132),  smooth  and  shining, 
becoming  straw-colored  at  maturity,  with  a  tapering  more  or  less  elongated  2-toothed 
beak:  bracts  leaf-like,  with  very  short  or  obsolete  sheaths  {conspicuously 
sheathing  in  No.  123),  much  exceeding  the  culm  (except  in  No.  132) :  scales 
brown  or  tawny :  staminate  spikes  2-5  rarely  1,  stalked.  —  VESicA.Ri.2B. 

123.  C.  retro  rsa,  Schw.     Sterile  spikes  1-3,  the  uppermost  occasionally 
with  a  few  fertile  flowers,  the  rest  more  or  less  pistillate  at  the  base ;  fertile  spikes 
4  —  5,  oblong-cylindrical ,  erect,  the  upper  approximate  and  clustered  on  short  or  in- 
cluded stalks,  the  lowest  remote  on  a  long  exserted  stalk,  and  (with  one  or  more  of 
the  others)  often  bearing  1-2  short  branches  at  the  base;  perigynia  crowded, 
spreading  and  at  length  reflexed,  strongly  (few-)  nerved,  tapering  from  an  ovoid 
contracted  base  into  a  conspicuously  toothed  beak  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
scale.     (C.  reversa,  Spreng.) — Marshy  borders  of  streams,  New  England  to 
Penn.,  Wisconsin,   and  northwestward.  —  Culm  nearly  smooth  :   leaves  and 
bracts  3" -4"  wide,  much  exceeding  the  spikes,  which  are  I'-l^'  long. 

124.  C.  gigailtca,  Eudge.     Sterile  spikes  several  (3-5);  perigynia  hori- 
zontally spreading  and  less  tumid  than  in  No.  120  :  otherwise  very  like  it,  but  a 
still  larger  plant.  —  Swamps,  along  rivers,  from  the  Ohio  (near  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, Short)  southward. 

125.  C.  SchweinitZii,  Dew.      Sterile  spikes  commonly  2,  the  lower 
often  pistillate  at  the  base ;  fertile  spikes  3-4,  cylindrical,  somewhat  drooping, 
densely  flowered,  often  staminate  at  the  apex,  and  occasionally  the  lower  rather 
compound  at  the  base,  on  smooth  nearly  included  stalks ;  perigynia  erect,  oblong- 
ovoid,  few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  and  smooth  short-toothed  beak,  a  little  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  long-awned  scale.  —  Wet  swamps,  New  England,  New  Jersey, 
W.  New  York,  and  northward;  not  common.  —  Culm  10' -15'  high,  smooth: 
bracts  and  leaves  2" -3"  wide,  smooth  except  the  margins,  much  exceeding 
the  culm :  fertile  spikes  (!£'  to  2£'  long,  rather  narrow)  and  the  whole  plant 
turning  straw-color. 

126.  C.  vesicaria,  L.     Sterile  spikes  2-3;  fertile  spaces  mostly  2,  rarely 
3  or  solitary,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  approximate,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
on  a  short  rough  stalk;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid,  IT -nerved  at  base,  10-nerved  above, 
with  a  short  tapering  beak  longer  and  broader  than  the  pointed  or  long-tapering 
awnless  scale ;  culm  sharply  angled  and  rough  ;  leaves  and  bracts  green,  equal- 
ling or  rather  longer  than  the  culm. — N.  New  England?  and  northward. — 

45* 


534  ^TPERACE^E.     (SEDGE  FAMILY^ 

Distinguished  from  the  next  by  the  shorter  fertile  spikes,  on  rough  stalks,  and 
by  the  more  oblong  perigynium,  many-nerved  at  the  base.    (Eu.) 

127 .  C.  moiillc,  Tuckerman.     Sterile  spikes  3,  rarely  2  or  4 ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  2,  rarely  3  or  solitary,  long -cylindrical,  remote,  on  smooth  stalks,  the  lowest 
often  nodding  and  loosely  flowered ;  perigynia  roundish-ovoid,  about  10-nerved, 
with  a  short  tapering  beak  terminating  in  an  oblique  orifice,  much  longer  and 
broader  than  the  taper-pointed  awnless  scale ;  culm  slender,  sharply  angled  and 
rough  ;  leaves  and  bracts  green,  longer  than  the  culm.     (C.  bullata,  var.  cylin- 
dracea,  &  C.  vesicaria,  var.  cylindracea,  Dew.) — Bogs,  New  England  to  Ken- 
tucky, and  northward. — Less  robust  than  the  last. 

128.  C.  ampullacea,  Good.     Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  2-  3,  most  fre- 
quently 2  of  each,  oblong  or  long-cylindrical,  remote,  sessile,  or  the  lower  on  short 
and  smooth  sometimes  nodding  stalks,  the  lowest  loosely  flowered  at  the  base ; 
perigynia  roundish-ovoid,  about  17-nerved  at  the  base  and  10-nerved  at  the  apex, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  cylindrical  beak ;  scales  lanceolate,  awnless,  or  the 
upper  with  a  rough  awn  shorter  than  the  perigynium ;  culm  slender,  obtusely  angled, 
smooth ;  leaves  and  bracts  glaucous,  often  involute,  longer  than  the  culm.  — 
Var.  UTRICULA.TA.     Staminate  spikes  3  -  4 ;  fertile  usually  3 ;  perigynia  oblong- 
elliptical,  tapering  ;  scales  lanceolate,  tapering,  terminated  (especially  the  lowest}  by  a 
long  rough  awn  ;  culm  stout,  spongy  at  the  base,  smooth  or  rough  towards  the 
summit;  leaves  and  bracts  glaucous,  wide  and  much  longer  than  the  culm.    (C. 
utriculata,  Boott.)  — In  swamps  ;  common  northward,  and  /rom  Arctic  Ameri- 
ca to  the  Pacific.  —  Differs  from  the  last  two  in  the  smooth  obtuse-angled  culm, 
glaucous  leaves,  and  particularly  by  the  awned  scale.    The  var.  is  the  prevailing 
form  in  the  United  States,  and  is  a  larger  and  stouter  plant ;  but  the  more  ellip- 
tical fruit,  and  awned  lower  scales,  do  not  appear  sufficiently  constant  to  sepa- 
rate it  specifically.     (Eu.) 

129.  C.  cylindrica,  Schw.     Sterile  spikes  about  2;  fertile  spikes  2-3, 
commonly  3,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  somewhat  approximate,  on  rough  stalks, 
the  lowest  often  nodding ;  perigynia  thin  and  transparent,  much  inflated,  oblong- 
ovoid,  obliquely  erect,  tapering  into  a  rather  abrupt  long-cylindrical  smooth  beak, 
much  longer  and  broader  than  the  ovate  pointed  or  rough-awned  scale  ;  bracts 
very  long  and,  like  the  narrow  leaves,  rough  and  exceeding  the  rough  culm. 
(C.  bullata,  Amer.  auth.,  not  of  Schk.    C.  Tuckermani,  Dew.,  Boott.)  —  Swamps, 
W.  New  York  to  Kentucky,  and  northward.  — Differs  from  the  next  principally 
in  the  more  numerous  and  longer  fertile  spikes,  and  the  larger,  more  inflated 
and  membranaceous  ascending  fruit,  with  smooth  beaks. 

130.  C.  1>ullut<l,  Schk.     Sterile  spikes  2  - 3 ;  fertile  spikes  most  frequently 
only  one,  sometimes  2,  approximated,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  stout,  sessile  or  on  short 
$mooth  stalks ;  perigynia  spreading,  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  long-cylindrical  rough 
beak,  much  widor  and  longer  than  the  obtusely-pointed  lanceolate  awnless  scale; 
bracts  and  leaves  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  smooth  or  roughish  culm. 
(C.  cylindrica,  Tuckerman,  Ton.  N.  Y.  Fl.  (excl.  syn.),  not  of  Schw.)—  Wet 
meadows ;  not  rare,  especially  southward.  —  Well  distinguished  from  the  last  by 
the  short  and  stout,  commonly  solitary  fertile  spike,  which  has  a  squarrose  ap- 
pearance at  maturity  from  the  widely-spreading  fruit ;  its  beak  minutely  (but 
distinctly)  serrulate. 


GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS     FAMI1Y.)  535 

131.  C.  OligOSperma,    Michx.      Sterile  spikes   1-2,  slender;  fertile 
tpikes  1-2,  sliort,  ovoid,  few-flowered,  the  lower  on  a  very  short  stalk;  perigynia 
ovoid,  tapering  into  a  short  minutely  toothed  beak,  not  much  longer  than  the 
ovate  awnless  scale ;  culm  very  slender ;  leaves  and  bracts  linear,  at  length  involute. 
(C.  Oakesiana,  Dew.) — Borders  of  lakes  and  ponds,  especially  on  mountains, 
New  England,  N.  New  York,  Wisconsin,  and  northward. 

132.  C.  Iongir6stris,  Torn     Sterile  spikes  usually  3,  at  the  summit  of 
a  long  slender  stalk ;  the  lower  often  bearing  some  fertile  flowers  ;  fertile  spikes 
2-3,  cylindrical,  more  or  less  distant,  on  long  filiform  at  length  drooping  stalks, 
loosely  flowered ;  perigynia  globose-ovoid,  smooth  and  shining,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  very  long  and  nan-ow  beak,  which  is  rough  on  the  margin,  oblique  and  2- 
cleft  at  the  membranaceous  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  light-colored 
or  white  scale.     (C.  Sprengelii,  Dew.)  —  Shady  rocks,  N.  New  England  to  Wis- 
consin, and  northward.  —  Though  agreeing  with  the  species  of  this  section  in  the 
numerous  staminate  spikes  and  the  long-beaked  fruit,  this  plant  is  perhaps  as 
nearly  allied  to  No.  97. 

ORDER  134.    GRAMIJVE^E.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

Grasses ,  with  usually  hollow  stems  (culms)  closed  at  the  joints,  alternate  2- 
ranked  leaves,  their  sheaths  split  or  open  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade ;  the 
hypogynous  flowers  imbricated  with  ^-ranked  glumes  or  bracts :  the  outer  pair 
(glumes  proper,  calyx,  L.)  subtending  the  spikelet  of  one  or  several  flow- 
ers ;  the  inner  pair  (palece,  outer  perianth,  K.  Br.)  enclosing  each  partic- 
ular flower,  which  is  usually  furnished  with  2  or  3  minute  hypogynous 
scales  (squamulce,  Juss.,  corolla,  Micheli,  lodiculce,  Beauv.).  Stamens  1-6, 
commonly  3 :  anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  the  cells  distinct.  Styles  mostly 
2  or  2-parted :  stigmas  hairy  or  feathery.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  form- 
ing a  seed-like  grain  (caryopsis)  in  fruit.  Embryo  small,  on  the  outside 
and  at  the  base  of  the  floury  albumen.  —  Roots  fibrous.  Sheath  of  the 
leaves  usually  more  or  less  extended  above  the  base  of  the  blade  into  a 
ecarious  appendage  (ligule).  Spikelets  panicled  or  spiked.  Inner  (upper) 
palea  usually  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  therefore  probably  consisting  of  two 
united.  —  A  vast  and  most  important  family,  as  it  furnishes  the  cereal 
grains,  and  the  principal  food  of  cattle,  &c. 

Synopsis. 

TEIBB  I.  POACE^J,  E.  Brown.  Spikelets  1  -  many-flowered,  when  more  than  one- 
flowered  centripetal  in  development ;  the  lowest  flowers  first  developing,  the  uppermost, 
if  any,  imperfect  or  abortive,  the  rest  all  alike  in  the  spikelet  (perfect,  or  occasionally 
monoecious  or  dioecious) ;  only  in  a  few  exceptional  cases  with  the  lowest  of  the  several 
flowers  less  perfect  than  the  upper  (viz.  staminate  only  in  Arrhenatherum  and  Phrag- 
mites,  neutral  in  Uniola,  Ctenium,  &c.). 

Subtribe  1.  OBTZKS.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  panicles,  the  flowers  often  monoecious 
Glumes  abortive  or  wanting !  Inner  paleae  3-nerved !  Squamulae  2.  Stamens  1-6. 

1.  LEEKS1A.    Flowers  perfect,  strongly  flattened  contrary  to  the  awnless  paleae. 

2.  Z1ZAN1A.    Flowers  monoecious.    1'aleao  convex ;  the  lower  one  awned  in  the  fertile  flowers. 


536  GR AMINES.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

flubtribe  2.  AGROSTIDE^.  Spikeleta  1-flowered,  perfect,  occasionally  with  the  rndiment  or 
abortive  pedicel  of  a  second  flower  above,  panicled,  or  the  panicle  sometimes  contracted 
into  a  cylindrical  spike  or  head.  Stamens  1-3. 

*  PmEOiDKflS.    Glumes  equal,  strongly  keeled,  laterally  flattened,  boat-shaped,  somewhat  her- 

baceous, as  well  as  the  paleae.    Squamulae  2.    Grain  free.    Inflorescence  densely  spiked. 
8.  ALOPECURUS.     Glumes  united  at  the  base.    Lower  palea  awned,  the  upper  wanting. 
4.  PHLEUM.    Glumes  distinct.    Palese  2,  the  lower  truncate  and  awnless. 
»  *  TRUE  AGROSTIDEJE.    Glumes  equal,  or  often  unequal,  concave  or  keeled,  membranaceous. 
Paleae  membranaceous  (except  in  part  of  No.  12).     Squamulae  2.    Grain  free     Inflorescence 
panicled,  open,  or  often  contracted  (glomerate),  but  not  strictly  spiked. 
*-  Glumes  and  paleae  neither  awned,  bristle-bearing,  nor  mucronate,  naked.    Flower  sessile  in 

the  glumes,  naked  at  the  base  ;  the  lower  palea  1-nerved.    Fruit  deciduous. 
6.  VILFA.     Seed  adherent  to  the  closely  investing  pericarp,  forming  a  caryopsis,  or  true  grain, 
as.  in  most  Grasses.    Panicle  spiked  or  contracted 

6.  SPOROBOLUS.     Seed  loose  in  the  pericarp  (utricle).    Panicle  spiked  or  diffuse. 

4-  H-  Glumes  or  the  (3-6-nerved)  lower  palea  awned,  bristle-pointed,  or  mucronate  (except  in 
eome  species  of  Agrostis).  Flower  raised  on  a  more  or  less  evident  stalk  (callus)  in  the 
glumes,  naked,  or  barely  hairy,  at  the  base. 

7.  AGROSTIS.     Glumes  equal,  or  the  lower  one  rather  longer,  pointless,  exceeding  the  very 

thin  blunt  paleae.    Lower  palea  pointless,  commonly  awned  on  the  back  ;  the  upper 
,    sometimes  wanting.    Panicle  open. 

8.  POLYPOGON.     Glumes  nearly  equal,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  paleae,  the  lower 

of  which  is  often  short-awned  below  the  apex.    Stamens  3.     Panicle  contracted. 

9.  CINNA.     Glumes  acute,  the  lower  about  equalling,  and  the  upper  slightly  exceeding,  the 

similar  paleae.    Stamen  1.     Paleae  raised  on  a  distinct  naked  stalk,  beardless,  the  lower 
one  short-awned  or  bristle-pointed  just  below  the  tip  ;  the  upper  1-nerved. 

10.  MUHLENBERGIA.     Lower  glume  mostly  smaller.     Paleae  chiefly  hairy-bearded  at  the 

base,  the  tip  of  the  lower  one  mucronate-pointed  or  awned.    Stamens  3. 

11.  BRACHYELYTRUM.     Lower  glume  nearly  obsolete,  and  the  upper  minute.    Lower  paleae 

long-awned  from  the  tip  ;  the  upper  grooved  on  the  back  and  bearing  a  long  and  slen- 
der naked  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second  flower.     Stamens  2. 
•i-  H-  •»-  Glumes  and  paleae  not  bristle-pointed.    Flower  hairy-tufted  at  the  base. 

12.  CALAMAGROSTIS.    Lower  palea  mostly  awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  glumes. 

*  *  *  STIPES.     Paleae  coriaceous,  or  indurated  in  fruit,  commonly  shorter  than  the  membra- 
naceous glumes,  on  a  rigid  callus  ;  the  lower  involute,  terete,  closely  enclosing  the  upper  and 
the  grain,  mostly  1  -  3-awned  at  the  apex     Squamulae  mostly  3.    Inflorescence  racemose  or 
panicled  :  spikelets  usually  large,  the  flower  deciduous  from  the  persistent  glumes. 

18.  ORYZOPSIS.    Awui  simple,  straight,  deciduous  from  the  palea,  or  sometimes  wanting. 

14.  STIPA.    Awn  simple,  twisted  below.    Callus  pointed  at  the  base. 

16.  ARISTIDA.     Awn  triple.     Upper  palea  small.     Callus  pointed  at  the  base 

*  *  *  *  Palea  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  awnless.    Here  the  following  would  be  sought  by  the 
student  who  overlooked  the  pair  of  rudimentary  flowers  in  No  55,  and  was  not  acquainted 
with  the  recondite  theoretical  structure  of  No.  56  and  57. 

55.  PHALARIS.    Spikelets  laterally  flattened.    A  rudiment  at  the  base  of  each  palea. 

66.  MILIUM.    Spikelets  dorsally  flattish,  not  jointed  with  the  pedicels  :  flowers  all  alike. 

67.  AMPHICARPUM.    Spikelets  of  two  sorts,  the  fertile  subterranean,  those  of  the  panieto 

separating  by  a  joint  without  ripening  grain. 

Subtribe  3.  CHLORIDES.  Spikelets  (rarely  1-flowered,  usually)  2  -several-flcwered,  with  one 
or  more  of  the  upper  flowers  imperfect,  disposed  in  one-sided  spikes  !  Glumes  persist- 
ent, the  upper  one  looking  outward  Rhachis  (axis)  jointless.  Spikes  usually  racemed 
or  digitate.  Stamens  2  or  3. 

*  Spikelets  strictly  1-flowered. 

68.  PASPALUM  might  be  looked  for  here,  having  to  all  appearance  merely  1-flowered  spikelet* 
16.  SPARTINA.    SpikeJets  imbricated,  2-ranked,  flat,  crowded  in  alternate  spikes. 


GRAMINEJS.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  537 

#  *  Spikelets  imperfectly  several-flowered,  but  only  one  perfect  flower,  and  this  intermediate ! 

the  one  or  two  below  it,  and  as  many  above,  neutral. 

17.  CTENIUM.     Spikelets  closely  imbricated  on  one  side  of  the  axis  of  a  single  curved  spike. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower  below  and  one  or  more  neutral  ones  or  rudiments  above. 

18.  HOUTELOUA.    Lower  palea  3-cleft  and  pointed  or  3-awned  at  the  apex.    Spikes  dens*. 

19.  GYMNOPOGON.     Lower  palea  and  the  rudiment  1-awned.     Spikes  filiform,  racemed. 

20.  CYNODON.     Flower  and  the  rudiment  awnless.     Spikes  slender,  digitate. 

<f  *  *  *  Spikelets  several-flowered  ;  more  than  one  of  the  lower  flowers  perfect  and  fertile, 
•i-  Spikes  digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  dense. 

21.  DACTYLOCTENIUM.    Glumes  compressed-keeled ;  outer  one  awned :  lower  palea  pointed. 

22.  ELEUSINE.    Glumes  and  palea  both  awnless  and  blunt. 

•«-  *-  Spikes  racemed,  slender. 

23.  LEPTOCHLOA.    Spikelets  loosely  spiked.    Lower  palea  pointless  or  awned  at  the  tip. 
Subtribe  4.    FESTUCINKA.    Spikelete  several-  (few -many-)  flowered,  panicledj  the  upper- 
most flower  often  imperfect  or  abortive.    Paleae  pointless,  or  the  lower  sometimes  tipped 
with  a  straight  (not  twisted  nor  deeply  dorsal)  awn  or  bristle.    Stigmas  projecting  from 
the  side  of  the  flower.    Stamens  1-3. 

*  Culms  herbaceous.    Spikelets  with  the  lower  flowers  all  perfect. 

H-  Grain  free  from  the  palese.    (Also  free  in  one  or  two  species  of  No.  36.) 

«+  Joints  of  the  rhachis  of  the  spikelet  at  the  insertion  of  each  flower,  or  the  whole  rhuchis, 

bearded     Paleae  convex,  not  laterally  compressed.     Glumes  and  paleao  membranaceous. 

24.  TRIG  USPIS.     Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered     Lower  palea  hairy-fringed  on  the  3  nerves,  one 

or  all  of  which  project  into  awns  or  mucronate  tips,  mostly  from  notches  or  clefts. 

25.  DUPONTIA.     Spikelets  2  -  3-flowered.     Lower  palea  scarious,  entire  and  awnless. 

•H-  +•»•  Rhachis  of  the  spikelet  and  base  of  the  flower  not  bearded. 
H  Lower  palea  1-pointed.  awned,  or  acute,  the  nerves  when  present  running  into  the  point. 

26.  D1ARRHENA.    Glumes  (short)  and  the  rigid-pointed  lower  3-nerved  palea  coriaceous, 

convex-boat-shaped.     Stamens  2.    Pericarp  cartilaginous,  large.    Panicle  loosely  few- 
flowered. 

27-  DACTYLIS.  Glumes  (rather  long)  and  lower  palea  awn-pointed,  herbaceous,  compressed- 
keeled.  Panicle  contracted  in  one-sided  clusters. 

28.  KCELERIA.    Glumes  (nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet)  and  lower  palea  membranaceoua, 

keeled,  acute  or  mucronate,  or  rather  blunt.     Panicle  contracted,  spike-like. 

^f  IT  Lower  palea  awnless  and  pointless,  blunt  (except  one  Glyceria),  the  nerves  parallel. 

a.  Glumes  extremely  dissimilar,  1£  -  3-flowered. 

29.  EATONIA.    Lower  glume  linear ;  the  upper  broadly  obovate  and  folded  round  the  flowers. 

b.  Glumes  alike,  but  often  unequal  in  size. 

30.  MELICA.    Lower  palea  flattish-convex,  many-nerved,  membranaceous  at  the  top,  hard- 

ening on  the  loose  grain.    Fertile  flowers  1-3,  the  upper  enwrapping  some  deformed 
sterile  flowers. 

81.  GLYCERIA.  Lower  palea  convex  or  rounded  on  the  back,  5  -  7-nerved,  scarious  at  the 
tip.  Spikelets  many -flowered ;  the  flowers  commonly  deciduous  at  maturity  by  the 
breaking  up  of  the  rhachis  into  joints. 

32.  B1UZOPYRUM.    Lower  palea  laterally  compressed  and  often  keeled,  acute,  rigid,  rather 

coriaceous,  smooth,  faintly  many -nerved.    Spikelets  flat,  spiked-clustered. 

33.  POA.    Lower  palea  laterally  compressed  and  mostly  keeled,  5-nerved,  membranaceoufl, 

scarious-margined,  the  margins  or  nerves  below  often  cobwebby  or  pubescent :  the 
upper  palea  not  remaining  after  the  lower  falls.    Spikelets  flattened. 

84.  ERAGROSTIS.    Lower  palea  3-nerved,  keeled,  deciduous,  leaving  the  upper  persistent  on 

the  rhachis.    Spikelets  flat. 

•i-  -i-  Grain  adherent  to  the  upper  palea. 

85.  BRIZA.    Lower  palea  rounded  and  very  obtuse,  pointless,  many-nerved,  flattened  parallel 

to  the  glumes,  becoming  ventricose,  broadly  scarious-margiued.    Spikelets  compressed, 
somewhat  heart-shaped. 

86  JT15STUCA.  Lower  palea  convex  on  the  back,  acute,  pointed,  or  awned  at  the  tip,  few- 
ucrv«l.  Spikelets  terete  or  flattish.  Styles  terminal. 


538  GRAMINE^E.       (<&RASS    FAMILY.) 

87.  BROMUS.    Lower  palea  convex  or  keeled  on  the  back,  mostly  awned  or  bristle-bearing  bo- 

low  the  2-cleft  tip,  6  -  9-nerved.     Styles  subterminal. 
*  *  Culms  herbaceous,  often  tall  and  reed-like.    Lowest  flower  sterile.    Grain  free. 

88.  UNIOLA.    Spikelets  very  flat ;  the  one  or  more  lowest  flowers  neutral,  of  a  single  empty 

palea.     Flowers  strongly  compressed  keeled,  crowded,  coriaceous. 

89   PHRAGM1TES.    Spikelets  strongly  silky-bearded  on  the  rhachis,  loosely-flowered,  the  low- 
est flower  staminate  or  neutral.    Paleae  membranaceous. 

*  *  *  Culms  woody,  suffruticose  or  arborescent. 

40.  ARUNDINARIA.    Spikelets  flattened,  loosely  6-14-flowered  :  the  jointed  rhachis  naked. 

Subtribe  5.    HOKDEINE.E.    Spikelets  1  -  several-flowered,  sessile  on  opposite  sides  of  a  zigzag 
jointed  rhachis  (which  is  excavated  or  channelled  on  one  side  of  each  joint),  forming  a 
spike     Glumes  sometimes  abortive  or  wanting.  —  Otherwise  as  hi  the  preceding  subtribe 
*  Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  1-flowered.    Spikes  often  several. 

41.  LEPTURUS.    Spikelets  almost  immersed  in  the  excavations  of  the  slender  rhachis 

*  *  Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  several-flowered.    Spike  solitary. 

42.  LOLIUM.    Glume  1,  external :  spikelets  placed  edgewise  on  the  rhachis. 

43.  TKITICUM.    Glumes  2,  transverse  (right  and  left) ;  spikelets  placed  flatwise  on  the  rhachia 

*  *  *  Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis.     Spike  solitary, 
•i-  Glumes  anterior,  forming  a  sort  of  involucre  for  the  cluster  of  spikelets. 

44.  HORDEDM.    Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint,  but  the  two  lateral  usually  sterile. 

45.  ELYMDS.     Spikelets  1  -  several-flowered,  all  perfect  and  similar. 

•i-  -i-  Glumes  none  or  1  -  2  awn-like  rudiments. 

48.  GYMNOSTICHUM.    Spikelets  few-flowered,  somewhat  pedicelled,  1  -  3  at  each  joint 

Subtribe  6.  AVENE^E.  Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  panicled  ;  the  rhachis  or  base  of  the 
flowers  often  villous-bearded.  Glumes  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  flowers.  Low- 
er palea  bearing  a  twisted,  bent,  or  straight  awn  on  its  back  or  below  its  apex  (hi  No.  48 
between  the  teeth) ;  the  upper  2-nerved.  Stamens  3. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  merely  rudimentary. 
t~  Lower  palea  truncate  or  obtuse,  its  summit  mostly  denticulate  or  eroded 
47.  AIRA.    Awn  on  the  back  or  near  the  base  of  the  palea,  bent  or  straight. 

•<-  i-  Lower  palea  cleft  at  the  apex  into  2  acute  or  sharp-pointed  teeth, 
•w-  Awn  borne  between  the  sharp  or  awn-pointed  teeth  ;  proceeding  from  3  middle  nerres. 
48   DANTHONIA.    Lower  palea  rounded  on  the  back  ;  the  awn  flat,  spirally  twisted. 
<•+  **  Awn  below  the  apex  or  dorsal,  proceeding  from  the  midnerve  only. 

49.  TR1SETUM.    Lower  palea  compressed-keeled.     Awn  mostly  bent  or  flexuous. 

60.  AVENA.    Lower  palea  rounded  on  the  back.    Awn  mostly  twisted  or  bent. 

*  *  One  of  the  flowers  staminate  only. 

61.  AllRHENATHERUM.    Lower  flower  staminate  ;  the  perfect  one  commonly  awnless ;  the 

uppermost  a  rudiment :  otherwise  as  No.  60. 

62   IIOLCUS.    Lower  flower  perfect,  awnless ;  the  upper  staminate  and  awned :  rudiment 
none. 

TRIBE  II..  PHALARIDE^E,  Trin.  (not  of  Kunth).  Spikelets  3-flowered  ;  the  upper 
most  or  middle  (terminal)  flower  perfect;  the  two  lower  (one  on  each  side)  imperfect, 
either  stamiuate,  neutral,  or  reduced  to  an  inconspicuous  rudiment. 

Subtribe  1.    ANTHOXANTH&ffi.    Lateral  flowers  mostly  awned,  staminate  or  neutral,  of  1  or  2 

paleae ;  the  perfect  one  awnless  and  diandrous.     Upper  palea  1-nerved. 
53.  HIEIIOCHLOA.    Lateral  flowers  staminate  and  triandrous,  of  2  paleae. 

64.  ANTHOXANTHUM.    Lateral  flowers  neutral,  each  of  a  single  awned  palea. 

Subtribe  2.  PHALARIDE.E  Proper.  Lateral  flowers  reduced  to  a  small  neutral  rudiment  on 
each  side  of  the  fertile  oue  ;  which  is  awnless  and  triandrous. 

65.  PHALAUIS      Glumes  boat-shaped,  keeled,  enclosing  the  coriaceous  fertile  flower,  which  ia 

somewhat  flattened  laterally. 


GRAMINEuE.       (GRASS    FJLMILT.)  539 

III.  PANICKY.  Spikelets  2-flowered ;  the  lower  flower  always  imperfect,  either 
etauiinate  or  neutral ;  in  the  latter  case  usually  reduced  to  a  single  empty  valve  (placed 
next  the  lower  glume,  if  that  be  present) ;  the  upper  (terminal)  flower  (placed  next  the 
upper  or  inner  glume)  only  fertile.  Embryo  and  groove  (when  present)  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  grain !  (next  the  lower  valve  of  the  fertile  flower).  (Flowers  polygamous,  or 
hemigamous  (when  the  lower  flower  is  neutral),  or  sometimes  seemingly  simple  and  per- 
fect, from  the  suppression  both  of  the  lower  glume  and  of  the  upper  palea  of  the  neutral 
flower,  sometimes  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious.  Rarely  both  glumes  are  wanting.) 

Subtribe  1.  PASPALE.S:,  Griseb.  Glumes  and  sterile  paleae  herbaceous  or  membranaceous : 
paleae  of  the  fertile  flower  of  firmer  texture,  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  awnless,  not 
keeled,  more  or  less  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes. 

»  Spikelets  appearing  as  if  simply  1-flowered  from  the  suppression  of  the  lower  glume ;  the  sin- 
gle neutral  palea  of  the  sterile  flower  apparently  occupying  its  place.    (Awnless.) 

66.  MILIUM.    Spikelets  not  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  all  alike  in  a  terminal  open  panicle. 

67.  AMPHICARPUM.    Spikelets  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  of  2  sorts ;  one  in  a  terminal  pan- 

icle ;  the  other  subterranean,  on  radical  peduncles. 

68.  PASPALUM.    Spikelets  jointed  with  their  short  pedicels,  all  alike,  plano-convex,  in  one 

sided  spikes  or  spiked  racemes. 

«  *  Spikelets  manifestly  1^-2 -flowered  (polygamous,  the  lower  flower  staminate  or  often  neu- 
tral), the  lower  glume  being  present. 

69.  PANICUM.    Spikelets  not  involucrate,  nor  the  peduncles  bristle-bearing.    Lower  glum* 

small  or  minute.    Sterile  flower  either  staminate  or  neutral. 

60.  SET  ARIA.    Spikelets  spiked-panicled,  the  peduncles  continued  into  naked  solitary  bristles : 

otherwise  as  in  Panicum. 

61.  CENCHRUS.    Spikelets  enclosed  1-6  together  in  a  hard  and  spiny  globular  bur-like  invo- 

lucre. 

Subtribe  2.  SACCHAREJE.  Fertile  palese  membranaceous  or  scarious,  always  of  thinner  and 
more  delicate  texture  than  the  (often  indurated)  glumes,  frequently  awned  from  the  tip. 
Spikelets  usually  in  pairs  or  threes,  panicled  or  spiked,  some  of  them  entirely  sterile 
(heterogamous). 

*  Spikelets  monoecious,  imbedded  in  the  separable  joints  of  the  spike. 

62.  TKIPSACUM.    Staminate  spikelets  above,  in  pairs  at  each  joint :  pistillate  single  in  each 

joint :  glumes  indurated. 

»  *  Fertile  spikelets  with  one  perfect  and  one  sterile  (staminate  or  mostly  neutral)  flower :  low- 
er palea  of  the  perfect  flower  awned. 

63.  EKIANTHUS.    Both  spikelets  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  alike  fertile,  involucrate  with  a 

silky  tuft :  otherwise  as  No.  64. 

64.  ANDROPOGON.    Spikelets  2  at  each  joint  of  the  plumose-hairy  spikes,  one  of  them  sessila 

and  fertile ;  the  other  pedicelled  and  sterile  or  rudimentary. 

66.  SORGHUM.    Spikelets  in  open  panicles,  2-3  together,  the  lateral  ones  sterile  or  sometimes 
reduced  to  mere  pedicels. 

1.     LEE  II  SI  A,    Solander.        FALSE  KICE.    WHITE  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  perfect,  flat,  crowded  in  one-sided  panicled  spikes  or 
racemes,  more  or  less  imbricated  over  each  other,  jointed  with  the  short  pedicels. 
Glumes  wanting.  Paleae  chartaceous,  much  flattened  laterally,  boat-shaped, 
awnless,  bristly-ciliate  on  the  keels,  closed,  nearly  equal  in  length,  but  the  lower 
much  broader,  enclosing  the  flat  grain.  Stamens  1-6.  Stigmas  feathery,  the 
hairs  branching.  —  Perennial  marsh  grasses  :  the  flat  leaves,  sheaths,  &c.,  rough 
upwards  (especially  in  No.  1),  being  clothed  with  -very  minute  hooked  prickles. 
(Named  after  Leers,  a  German  botanist.) 


540  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

*  Spikdets  narrowly  oblong,  rather  loosely  crowded. 

1.  L..  oryzoides,  Swartz.    (RiCE  CUT-GRASS.)    Panicle  diffusely  branded, 
often  sheathed  at  the  base;  spikelets  flat,  rather  spreading  in  flower  (2£" -3' 
long);  stamens  3  ;  palejB  strongly  bristly-ciliate  (whitish).-- Wet  places;  com 
mon.     (Eu.) 

2.  L..   Virgiiiica,  Willd.     (WHITE  GRASS.)     Panicle  simple;  the  spike- 
lets  closely  oppressed  on  the  slender  branches  around  which  they  are  partly  curved 
(l£"  long) ;  stamens  2  (a  third  imperfect  or  wanting);  palese  sparingly  ciliate 
(greenish-white).  —  Wet  woods.     Aug.,  Sept. 

*  *  Spikdets  broadly  oval,  imbricately  covering  each  other  (2^"-3"  long}. 

3.  L,.  lenticularis,  TMichx.     (FLY-CATCH  GRASS.)     Smoothish ;  pani- 
cle simple ;  paleas  very  flat,  strongly  bristly  ciliate  (said  to  close  and  catch  flies) ; 
stamens  2.  —  Low  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

OEYZA  SAT!VA,  the  RICE-PLANT,  is  allied  to  this  genus. 

2.     ZIZANIA,    Gronov.        WATER  or  INDIAN  RICE. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  both  in  1 -flowered  spikelets 
in  the  same  panicle.  Glumes  wanting,  or  rudimentary,  and  forming  a  little 
cup.  Paleaj  herbaceo-membranaceous,  convex,  awnless  in  the  sterile  spikelets, 
the  lower  tipped  with  a  straight  awn  in  the  fertile  ones.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas 
pencil-form.  —  Large  and  often  reed-like  water-grasses.  Spikelets  jointed  with 
the  club-shaped  pedicels,  very  deciduous.  (Adopted  from  Zi£ai>ioi>,  the  ancient 
name  of  some  wild  grain.) 

1.  Z.  aqiisilica,  L.     (INDIAN  RICE.     WATER  OATS.)    Lower  branches 
of  the  ample  pyramidal  panicle  staminate,  spreading ;  the  upper  erect,  pistillate ; 
pedicels  strongly  club-shaped;  lower  palece  long-awned,  rough;  styles  distinct; 
grain  linear,  slender.     ®  (Z.  clavulosa,  Michx.)  —  Swampy  borders  of  streams 
and  in  shallow  water ;  common,  especially  northwestward.     Aug.  —  Culms  3°- 
9°  high.     Leaves  flat,  2°  -3°  long,  linear-lanceolate.     Grain  £'  long ;  gathered 
for  food  by  the  Northwestern  Indians. 

2.  Z.  tnili'iicca,  Michx.     Panicle  diffuse,  ample,  the  staminate  and  pis- 
tillate flowers  intermixed;  awns  short;  styles  united  ;  grain  ovate,     ty — Penn.  ? 
Ohio,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Leaves  involute. 

3.    ALiOPECtlRUS,    L.        FOXTAIL  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered.  Glumes  boat-shaped,  strongly  compressed  and  keeled, 
nearly  equal,  united  at  the  base,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  lower  palea,  which 
is  awned  on  the  back  below  the  middle  :  upper  palea  wanting !  Stamens  3. 
Styles  mostly  united.  Stigmas  long  and  feathered.  — Panicle  contracted  into  a 
cylindrical  and  soft  dense  spike.  (Name  from  dXo>7n?£,  fox,  and  oupa,  tail,  the 
popular  appellation,  from  the  shape  of  the  spike.) 

1.  A.  PRATENSIS,  L.  (MEADOW  FOXTAIL.)  Culm  upright,  smooth  (2° 
high) ;  palea  equalling  the  acute  glumes ;  awn  exserted  more  than  half  its  length, 
twisted;  upper  leaf  much  shorter  than  its  inflated  sheath,  ty — Meadows  and 
pastures  of  E.  New  England  and  New  York.  May.  (Sat.  from  Eu.) 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  541 

2.  A*  GENicuiATUs,  L.     (FLOATING  FOXTAIL.)     Culm  ascending,  bent 
at  thi  lower  joints  ;  palea  rather  shorter  than  the  obtuse  glumes,  the  awn  from  near 
its  base  aid  projecting  half  its  length  beyond  it:  anthers  linear;  upper  leaf  as  long 
as  its  sheath.     \ — Moist  meadows  :  rare.     July,  Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  A.  arts  til  hi  til*,    Michx.      (WILD    WATER-FOXTAIL.)       Glaucous; 
culm  decumbent  below,  at  length  bent  and  ascending ;  palea  rather  longer  than 
the  obtuse  glumes,  scarcely  exceeded  by  the  awn  which  rises  from  just  below  its  mid- 
dle ;  anthers  oblong,     ty  (A.  subaristatus,  Pers.)  — In  water  and  wet  meadows ; 
common,  especially  northward.    June  — August.     Spike  more  slender  and  paler 
than  in  the  last.     (Eu.) 

4.    PHLEUia,    L.        CAT'S-TAIL  GRASS. 

Palese  both  present,  shorter  than  the  mucronate  or  awned  glumes  ;  the  lower 
one  truncate,  usually  awnless.  Styles  distinct.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Alope- 
curus.  —  Spike  very  dense,  harsh.  (An  ancient  Greek  name,  probably  of  the 
Cat-tail.) 

1.  P.  PRATENSE,  L.     (TIMOTHY.    HERD'S-GRASS  in  New  England  and 
New  York.)     Spike  cylindrical,  elongated;  glumes  ciliate  on  the  back,  tipped 
with  a  bristle  less  than  half  their  length.     1J.  —  Meadows,  &c. ;  very  valuable  for 
hay.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  alpiiiuiii,  L.      Spike  ovate-oblong;  glumes  strongly  ciliate-fringed 
on  the  back,  tipped  with  a  rough  awn-like  bristle  about  their  own  length,     ty  — 
Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  and  high  northward. 
(Eu.) 

5.    VII^FA,    Adans.,  Beauv.        RUSH-GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  a  contracted  or  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  1-nerved  or 
nerveless,  not  awned  or  pointed,  the  lower  smaller.  Flower  nearly  sessile  in  the 
glumes.  Palea?  2,  much  alike,  of  the  same  texture  as  the  glumes  (membrana- 
ceo-chartaceous)  and  usually  longer  than  they,  j.^ked,  neither  awned  nor  mu- 
cronate; the  lower  1-nerved  (rarely  somewhat  3-nerved).  Stamens  chiefly  3. 
Stigmas  simply  feathery.  Grain  (caryopsis)  oblong  or  cylindrical,  deciduous. 
—  Culms  wiry,  or  rigid.  Leaves  involute,  usually  bearded  at  the  throat ;  their 
sheaths  often  enclosing  the  lateral  panicle.  (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  V.  aspera,  Beauv.     Root  perennial ;  culms  tufted  (2° -4°  high);  low- 
est leaves  very  long,  rigid,  rough  on  the  edges,  tapering  to  a  long  involute  and 
thread-like  point;  the  upper  short,  involute ;  sheaths  partly  enclosing  the  con- 
tracted panicle ;  palece  much  longer  than  the  unequal  glumes ;  grain  oval  or  oblong. 
(Agrostis  aspera,  Michx.     A.  clandestina  &  A.  involuta,  Mufti.    A.  longifolia, 
Torr.)  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  hills  ;  not  rare,  especially  southward.     Sept. — 
Spikelets  2" -3"  long.    Paleae  rough  above,  smooth  or  hairy  below,  of  greatly 
varying  proportions ;  the  upper  one  tapering  upwards,  acute,  and  one  half  to 
twice  longer  than  the  lower,  or  else  obtuse  and  equalled,  or  even  considerably 
exceeded,  by  the  lower  ! 

2.  V.  vasjiiiH'flora,  Torr.     Root  annual;  culms  slender  (6  -12'  high), 
ascending ;  leaves  involute-awl-shaped  (!'  -  4'  long) ;  panicles  simple  and  spiked* 

46 


542  GRAB1INE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

* 

the  lateral  and  often  the  terminal  concealed  in  the  sheaths  ;  palece  somewliat  equal^ 
aboul  '.he  length  of  the  nearly  equal  glumes ;  only  one  third  longer  than  the  linear 
grain.  (Agrostis  Virginica,  Muhl,  not  of  L.  Crypsis  Virg.,  Nutt.) — Barren 
and  sandy  dry  fields,  New  England  to  Illinois,  and  common  southward.  Sept. 
3.  V.  Virginica,  Beauv.  Root  perennial ;  culms  tufted,  slender  (5' -12' 
long),  often  procumbent,  branclied ;  leaves  convolute  ;  palese  rather  shorter  than 
the  nearly  equal  acute  glumes.  (Agrostis  Virginica,  L.)  —  Sandy  sea-shore, 
Virginia  ( Clayton)  and  southward.  —  Spikelets  much  smaller  and  more  numer- 
ous than  in  the  last. 

6.    SPOROBOLUS,    K.  Brown.        DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-  (rarely  2-)  flowered,  in  a  contracted  or  open  panicle.    Flowers 
nearly  as  in  Vilfa ;  the  paleae  longer  than  the  unequal  glumes.     Stamens  2-3 
Grain  a  globular  utricle  (hyaline  or  rarely  coriaceous),  containing  a  loose  seed, 
deciduous  (whence  the  name,  from  orropa,  seed,  and  /3dXXo>,  to  cast 'forth). 
*  Glumes  very  unequal :  panicle  pyramidal,  open. 

1.  S.  j  silicons,  Kunth.    Leaves  involute,  narrow,  rigid,  the  lowest  elongat- 
ed; culm  (l°-2°  high)  naked  above,  bearing  a  narrow  loose  panicle;  glumes 
ovate,  rather  obtuse,  the  lower  one  half  as  long  as,  the  upper  equalling,  the  nearly 
equal  palece.     \    (Agrostis  juncea,  Michx.     Vilfa  juncea,  Trin.) — Dry  soil, 
Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly)  southward.    Aug.  —  Spikelets  l"-2" 
long,  shining. 

2.  S.  lieterdlepis.     Leaves  involute-thread-form,  rigid,  the  lowest  as  long 
as  the  culm  (l°-2°),  which  is  naked  above;  panicle  very  loose;  glumes  very 
unequal ;  the  lower  awl-shaped  (or  bristle-pointed  from  a  broad  base)  and  some- 
what shorter,  the  upper  ovate-oblong  and  taper-pointed  and  longer,  than  the  equal 
palece.     1|.  (Vilfa  heterolepis,  Gray.) — Dry  soil,  Connecticut,  N.  New  York, 
Ohio,  and  Wisconsin.     Aug. — Plant  exhaling  an  unpleasant  scent  (Sullivant), 
stouter  than  the  last,  .the  spikelets  thrice  larger.    Utricle  spherical  (1"  in  diam- 
eter), shining,  thick  and  coriaceous  ! 

3.  S.  cryptandrilS.     Leaves  fiat,  pale  (2"  wide) ;  the  pyramidal  panicle 
bursting  from  the  upper  sheath  which  usually  encloses  its   base,  its   spreading 
branches  hairy  in  the  axils ;  upper  glume  lanceolate,  rather  acute,  twice  the  length  of 
the  lower  one,  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  paleae ;  sheaths  strongly  bearded  at  the 
throat.     1|.  ?  (Agr.  &  Vilfa  cryptandra,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Buffalo,  New  York, 
to  Illinois,  and  south  and  westward.     Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  Oakes.    Aug.  — 
Culm  2° -3°  high.     Panicle  lead-color  :  spikelets  small. 

#  *  Glumes  almost  equal,  shorter  than  the  broad  palece :  panicle  racemose-elongated, 
open,  the  pedicels  capillary :  sheaths  naked  at  the  throat :  spikelets  not  unfrequently 
2-f.oiuered.  (Colpodium  ?) 

4.  S.  COmpreSSUS,  Kunth.     Very  smooth,  leafy  to  the  top ;  culms  tufted, 
itout,  very  flat ;  sheaths  flattened,  much  longer  than  the  internodes ;  leaves  erect, 
narrow,  conduplicate-channelled ;  glumes  acutish,  about  one  third  shorter  thar 
the  obtuse  paleae.     y.   (Agrostis  compressa,  Torr.     Vilfa,  Trin.}  — Bogs  in  the 
pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey.     Sept.  —  Forming  strong  tussocks,  l°-2°  high, 
Panic/ e  8'  - 12'  long :  spikelets  1"  long,  purplish. 


GRAMINEJB.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  543 

5.  S.  sei'otimis.  Smooth;  culms  very  slender,  flattish  (8'-15'  high), 
few-Leaved;  leaves  very  slender,  channelled;  panicle  soon  much  exserted,  the  dif- 
fuse capillary  branches  scattered ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  about  half  the  length 
of  the  palcae.  (I)  ?  ( Agr.  &  Vilfa  scrotina,  Torr.  V.  tcnera,  Trin.  Poa  ?  uni- 
flora,  Muhl.  P.  modesta,  Tuckerm.) —  Sandy  wet  places,  E.  New  England  to 
New  Jersey  and  Michigan.  Sept.  —  A  very  delicate  grass ;  the  spikelets,  &c. 
smaller  than  in  the  last. 

7.    AGR6STIS,    L.        BENT-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  an  open  panicle.  Glumes  somewhat  equal,  or  the 
lower  rather  longer,  usually  longer  than  the  palea},  pointless.  Palea?  very  thin, 
pointless,  naked ;  the  lower  3  -  5-nerved,  and  frequently  awned  on  the  back,  the 
upper  often  minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  chiefly  3.  Grain  (caryopsis)  free. 
—  Culms  usually  tufted,  slender.  (Name  from  dypos ,  a  field,  the  place  of 
growth.) 

§  1.  TKICHODIUM,  Michx.  —  Upper  palea  abortive,  minute,  or  none. 

1.  A.  elata,  Trin.     (TALLER  THIN-GRASS.)     Culms  firm  or  stout  (2°  -3° 
high) ;  leaves  flat  (l"-2"  wide) ;  upper  ligules  elongated  (2"-3"  long) ;  spike- 
lets  crowded  on  the  branches  of  the  spreading  panicle  above  the  middle  (1^"  long)  ; 
lower  palea  awnless,  slightly  shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  glumes ;  the  upper 
•wanting.     1J.  (A.  Schweinitzii,  Trin.  ?    A.  altissima,  Tuckerm.,  excl.  var.  laxa. 
Trich.  elatum,  Pursh.)  —  Swamps,  New  Jersey  and  southward.     October. 

2.  A.  pereimans,  Tuckerm.    (THIN-GRASS.)     Culms  slender,  erect  from 
a  decumbent  base  (l°-2°  high);  leaves  flat  (the  upper  4' -6'  long,  l"-2" 
wide) ;  panicle  at  length  diffusely  spreading,  pale  green,  the  hunches  short,  dimded 
and  flower-bearing  from  or  below  the  middle ;  lower  palea  awnless  (rarely  short- 
awned),  shorter  than  the  unequal  glumes  ;  the  upper  minute  or  obsolete.     1|. 
(Cornucopia?  pereiinans,  Walt.     Trich.  perennans,  Ell.     T.  decumbens,  Michx. 
T.  scabrum,  Muhl.,  not  Agr.  scabra,  Willd.    Agr.  anomala,   Willd.) — Damp 
shaded  places.    July,  Aug.  —  Spikelets,  &c.  as  in  No.  3,  into  which  it  appears 
to  vary. 

3.  A.  SCabra,  Willd.     (HAIR-GRASS.)     Culms  very  slender,  erect  (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  short  and  narrow,  the  lower  soon  involute  (the  upper  1'  -3'  long, 
less  than  1"  wide) ;  panicle  very  loose  and  divergent,  purplish,  the  long  capillary 
branches  flower-bearing  at  and  near  the  apex ;  lower  palea  awnless  or  occasionally 
short-awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  very  acute  glumes ;  the 
upper  minute  or  obsolete.     TJ.  (2)  *?  (A.  laxiflora,  Richard.    A.  Michauxii,  Trin. 
partly.     Trich.  laxiflorum,  Michx.     T.  montanum,  Torr.) — Exsiccated  places, 
common.      June,  July.  —  Remarkable  for  the  long  and   divergent  capillary 
branches  of  the  extremely  loose  panicle ;  these  are  whorled,  rough  with  very 
minute  bristles  (under  a  lens),  as  also  the  keel  of  the  glumes.     Spikelets  1' 
long. — A  variety?   from   about  the   White   Mountains,   &c.    (var.   montana, 
Tuckerm.),  has  a  more  or  less  exserted  awn,  thus  differing  from  the  T.  monta- 
num, Torr.  (A.  oreophila,  Trin.),  which  is  a  dwarfed  form,  growing  in  tufts  in 
hollows  of  rocks,  &c. 


544  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

4.  A,  CAN!NA,  L.     (BROWN  BENT-GRASS.)     Culms  slender  (1°- 2° high); 
root-leaves  involute-bristle-form,   those  of  the  culm  flat  and  broader,  linear ; 
branches  of  the  short  and  loose  erect-spreading  panicle  slender,  branching  above 
the  middle ;  lower  palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  almost  equal  glumes,  bearing  a 
long  (at  length  bent  or  somewhat  twisted)  awn  on  the  back  a  little  below  the  middle, 
the  upper  one  minute  and  inconspicuous  (only  half  the  length  of  the  ovary) ; 
spikelets  greenish,  turning  brown  or  purplish,  about  1"  long.     \  — Meadows, 
&c.,  E.  New  England  :  scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  alpina,  Oakes  (var.  ?  tenella,  Ton. ;  A.  rubra,  L.,  ed.l.;  A.  Picker- 
ingii  £  A.  concinna,  Tuckerm.),  is  a  lower,  often  contracted  mountain  form,  with 
spikelets  1 J"  long.  Mountain-tops,  Maine  to  New  York.  July,  Aug.  (Eu.) 

§  2.  AGROSTIS  PROPER.  —  Upper  palea  manifest,  but  shorter  than  the  lower. 

5.  A.    vulgaris,    With.      (RED-TOP.      HERD'S-GRASS  of  Penn.,   &c.) 
Rootstocks  creeping;  culm  mostly  upright  (l°-2°high);  panicle  oblong,  with 
spreading  slightly  rough  short  branches  (purple] ;  leaves  linear ;  ligule  very  short, 
truncate ;  lower  palea  nearly  equalling  the  glumes,  chiefly  awnless,  3-nervod ; 
the  upper  about  one  half  its  length.     1J.  (A.  polymorpha,  Huds.  partly.  —  Varies 
with  a  rougher  panicle  (A.  hispida,  Willd.),  and  rarely  with  the  flower  awned 
(A.  pumila,  L.)  — Low  meadows ;  naturalized  from  Eu.     Also  native  in  North- 
ern New  York  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

6.  A.  ALBA,  L.     (WHITE  BENT-GRASS.)     Culm  ascending,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints  (l°-2°  high) ;  panicle  narrow,  contracted  after  flowering  (greenish- 
white  or  barely  tinged  with  purple),  the  branches  rough  ;  ligule  oblong  or  linear  ; 
lower  palea  rather  shorter  than  the  glumes,  5-nerved,  awnless,  or  rarely  short- 
awned  on  the  back ;  otherwise  as  in  the  last.     1|.  —  Varies  with  the  panicle 
more  contracted   (A.  stolonifera,  L.,  Fiorin  Grass) ;  and  var.  ARISTATA,  with 
the  lower  palea  long-awned  from  near  its  base.     (A.  stricta,  Willd.) — Moist 
meadows  and  fields.    A  valuable  grass,  like  the  foregoing.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.    POL.YPOGON,    Desf.        BEARD-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  a  contracted  somewhat  spike-like  panicle.  Glumes 
nearly  equal,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  membranaceous  paleas,  the  lower 
of  which  is  commonly  short-awned  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free. 
(Name  composed  of  TroXv,  much,  and  Trwyooi/,  beard;  from  the  awns.) 

1.  P.  MONSPELIENSIS,  Desf.  Panicle  interrupted  ;  glumes  oblong,  the  awn 
from  a  shallow  notch  at  the  summit;  lower  palea  awned.  (1)  —  On  the  coast, 
Isle  of  Shoals,  New  Hampshire  ( Oakes  $-  Robbins),  Virginia  ?  and  southward. 
(Nat,  from  Eu.) 

9.    CINNA,    L.        WOOD  REED-GRASS. 

SpiRelets  1 -flowered,  much  flattened,  crowded  in  an  open  flaccid  panicle. 
Glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  hispid-serrulate  on  the  keel ;  the  lower 
rather  smaller,  the  upper  a  little  exceeding  the  paleas.  Flower  manifestly 
stalked  in  the  glumes,  smooth  and  naked ;  the  palese  much  like  the  glumes ; 
the  lower  longer  than  the  upper,  short-awned  or  bristle-pointed  on  the  back  be- 


GKAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  545 

low  the  pointless  apex.  Stamen  one,  opposite  the  1 -nerved  upper  palea !  Grain 
linear-oblong,  free.  —  A  perennial,  rather  sweet-scented  grass,  with  simple  and 
upright  somewhat  reed-like  culms  (2° -7°  high),  bearing  a  large  compound  ter- 
minal panicle,  its  branches  in  fours  or  fives,  broadly  linear-lanceolate  flat  leaves 
(i'~i'  wide),  and  conspicuous  ligules.  Spikelets  green,  often  purplish-tinged. 
(Name  unexplained.) 

1.  C.  artlildinacea,  L.  —  Moist  woods  and  shaded  swamps;  rather 
common,  both  northward  and  southward.  July,  Aug. — Panicle  6' -15' long, 
rather  dense ;  the  branches  and  pedicels  spreading  in  flower,  afterwards  erect. 
Spikelets  2£"  -  3"  long.  Awn  of  the  palea  either  obsolete  or  exserted. 

Var.  peildllla.  Panicle  loose  and  more  slender,  the  branches  nearly 
capillary  and  drooping  in  flower ;  pedicels  very  rough ;  glumes  and  palese  more 
membranaceous,  the  former  less  unequal;  spikelets  l£"-2"  long;  upper  palea 
obtuse.  ( C.  pendula,  Trin.  C.  latifolia,  Griseb.  C.  expansa,  Link.  Blyttia 
suaveolens,  Fries.)  —  Deep  damp  woods,  N.  New  York  to  Lake  Superior  and 
northward,  and  on  mountains  southward.  —  A  northern,  more  delicate  state  of 
the  last,  as  is  shown  by  intermediate  specimens.  (Upper  palea  as  long  as  the 
lower,  but  shorter,  as  figured  in  Anders.  Gram.  Scand.,  only  not  with  3  stamens, 
but  monandrous,  both  in  American  specimens  and  in  Norwegian,  given  in  Fries, 
Herb.  Norm.)  (Eu.) 

1O.    MUHI.ENBERCilA,    Schreber.        DROP-SEED  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  contracted  or  rarely  open  panicles.  Glumes  mostly 
acute  or  bristle-pointed,  persistent ;  the  lower  rather  smaller  or  minute.  Flower 
very  short-stalked  or  sessile  in  the  glumes ;  the  paleae  usually  hairy-bearded  at 
the  base,  herbaceous,  deciduous  with  the  enclosed  grain,  often  equal ;  the  lower 
3-nerved,  mucronate  or  awned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  (Dedicated  to  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  a  distinguished  American  botanist.) 

{  1.  MUHLENBERGIA  PROPER.  —  Panicles  contracted  or  glomerate,  terminal 
and  axillary:  perennials  (in  our  species)  with  branching  rigid  culms,  from  scaly 
creeping  rootstocks :  leaves  short  and  narrow. 
*=  Lower  palea  barely  mucronate  or  sharp-pointed.     (Sp.  of  Cinna,  Kunth,  Trin.) 

1.  HE.  SObolifera.     Culms  ascending  (1°- 2°  high),  sparingly  branched; 
the  simple  contracted  panicle  very  slender  or  filiform  ;  glumes  barely  pointed,  almost 
equal,  i  shorter  than  the  equal  palece ;  lower  palea  abruptly   short-mucronate. 
( A^rostis  sobolifera,  MM.)  —  Open  rocky  woods,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.     Aug.  —  Spikelets  less  than  1"  long. 

2.  M.    glomerata,    Trin.       Culms   upright   (l°-2°  high),   sparingly 
branched  or  simple  ;  panicle  oblong-linear,  contracted  into  an  interrupted  glomerate 
spike,  long-peduncled,  the  branches  sessile ;  glumes  awned,  nearly  equal,  and 
(with  the  bristle-like  awn)  about  twice  the  length  of  the  unequal  very  acute 
paleae.    (Agr.  racemosa,  Michx.    A.  setosa,  Muhl.    Polypogon  racemosus,  JVuft.) 
—  Bogs,  &c. ;  common,  especially  northward.     Aug.  —  Panicle  2'  -  3'  long. 

3.  M.  Ulexicaiia,    Trin.      Culms   ascending, .  much   branched   (2° -3° 
high) ;  panicles  latf  ral  and  terminal,  often  included  at  the  base,  contracted,  tut 

46* 


546  GRAMINK.E.      (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

branches  densely  spiked-clustered,^  linear  (green  and  purplish) ;  glumes  aimless,  sharp 
pointed,  unequal,  the  upper  about  the  length  of  the  very  acute  lower  palea. 
(Agi.  Mexicana,  L.  A.  lateriflora,  Michx.)  —  Varies  with  more  slender  pani- 
cles (A.  filifonnis,  Muhl.)  —  Low  grounds;  common.  Aug. 

*  *  Lower  palea  bristle-awned  from  the  tip :  flowers  short-pedicelled. 

4.  M.  sylvjitica,  Torr.  &  Gr.    Culms  ascending,  much  branched  and 
diffusely  spreading  (2° -4°  long);   contracted  panicles  densely  many-flowered; 
glumes  almost  equal,  bristle-pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower  palea,  which  bears  an 
awn  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  spikelet.     (Agr.  diffusa,  Muhl.)  — Low  or 
rocky  woods ;  rather  common.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Aspect  between  No.  3  and  No.  5. 

5.  M,  Willdenovii,  Trin.     Culms  upright  (3°  high),  slender,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched ;  contracted  panicle  slender,  loosely  flowered ;  glumes  slightly 
unequal,  short-pointed,  half  the  length  of  the  lower  palea,  which  bears  an  awn  3-4 
times  the  length  of  the  spikelet.     (Agr.  tenuiflora,  Willd.)  —  Rocky  woods; 
rather  common.    Aug. 

6.  M.  cliflusa,  Schreber.     (DROP-SEED.    NIMBLE  WILL.)     Culms  dif- 
fusely much  branched  (8' -18'  high) ;  contracted  panicles  slender,  rather  loosely 
many-flowered,  terminal  and  lateral ;  glumes  extremely  minute,  the  lower  obsolete, 
the  upper  truncate ;  awn  once  or  twice  longer  than  the  palea.     (Dilepyrum 
minutiflorum,  Michx.)  — Dry  hills  and  woods,  from  S.  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, Illinois,  and  southward.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  Spikelets  much  smaller  than  in  the 
foregoing,  1"  long. 

$  2.  TEICH6CHLOA,  DC.  —  Panicle  very  loose  and  open,  the  long  branches  and 
pedicels  capillary :  leaves  narrow,  often  convolute-bristle-form. 

7.  M.  capillaris,  Kunth.     (HAIR-GRASS.)     Culm  simple,  upright  (2° 
high)  from  a  fibrous  (perennial1?)  root;  panicle  capillary,  expanding  (6'-20/ 
long,  purple) ;  glumes  unequal,  J  to  ^  the  length  of  the  long-awned  paleae,  the 
lower  mostly  pointless,  the  upper  more  or  less  bristle-pointed.  —  Sandy  soil,  W. 
New  England  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Pedicels  1' 
2'  long,  scarcely  thicker  than  the  awns,  which  are  about  1'  long. 

11.    BRACHYEL.YTRUM,    Beauv.        BEACH YELYTEUM. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  a  conspicuous  filiform  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second 
flower  about  half  its  length,  nearly  terete,  few,  in  a  simple  appressed  racemed 
panicle.  Lower  glume  obsolete ;  the  upper  minute,  pointless,  persistent,  shorter 
than  the  width  of  the  thick  stalk  of  the  flower.  Paleae  chartaceo-herbaceous,  in- 
volute, enclosing  the  linear-oblong  grain,  somewhat  equal,  rough  with  scattered 
short  bristles ;  the  lower  5-nerved,  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  long  straight 
awn ;  the  upper  2-pointed ;  the  awn-like  sterile  pedicel  partly  lodged  in  the  groove 
on  its  back.  Stamens  2  :  anthers  and  stigmas  very  long.  — A  perennial  grass,  with 
simple  culms  (l°-3°  high)  from  creeping  rootstocks,  downy  sheaths,  broad  and 
flat  lanceolate  pointed  leaves,  and  large  spikelets  £'  long  without  the  awn.  (Name 
composed  of /Spa^us,  short,  and  eXvrpov,  husk,  from  the  very  short  glumes.) 

1.  li.  aristatuiii,  Beauv.  (Muhlenbergia  erecta,  Schreb.  Dilepjrrum 
fllistosum,  Michx.)  —  Eocky  woods;  rather  common.  June. 


GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  547 

12.    CALAMAGROSTIS,    Adans.        REED  BENT-GKASS. 

Spikclcts  1-flowered,  and  often  with  a  pedicel  or  rudiment  of  a  second  abor- 
tive flower,  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle.  Glumes  keeled  or  boat-shaped,  often 
acute,  commonly  nearly  equal,  and  exceeding  the  flower,  which  is  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  a  copious  tuft  of  white  bristly  hairs.  Palese  membranaceous,  or 
in-  the  second  and  third  sections  of  a  firmer  texture ;  the  lower  bearing  a  slender 
awn  on  the  back  or  below  the  tip,  rarely  awnless ;  the  upper  mostly  shorter. 
Stamens  3.  Grain  free. — Perennials,  with  running  rootstocks,  and  mostly  tall 
and  simple  rigid  culms.  (Name  compounded  of  icaXauos,  a  reed,  and  dypoortj, 
a  grass.) 

*  1.  CALAMAGROSTIS  PROPER.—  Flower,  frc.  much  as  in  Agrostis,  except 
the  hairy  tuft :  the  boat-shaped  glumes  and  the  palece  membranaceous  ;  the  former 
equal  or  the  lower  one  rather  longer:  lower  palea  3-5-nerved,  awned  on  the  back: 
panicle  open.  (All  the  following  have  a  rudimentary  plumose  pedicel  of  a  second 


#  Glumes  open  or  loose  after  flowering. 

1.  C.  CanadensiS,   Beauv.     (BLUE  JOINT-GRASS.)    Panicle  oblong, 
loose  (often  purplish) ;  lower  palea  nearly  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  acute  glumes, 
not  exceeding  the  very  fine  hairs,  bearing  an  extremely  delicate  awn  below  the  middle 
scarcely  equalling  or  exceeding  the  hairs ;  rudimentary  pedicel  minute.    ( Arun- 
do  Canadensis,  Michx.     C.  Mexicana,  NutL)  —  Wet  grounds ;  common  north- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.    July.  —  Rather  glaucous,  3°  -  5° 
high :  leaves  flat.     Glumes  rough,  l£"  long. 

*  *  Glumes  closed  in  fruit. 

2.  C.  COnfinis,    Nutt.     Panicle  elongated,  narrow   (5' -8'  long),  the 
branches  appressed  after  flowering,  pale ;  lower  palea  nearly  equalling  the  oblong- 
lanceolate  acute  glumes,  $  longer  than  the  hairs  (excepting  those  of  the  conspicuous 
rudiment),  bearing  between  the  middle  and  the  base  a  rather  stout  and  slightly  exserted 
awn.     (Ar.  confinis,  Wittd. !    C.  inexpansa,  Gray.)  —  Swamps,  N.  and  W.  New 
York  (especially  Penn  Yan,  Sartwell)  and  Pennsylvania.     July.  —  Spikelets 
rather  larger  than  in  the  last ;  upper  glume  more  or  less  shorter. 

3.  C.  coarctata,  Torr.    Panicle  contracted,  dense  (3' -6'  long);  lower 
palea  shorter  than  the  taper-pointed  tips  of  the  lanceolate  glumes,  almost  twice  the  length 
of  the  hairs  (excepting  the  strong  tuft  borne  by  the  conspicuous  rudiment),  bear- 
ing a  rigid  and  exserted  short  awn  above  the  middle.     (C.  Canadensis,  Nutt.)  — 
Wet  grounds,  Mass,  to  Wisconsin?  and  (chiefly)  southward.    Aug.  —  Culm 
3°  -  5°  high.     Glumes  4"  long.     Grain  hairy,  crowned  with  a  bearded  tuft. 

4.  C.  Pickerillgii.    Panicle  dense  and  narrow  (3' -5' long,  purplish) ; 
palese  nearly  equal,  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  merely  acute  glumes ;  awn 
inserted  between  the  middle  and  the  base,  stout,  often  a  little  bent,  not  exceeding  the 
glumes  ;  hairs  very  short  and  scanty,  f  the  length  of  the  paleas,  half  as  long  as  the 
small  plumose  rudiment. — Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire  ;  first  collected  by  Dr.  Pickering  and  Mr.  Oakes.     Sept.  —  Culm  1° 
high.     Spikelets  smaller  and  glumes  less  pointed  than  in  C.  sylvatna,  DC.t  to 
Which  belongs  C.  purpurascens,  R.  Br.  ?    Leaves  short  and  flat. 


548  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

$  2.  CALAMG VILFA.  —  Glumes  and  equal  palece  rather  chartaceous,  compressed 
keeled ;  the  lower  glume  shorter  than  the  upper  and  shorter  than  the  palece,  of  which 
the  lower  is  l-nerved  and  entirely  aimless  ;  the  upper  strongly  2-keeled:  rudiment 
wanting :  panicle  open  and  loose. 

5.  C.  brevipilis.     Branches  of  the  diffuse  pyramidal  panicle  capillary 
(purplish) ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate ;  the  upper  slightly,  the  lower  nearly  one  half, 
shorter  than  thepaleoz,  which  are  above  twice  the  length  of  the  hairs  and  bristly-beard- 
ed along  the  keels.     (Arundo  brevipilis,  Torr.)  —  Sandy  swamps,  pine  barrens  of 
New  Jersey ;  rare.     Sept.  —  Culm  slender,  3°  -  4°  high :  leaves  nearly  flat. 

6.  C.  loiisfifolia,  Hook.     Culm  (l°-4°  high)  stout,  from  thick  running 
rootstocks ;  leaves  rigid,  elongated,  involute  above  and  tapering  into  a  long  thread- 
like point ;  branches  of  the  pyramidal  panicle  smooth ;  glumes  lanceolate,  the 
upper  as  long  as  the  similar  paleae,  the  lower  \  shorter ;  the  copious  hairs  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  naked  palece.  —  Sandy  coast  of  N.  Michigan,  and  north- 
westward.    Spikelets  \'  long.     Sheaths  clothed  with  deciduous  wool. 

$  3.  AMMOPHILA,  Host.  —  Glumes  nearly  equal  and  rather  longer  than  the  equal 
similar  palea3,  scarious-chartaceous,  lanceolate,  compressed-keeled:  lower  palea  5- 
nerved,  slightly  mucronate  or  obscurely  awned  near  the  tip;  the  upper  2-keeled: 
rudiment  present  and  plumose  above :  squamulce  lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the 
ovary :  panicle  spiked-contracted:  spikelets  large  (^'  long). 

7.  C.  are II aria,  Roth.     (SEA  SAND-REED.)     Culm  rigid  (2° -3°  high) 
from  stout  running  rootstocks ;  leaves  long,  soon  involute ;  panicle  contracted 
into  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  (5' -9  long) ;  hairs  only  £  the  length  of  the  pa- 
leae.    (Arundo,  L.    Psamma,  Beauv.)  —  Sandy  beaches,  New  Jersey  to  Maine, 
and  northward ;  also  Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior.    Aug.     (Eu.) 

13.    ORYZOPSIS,    Michx.        MOUNTAIN  RICE. 

Spikelets  1-flowered  nearly  terete.  Glumes  herbaceo-membranaceous,  sev- 
eral-nerved, nearly  equal,  commonly  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  flower,  which 
is  deciduous  at  maturity,  and  with  a  very  short  obtuse  callus.  Lower  palea  cori- 
aceous, at  length  involute  so  as  closely  to  enclose  the  upper  (of  the  same  length) 
and  the  oblong  grain ;  a  simple  untwisted  and  deciduous  awn  jointed  on  its 
apex.  Stamens  3.  Squamulae  2  or  3,  conspicuous.  Styles  sometimes  united : 
stigmas  plumose.  — Perennials,  with  rigid  leaves  and  a  narrow  raceme  or  panicle. 
Spikelets  greenish,  rather  large.  (Name  composed  of  opvfa,  rice,  and  tyis, 
likeness,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  that  grain.) 

*  *  Styles  distinct,  short :  culm  leafy  to  the  summit :  callus  glabrous. 

1.  <)•  melanoCc&rpa,,  Muhl.      Leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  flat; 
sheaths  bearded  in  the  throat ;  panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  the  branches 
divergent ;  spikelets  loosely  racemed ;  awn  thrice  the  length  of  the  blackish  paleat 
(nearly  1'  long).     (Milium  racemosum,  Smith.     Piptatherum  nigrum,  Torr.)  — 
Rocky  woods ;  not  rare.    Aug.  —  Culm  2°  -  3°  high. 

*  *  Styles  united  below,  slender :  culms  tufted,  naked  above :  callus  bearded. 

2.  O.  aspcrifolia,  Michx.     Culms  (9' -18'  high)  clothed  with  sheaths 
bearing  a  mere  rudimentary  blade,  overtopped  by  the  long  and  rigid  linear  leaf 


GRAMINEJB.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  549 

from  the  base;  panicle  very  simple  and  raceme-like,  few-flowered;  won  2-3 
times  the  length  of  the  rather  hairy  whitish  palece.  (Urachne,  Trin.)  — Hill-sides, 
&c.,  in  rich  woods;  common  northward.  May.  —  Leaves  concave,  keelless, 
rough-edged,  pale  underneath,  lasting  through  the  winter.  Squamula?  lanceo- 
late, almost  as  long  as  the  inner  palea  ! 

3.  O.  Cauadensis,  Torr.  Culms  slender  (6'- 15'  high),  the  lowest 
sheaths  leaf-bearyag ;  leaves  involute-thread-shaped;  panicle  contracted  (l'-2' 
long)',  the  branches  usually  in  pairs  ;  palese  pubescent,  whitish ;  awn  short  and 
very  deciduous,  or  wanting.  (O.  parviflora,  Nutt.  Stipa  juncea,  Michx.  S.  Can- 
adensis,  Poir.  Milium  pungens,  Torr.  Urachne  brevicaudata,  Trin.) — Rocky 
hills  and  dry  plains,  W.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward;  rare. 
May.  —  Glumes  1" -2"  long,  sometimes  purplish.  —  Through  the  species,  or 
perhaps  variety,  Urachne  micrantha,  Trin.,  this  genus  is  strictly  connected  with 
Stipa. 

14.    STIPA,    L.        FEATHER-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  terete :  the  flower  falling  away  at  maturity,  with  the  con- 
spicuous obconical  bearded  and  often  sharp-pointed  stalk  (callus),  from  the  mem- 
branaceous  glumes.  Lower  palea  coriaceous,  cylindrical-involute,  closely  em- 
bracing the  smaller  upper  one  and  the  cylindrical  grain,  having  a  long  and 
twisted  or  tortuous  simple  awn  jointed  with  its  apex  (naked  in  our  species). 
Stamens  mostly  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  —  Perennials,  with  narrow  involute  leaves 
and  a  loose  panicle.  (Name  from  OTVTT?;,  tow,  in  allusion  to  the  flaxen  appear- 
ance of  the  feathery  awns  of^he  original  species.) 

*=  Callus  or  base  of  the  Jlower  short  and  blunt ;  glumes  pointless. 

1.  S.  Richard  sonii,  Link.     Culm  (l£°-2°  high)  and  leaves  slender; 
panicle  loose  (4' -5'  long),  with  slender  few-flowered  branches;  glumes  nearly 
equal,  oblong,  acutish  (2£"  long),  about  equalling  the  pubescent  linear-oblong 
lower  palea,  which  bears  a  tortuous  or  geniculate  awn  6"  -  8"  long.  —  Pleasant 
Mountain,  near  Sebago  Lake,   Maine,   C.  J.  Sprague  ;   and  northwestward. 
(Flowers  rather  smaller  than  in  Richardson's  plant,  as  described  by  Trinius 
and  Ruprecht.) 

*#  Callus  or  base  of  the  Jlower  pungently  pointed :  at  maturity  villous-bearded :  lower 
palea  slender  and  minutely  bearded  at  the  tip :  glumes  taper-pointed. 

2.  S.  avenacea,  L.      (BLACK  OAT-GRASS.)      Culm    slender    (l°-2° 
high) ;  leaves  almost  bristle-form ;  panicle  open ;  palece  blackish,  nearly  as  long  a* 
the  almost  equal  glumes  (about  4"  long),  the  awn  bent  above,  twisted  below  (2'- 
3'  long).  —  Dry  or  sandy  woods,  S.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  (chiefly) 
southward.    July. 

3.  S.  spartea,  Trin.,  not  of  Hook.     (PORCUPINE  GRASS.)     Culm  rather 
stout  (l£°-3°  high) ;  panicle  contracted ;  palece  linear,  f'-l'  long  (including  the 
long  callus),  pubescent  below,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  slender  subulate-pointed 
greenish  glumes ;  the  twisted  strong  awn  3^'  -  7'  long,  pubescent  below,  rough 
above.     (S.  juncea,  Pursh?)  — Plains  and  prairies,  from  Illinois  and  N.  Michi« 
gan  northwestward. 


550  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

15.    ARIST1DA,    L.        TRIPLE-AWNED  GRASS. 

Glumes  unequal,  often  bristle-pointed.  Lower  palea  tipped  with  three  awns ; 
the  upper  palea  much  smaller.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Stipa.  —  Culms  branch- 
ing :  leaves  narrow,  often  involute.  Spikelets  in  simple  or  panicled  racemes 
or  spikes.  (Name  from  arista,  a  beard  or  awn.)  All  grow  in  sterile,  dry 
soil,  and  all  ours  have  the  awns  naked  and  persistent,  and  flower  towards  the 
end  of  summer. 

#  Awns  separate  to  the  base,  not  jointed  with  the  palea. 

••-  Awns  very  unequal ;  the  2  lateral  merely  short  erect  bristles,  scarcely  \  or  \  the 
length  of  the  horizontal  at  length  recurved  middle  one :  root  annual :  culms  tufted, 
much  branched  throughout,  low  (5'  - 18'  high)  :  racemes  short  and  spike-like. 

1.  A.  diclBotoma,  Michx.     (POVERTY  GRASS.)    Culms  erect  or  ascend- 
ing; spikelets  small,  mostly  crowded  and  panicled;  glumes  1-nerved,  £'-J  long, 
exceeding  the  flower,  which  bears  a  middle  awn  of  about  its  own  length.  —  Com- 
mon in  old  fields,  &c.,  especially  southward. 

2.  A»  raniosf  ssinm,  Engelm.  mss.     Culms  diffuse ;  spiked  raceme  sim- 
ple and  loosely  flowered;  glumes  |'-|'  long,  3 - 5-nerved,  about  equalling  the 
flower,  the  soon  recurved  middle  awn  1'  long.  —  Dry  prairies  of  Illinois  (Engel- 
mann),  and  Kentucky  (herb.  Michaux).  —  Glumes  short-awned;  the  lower  4-5- 
nerved ;  the  inner  and  longer  one  3-nerved,  2-cleft  at  the  tip.    Lateral  awns  of 
the  palea  only  l£"  -  2"  long.    Ligule  truncate,  bearded. 

•»-  •*-  Awns  unequal  but  similar;  the  2  lateral  about  half  the  length  of  the  horixontatty 
bent  middle  one:  root  annual:  culms  branched  onfy  towards  the  base,  naked  above, 
bearing  a  long  and  slender  spiked  raceme  or  virgate  panicle. 

3.  A.  tfrsicilis,  Ell.     Culms  slender,  erect  (6' -18'  high) ;  flower  as  long 
as  the  glumes  (2|-"  — 3"  long) ;  lateral  awns  as  long  as  the  palea,  the  middle  one 
£'-  J'  long.  —  Sand,  E.  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward. 

-*-•«-•«-  Awns  nearly  equal,  divergently  spreading :  root  perennial. 

++  Culms  simple  or  nearly  so  (l°-2°  high),  terminated  by  a  long  and  strict  virgate 

many-flowered  spiked  panicle  from  6'  to  18'  in  length. 

4.  A.  strictsi,  Michx.     Leaves  soon  involute-filiform,  rigid,  downy  or  gla- 
brous;  lower  palea  smooth,  3" -4"  long,  the  equally  spreading  awns  £'  long,  or 
the  lateral  rather  shorter.  —  Virginia  and  southward. 

5.  A.  purpur&scens,  Poir.      Leaves  glabrous,  less  rigid;   lower  palea 
rough  or  minutely  serrulate-hispid  on  the  keel  and  the  slender  lateral  nerves, 
4" -5"  long;  the  divaricate  middle  awn  1'  long,  the  lateral  a  little  shorter  and 
at  first  erect.     (A.  racemosa,  Muhl    A.  Geyeriana,  Steud.)-~- Massachusetts  to 
Michigan,  Illinois,  and  southward ;  common. 

•w-  ++  Culms  branching  below  (1°  - 1£°  high],  the  branches  nak&l above  and  racemosely 
or  paniculately  several-  (4 -12-)  flowered. 

6.  A.  Oligantha,  Michx.    Spikelets  large,  very  shcrt-pedicelled ;  glumes 
equalling  the  flower,  8"- 10"  long,  the  lower  3  -  5-nerved  and  2-cleft  at  the  tip, 
the  upper  1-nerved  and  more  awned  at  the  tip  ;  awns  of  the  palea  l£'-3'  long, 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS     FAMILY.)  551 

divaricate,  the  lateral  a  little  shorter  than  the  middle  one.  —  Virginia  to  Illinois, 
and  soutlnvestward.  —  Resembles  small  forms  of  the  next. 

#  *  Aims  united  below  into  one,  jointed  with  the  apex  ofthepalea:  root  annual. 

7.  A.  tuberculosa,  Nutt.  Culm  branched  below  (6' -18'  high),  tumid 
at  the  joints ;  panicles  rigid,  loose ;  the  branches  in  pairs,  one  of  them  short  and 
about  2-flowered,  the  other  elongated  and  several-flowered;  glumes  (!'  long,  in- 
cluding their  slender-awned  tips)  longer  than  the  palea;  which  is  tipped  with 
the  common  stalk  (about  its  own  length)  of  the  3  equal  divergently-bent  awns 
(l£'-2'  long)  twisting  together  at  the  base.  —  Sandy  soil,  E.  Massachusetts  to 
New  Jersey ;  also  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

16.    SPAR  TIN  A,    Schreber.        COED  or  MABSH  GBASS. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  without  a  rudiment,  very  much  flattened  laterally,  spiked 
in  2  ranks  on  the  outer  side  of  a  triangular  rhachis.  Glumes  strongly  com- 
pressed-keeled, acute,  or  bristle-pointed,  mostly  rough-bristly  on  the  keel ;  the 
upper  one  much  larger  and  exceeding  the  pointless  and  awnless  palese,  of  which 
the  upper  is  longest.  Squamulae  none.  Stamens  3.  Styles  long,  more  or  less 
united. — Perennials,  with  simple  and  rigid  reed-like  culms,  from  extensively 
creeping  scaly  rootstaicks,  racemed  spikes,  very  smooth  sheaths,  and  long  and 
tough  leaves  (whence  the  name,  from  ariraprivr),  a  cord,  such  as  was  made  from 
the  bark  of  the  Spartium,  or  Broom). 

#  Spikelets  compactly  imbricated,  rough-hispid  on  the  keels :  spikes  more  or  less  pedun- 
cled:  culm  and  leaves  rigid. 

1.  S.  cynosnroides,  Willd.     (FRESH-WATER  CORD-GRASS.)     Culm 
rather  slender  (2° -4°  high) ;  leaves  narrow  (2° -4°  long,  £'  or  less  wide  below), 
tapering  to  a  very  slender  point,  keeled,  flat,  but  quickly  involute  in  drying, 
smooth  except  the  margins ;  spikes  5-14,  scattered,  spreading ;  rhachis  rough  oa 
the  margins ;  glumes  awn-pointed,  especially  the  upper,  the  lower  equalling  the  lower 
palea,  whose  strong  rough-hispid  midrib  abruptly  terminates  below  the  membra- 
nous apex.     (Trachynotia  cynosuroides,  Michx.    Limnetis,  Pers.) — Banks  of 
rivera  and  lakes  through  the  interior,  chiefly  northward.    Aug.  —  Spikes  2' -3' 
long,  straw-color.    Glumes  strongly  serrulate-hispid  on  the  keel ;  the  awn  of  the 
upper  one  about  $  long.    Palese  somewhat  unequal.  —  Certainly  distinct  from 
the  next,  to  which,  in  strictness,  the  Linnsean  name  belongs. 

2.  S.  polystacliya,  Willd.,   Muhl.     (SALT  KEED-GRASS.)     Culm  tatt 
and  stout  (4°  -  9°  high,  often  1'  in  diameter  near  the  base) ;  leaves  broad  (%'  to  1'), 
roughish  underneath,  as  well  as  the  margins  ;  spikes  20-50,  forming  a  dense  oblong 
raceme  (purplish) ;  glumes  barely  mucronate,  the  lower  half  the  length  of  the  equal 
palece,  of  which  the  rough-hispid  midrib  of  the  lower  one  reaches  to  the  apex. 
(Trachynotia  polystachya,  Michx.    Dactylis  cynosuroides,  L. !  in  part,  excl. 
var.)  —  Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  within  tide-water,  especially  southward. 

3.  S.  juncea,  Willd.     (RUSH  SALT-GRASS.)     Culms  low  (l°-2°  high) 
and  slender ;  leaves  narrow  and  rush-like,  strongly  involute,  very  smooth  ;  spikes  1-5, 
on  very  short  peduncles ;  the  rhachis  smooth  ;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  scarcely  | 
the  length  of  the  upper,  not  half  the  length  of  the  lower  palea.     (Dactylis  pa- 


552  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

tens,  Ait.)  —  Salt  marshes,  and  sandy  sea-beaches,  common.    August.     (Also 
in  one  locality  in  S.  of  Eu.) 

#  #  Spikelets  loosely  implicated,  or  somewhat  remote  and  alternate,  the  keels  slightly 
hairy  or  roughish  under  a  lens :  spikes  sessile  and  erect,  soft  ;  leaves,  rhachis,  frc. 
very  smooth :  culm,  SfC.  rather  succulent. 

4.  S.  Stricta,  Both.  (SALT  MARSH-GRASS.)  Culm  l°-3°  high,  leafy 
to  the  top;  leaves  convolute,  narrow;  spikes  few  (2-4),  the  rhachis  slightly 
projecting  at  the  summit  beyond  the  crowded  or  imbricated  spikelets ;  glumes 
acute,  very  unequal,  the  larger  1 -nerved,  a  little  longer  than  the  palese.  —  Salt 
marshes,  Pennsylvania,  &c.  (Muhl.)  (Eu.) 

Var.  glabra,  Muhl.  (S.  glabra,  Muhl,  partly.)  dulm  and  leaves  mostly 
longer ;  spikes  5-12  (2'-3'  long),  the  spikelets  imbricate-crowded. —  Common 
on  the  coast. 

Var.  alterilifldra*  (S.  alterniflora,  Loisel.  Dactylis  cynosuroides,  var., 
L.)  Spikes  more  slender  (3' -5'  long),  and  the  spiketets  remotish,  barely  over- 
lapping, the  rhachis  continued  into  a  more  conspicuous  bract-like  appendage ; 
larger  glume  indistinctly  5-nerved  (not  so  evidently  as  in  the  Eu.  and  Trop. 
Amer.  plant) :  otherwise  as  in  the  preceding  form,  into  which  it  passes.  —  Com- 
mon with  the  last.  —  Odor  strong  and  rancid. 

.'   ^    ' 

17.    CTEN1ITM,    Panzer.        TOOTHACHE-GRASS. 

Spikelets  densely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat  arcuate-curved 
rhachis,  forming  a  solitary  terminal  spike.  Glumes  persistent ;  the  lower  one 
(interior)  much  smaller ;  the  other  concave  below,  bearing  a  stout  recurved  awn, 
like  a  horn,  on  the  middle  of  the  back.  Flowers  4-6,  all  but  one  neutral ;  the 
one  or  two  lower  consisting  of  empty  awned  paleae,  the  one  or  two  uppermost 
of  empty  awnless  palese :  the  perfect  flower  intermediate  in  position ;  its  paleae 
membranaceous,  the  lower  awned  or  mucronate  below  the  apex  and  densely 
ciliate  towards  the  base,  3-nerved.  Squamulas  2.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. (Name  Kreviov,  a  small  comb,  from  the  pectinate  appearance  of  the  spike.) 

1.  C.  American  II  in,  Spreng.  Culm  (3° -4°  high)  simple,  pubescent 
or  roughish ;  larger  glume  warty-glandular  outside  and  conspicuously  awned. 
H>  (Monocera  aromatica,  EIL]  — Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 
—  Taste  very  pungent. 

18.    BOUTEL.O1JA,    Lagasca  (1805).        MusKfT-GRASS. 

Spikelets  crowded  and  closely  sessile  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
rhachis,  comprising  one  perfect  flower  below  and  one  or  more  sterile  (mostly 
neutral)  or  rudimentary  flowers.  Glumes  concave-keeled,  the  lower  one  shorter. 
Perfect  flower  with  the  3-nerved  lower  palea  3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  the 
2-nerved  upper  palea  2-toothed,  the  teeth,  at  least  of  the  former,  pointed  or  subu- 
late-awned.  Stamens  3  :  anthers  orange-colored  or  red.  Rudimentary  flowers 
mostly  1  -3-awned.  Spikes  solitary,  r,acemed,  or  spiked ;  the  rhachis  somewhat 
extended  beyond  the  spikelets.  (Named  for  Claudius  Boutdou,  a  Spanish  writer 
upon  floriculture  and  agriculture.) 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  553 

$  1.  CHONDR6SIUM,  Desv.  —  Spikes  pectinate,  of  very  many  spikelets,  oblong 
or  linear,  very  dense,  solitary  and  terminal  or  few  in  a  raceme  :  sterile  flowers  1-3 
on  the  summit  of  a  short  pedicel,  neutral,  consisting  0/1-3  scales  and  awns. 

1.  B.  oligOStacliya,  Torr.     Glabrous,  perennial  (6' -12' high) ;  leaves 
very  narrow ;  spikes  1-5,  the  rhachis  glabrous ;  glumes  and  lower  fertile  palea 
sparingly  soft-hairy  ;  the  lobes  awl-pointed ;  sterile  flower  copiously  villous-tujled  at 
the  summit  of  the  naked  pedicel,  the   3  awns  equalling  the   larger  glume. 
(Atheropogon,  Nutt.)  —  W.  Wisconsin?   and  westward.  —  Glumes  obscurely 
if  at  all  papillose  along  the  keel.     Middle  lobe  of  the  lower  palea  2-cleft  at  the 
tip.     Sterile  flowers  often  2,  the  second  mostly  a  large  awnless  scale,  becoming 
hood-like  and  coriaceous.     (Near  B.  gracilis  :  perhaps  B.  juncifolia,  Laq.) 

2.  B.  Iiirsiita,  Lagasea.     Tufted  from  an  annual?  root  (8' -20'  high); 
leaves  flat,  lance-linear,  papillose-hairy  or  glabrous;   spikes  1-4;  lower  glume 
hispid  with  strong  bristles  from  dark  warty  glands ;  lower  palea  pubescent,  3-cleft 
into  awl-pointed  lobes  ;  sterile  flower  and  its  pedicel  glabrous,  the  3  awns  longer  than 
the  glumes  and  fertile  flower.     (Atheropogon  papillosus,  Engelm.     Chondrosium 
hirtum,  H.  B.  K.)  —  Sandy  plains,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  south  westward. 

$  2.  ATHEROPOGON,  Muhl.  —  Spikes  short,  numerous  in  a  long  and  virgate 
one-sided  spike  or  raceme,  spreading  or  reflexed,  each  of  few  (4-12)  spikelets: 
sterile  flowers  neutral,  rudimentary. 

3.  B.  curtipendula.     Culms  tufted  from  perennial  rootstalks  (l°-3° 
high);  sheaths  often  hairy ;  leaves  narrow;  spikes  ^'  or  less  in  length,  nearly 
sessile,  30  to  60  in  number  in  a  loose  general  spike  (8' -15' long) ;  flowers 
scabrous  ;  the  lower  palea  of  the  fertile  with  3  short  awl-pointed  teeth ;  sterile 
flower  reduced  to  a  single  small  awn,  or  mostly  to  3  awns  shorter  than  the  fertile 
flower,  and  1  or  2  small  or  minute  scales.     (B.  racemosa,  Lagasea.     Chloris 
curtipendula,  Michx.     Atheropogon  apludioidcs,  Muhl.     Eutriana  curtipendula, 
Trin.)  —  Calcareous  dry  hills  and  plains,  S.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  south- 
ward.   July -Sept.  —  Passes  by  transitions  into  '  .  •  *.. 

Var.  aristosa.  Spikes  mostly  shorter ;  sterile  flower  of  a  large  saccate 
lower  palea,  awned  at  the  2-cleft  tip  and  from  the  lateral  nerves,  the  stout  mid- 
dle awn  often  exserted,  and  sometimes  with  a  rudiment  of  an  inner  palea, 
(Eutriana  affinis,  .7.  D.  Hook.) — Illinois  (Geyer),  Perm. ?  and  southward. 

19.    GYUINOPOGON,    Beauv.        NAKED-BEARD  GRASS. 

Spikelets  of  one  perfect  flower,  and  the  rudiment  of  a  second  (consisting  of 
an  awn-like  pedicel  mostly  bearing  a  naked  bristle),  sessile  and  remotely  alter- 
nate on  long  and  filiform  rays  or  spikes,  which  form  a  crowded  naked  raceme. 
Glumes  lance-awl-shaped,  keeled,  almost  equal,  rather  longer  than  the  somewhat 
equal  membranaceous  palese ;  of  which  the  lower  is  cylindrical-involute,  with 
the  midrib  produced  from  just  below  the  2-cleft  apex  into  a  straight  and  slender 
bristle-like  awn  !  the  upper  with  the  abortive  rudiment  at  its  base.  Stamens  3. 
Stigmas  pencil-form,  purple.  —  Leaves  short  and  flat,  thickish,  l'-3'  long. 
(Name  composed  of  yv^vos,  naked,  and  Troo-yo)!/,  a  beard,  iilluding  to  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  abortive  flower  to  a  bare  awn.) 
47 


554  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

1.  O.  racem6suS,_Beauv.     Culms  clustered  from  a  short  rootsl  >ck  (1 
high),  wiry,  leafy ;    leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  spikes  flower-bearing  to  the  base 
(5' -8'  long),  soon  divergent;  awn  of  the  abortive  flower  shorter  than  its  stalk, 
equalling  the  pointed  glumes,  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  awn  of  the  fer- 
tile flower.     1|.   (Anthopogon  lepturoides,  Nutt.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  New 
Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  G.  brevifdlillS,  Triu.     Filiform  spikes  long-pedunded,  i.  e.  flower-bear- 
ing only  above  the  middle ;  lower  palea  ciliate  near  the  base,  short-awned ;  awn 
of  the,  abortive  flower  obsolete  or  minute  ;  glumes  acute,     ty  (Anthopogon  brevifo- 
lius  &  filiformis,  Nutt.)  —  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  and  southward. 

2O.    CYNODON,    Eichard.        BEBMUDA  GRASS.     SCUTCH-GRASS 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  a  mere  naked  short-pedicelled  rudiment  of  a  second 
flower,  imbricate-spiked  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis ;  the  spikes  usually 
digitate  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  flowering  culms.  Glumes  keeled,  pointless, 
rather  unequal.  Paleae  pointless  and  awnless ;  the  lower  larger,  boat-shaped. 
Stamens  3. — Low  diffusely-branched  and  extensively  creeping  perennials,  with 
short  flattish  leaves.  (Name  composed  of  KVO>J/,  a  dog,  and  oSovs,  a  tooth.) 

1.  C.  DACTYLON,  Pers.  Spikes  3-5;  paleae  smooth,  longer  than  the  blunt 
rudiment.  —  Penn.  and  southward;  troublesome  in  light  soil.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

21.    DACTYL.OCTIJNIUBI,    Willd.        EGYPTIAN  GRASS. 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  with  the  uppermost  flower  imperfect,  crowded  on 
one  side  of  a  flattened  rhachis,  forming  dense  pectinate  spikes,  2  -  5  in  number, 
digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Glumes  compressed  laterally  and  keeled, 
membranaceous,  the  upper  (exterior)  one  awn-pointed.  Lower  palea  strongly 
keeled  and  boat-shaped,  pointed.  Stamens  3.  Pericarp  a  thin  utricle,  contain- 
ing a  loose  globular  and  rough-wrinkled  seed.  —  Culms  diffuse,  often  creeping 
at  the  base.  (Name  compounded  of  bdicruXos,  finger,  and  Kreviov,  a  little  comb, 
alluding  to  the  digitate  and  pectinate  spikes.) 

1.  I>.  JEGYPTIACUM,  Willd.  Spikes  4- 5;  leaves  ciliate  at  the  base.  ® 
(Chloris  mucronata,  Michx.)  —  Cultivated  fields  and  yards,  Virginia,  Illinois, 
and  southward.  (Adv.  from  Afr.  ?) 

22.    EL.EUSINE,    Gaertn.     CRAB-GRASS.     YARD-GRASS. 

Spikelets  2  -  6-flowered,  with  a  terminal  naked  rudiment,  closely  imbricate- 
gpiked  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis ;  the  spikes  digitate.  Glumes  membrar 
naceous,  pointless,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Palea3  awnless  and  pointless  ;  the 
lower  ovate,  keeled,  larger  than  the  upper.  Stamens  3.  Pericarp  (utricle)  con- 
taining a  loose  oval  and  wrinkled  seed.  —  Low  annuals,  with  flat  leaves,  and 
flowers  much  as  in  Poa.  (Name  from  'EAevo-iV,  the  town  where  Ceres,  the  god- 
dess of  harvests,  was  worshipped.) 

1.  E.  fioncA,  Gsertn.  (DOG'S-TAIL  or  WIRE  GRASS.)  Culms  ascend- 
ing, flattened;  spikes  2-5  (2f  long,  greenish).  —  Yfffds,  &c.,  chiefly  southward, 
(Nat.  from  Ind.1?) 


GR AMINES.     (GRASS  FAMILY.)  555 

23.    I.EPTOCHL.OA,    Beauv.        (OXYDENIA,  Nutt.) 

Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered  (the  uppermost  flower  imperfect),  loosely  spiked 
on  one  side  of  a  long  filiform  rhachis  :  the  spikes  racemed.  Glumes  membra- 
naceous,  keeled,  often  awl-pointed,  the  upper  one  somewhat  larger.  Lower  pa- 
lea  3-nerved,  with  the  lateral  nerves  next  the  ciliate  or  hairy  margins  awnless,  or 
bristle-awned  at  the  entire  or  2-toothed  tip,  larger  than  the  upper.  Stamens  2  or 
3.  Seed  sometimes  loose  in  the  pericarp.  —  Leaves  flat.  (Name  composed  of 
Xeirros,  slender,  and  x^oa,  grass,  from  the  long  attenuated  spikes. ) 

§  1.  LEPTOCHLOA  PROPER. —  Lower  palea  awnless  or  simply  aimed. 

1.  It.  mucronata,  Kunth.     Sheaths  hairy;  spikes  numerous  (20-40, 
2' -4' in  length),  in  a  long  panicle-like  raceme;  spikelets  small;  glumes  more 
or  less  mucronate,  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  3-4  awnless  flowers.     © 
— Fields,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  southward.     August. 

$2.  DIPLACHNE,  Beauv.  —  Lower  palea  bristle-awned  from  the  2-toothed  apex ; 
the  marginal  nerves  often  excurrent  into  lateral  teeth  or  points. 

2.  It.  fascicillaris.     Smooth;  leaves  longer  than  the  geniculate-decum- 
bent  branching  culms  ;  the  upper  sheathing  the  base  of  the  crowded  panicle-like 
raceme,  which  is  composed  of  many  strict  spikes  (3'  -  5'  long) ;  spikelets  slightly 
pedicelled,  7-11-flowered,  much  longer  than   the  lanceolate  glumes;   palea 
hairy-margined  towards  the  base ;  the  lower  one  with  2  small  lateral  teeth  and  a 
short  awn  in  the  cleft  of  the  apex.    ; !     (Festuca  fascicularis,  Lam.    F.  polysta- 
chya,  Michx.      Diplachne  fascicularis,  Beauv.,    Torr. )  —  Brackish   meadows, 
from  Rhode  Island  southward  along  the  coast,  and  from  Illinois  southward  on 
the  Mississippi.     Aug.  —  Makes  a  direct  transition  to  the  next  genus. 

24.     TRICIJSPIS,    Beauv.        (URALEPIS  &  WiNDs6niA,  Nutt.) 

Spikelets  3-12-flowcrcd,  somewhat  terete;  the  terminal  flower  abortive. 
Glumes  unequal.  Rhachis  of  the  spikelet  bearded  below  each  flower.  Palea 
membranaceous  or  somewhat  chartaceous ;  the  lower  much  larger  than  the  2- 
toothed  upper  one,  convex,  2  —  3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  conspicuously 
hairy-bearded  or  villous  on  the  3  strpng  nerves,  of  which  the  lateral  are  mar- 
ginal or  nearly  so  and  usually  excurrent,  as  is  the  mid-nerve  especially,  into  a 
short  cusp  or  awn.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  dark  purple,  plumose.  Grain  ob- 
long, mostly  gibbous.  —  Leaves  taper-pointed :  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat. 
Panicle  simple  or  compound ;  the  spikelets  often  racemose,  purplish.  (Nama 
from  the  Latin  tricuspis,  three-pointed,  alluding  to  the  lower  palea.) 

§  I.   TRICUSPIS    PROPER.      (Windsoria,   Nutt.)  —  Glumes  shorter  than  the 
crowded  flowers :  lower  palea  ^-cuspidate  by  the  projection  of  the  nerves,  and  usu- 
ally with  2  intermediate  membranaceous  teeth ;  the  upper  palea  naked. 
1.  T.  seslerioldes,  Torr.     (TALL  RED-TOP.)     Culm  upright   (3° -5° 
high),  very  smooth,  as  are  the  flat  leaves  ;  panicle  large  and  compound,  the  rigid 
capillary  branches  spreading,  naked  below  :  spikelets  very  numerous,  5  -  7-flow- 
ered,  shining,  purple   (J'long);  the  flowers  hairy  toward  the  base.     1J.  (Poa 
flava,  L. !    P.  seslerioides,  Mich*.     P.  quinquelida,  Purali.     Windsoria  poso- 


556  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

formis,  Nutt.  Uralepis  cuprea,  Kunth.)  — Dry  or  sandy  fields,  S.  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward.  Aug. — A  showy  grass,  with  the  spreading  panicle 
sometimes  1°  wide.  Points  of  the  lower  palea  almost  equal,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  intermediate  teeth,  thus  appearing  5-toothed. 

12.  TRIPLASIS,  Beauv.  (Diplocea,  Raf.  Uralepis,  Nutt.)  —  Glumes  much 
shorter  than  the  somewhat  remote  flowers :  both  palece  strongly  fringe-bearded ;  the 
lower  2-cleft  at  the  summit,  its  mid-nerve  produced  into  an  awn  between  the  truncate 
or  awn-pointed  divisions. 

2.  T.  purpiirca.  (SAND-GRASS.)  Culms  many  in  a  tuft  from  the 
same  root,  ascending  (6' -12'  high),  with  numerous  bearded  joints ;  leaves  invo- 
lute-awl-shaped, mostly  short ;  panicles  very  simple,  bearing  few  2  -  5-flowered 
spikelets,  the  terminal  one  usually  exserted,  the  axillary  ones  included  in  the 
commonly  hairy  sheaths ;  awn  much  shorter  than  the  palea,  frequently  not  exceeding 
its  eroded-truncate  or  obtuse  lateral  lobes.  (5)  ?  (Aira  purpurea,  Walt.  Diplocea 
barbata,  Raf.  Uralepis  purpurea  and  U.  aristulata,  Nutt.) — In  sand,  Massa- 
chusetts to  Virginia  along  the  coast,  and  southward.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Plant  acid 
to  the  taste. 

T.  coENtTA  (Uralepis  cornuta,  EH.  and  Triplasis  Americana,  Beauv.  !)  may 
perhaps  extend  north  to  the  borders  of  Virginia. 

25.    DUPONTIA,    R.  Brown.        DUPONTIA. 

Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  rather  terete.  Glumes  membranaceous,  nearly  equal- 
ling the  remote  flowers.  A  cluster  of  villous  hairs  at  the  base  of  each  flower. 
Paleas  thin  and  membranaceous  or  scarious;  the  lower  one  convex,  scarcely 
keeled,  faintly  nerved,  entire,  mostly  acutish,  pointless.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Ovary  glabrous.  —  Perennial  and  chiefly  Arctic  grasses,  with  linear 
flat  leaves,  their  sheaths  closed  at  the  base,  the  spikelets  in  a  loose  panicle. 
(Named  for  M.  Dupont,  a  writer  on  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  of  Grasses.) 

(A  genus,  according  to  its  author,  most  allied  to  Deschampsia  (Aira),  from 
which  it  differs  in  its  entire  and  awnless  paleee,  —  an  alliance  strengthened  by 
the  following  remarkable  new  species  which  I  venture  to  place  in  it ;  —  leaving 
the  genus  among  the  Festucinese  on  account  of  the  technical  character,  as  it 
wants  the  awn,  and  because  it  may  include  Arctophila  of  Ruprecht,  which  vergeg 
very  close  on  Colpodium  and  Glyceria.  Fluminia,  Fries,  or  Scolochloa,  Link, 
(which  may  occur  within  our  northwestern  borders,)  is  intermediate  in  character 
between  Dupontia  and  Tricuspis,  but  might  perhaps  be  ranged  with  Arctophila 
in  spite  of  its  teeth,  of  which  there  are  traces  in  some  genuine  Glyceriae.) 

1.  I>.  Cooleyi.  Tall  (2°  or  more  high) ;  leaves  roughish,  sparsely  hairy 
above ;  panicle  ample,  compound ;  glumes  very  unequal,  the  upper  (3"  long) 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  their  midrib  and  the  pedicels  rough,  the  slen- 
der rhachis  conspicuously  and  unilaterally  bearded  for  its  whole  length.  —  Bor- 
ders of  a  swamp,  Washington,  Macomb  County,  Michigan.  —  Flowers  in  the 
spike  mostly  2  or  3  and  a  sterile  pedicel,  whitish,  the  palea  longer  and  of  a 
firmer  texture  than  those  of  Aira  csespitosa  and  A.  Bothnica,  perfectly  entire, 
acutish,  and  with  a  somewhat  keel-like  roughish  midrib  :  no  trace  of  an  awn. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  557 

26.    DIARRHENA,    Eaf.        DIARRHENA. 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  smooth  and  shining,  one  or  two  of  the  uppermost 
flowers  sterile.  Glumes  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers,  coriaceous ;  the 
lower  one  much  smaller.  Lower  palea  ovate,  convex  on  the  back,  rigidly  cori- 
aceous, its  3  nerves  terminating  in  a  strong  and  abrupt  cuspidate  or  awl-shaped 
tip.  Squamulae  ovate,  ciliate.  Stamens  2.  Grain  very  large,  obliquely  ovoid, 
obtusely  pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  paleae,  the  cartilaginous  shining  peri- 
carp not  adherent  to  the  seed.  —  A  nearly  smooth  perennial,  with  running  root- 
stocks,  producing  simple  culms  (2° -3°  high)  with  long  linear-lanceolate  flat 
leaves  towards  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  a  few  short-pedicelled  spikelets  (f 
long)  in  a  very  simple  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  8is,  two,  and  apprjv,  man, 
from  the  two  stamens.) 

1.  I>.  Americana,  Beauv.  (Eestuca  diandra,  Michx.)  —  Shaded  river- 
banks  and  woods,  Ohio  to  Illinois  and  southward.  August. 

27.    DACTYL.IS,  L.        COCK'S-FOOT  or  ORCHARD  GRASS. 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  crowded  in  one-sided  clusters,  forming  a  branching 
dense  panicle.  Glumes  and  lower  palea  herbaceous,  keeled,  awn-pointed,  rough- 
ciliate  on  the  keel ;  the  5  nerves  of  the  latter  converging  into  the  awn-like  point; 
the  upper  glume  commonly  smaller  and  thinner.  Stamens  3.  Grain  lance- 
oblong,  acute,  free.  —  Perennials:  leaves  keeled.  (Name  daKTv\is,  a  finger* » 
breadth,  apparently  in  allusion  to  the  size  of  the  clusters.) 

1.  I>.  GLOMERATA,  L.  Rough,  rather  glaucous  (3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly 
linear;  branches  of  the  panicle  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  3-4-flowered.  — 
Fields  and  yards,  especially  in  shade.  June.  —  Good  for  hay.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

28.    KCELERIA,    Fers.        KCBLERIA. 

Spikelets  3-7-flowered,  crowded  in  a  dense  and  narrow  spike-like  panicle. 
Glumes  and  lower  palea  membranaceous,  compressed-keeled,  obscurely  3-nerved, 
barely  acute,  or  the  latter  often  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed :  the  former  moder- 
ately unequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  —  Tufted 
Grasses  (allied  to  Dactylis  and  Poa),  with  simple  upright  culms ;  the  sheaths 
often  downy.  (Named  for  Prof.  Ktihler,  an  early  writer  on  Grasses.) 

1.  K.  cristata,  Pers.  Panicle  narrowly  spiked,  interrupted  or  lobed  at 
the  base ;  spikelets  2  -  4-flowered ;  lower  palea  acute  or  mucronate ;  leaves  flat, 
the  lower  sparingly  hairy  or  ciliate.  —  Var.  GRAciLis,  with  a  long  and  narrow 
spike,  the  flowers  usually  barely  acute.  (K.  nitida,  Nvtt.)  —  Dry  hills,  Penn.  to 
Illinois,  thence  northward  and  westward.  (Eu.) 

29.    E  A  T  6  N I A ,    Eaf.        (KEUotLEA,  Kunth,  not  of  BadeK.) 

Spikelets  usually  2-flowered,  and  with  an  abortive  rudiment  or  pedicel,  nu« 

merous  in  a  contracted  or  slender  panicle,  very  smooth.     Glumes  somewhat 

equal  in  length,  but  very  dissimilar,  a  little  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  the  lower 

narrowly  linear,  keeled,  1 -nerved;  the  upper  broadly  obovate,  folded  round  the 

47* 


558  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

flowers,  3-nerved  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  scarious-margined.  Lower  palea  ob- 
long, obtuse,  compressed-boat-shaped,  naked,  chartaceous ;  the  upper  very  thin 
and  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Grain  linear-oblong,  not  grooved.  —  Perennial,  slen- 
der grasses,  with  simple  and  tufted  culms,  and  often  sparsely  downy  sheaths, 
flat  lower  leaves,  and  small  greenish  (or  rarely  purplish-tinged)  spikelets. 
(Named  for  Amos  Eaton,  author  of  a  popular  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the 
United  States,  which  was  for  a  long  time  the  only  general  work  commonly 
available  for  students  in  this  country,  and  of  several  other  popular  treatises.) 

1.  E.  Ol>tUS:Vta.     Panicle  dense  and  contracted,  somewhat  interrupted,  the 
spikelets  much  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches ;  upper  glume  rounded-obovate, 
truncate-obtuse,  rough  on  the  back;  the  flowers  lance-oblong.     (Aira  obtusata, 
Michx.     A.  truncata,  Muhl.    Kceleria  truncata,  Torr.    K.  paniculata,  Nutt.    Re- 
boulea  gracilis,  Kunth,   in  part.     R.  obtusata,  ed.  1.     Eatonia  purpurascens, 
Raf.  ?)  — Dry  soil,  N.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.    June,  July. 

2.  E.  Peiiiisylvaiiica.     Panicle,  long  and  slender,  loose,  the  racemose 
branches  somewhat  elongated ;  upper  glume  obtuse  or  bluntly  somewhat  pointed ; 
the  2  (rarely  3)  flowers  lanceolate.    (Koeleria  Pennsylvanica,  DC.    Aira  mollis, 
Muhl.    Reboulea  Pennsylvanica,  ed.  1.)  —  Varies,  with  a  fuller  panicle,  6' -8' 
long,  with  the  aspect  of  Cinna  (var.  MAJOK,  Torr.) ;  and,  rarely,  with  the  lower 
palea  minutely  mucronate-pointed !  —  Moist  woods  and  meadows ;  common. 

3O.    ME  L<  1C  A,    L.        MELIC-GRASS. 

Spikelets  2  -  5-flowered ;  the  1-3  upper  flowers  imperfect  and  dissimilar,  con- 
volute around  each  other,  and  enwrapped  by  the  upper  fertile  flower.  Glumes 
usually  large,  scarious-margined,  convex,  obtuse ;  the  upper  7  -  9-nerved.  Palese 
papery-membranaceous,  dry  and  sometimes  indurating  with  age;  the  lower 
rounded  or  flattish  on  the  back,  7  -  many-nerved,  scarious  at  the  entire  blunt 
summit.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branched-plumose.  —  Leaves  flat  and  soft.  Pani- 
cle simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  the  rather  large  spikelets  racemose-one-sided. 
(An  old  name,  from  /neXi,  honey.) 

1.  M.  miitica,  Walt.  Panicle  simple  or  branched ;  glumes  unequal,  the 
larger  almost  equalling  the  spikelet ;  fertile  flowers  2 ;  lower  palea  naked,  gla- 
brous but  minutely  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  ty  (M.  glabra,  Michx.  M.  speciosa, 
Muhl.) — Var.  GiABRA  (M.  glabra,  Pursh.)  has  the  panicle  often  few-flowered 
and  rather  simple,  the  lower  palea  very  blunt.  —  Var.  DiFFtiSA  (M.  diffusa, 
Pursh)  is  taller,  2^° -4°  high,  with  a  more  compound  and  many-flowered  pani- 
cle; the  lower  palea  commonly  more  scabrous  and  its  tip  narrower.  —  Rich 
soil,  W.  Penn.  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June. 

31.    GLYCERIA,    R.  Brown,  Trin.        MANNA-GRASS. 

Spikelets  terete  or  flattish,  several  -  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  mostly  early 
deciduous  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  rhachis  into  joints,  leaving  the  short  and 
unequal  1  -  3-nerved  membranaceous  glumes  behind.  Palese  naked,  of  a  rather 
firm  texture,  nearly  equal ;  the  lower  rounded  on  the  back,  scarious  (and  some- 
times obscurely  toothed)  at  the  blunt  or  rarely  acute  summit,  glabrous,  5-7- 


GRAMINEJS.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  559 

nerved,  the  nerves  parallel  and  separate.  Stamens  3  or  2.  Stigmas  plumose, 
mostly  compound.  Ovary  smooth.  Grain  oblong,  free.  —  Perennial,  smooth 
marsh-grasses,  mostly  with  creeping  bases  or  rootstocks ;  the  spikelets  in  a  race- 
mose panicle.  (Name  from  y\vKepos,  sweet,  in  allusion  to  the  taste  of  the  grain.) 

$1.  GLYCERIA  PROPER.  —  Lower  palea  conspicuously  nerved:  styles  present: 
plumes  of  the  stigma  branched  or  toothed:  grain  grooved  on  the  inner  side :  leaves 
flat,  the  sheaths  nearly  entire. 

#  Spikelets  in  a  crowded  panicle,  ovate,  turgid,  more  or  less  compressed;  the  flowers 
crowded:  lower  palea  ovate,  entire,  not  very  strongly  nerved,  of  a  firm  texture,  in 
No.  1  becoming  ventricose  after  flowering  (almost  as  in  Briza) :  upper  palea  very 
obtuse  and  entire :  stamens  2. 

1.  G.   CanadensiS,    Trin.     (RATTLESNAKE-GRASS.)     Panicle   oblong 
pyramidal,  at  length  spreading,  and  the  tumid  6  -  8-flowered  spikelets  drooping  ; 
lower  palea  acutish,  longer  than  the  rounded  upper  one ;  leaves  long,  roughish. 
(Briza  Canadensis,  Michx.     Poa  Canadensis,  Beauv.) — Boggy  places,  New 
England  to  Penn.,  Wisconsin,  and  common  northward.    July.  —  A  handsome. 
Stout  grass,  2°  -  3°  high.     Spikelets  2"  long,  becoming  very  broad:  glumes  purplish. 

2.  O.  ol>tlisa,  Trin.      Panicle  narrowly  oblong,  dense;  the  6-7-flowered 
spikelets  erect,  short-pedicelled ;  lower  palea  obtuse,  the  upper  as  long  when  old. 
(Poa  obtusa,  Muhl.) — Bogs,  E.  New  England  to  Penn.,  near  the  coast;  rare. 

,Aug.  —  Culm  stout,  l°-2°  high,  very  leafy:  leaves  long,  smooth.     Spikelets 
3"  long,  pale. 

3.  O.  Cloilgata,  Trin.     Panicle  narrowly  racemose,  elongated  (1°  long), 
recurving;  the  branches  appressed,  bearing  the  3-4-flowered  erect  short-pedi- 
celled spikelets  nearly  to  the  base ;  lower  palea  obtuse,  rather  longer  than  the 
upper;  leaves  very  long  (1°  or  more),  rough.     (Poa  elongata,  Torr.) — Wet 
woods,  New  England  to  Michigan,  and  northward.    July.  —  Spikelets  pale,  1"  - 
1£"  long. 

*  *  Spikelets  oblong,  diffusely  panicled,  nearly  terete :  lower  palea  oblong  or  oval,  trun- 

cate-obtuse, prominently  1 -nerved;  the  upper  one  2-toothed:  stamens  3. 

4.  O,  nervata,  Trin.     Branches  of  the  broad  and  open  panicle  capillary, 
at  length  drooping,  the  very  numerous  small  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  3  -  7-flowered ; 
leaves  rather  long.     (Poa  nervata,  Willd.     P.  striata,  MicJix.    P.  parviflora, 
Pursh.) — Moist  meadows;  very  common.     June.  —  Culm  erect,  l°-3°  high. 
Spikelets  seldom  2"  long,  commonly  purplish. 

5.  O«  pallida*  Trin.     Branches  of  the  rather  simple  panicle  capillary,  erect- 
spreading,  rough  ;  the  spikelets  usually  few,  somewhat  appressed,  oblong-linear,  5  —  9- 
flowered  (pale,  4'  long) ;  lower  palea  oblong,  minutely  5-toothed,  the  upper  lanceo- 
late, conspicuously  2-toothed;  leaves  short,  sharp-pointed,  pale.     (Windsoria 
pallida  &  Poa  dentata,  Torr.)  —  Shallow  water ;  common,  especially  northward. 
July.  —  Culms  slender,  l°-3°  long,  ascending  from  a  creeping  rase. 

6.  O.  aquatica,    Smith.       (REED    MEADOW-GRASS.)       Panicle    much 
branched,  ample  (8'  - 157  long) ;  the  numerous  branches  ascending,  spreading  with  age; 
tpikelets  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  5-9-flowered  (usually  purplish,  2" -3"  long); 


560  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS   FAMILY.) 

lower  palea  entire;  leaves  large  (l°-2°  long,  J'  to  \*  wide).  —  Wet  meadows 
&c. ;  common  northward.    July.  —  Culm  stout,  upright,  3°  -  5°  high.     (Eu.) 

#  *  *  Spikelets  linear  (£'-!'  long),  terete,  pale,  oppressed  on  the  branches  of  the 
long  and  narrow  racemose  panicle :  palece,  minutely  roughish  ;  the  upper  ^-toothed : 
stamens  3:  squamuke  unilateral  or  united:  ligule  long:  culm  flattened,  ascending 
from  a  rooting  base.  (Glyceria,  R.  Brown.) 

7.  G.  flUitans,  K.  Brown.     Spikelets  7-13-flowered;  lower  palea  oblong, 
obtuse,  or  the  scarious  tip  acutish,  entire  or  obscurely  3-lobed,  usually  rather 
longer  than  the  blunt  upper  one.     (G.  plicata,  Fries.)  —  Shallow  water;  com- 
mon, especially  northward.    June  -  Aug.  —  Culm  thickish,  1°  -  5°  long.    Leaves 
short  and  rather  broad,  very  smooth.     Panicle  1°  long :  the  simple  branches 
appressed,  finally  spreading  below.     (Eu.) 

8.  G.  acutiflora,  Torr.      Spikelets  5-12-flowered,  few  and  scattered; 
lower  palea  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  long  tapering  point  of  the  upper 
one.  —  Wet  places,  Penn.  to  New  England;  rather  rare.    June.  —  Resembles 
the  last;  but  the  erect  leaves  smaller,  the  separate  flowers  twice  the  length  (J' 
long)  and  less  nerved. 

$  2.  HELE6CHLOA,  Fries.  (Sclerochloa,  ed.  1.)  — Lower  palea  inconspicuously 
or  obsoletely  5-nerved :  stigmas  nearly  sessile  and  simply  plumose :  grain  hardly 
grooved :  saline  species :  panicle  contracted  with  age. 

9.  G.  Iliaritima,  Wahl.     (SEA  SPEAR-GRASS.)     Sterile  shoots  procum- 
bent runner-like;  flowering  culms  erect  (l°-lj°  high);  branches  of  the  panicle 
solitary  or  in  pairs ;  spikelets  oblong  or  linear,  4  -  8-flowered ;  lower  palea  round- 
ed at  the  summit,  slightly  pubescent  towards  the  base  ;  leaves  somewhat  invo- 
lute; ligule  elongated.     (Poa  maritima,  Huds.)  —  Sea-coast;  not  rare.     (Eu.) 

10.  G.  distailS,  Wahl.     Culms  geniculate  at  the  base,  ascending,  des- 
titute of  running  shoots ;  branches  of  the  panicle  3-5  in  a  half  whorl,  spreading ; 
spikelets  3  -  6-flowered ;  lower  palea  truncate-obtuse ;  leaves  mostly  flat ;  ligule 
short.     (P.  fasciculata,  Torr.    P.  distans,  L.    P.  arenaria,  Retz.)  —  Salt  marsh- 
es along  the  coast.  — Probably  only  a  form  of  the  last.     (Eu.) 

32.    BRIZOPYRTJM,    Link.        SPIKE-GRASS. 

Spikelets  and  numerous  flowers  compressed,  crowded  in  a  densely  spiked  or 
capitate  panicle.  Glumes  herbaceous  or  membranaceous ;  the  lower  faintly 
many-nerved.  Lower  palea  rather  coriaceous,  flattened-boat-shaped,  indistinctly 
many-nerved,  acute.  Ovary  stalked.  —  Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  pretty  large. 
Leaves  crowded  on  the  culms,  involute,  commonly  rigid.  (Name  compounded 
of  Briza  (No.  35),  and  irvpos,  wheat.) 

1.  B.  spicatnin,  Hook.  Culms  tufted,  from  creeping  rootstocks  (9;- 
18' high);  spike  oblong,  flattened  (!'  long);  spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  5-10- 
flowered;  flowers  smooth  and  naked ;  grain  pointed.  (Uniola  spicata,  L.  Poa 
Michauxii,  Kunth.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  shores.  Aug.  —  Pistillate  flowers  more 
rigid  and  almost  keeled,  with  very  long  plumose  stigmas;  the  sterile  sir  allot 
and  somewhat  rounded  on  the  back. 


GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  561 

33.    POA,    L.        MEADOW-GRASS.    SPEAR-GRASS. 

Spikelets  ovate,  or  lance-ovate,  compressed,  several-  (2  - 10-)  flowered,  in  an 
open  panicle.  Glumes  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  the  lower  smaller.  Low- 
er palea  membranaceo-herbaceous,  with  a  delicate  scarious  margin,  compressed- 
keeled,  pointless,  5-nerved  (the  intermediate  nerves  more  obscure  or  obsolete), 
the  principal  nerves  commonly  clothed  at  and  towards  the  base  with  soft  hairs 
or  long  and  crisped  cobweb-like  wool ;  upper  palea  membranaceous,  2-toothed. 
Stamens  2  or  3.  Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free.  —  Culms  tufted. 
Leaves  smooth,  usually  flat  and  soft.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Grass.) 
*  Root  annual :  branches  of  the  short  panicle  single  or  in  pairs. 

1.  P.  cinillia,  L.     (Low  SPEAR-GRASS.)     Culms  spreading  or  decum- 
bent (3' -8'  long),  flattened;  panicle  often  1-sided;  spikelets  crowded,  very 
short-pedicelled,  3  -  7-flowered ;  lower  palea  delicately  more  or  less  hairy  on  the 
nerves  below.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds,  everywhere :  but  doubtful  if  real- 
ly indigenous  here.    April -Oct.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Root  perennial :  culms  tufted,  often  stoloniferous  at  the  base. 

•«-  Branches  of  the  simple  panicle  mostly  solitary  or  in  pairs,  short  but  slender,  smooth, 

bearing  single  or  few  purplish  spikelets.     (Alpine.) 

2.  P.  l:tx:i,  Hsenke.     Culms  upright  (4' -9' high) ;  panicle  nodding,  often 
racemose-contracted  ;   spikelets  ovate,  3  -  5-flowered  ;    lower  palea  obscurely 
nerved,  villous  on  the  midrib  and  marginal  nerves  below ;   leaves   narrow  ; 
ligules  elongated.  —  Alpine  mountain-tops  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  N. 
New  York,  and  high  northward.     (The  nearly  related  P.  alpina  is  found  in 
Canada,  and  may  occur  within  our  borders.)     (Eu.) 

•«-  •«-  Branches  of  the  very  loose  panicle  long  and  capillary,  mostly  in  pairs  or  in 
threes,  naked  below  (more  or  less  scabrous)  :  spikelets  few  or  widely  scattered,  pretty 
large  (3"" -4"  long,  pale-green,  sometimes  purple-tinged),  loosely  3  -  5-flowered : 
culm  flatfish  (l°-2°  high),  plant  soft,  and  smooth,  Jlowering  in  spring. 

•M-  Flowers  (oblong)  obtuse,  as  also  the  larger  glume :  panicle  diffuse :  lower  palea 
rather  conspicuously  scarious  at  the  apex,  villous  below  the  middle  on  the  keel  and 
marginal  nerves. 

3.  P.  brevifolia,  Muhl.     Culm  stoloniferous  from  the  base,  2-3-leaved, 
the  upper  leaves  very  short   (£'-2'  ,long),  lanceolate,  all  abruptly  cuspidate-tipped; 
branches  of  the  short  panicle  mostly  in  pairs ;  lower  palea  rather  obscurely  nerved, 
cobwebby  at  the  base.     (P.  pungens,  Nuit.,  excl.  syn.  EU.    P.  cuspidata,  Barton. 
The  older  and  also  more  appropriate  name  is  here  restored.)  — Rocky  or  hilly 
woodlands,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  sparingly  westward.     April,  May.  — 
Culm  scarcely  surpassing  the  long  root-leaves. 

4.  P,  flextiosa,  Muhl.      Culm  slender   (not  stoloniferous  ?) ;   its  leave» 
all  linear  (2' -5'  long)  and  gradually  taper-pointed  ;  panicle  very  effuse  (its  branches 
2'  -  4'  long  to  the  spikelets  or  first  ramification) ;  lower  palea  prominently  nerved, 
no  web  at  the  base.     (P.  autumnalis,  Muhl.  in  Ell.    P.  campy le,  Schult.)  — Dry 
woods,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.      Feb. -May.  —  Wrongly  con- 
founded with  the  last,  though  near  it.     P.  autumnalis  is  an  inappropriate  name, 
and  there  is  now  no  obstacle  to  restoring  the  earlier  published  and  unobjection- 
able (but  not  descriptive)  name  of  P.  flexuosa. 


562  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

•*-<•  +•»•  Flowers  (oblong-lanceolate)  and  both  glumes  acute :  panicle  narrow. 

5.  P.  alsodes.     Leaves   rather  narrowly   linear,   acute,   the  uppermost 
(2^'  -  4'  long)  often  sheathing  the  base  of  the  panicle,  the  capillary  branches  of 
which  are  appressed  when  young,  and  mostly  in  threes  or  fours ;  spikelets  3- 
flowered  (pale  green,  soft) ;  lower  palea  very  obscurely  nerved,  villous  on  the 
keel  below,  and  with  a  narrow  cobwebby  tuft  at  its  base,  otherwise  glabrous. 
(P.  nemoralis,  Torr.  fr  ed.  1  :  but  wholly  different  from  the  European  species  of 
that  name.)  —  Woods,  on  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Wisconsin.    May,  June. 
•*--!--(-  Branches  of  the  rather  narrow  but  loose  long-peduncled  panicle  in  threes  or 

Jives,  or  rarely  in  pairs,  short  or  shortish,  above  bearing  scattered  and  rather  few 
spikelets;  these  barely  2"  long,  pale  green,  rather  loosely  2  -  ^-flowered :  flowers 
(oblong)  and  glumes  obtuse  ;  lower  palea  scarcely  scarious-tipped :  plant  very  smooth, 
slender  (l£°-3°  high) :  culm-leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  l£'-3'  long,  soft. 

6.  P.  clebilis,  Torr.     Culm  terete,  weak ;  branches  of  the  small  panicle 
Blender  (the  lower  l£'-2'  long  to  the  few  spikelets),  in  pairs  and  threes ;  flowers 
very  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  except  a  sparing  web  at  then*  base.  —  Rocky 
woodlands,  Rhode  Island  and  N.  New  York  to  Wisconsin.     May. 

7.  P.  sylvestris.     Culm  flatfish,  erect;  branches  of  the  oblong-pyramidal 
panicle  short,  in  fives  or  more ;  lower  palea  villous  on  the  keel  for  its  whole  kngth, 
and  on  the  margins  below  the  middle,  sparingly  webbed  at  the  base.  —  Rocky  woods 
and  meadows,  Ohio  to  Wisconsin,  Kentucky,  and  southward.     June. 

«_  *-  +-  -K-  Branches  of  the  narrow  or  oblong  panicle  mostly  short,  in  fives  or  some- 
times in  twos  and  threes,  rough,  mostly  compound  and  bearing  very  numerous  closely- 
flowered  spikelets :  flowers  acute  or  acutish,  more  or  less  webbed  at  the  base. 

«-«•  Panicle  open,  its  branches  in  fives :  the  3  -  b-flowered  spikelets  all  distinctly  pedicelled, 
acute,  slightly  flattened ;  lower  palea  villous  or  pubescent  on  the  keel  and  marginal 
nerves,  the  intermediate  nerves  obsolete:  culms  erect  (2° -3°  high),  terete, growing 
in  tufts,  not  at  all  stoloniferous  at  the  base. 

8.  P.  scrotiiia,  Ehrhart.     (FALSE  RED-TOP.    FOWL  MEADOW-GEASS.) 
Leaves  narrowly  linear ;  ligules  elongated;  spikelets  2-4-  (rarely  5-)  flowered  (!"- 
2"  long) ;  flowers  acutish,  green,  often  tinged  with  dull  purple.     (P.  nemoralis, 
Pursh.     P.  crocata,  Michx.  belongs  to  this  or  the  next.)  —  Wet  meadows  and 
low  banks  of  streams ;  common  everywhere  northward.     July,  Aug.  —  A  good 
grass  for  moist  meadows.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  no  ill  oral  is,  L.     Leaves  linear;  ligules  obsolete  or  very  short;  spike- 
lets  4  -  ^-flowered,  rather  larger,  and  the  flowers  and  glumes  mare  sharply  acute  and 
narrower ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  which  is  too  nearly  related  to 
it.  —  Wisconsin  (Lapham),  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

•»-<•  -n-  Panicle  with  the  flattened  spikelets  crowded  on  the  branches,  mostly  short-pedi- 
celled,  sometimes  almost  sessile:  culms  stoloniferous  at  the  base,  except  in  No.  10. 

10.  P.  TRIVIALIS,  L.     (Rouen  MEADOW-GRASS.)     Culms  (l°-3°  high) 
and  sheaths  usually  rather  rough ;  branches  of  the  pyramidal  diffuse  panicle  mostly 
in  fives  ;  spikelets  3  -  5-flowered ;  flowers  acute,  prominently  5-nerved,  a  little  hairy 
on  the  keel,  otherwise  glabrous;   ligule  acute,  oblong.  —  Moist  meadows;  less 
common  and  less  valuable  than  the  next.    July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  563 

11.  P.  prateilSiS,  L.     (GKEEN  or  COMMON  MEADOW-GRASS.)     Culms 
(l°-3°  high,  from  a_creeping  base)  and  sheaths  smooth;  branches  of  the  py- 
ramidal panicle  commonly  in  fives,  spreading ;  spikelets  3  -  5-flowered ;  flowers 
5-nerval,  lance-ovate,  acute,  hairy  on  the  marginal  nerves  and  keel ;  ligule  blunt, 
short.  —  Common  in  dry  soil :  imported  for  pastures  and  meadows.    Indigenous 
at  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  and  northward.    May  -July.    (Eu.) 

12.  P.  comprcssa,   L.     (BLUE-GRASS.    WIRE-GRASS.)     Culms  much 
flattened,  obliquely  ascending  (9' -18'  high)  from  a  creeping  base,  the  uppermost 
joint  near  the  middle ;  leaves  short,  bluish-green ;  panicle  dense  and  contracted 
(expanding  just  at  flowering),  partly  one-sided;  the  short  branches  often  in 
pairs,  covered  to  near  the  base  with  the  4  -  9-flowered  flat  spikelets ;  flowers 
linear-elliptical,  rather  obtuse,  hairy  below  on  the  lateral  nerves  and  keel ;  ligule 
short  and  blunt.  —  Dry  fields  and  banks,  probably  introduced  with  other  and 
more  valuable  grasses ;  rarely  in  woods :   apparently  truly  indigenous  north 
ward.     (Eu.) 

34.    ERAGROSTIS,    Beauv.        ERAGROSTIS. 

Spikeiets  2  -  70-flowered,  nearly  as  in  Poa,  except  that  the  lower  palea  is  but 
3-  (rarely  1-)  nerved,  not  webby-haired  at  the  base,  and  deciduous ;  the  upper 
persistent  on  the  entire  rhachis  after  the  rest  of  the  flower  has  fallen.  —  Culms 
often  branching.  Leaves  linear,  frequently  involute,  and  the  ligule  or  throat  of 
the  sheath  bearded  with  long  villous  hairs.  Panicle  various.  (An  early  name, 
probably  from  epa,  earth,  and  Agrostis,  in  allusion  to  the  procumbent  habit  of 
the  original  species.) 

#  Prostrate  and  creeping,  much-branched :  root  annual :  spikelets  flat,   imperfectly 

dioecious,  clustered,  almost  sessile,  in  the  more  fertile  plant  almost  capitate. 

1.  E.  rep  tans,  Nees.     Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  10-  30-flowered,  almost 
sessile ;  flowers  lance-ovate,  acute ;  leaves  short,  almost  awl-shaped,  smoothish. 
(Poa  reptans,  Michx.)  —  Gravelly  river-borders;  common.    August. — Flower- 
branches  2'  -  5'  high. 

#  *  Diffusely  spreading,  or  thefloivering  culms  ascending,  low  (6'  -15'  high) :  spike- 
lets  large  (i'-f  long),  densely-flowered,  flat,  forming  a  narrow  crowded  panicle. 

2.  E.  po^EOlDES,  Beauv.     Lower  sheaths  often  hairy ;  leaves  flat,  smooth ; 
spikelets  short-pedicelled,  lance-linear  or  oblong-linear,  8  -  20-flowered,  lead- 
colored  (2" -5"  long);  flowers  ovate/obtuse,  the  lateral  nerves  evident.     (Poa 
Eragrostis,  L.)  —  Sandy  waste  places,  eastward ;  scarce.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  MEGASTACHYA.    Sheaths  mostly  glabrous ;  spikelets  larger  (i'-f  lo*. 
becoming  linear,  whitish  when  old,  10-50-flowered.     (E.  megastachya,  Lut*. 
Brixa  Eragrostis,  L.}  —  Similar  situations,  and  more  common.     Aug.  —  Env* 
a  sharp,  unpleasant  odor.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

#  *  *  Erect,  or  in  No.  3-5  diffusely  spreading  and  ascending :  panicle  ope*, 
branches  capillary ;  the  spikelets  proportionally  small,  sometimes  minute.     (Numfo 
of  flowers  in  the  spikelet  very  variable,  according  to  age,  $*c.) 

•t-  Culms  slender,  branching  and  decumbent  or  spreading  at  the  base,  from  an  annt*. 
root :  leaves  narrow,  flat,  soft :  branches  of  the  narrow  panicle  rather  short  an* 
thickly-flowered,  not  bearded  in  the  axils,  except  sometimes  tJie  lowtst  sparingly* 


564  GRAMINE^E.       (GKASS    FAMILY.) 

3.  E.  PIL6SA,  Beauv.    Panicle  elongated-oblong,  with  rather  ere  it  branches 
(except  at  flowering-time) ;  spikelets  5  -12-flowered  (2" -4"  long,  purplish-lead- 
color),  becoming  linear,  about  equalling  their  pedicels ;  glumes  (small)  and  louer 
palea  obtuse,  the  latter  broadly  ovate,  l-nerved  (lateral  nerves  obsolete).    (P.  pilo- 
sa,  L.     P.  Linkii,  Kunth.)  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  S.  New  England 
to  Illinois,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Plant  6r- 12' high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  E.  Frankii,  Meyer.     Much  branched,  diffuse   (3' -8'  high);  panicle 
ovate-oblong,  rather  dense,  spreading;  spikdets  2-5-flowered  (\"-\\"  long)  on 
slender  pedicels;  glumes  very  acute;  lower  palea  ovate,  acute,  rather  obscurely  3- 
nerved.     (E.  erythrogona,  Nees,  from  the  joints  of  the  culm  being  mostly  red- 
dish.)—  Low  or  sandy  ground,  Ohio  to  Illinois  (opposite  St.  Louis,  Drummond, 
Engelmann),  and  southwestward.     Aug.  -V&-r-': 

5.  E.  Purstlii,   (Borah.?)   Schrad.     Sparingly  branched  at  the  decum- 
bent base,  then  erect  (£°- 2°  high);  panicle  elongated,  the  branches  widely- 
spreading,   very  loose;   spikelets    5-18-floivered,   oblong-lanceolate,   becoming 
linear  (2" -4^"  long),  mostly  much  shorter  than  their  capillary  pedicels ;  glumes  and 
lower  palea  ovate  and  acute,  or  the  latter  acutish,  3-nerved.     (Poa  tenella?  Pursh. 
P.  Caroliniana,  Spreng.     P.  pectinacca  of  authors,  not  of  Michx.) —  Sandy  or 
sterile  open  grounds,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 

•»-  •»-  Culms  simple  or  branching  only  at  the  very  base,  Jinn,  erect,  from  an  annual  or 
perennial  root,  mostly  forming  thick  tufts:  leaves  very  long ;  panicle  very  large,  com- 
pound, often  longer  than  the  culm,  with  elongated  and  loosely  Jlowercd  branches  ;  their 
ixtts  often  bearded. 

6.  E.  tennis.     Panicle  virgately  elongated  (1°-2|°  long),  very  loose,  the 
spreading  branches  bearded  in  some  of  the  lower  axils,  their  remote  divisions 
and  long  diverging  pedicels  capillary;  spikelets  2-6-  (sometimes  7 -12-)  flow- 
ered, pale  or  greenish  ;  glumes  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  very  acute  (l^"-2"  long), 
membranaceous,  as  are  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  Jlowers ;  lower  palea  distinctly  3- 
nerved;  the  upper  ciliate-scabrous.     1J.1?  (Poa  tenuis,  Ell.     P.  capillaris,  Michx. 
P.  trichodes,  Nutt.     E.  Geyeri,  Steud.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Illinois,   Virginia?  and 
south  ward.     Aug. -Oct. — Leaves  rather  rigid,  l£°-2°  long,  glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly hairy :  the  sheaths  hairy  or  glabrous ;  the  throat  strongly  bearded.     Flow 
ers  much  larger  than  in  the  next,  fully  l£"  long. 

7.  E.  capillaris,  Nees.     Panicle  widely  expanding,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  culm,  its  spreading  branches  (mostly  naked  in  the  axils)  and  long 
diverging  pedicels   capillary;   spikelets  rather  terete,   veiy  small,  2 - 4-flowered, 
greenish  or  purplish ;  glumes  and  jlowers  ovate,  acute  (less  than  1"  long) ;  lower 
palea  obscurely  3-nerved,  scarcely  keeled,  the  upper  rough-ciliate.     (i)  (Poa  capil- 
laris, L.     P.  hirsuta,  Micluc. )  —  Sandy  dry  soil  and  fields ;  common,  especially 
southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Leaves  and  sheaths  either  very  hairy  or  nearly  gla- 
brous, the  former  about  1°  long,  not  rigid.     Panicle  l°-2°  long,  becoming  very 
wide  and  diffuse. 

8.  E.   pectin  acea.      Panicle  widely  diffuse,  its   rigid   divergent  main 
branches  bearded  in  the  axils ;  the  capillary  pedicels  more  or  le&i  oppressed  on  the 
secondary  branches;  spikdets  fiat,  5  - 1 5-flowered,  becoming  linear,  purple  or 
purplish-tinged  ;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acutish;  lower  palea 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  565 

stronfjli/  3-ncrvect ,  the  upper  hirsute-ciliate.  }].  ?  (Poa  pcctinacea,  Miclix.,  ex  char. 
P.  Virginica,  Zucc.?  P.  hirsuta,  Amer.  auth.,  not  of  Michx.  E.  Unionis  & 
cognata,  Steud.?)  — Leaves  long,  rigid,  mostly  hairy,  the  sheaths  especially  so. 
—  Var.  SPECTABILIS.  Leaves  and  sheaths  mostly  glabrous;  branches  of  the 
panicle  (the  lower  reflexed  with  age)  and  pedicels  mostly  shorter;  spikelets 
rather  larger.  (E.  spectabilis,  ed.  1.  Poa  spectabilis,  Pursh.)  —  Sandy  dry 
ground,  from  E.  Massachusetts  southward  near  the  coast,  and  from  Ohio  and 
Illinois  southward.  Aug. -Oct. — Plant  l°-3°  high.  Spikelets  l£"-3"  long, 
about  1"  wide,  closely  flowered. 

35.     15  III  Z  A,    L.        QUAKING  GRASS. 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  flattish-tumid ;  the  flowers 
closely  imbricated.  Glumes  roundish,  unequal  (purple).  Lower  palea  round- 
ish and  entire,  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes,  ventricose  on  the  back,  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  papery-membranaceous  and  becoming  dry,  scarious-niar- 
gined,  obscurely  many-nerved;  the  upper  palea  very  much  smaller,  ovate,  flat. 
Stamens  3.  Stigmas  brauched-plumose.  Grain  flattened  parallel  with  the  paleae, 
adhering  to  the  upper  one.  —  Leaves  flat.  Panicle  loose,  diffuse,  with  the  large 
and  showy  spikelets  often  drooping  on  delicate  pedicels  (whence  the  name,  an, 
ancient  Greek  appellation  for  some  kind  of  grain,  from  /3pi£(o,  to  slumber  (Linn.), 
or  ftpido),  to  bend  downwards). 

1.  15.  MEDIA,  L.  Panicle  erect,  the  branches  spreading;  spikelets  5-9- 
flowered  (3"  long);  glumes  shorter  than  the  lower  flowers.  1J. — Pastures; 
sparingly  in  E.  Massachusetts  and  in  Penn.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

B.  MAXIMA,  L.,  an  annual  with  much  larger  and  many-flowered  spikes,  is 
occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament. 

36.    FESTIJCA,    L         FESCUE-GRASS. 

Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered,  panicled  or  racemose;  the  flowers  not  webby  at 
the  base.  Glumes  unequal,  mostly  keeled.  Paleae  chartaceous  or  almost  coria- 
ceous, roundish  (not  keeled)  on  the  back,  more  or  less  3-5-nerved,  acute, 
pointed,  or  often  bristle-awned,  rarely  blunt;  the  upper  mostly  adhering  at 
maturity  to  the  enclosed  grain.  Stamens  mostly  3.  —  Flowers,  and  often  the 
leaves,  rather  dry  and  harsh.  (An  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Flowers  bristle-pointed  or  awned  from  the  tip :  panicle  -acemose-contracted. 

1.  F.  tenella.  Willd.      Panicle   spike-like,   somewnat  one-sided    (2' -3 
long);  spikelets  7  -  9-flowered ;  awn  of  the  involute-awl-shaped  palea  slender ;  leaves 
bristle-form,     (i) — Dry  sterile  soil;  not  rare.     July.  —  Culms  very  slender, 
6f- 12' high. 

2.  F.  OVllltl.     (SHEEP'S  FESCUE-GRASS.)     Panicle  narrow ;  spikelets  2- 
S-flowered;  awn  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  palea,  or  almost  wanting;  leaves 
convolute-filiform;  culms  6' -15'  high,  forming  dense-rooted  tufts.     U —  N.  E. 
New  England,  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  —  Var.  vi  V^PARA  (which  with  us 
has  running  rootstocks),  with  the  spikelets  partially  converted  into  leafy  shoots, 
is  found  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and 

high  northward.     (Eu.) 

48 


566  GRAMINJUE.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

Var.  cl  1  ri  fisciil.i.  Taller ;  panicle  more  open  or  compound ;  leares 
flat,  b( coming  convolute;  spikelets  4 - 8-flowered.  (F.  duriuscula,  L.) — N. 
New  England  and  northward.  Also  sparingly  naturalized  from  Europe  in  dry 
pastures  eastward.  June. 

*  *  Flowers  awnless  and  mostly  almost  pointless :  panicle  open:  grain  often  free,  I 

3.  F.  ELATIOR,  L.  (in  part).     Panicle  contracted  before  and  after  flowering, 
erect,  with  short  branches;  spikelets  crowded,  5-10-flowered  (about  \  long) ;  the 
flowers  rather  remote,  oblong-lanceolate;  leaves  flat;  culms  1°  — 4°  high  from  a 
short  creeping  rootstock.     1J.   (F.  pratensis,  Huds.)  — Moist  meadows  and  near 
dwellings.     June.  —  A  pretty  good  meadow-grass.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  F.  lillt<lllS,  Willd.     Panicle  of  several  long  and  slender  spreading  branch- 
es, mostly  in  pairs,  drooping  when  old,  rough,  bearing  near  their  extremity  a  few 
ovate  3-5-flowered  spikelets  (\'  long)  on  pretty  long  pedicels ;  flowers  ovate- 
oblong,  rather  obtuse,  close  together,  coriaceous,  smooth,  very  obscurely  5-nerved. 
1J. — Rocky  woods  and  copses.     July.  —  Culm  2° -4°  high,  naked  above: 
leaves  broadly  linear,  taper-pointed,  dark  green,  often  rather  hairy. 


37.    BROMUS,    L.        BROME-GRASS. 

Spikelets  5  -  many-flowered,  panicled.  Glumes  unequal,  membranaceous., 
the  lower  1  -5-,  the  upper  3-  9-nerved.  Lower  palea  either  convex  on  the  back 
or  compressed-keeled,  5 -9-nerved,  awned  or  bristle-pointed  from  below  the 
mostly  2-cleft  tip  :  upper  palea  at  length  adhering  to  the  groove  of  the  oblong 
or  linear  grain.  Stamens  3.  Styles  attached  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary.  — 
Course  grasses,  with  large  spikelets,  at  length  drooping,  on  pedicels  thickened 
at  the  apex.  (An  ancient  name  for  the  Oat,  from  /Spo/uos,  food.) 

$  1.  EUBROMUS. —  Lower  palea  convex  on  the  back;  the  flowers  imbricated  over 

one  another  before  expansion :  lower  glume  3  -  5-,  the  upper  5  -  9-nerved. 

*  Annuals  or  biennials :  introduced. 

1.  15.  SECALhsus,  L.     (CHEAT  or  CHESS.)     Panicle  spreading,  even  in  fruit, 
the  drooping  peduncles  but  little  branched ;  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  turgid,  smooth,  of 
8-10  rather  distant  flowers  ;  lower  palea  rather  longer  than  the  upper,  its  awn  short, 
sometimes  very  short  or  none ;  sheaths  nearly  glabrous.  —  Grain-fields,  too  com- 
mon :  also  escaped  into  barren  or  waste  grounds.    June,  July.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  15.  RACEM6sus,  L.     (UPRIGHT  CHESS.)     Panicle  erect,  simple,  rather 
narrow,  contracted  in  fruit;  flowers  closer,  more  imbricated;  lower  palea  decided- 
ly exceeding  the  upper,  bearing  an  awn  of  its  own  length ;  culm  more  slender , 
sheaths  sometimes  hairy :  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  last,  for  which  it  is  often 
mistaken  in  this  country.  —  Grain-fields ;  not  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  I?.  MOLLIS,  L.     (SOFT  CHESS.)     Panicle  erect,  closely  contracted  in  fruit ; 
spikelets  conical-ovate,  somewhat  flattened ;  the  flowers  closely  imbricated,  downy 
(as  also  the  leaves,  £c.) ;  lower  palea  acute,  long-awned.  —  Wheat-fields,  New 
York  and  Penn. ;  scarce.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial:  indigenous.     (Lower  glume  strongly  3-,  the  upper  5-nerved.) 

4.  B.  Kalinii.     (WILD  CHESS.)     Panicle  simple,  small  (3' -4'  long), 
the  spikelets  drooping  on  capillary  peduncles,  closely  7  -  12-flowered,  densely 


GBAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  567 

silky  all  over ;  awn  only  one  third  the  length  of  the  lance-oblong  flower ;  lower 
palea  7-9-nerved,  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  upper;  culm  slender  (l£°- 
3°  high) ;  leaves  and  shdaths  conspicuously  or  sparingly  hairy.  (B.  ciliatus, 
Muld.  B.  purgans,  Torr.  Fl.*N.  Y.) — Dry  woodlands  and  open  places;  com- 
mon northward.  June,  July.  —  This  is  preserved  in -the  herbarium  of  Linuasus 
under  the  name  of  B.  ciliatus,  though  it  is  uoi  the  plant  he  has  described ;  thence 
has  arisen  much  confusion. 

$2.  SCHED6NORUS,  Beauv.,  Fries.  —  Lower  palea  somewhat  convex,  but 
keeled  on  th*  back,  laterally  more  or  less  compressed,  at  least  above :  flowers  soon 
separating  jrom  each  other :  lower  glume  1-  the  upper  3-nerved. 

5.  IS.  ciliatus,  L.     Panicle  compound,  very  loose,  the  elongated  branches  at 
length  divergent,  drooping;  spikelets  7-12-flowered;  flowers  lanceolate,  tipped 
with  an  awn  half  to  three  fourths  their  length ;  lower  palea  silky  with  appressed 
hairs  near  the  margins,  at  least  below  (or  rarely  naked),  smooth  or  smoothish 
on  the  back  (B.  Canadensis,  Michx.     B.  pubcscens,  MuhL) ;  —  or,  in  var.  PUR- 
GANS (B.  purgans,  L.!),  clothed  ail  over  with  very  short  and  fine  appressed 
hairs.     1J.  —  River-banks  and  moist  woodlands ;  rather  common.     July,  Aug. 

—  Culm  3° -4°  high,  with  the  large  leaves  (£'-£'  wide)  smooth  or  somewhat 
hairy ;  the  sheaths  in  the  larger  forms  often  hairy  or  densely  downy  near  the  top. 

—  Variable  as  to  the  pubescence,  &c.,  and- comprising  several  forms,  including 
both  the  Linnaean  species  ;  for  which  the  present  name  is  preferable  to  the  inap- 
plicable purgans,  which  was  taken  from  Feuille's  South  American  species.  —  In 
a  large-flowered  form,  two  obscure  additional  nerres  appear  in  the  upper  glume. 

6.  IS.  STERILIS,  L.    Paniclevery  loose,  the  slender  and  nearly  simple  branches 
drooping ;  spikelets  of  about  6  rather  distant  and  7-nerved  roughish  linear-awl- 
shaped  long-awned  flowers ;  leaves  rather  hairy.     ®  —  Pcnn  Yan,  New  York, 
Sartwell.    July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

38.    UNIOL.A,    L.        SPIKE-GRASS. 

Spikelets  closely  many-flowered,  very  flat  and  2-edged ;  one  or  more  of  the 
lowest  flowers  sterile  (neutral)  and  consisting  of  a  single  palea.  Glumes  lance- 
olate, compressed-keeled.  Lower  palea  coriaceo-membranaceous,  strongly  later- 
ally compressed  and  keeled,  striate-nerved,  usually  acute  or  pointed,  entire,  en- 
closing the  much  smaller  compressed  2-keeled  upper  one  and  the  free  laterally 
flattened  smooth  grain.  Stamen  1  (or  in  U.  paniculata  3).  —  Upright  smooth 
perennials,  growing  in  tufts  from  strong  creeping  rootstocks,  with  broad  leavet 
and  large  spikelets  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle.  (Ancient  name  of  some  plant, 
a  diminutive  of  unio,  unity.) 

#  Spikdets  large  (%'  -  2'  long),  ovate  or  oblong,  9  - 30 flowered :  panicle  open. 

1.  U.  paniculata,  L.      Leaves  narrow  when  dry,  convolute;    spikelets 
ovate,  short-pedicelled ;  flowers  glabrous,  bluntish,  several  of  the  lower  sterile;  the 
fertile  with  3  stamens  ;  culm  and  panicle  elongated  (4° -8°  high).  —  Sand-hills 
on  the  sea-shore,  S.  Virginia  and  southward. 

2.  U.  latifolia,  Michx.     Leaves  broad  and  flat  (!'-!'  wide);  spikelets  at 
length  oblong,  hanging  on  long  pedicels ;  flowers  acute,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  all  bat 


568  GRAMINE^:.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

the  lowest  perfect  and  monandrous.  —  Shaded  rich  hill-sides,  S.  Perm,  to  Illinoii 
and  southward.     Aug.  —  Culm  2°  -  4°  high  :  panicle  loose. 
#  *  Spikelets  small:  panicle  contracted  and  wand-like:  perfect  flowers  long-pointed. 
3.  U.  gracilis,  Michx.     Spikelets  short-pedicelled  (2" -3"  long),  broadly 
wedge-shaped,  acute  at  the  base,  4  -  8-ftowered :  the  flowers  ovate  and  divergent- 
ly beaked,  long,  the  lowest  one  neutral.  —  Sandy  soil,  from  Long  Island  to  Vir- 
ginia, near  the  coast,  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Culm  3°  high,  slender. 

39.    PHRAGM ITES,    Trin.        REED. 

Spikelets  3  -  7-flowered ;  the  flowers  rather  distant,  silky-villous  at  their  base, 
and  with  a  conspicuous  silky-bearded  rhachis,  all  perfect  and  3-androus,  except 
the  lowest,  which  is  either  neutral  or  with  a  single  stamen,  and  naked.  Glumes 
membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  lanceolate,  keeled,  sharp-pointed,  very 
unequal.  Palese  membranaceous,  slender;  the  lower  narrowly  awl-shaped, 
thrice  the  length  of  the  upper.  Squamulae  2,  large.  Styles  long.  Grain  free. 
—  Tall  and  stout  perennials,  with  numerous  broad  leaves,  and  a  large  terminal 
panicle.  ($  pay  pirns,  growing  in  hedges,  which  this  aquatic  Grass  does  not.) 

1.  P.  COmnmiliS,  Trin.  Panicle  loose,  nodding ;  spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered ;  flowers  equalling  the  wool.  ( Arundo,  L. )  —  Edges  of  ponds  and  swamps ; 
common  northward.  Sept.  —  Looks  like  Broom-corn  at  a  distance,  5° -12° 
high  :  leaves  2'  wide.  (Eu.) 

4O.    ARUNDINARIA,    Michx.        CANE. 

Spikelets  flattened,  5  -  14-flowered ;  the  flowers  somewhat  separated  on  the 
jointed  rhachis.  Glumes  very  small,  membranaceous,  the  upper  one  larger. 
Palese  herbaceous  or  somewhat  membranaceous ;  the  lower  convex  on  the  back, 
not  keeled,  many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  mucronate  point  or  bristle.  Squamulae 
3,  longer  than  the  ovary.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free. — Arborescent  or 
shrubby  Grasses,  simple  or  with  fascicled  branches,  and  with  large  spikelets  in 
panicles  or  racemes ;  the  flowers  polygamous,  viz.  perfect  and  staminate.  (Name 
formed  from  arundo>  a  reed.) 

1.  A.  macrospcrma,  Michx.  Spikelets  (1^'- 3'  long)  rather  few  in  a 
simple  panicle,  sometimes  solitary  on  a  slender  peduncle ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, pubescent  beneath  :  —  in  the  SMALL  CANE  §'-!'  wide,  in  the  TALL  CANE 
1  '-2'  wide.  Culm  of  the  latter  sometimes  20°  -35°,  in  cane-brakes ;  but  it  very 
rarely  blossoms.  —  In  rich  soil,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  southward.  April. 

41.    1.EPTIJRUS,    E.  Brown.        LEPTURUS. 

Spikelets  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  filiform  rhachis,  and  partly  immersed 
in  the  excavation,  1  -  2-flowered.  Glumes  1-2,  including  the  2  thin  pointless 
palese.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free,  oblong-linear,  cylindrical.  —  Low  and  branch- 
ing, often  procumbent  Grasses,  chiefly  annuals,  with  narrow  leaves  and  slender 
spikes  (whence  the  name,  from  Xtyrro?,  slender,  and  ovpd,  tail). 

1.  L<.  1  panic ulatllS,  Nutt.  Stem  slender  (6' -20'  long),  naked  and 
curved  above,  bearing  3-9  racemosely  disposed  thread-like  and  triangular 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  569 

spikes ;  glum»;s  2,  transverse.  —  Open  grounds  and  salt  licks,  Illinois  (Mead), 
and  westward.    Aug. 

42.    L6L.IUM,    L.        DARNEL. 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  continuous  rhachis, 
placed  edgewise ;  the  glume,  except  in  the  terminal  spikelet,  only  one  and  exter- 
nal:—  otherwise  chiefly  as  in  Trificum.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  Li.  PERENNE,  L.     (COMMON  DARNEL,.     RAY-  or  RYE-GRASS.)     Glume 
much  shorter  than  the  spikelet ;  flowers  6-9,  awnless,  rarely  awn-pointed.     1J.  — 
Meadows  and  lots;  eastward.     June.  —  A  pretty  good  pasture-grass.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  Li.  TEMULENTUM,  L.     (BEARDED  DARNEL.)     Glume  fully  equalling  the 
5-7-flowered  spikelet;  awn  longer  than  the  flower  (£'  long).     (I) —  Grain-fields, 
Massachusetts  and  Penn. :  rare.  —  Grain  noxious ;  almost  the  only  such  instance 
among  Grasses.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

43.     TRITICUM,    L.        WHEAT. 

Spikelets  3  -  several-flowered,  single  at  each  joint,  and  placed  with  the  side 
against  the  rhachis.  Glumes  transverse  (i.  e.  right  and  left),  nearly  equal  and 
opposite,  herbaceous,  nerved.  Lower  palea  very  like  the  glumes,  convex  on  the 
back,  pointed  or  awned  from  the  tip  :  the  upper  flattened,  bristly-ciliate  on  the 
nerves,  free,  or  adherent  to  the  groove  of  the  grain.  Stamens  3.  (The  classical 
name,  probably  from  tritus,  beaten,  because  the  grain  is  threshed  out  of  the 
spikes.)  —  The  true  species  are  annuals,  with  the  glumes  ovate-oblong  and  ven- 
tricose-boat-shaped,  as  in  common  Wheat  (T.  VULGARE).  Others  are  perennial, 
with  nearly  lanceolate  acute  or  pointed  glumes,  and  2-ranked  spikes,  never  fur- 
nishing bread-corn  (§  AGROPYRON,  Gsertn.) ;  to  which  the  following  belong. 

1.  T.  repens,  L.     (COUCH-GRASS.     QUITCH-GRASS.     QUICK-GRASS.) 
Rootstocks  creeping  extensively ;  spikelets  4  -  8-flowered ;   glumes  5  -  7-nerved ; 
rhachis  glabrous,  but  rough  on  the  angles  ;  awn  none,  or  not  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  flower ;  leaves  flat,  roughish  or  hairy  above.  —  Var.  NEMORALE,  An- 
derson.     Brighter  green;    palese  pretty  long-awned ;    spike   slender.  —  Open 
grounds,  northward :  principally  in  meadows  and  cultivated  grounds,  where  it  is 
naturalized  (from  Europe)  and  very  troublesome,  multiplying  rapidly  and  widely 
by  its  creeping  slender  rootstocks.    June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  caninum,  L.     (AWNED  WHEAT-GRASS.)     No  creeping  rootstock ; 
spikelets  4  -  5-flowered ;  glumes  3  -  5-nerved ;  rhachis  very  rough  ;  awn  longer 
than  the  smooth  flower ;  leaves  flat,  rovLghish. —  Woods  and  banks,  W.  New  York 
to  Wisconsin,  and  northward.     Also  sparingly  naturalized  in  fields.     (Eu.) 

3.  T.  dasystadiyiim.     Culm  (l°-3°  high,  from  a  strong  creeping  root- 
stock)  and  narrow  mostly  involute  leaves  very  smooth  and  glaucous;  spikelets  downy- 
hairy  all  over,  whitish,  5  -  9-flowered ;  glumes  5  -  7-nerved ;  rhachis  rough  on  the 
edges ;  uwn  sometimes  about  half  the  length  of  the  flower,  sometimes  nearly 
wanting.     (T.  repens,  var.  dasystachyum,  Hook.)  —  Sandy  shores  of  Lakes  Hu- 
ron and  Superior,  and  northward.    Aug. 

48* 


570  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

44.    II  6  HOKUM,    L.        BARLEY. 

Spikei  its  1 -flowered  with  an  awl-shaped  rudiment  on  the  inner  side,  3  at  each 
joint  of  the  rhachis ;  but  the  lateral  ones  usually  imperfect  or  abortive,  and 
short-stalked.  Glumes  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets,  6  in  number,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  involucre,  slender  and  awn-pointed  or  bristle-form.  Paleae  herba- 
ceous, the  lower  (anterior)  convex,  long-awned  from  the  apex.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  oblong,  commonly  adhering  to  the  paleas.  Rhachis  of  the  dense  spike 
often  separating  into  joints.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  H«  jufoatum,  L.     (SQUIRREL-TAIL  GRASS.)    Low,  lateral  flowers 
abortive,  neutral,  on  a  short  pedicel,  short-awned ;  the  perfect  flower  bearing  an 
extremely  long  awn  (21  long)  about  the  length  of  the  similar  capillary  glumes,  all 
spreading.     @  —  Marshes  and  moist  sand  of  the  sea-shore  and  the  Northern 
lakes.    June. 

2.  H.  pusillmii,  Nutt.    Lateral  flowers  imperfect  and  neutral,  awnless 
but  pointed,  the  perfect  flower  bearing  an  awn  nearly  twice  the  length  of  its  palea, 
equalling  the  short  awns  of  the  rigid  glumes,  which  rise,  the  central  from  an  awl- 
shaped,  the  middle  ones  from  an  oblong  base ;  spike  linear,     (i)  —  Saline  soil, 
Ohio,  Illinois,  and  westward.  —  Too  near  H.  maritimum  of  Europe.     Culm 
4' -10' high. 

H.  DfsTicnuM,  L.,  is  the  cultivated  TWO-ROWEI>  BARLEY.  H.  VULG\RB, 
L.,  is  the  common  FOUR-  (or  Six-)  ROWED  BARLEY  ;  the  lateral  spikelets  being 
also  fertile,  probably  as  a  consequence  of  long-continued  cultivation. 

SECALE  CEREALE,  L.,  the  RYE,  is  a  well-known  cultivated  gram  of  this 
grc  up,  nearly  allied  to  the  Wheat  in  botanical  character. 

45.    EL.YMUS,    L.        LYME-GRASS.    WILD  RYE. 

Spikelets  2-4  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  all  fertile  and  alike,  sessile,  each 

1  -  7-flowered.     Glumes  conspicuous,  nearly  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets, 

2  for  each  spikelet,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  cluster.    Paleae  coriaceous ;  the 
lower  rounded  on  the  back,  acute  or  usually  awned  at  the  apex,  adherent  to  the 
involving  palese  (whence  the  name,  an  ancient  one  for  some  grain,  from  e'Xvw, 
to  roll  up). 

*  Glumes  and  lower  palece  rigid,  both  or  only  the  latter  aimed :   spikelets  1-5- 
Jlowered :  perennials,  with  slender  culms  and  rather  harsh  foliage. 

1.  E.  VirginiCUS,  L.     Spike  rigidly  upright,  dense  and  thick  (3'  long),  on 
a  short  peduncle  usually  included  in  the  sheath;  spikelets  2-3  together,  2  -3-flow- 
ered,  smooth,  rather  short-awned,  about  the  length  of  the  rough  and  thickened 
strongly-nerved  and  bristle-pointed  lanceolate  glumes.  —  River-banks;  not  rare. 
Aug.  —  Culm  stout,  2°  -  3°  high :  leaves  broadly  linear,  rough. 

2.  E.  CanadensiS,  L.     Spike  rather  loose,  curving  (5' -9'  long),  on  an 
exserted  peduncle ;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  of  3  -  5  long-awned  rough  or  rough- 
hairy  flowers ;  the  lance-awl-shaped  glumes  tipped  with  shorter  awns.     (E.  Philadel- 
phicus,  L.  !)  —  Var.  GLAUCiF6Lius  (E.  glaucifolius,  MM.)  is  pale  or  glaucous 
throughout,  the  flowers  with  more  spreading  awns  (!£'  long).  —  River-banks, 
&c. ;  common. 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  571 

3.  E.  StriatUS,  Willd.     Spike  dense,  but  slender,  upright  or  slightly  nod- 
ding (3' -4'  long) ;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  1-2-  (or  rarely  3-)  flowered,  mi- 
nutely bristly-hairy;  glumes  linear-awl-shaped  or  truly  awl-shaped,  bristle-awned, 
about  thrice  the  length  of  the  flowers,  not  counting  their  capillary  awn  (which  is  1' 
long);  leaves  (rather  narrow)  and  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy,  or  downy.  —  Var. 
viLL6sus  (E.  villosus,  Muhl. !)  has  a  somewhat  stouter  spike  and  very  hairy 
glumes.  —  Rocky  woods  and  banks;  rather  rare.     July.  —  The  most  slender 
and  smallest-flowered  species. 

*  *  Glumes  and  palece  both  awnless  and  soft  in  texture :  reed-like  perennials. 

4.  E.  IllolliS,  Trin.  (not  of  E.  Br.)     Stout  (3°  high) ;  spike  thick,  erect 
(8  long);  spikelets  2  or  3  at  each  joint,  5-8-flowered;  the  lanceolate  pointed 
5-  7-nerved  glumes  (!'  long)  with  the  pointed  paleae  soft-villous,  the  apex  of  the 
culm  velvety ;  rhachis  of  the  spikelets  separating  into  joints.  —  Shore  of  Lakes 
Huron,  Superior,  and  northward.     (Near  E.  arenarius.) 

46.    OYMNOSTICHUM,    Schreb.        BOTTLE-BBUSH  GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-3  (or  sometimes  solitary)  on  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  raised  on 
a  very  short  callous  pedicel,  loosely  2-4-flowered  (when  solitary  placed  flatwise 
on  the  rhachis).  Glumes  none !  or  small  awn-like  deciduous  rudiments  (whence 
the  name  of  this  genus  [otherwise  nearly  as  in  Elymus],  from  yvpvos,  naked,  and 
OTi^oSj  a  rank). 

1.  G.  Ilystrix,  Schreb.  Spike  upright,  loose  (3' -6'  long);  the  spread- 
ing spikelets  2-3  together,  early  deciduous ;  flowers  smoothish,  or  often  rough- 
hairy,  tipped  with  an  awn  thrice  their  length  (!'  long);  leaves  and  sheaths 
smoothish.  1J.  (Elymus  Hystrix,  L.)  —  Moist  woodlands;  rather  common 
July. 

47.    A  111  A,    L.  (in  part).    HAIB-GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  in  an  open  diffuse  panicle;  the  (small)  flowers  both  per- 
fect (sometimes  with  a  third  imperfect),  usually  shorter  than  the  membranaceous 
keeled  glumes,  hairy  at  the  base ;  the  upper  remotish.  Lower  palea  truncate 
and  mostly  denticulate  or  eroded  at  the  summit,  bearing  a  slender  bent  or  straight 
awn  on  its  back.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to  the  base.  Ovary  glabrous. 
Grain  oblong.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.) 

§  1.  DESCHAMPSIA,  Beauv.,  Trin.  —  Lower  palea  thin  and  scarious  or  mem- 
branaceous, delicately  3  -  5-nerved,  eroded  or  toothed  at  the  truncate  summit ;  the 
awn  attached  mostly  a  little  above  the  base :  grain  not  grooved,  mostly  free :  glumes 
about  equalling  the  flowers. 

1.  A.  flexuosa,  L.     (COMMON  HAIR-GRASS.)      Culms  slender,  nearly 
naked  (l°-2°high),  from  the  small  tufts  of  involute-bristle-form  haves  (l'-6' 
long) ;  branches  of  the  small  spreading  panicle  capillary ;  awn  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  palea.     1J. — Dry  places;  common.     June.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  ceespitosa,  L.     Culms  in  close   tufts    (2° -4°  high);  leaves  flat, 
linear;  panicle  pyramidal  or  oblong  (6' long) ;  awn  barely  equalling  the  palea. 
jj.  —  Shores  of  lakes  and  streams ;  not  rare  northward.    June,  July.    (Eu.) 


572  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

§  2.  VAHL6DEA,  Fries.  —  Glumes  mare  boat-shaped,  longer  than  the  flower* : 
lower  palea  of  a  firm  or  coriaceous  texture,  nerveless,  the  truncate-obtuse  tip  mostly 
entire;  the  awn  borne  at  or  alwve  the  middle :  grain  grooved,  flattish,  free. 
3.  A.  atropurpiirea,  Wahl.     Culms  8'- 15'  high,  weak;  leaves  flat  or 

rather  wide ;  panicle  of  few  spreading  branches ;  awn  stout,  twice  the  length  of 

the  paleae.     ty — Alpine  tops  of , the  White  Mountains,  and  those  of  N.  New 

York.    August.     (Eu.) 

48.    DANTH01VIA,    DC.        WILD  OAT-GRASS. 

Lower  palea  (oblong  or  ovate,  rounded-cylindraceous,  7-9-nerved)  bearing 
between  the  sharp-pointed  or  awn-like  teeth  of  the  tip  an  awn  composed  of  the 
3  middle  nerves,  which  is  flattish  and  spirally  twisting  at  the  base :  otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Avena.  Glumes  longer  than  the  imbricated  flowers.  (Named  for 
Danthoine,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  I>.  spicata,  Beauv.  Culms  tufted  (l°-2°high);  leaves  short,  nar- 
row and  soon  involute ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ;  panicle  simple,  raceme- 
like  (2'  long);  the  few  spikelets  appressed,  7-flowered;  lower  palea  broadly 
ovate,  loosely  hairy  on  the  back,  much  longer  than  its  lance-awl-shaped  teeth. 
1J. — Dry  and  sterile  or  rocky  soil.  July. 

49.     TRISETUM,    Persoon.        TRISETUM. 

Spikelets  2  -  several-flowered,  often  in  a  contracted  panicle ;  the  lower  palea 
compressed-keeled,  of  about  the  same  membranaceous  texture  as  the  glumes, 
bearing  a  bent  or  flexuous  (rarely  twisted)  awn  below  the  sharply  2-toothed  or 
2-pointcd  apex  (whence  the  name,  from  tris,  three,  and  seta,  a  bristle) :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Avena. 

1.  T.  SUbspicatum,  Beauv.,  var.  inollc.    Minutely  soft-downy ;  pani- 
cle dense,  much  contracted,  oblong  or  linear  (2' -3'  long) ;  glumes  about  the  length 
of  the  2-3  smooth  flowers ;  awn  diverging,  much  exserted.     (Avena  mollis, 
Michx.)     }\. — Mountains  and  rocky  river-banks,  N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin, 
and  northward;  rare.    July. — About  1°  high:  leaves  flat,  short.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  palustre,  Torr.     Smooth;  panicle  rather  long  and  narrow  (5' long), 
loose,  the  branches  capillary;  spikelets  fiat  (3"  long) ;  glumes  shorter  than  the  2 
smooth  lanceolate  flowers,  of  which  the  upper  is  on  a  slightly  naked  joint  of  the 
rhachis,  and  bears  a  slender  spreading  or  bent  awn  next  the  short  2-pointed  tip, 
while  the  lower  one  is  commonly  awnless  or  only  mucronate-pointed.     1J.  (Arena 
palustris,  Michx.    Aira  pallens,  MuhL)  —  Low  grounds,  S.  New  York  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.    June.  —  Culm  slender,  2°  -3°  high :  leaves  flat,  short.    Spike- 
lets  yellowish-white,  tinged  with  green. 

5O.    AVENA,    L.        OAT. 

Spikelets  2  -  many-flowered,  panicled;  the  flowers  herbaceo-chartaceous,  or 
becoming  harder,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  large  and  mostly  unequal  glumes ; 
the  uppermost  imperfect.  Lower  palea  rounded  on  the  back,  mostly  5-11- 
nerved,  bearing  a  long  usually  bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back  or  below  the 


GBAMINEJC.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  578 

acTwety  2-clert  tfp,  proceeding  from  the  raid-nerve  only.  Stamens  3.  Grain 
oblong-linear,  grooved  on  one  side,  usually  hairy,  free,  but  invested  by  the  upper 
palea.  (Tne  classical  Latin  name.) 

f  1.  AVENASTRUM,  Koch.  —  Spikdets  rather  small,  several-lowered;  the 
flowers  remotish,  ;  glumes  1-  and  3-nerved ;  lower  palea  about  7 '-nerved :  root 
perennial. 

1.  A.  Stria  ta,  Michx.     Culms  tufted,  slender  (l°-2°high);  leaves  nar- 
row ;  panicle  simple,  loose,  drooping  with  age ;  the  few  3  -  5-flowered  spikelets 
on  rough  capillary  pedicels,  much  longer  than  the  very  unequal  purple  glumes ; 
lower  palea  with  a  short  bearded  tuft  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  ciliate- 
fringed  upper  one  (£'  long),  bearing  a  long  straightish  awn  just  below  the  taper- 
ing very  sharply  cuspidate  2-cleft  tip.    (Trisetum  purpurascens,  Ton.}  —  Rocky, 
shaded  hills,  N.  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.    June. 

$  2.  AIR6PSIS,  Desv.,  Fries.  —  Spikelets  very  small,  of  2  closely  approximate 
flowers,  and  with  no  rudiment  of  a  third:  glumes  l-nerved:  lower  palea  obscurely 
S-5-nerved:  root  annual.  (Forms  a  genus  intermediate  between  Aira  and 
Avena,  here  appended  to  the  latter  for  convenience.) 

2.  A.  PRJECOX,  Beauv.      Dwarf  (3' -4'  high),  tufted;  leaves  short,  bristle- 
shaped  ;  branches  of  the  small  oblong  panicle  appressed ;  awn  from  below  the 
middle  of  the  flower.     (Aira  praecox,  L.)  —  Sandy  fields,  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia :  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

A.  SATIVA,  L.,  the  COMMON  OAT,  belongs  to  the  section  with  annual  roots, 
and  long,  7  -  9-nerved  glumes. 

51.    ARRHENATHERUM,    Beauv.        OAT-GRASS. 

Spikelets  open-panicled,  2-flowered,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  third  flower ;  the 
middle  flower  perfect,  with  its  lower  palea  barely  bristle-pointed  from  near  the 
tip ;  the  lowest  flower  staminate  only,  bearing  a  long  bent  awn  below  the  mid- 
dle of  the  back  (whence  the  name,  from  apprjv,  masculine,  and  aOrip-,  awn)  :  — 
otherwise  as  in  Avena,  of  which  it  is  only  a  peculiar  modification. 

1.  A.  AVENA.CEUM,  Beauv.  Leaves  broad,  flat;  panicle  elongated  (8'- 10' 
long) ;  glumes  scarious,  very  unequal,  ty  (Avena  elatior,  L.) — Meadows  and 
lots ;  scarce :  absurdly  called  Grass  of  the,  Andes.  May -July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

52.    HOL.CUS,    L.  (partly).        MEADOW  SOFT-GRASS. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  an  open  panicle,  2-flowered,  jointed  with  the  pedicels  ; 
the  boat-shaped  membranaceous  glumes  enclosing  and  much  exceeding  the  re- 
motish  flowers.  Lower  flower  perfect,  but  its  papery  or  thin-coriaceous  lower 
palea  awnlcss  and  pointless ;  the  upper  flower  staminate  only,  otherwise  similar, 
but  bearing  a  stout  bent  awn  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to 
the  base.  Grain  free,  scarcely  grooved.  (An  ancient  name,  from  O\KOS ,  draught, 
of  obscure  application.) 

1.  H.  LAN\TUS,  L.  (VELVET-GRASS.)  Soft-downy,  pale ;  panicle  oblong 
(l'-4'  long) ;  upper  glume  mucronate-awned  under  the  apex  ;  awn  of  the  stain- 
inato  flower  recurved.  1J. —  Moist  meadows ;  scarce.  June  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


674  GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

53.    If  1 12  ROC  II LO  A,    Gmelin.        HOLY-GRASS. 

Spikelets  plainly  3-flowered,  open-panicled ;  the  flowers  all  with  2  paleae  the 
two  lower  (lateral)  flowers  staminate  only,  3-androus,  sessile,  often  awned  on  the 
middle  of  the  back  or  near  the  tip ;  the  uppermost  (middle)  one  perfect,  short- 
pedicelled,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  others,  2-androus,  awnless.  Glumes  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  spikelet,  scarious;  paleae  chartaceous.  —  Leaves  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate; flat.  (Name  composed  of  tepos,  sacred,  and  x^oa,  grass ;  these  sweet- 
scented  Grasses  being  strewn  before  the  church-doors  on  saints'  days,  in  the  North 
of  Europe.) 

1.  H.  borealis,  Roem.   &   Schultes.     (VANILLA  or  SENECA   GRASS.) 
Panicle   somewhat  one-sided,   pyramidal   (2'  -  5'  long)  ;    peduncles   smooth  ; 
staminate  flowers  with  the  lower  palea  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed  at  or  near 
the  tip ;  rootstock  creeping.     U.  (Holcus  odoratus,  L.)  —  Moist  meadows,  Mass. 
to  Wisconsin,  and  northward,  chiefly  near  the  coast  and  along  the  Lakes.    May. 
—  Culm  l°-2°  high,  with  short  lanceolate  leaves.     Spikelets  chestnut-color; 
the  sterile  flowers  strongly  hairy-fringed  on  the  margins,  and  the  fertile  one  at 
the  tip.     (Eu.) 

2.  H.  alpina,  Roem.  &  Schultes.    Panicle  contracted  (!'- 2' long);  one 
of  the  staminate  flowers  barely  pointed  or  short-awned  near  the  tip,  the  other 
long-awned  from  below  the  middle;  lowest  leaves  very  narrow.     1J. — Alpine 
mountain-tops,  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward.    July.     (Eu.) 

54.  ANTHOXAtfTHUM,L.     SWEET-SCENTED  VERNAL-GRASS. 

Spikelets  spiked-panicled,  3-flowered ;  but  the  lateral  flowers  neutral,  consist- 
ing merely  of  one  palea  which  is  hairy  on  the  outside  and  awned  on  the  back : 
the  central  (terminal)  flower  perfect,  of  2  awnless  chartaceous  paleae,  2-androus. 
Glumes  very  thin,  acute,  keeled ;  the  upper  about  as  long  as  the  flowers,  twice 
the  length  of  the  lower.  Squamulae  none.  Grain  ovate,  adherent  to  the  enclos- 
ing paleae.  (Name  compounded  of  avBos,  flower,  and  av6o>v,  of  flowers.  L.) 

1.  A.  ODORATUM,  L.  Spikelets  spreading  (brownish  or  tinged  with  green) ; 
one  of  the  neutral  flowers  bearing  a  bent  awn  from  near  its  base,  the  other  short- 
awned  below  the  tip.  1J. — Meadows,  pastures,  &c. ;  very  sweet-scented  in  dry 
ing.  May -July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

55.    PHAL.ARIS,    L.        CANARY-GRASS. 

Spikelets  crowded  in  a  dense  or  spiked  panicle,  with  2  neutral  mere  rudiments 
of  a  flower,  one  on  each  side,  at  the  base  of  the  perfect  one,  which  is  flattish, 
awnless,  of  2  shining  paleae,  shorter  than  the  equal  boat-shaped  and  often  winged- 
keeled  glumes,  finally  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  and  closely  enclosing  the 
flattened  free  and  smooth  grain.  Stamens  3.  — Leaves  broad,  flat.  (The  an- 
cient name,  from  <£aXos,  shining,  alluding  either  to  the  paleae  or  the  grain.) 

1.  P.  arundinacca,  L.  (REED  CANARY-GRASS.)  Panicle  more  & 
less  branched,  clustered,  a  little  spreading  when  old ;  glumes  winglesa,  with  flat- 
tened pointed  tips ;  rudimentary  flowers  hairy,  \  the  length  of  the  fertile  one.  ty 


GKAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  575 

(P.  Americana.  Torr.,  not  of  EU.  Digraphis  arundinacea,  Trin.)  —  Wet  grounds ; 
very  common  northward.  July.  —  Culm  2°  -  4°  high.  Leaves  3"  -  5"  wide.  — 
The  RIBBON-GRASS  of  the  gardens  is  a  state  of  this  species,  with  variegated 
leaves.  (Eu.) 

2.  P,  CANARiiiNSis,  L.  (CANARY-GRASS.)  Panicle  spiked,  oval;  glumes 
wing-keeled ;  rudimentary  flowers  smooth,  half  the  length  of  the  perfect  one.  ®  — 
Waste  places,  near  New  York  (Torrey),  and  sparingly  cultivated.  July -Sept. 
—  It  yields  the  Canary-seed.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

56.    91  ILIUM,    MILLET-GRASS. 

Spikelets  diffusely  panicled,  not  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  apparently  con- 
sisting of  2  equal  membranaceous  convex  and  awnless  glumes,  including  a  sin- 
gle coriaceous  awnless  flower :  but  theoretically  the  lower  glume  is  wanting, 
while  an  empty  single  palea  of  the  lower  (neutral)  flower,  resembling  the  upper 
glume,  fulfils  its  office,  and  stands  opposite  the  narrow  upper  palea  of  the  terete 
fertile  flower.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branched-plumose.  Grain  not  grooved, 
enclosed  in  the  paleae,  all  deciduous  together.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the 
Millet  (which  however  belongs  to  a  different  genus),  probably  from  mille,  a  thou- 
sand, because  of  its  fertility.) 

1.  M.  cfrnsmii,  L.  Smooth  (3°-  6°  high) ;  leaves  broad  and  flat,  thin , 
panicle  spreading  (6'-  9'  long) ;  flower  ovoid-oblong.  1|.  —  Cold  woods ;  com- 
mon northward.  June.  (Eu.) 

57.    AMPHICARPUM,    Kunth.        (MILIUM,  Pursh.) 

Spikelets  jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  pedicels,  apparently  1 -flowered,  of  two 
kinds  ;  one  kind  in  a  strict  terminal  panicle,  like  those  of  Milium,  except  that 
the  rudiment  of  the  lower  glume  is  ordinarily  discernible,  quite  deciduous  from 
the  joint,  commonly  without  ripening  fruit,  although  the  flower  is  perfect :  the 
other  kind  solitary  at  the  extremity  of  slender  runner-like  radical  peduncles 
(which  are  more  or  less  sheathed  towards  the  base),  much  larger  than  the 
others,  perfect  and  fertile,  subterranean ;  the  enwrapping  glume  and  similar 
empty  palea  many-nerved.  Flower  oblong  or  ovoid,  pointed.  Stamens  3  (small 
in  the  radical  flowers).  Stigmas  plumose,  deep  purple.  Grain  ovoid,  terete, 
not  grooved,  in  the  radical  flowers  very  large  (2" -3"  long),  the  embryo  next 
the  lower  palea.  Neutral  palea  somewhat  exceeding  the  glume  and  the  fertile 
flower.  — Leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  copious  on  the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  clothed 
like  the  sheaths  with  spreading  bristly  hairs.  (Name  from  dptyiKapiros,  doubly 
fruit-bearing.) 

1.  A.  Pfirsliii,  Kunth.  (Milium  amphicarpon,  Pursh.)  —  Moist  sandy 
pine  barrens,  New  Jersey.  Sept. 

5§.    PASPALlfUI,    L.        PASPALUM. 

Spikelets  spiked  or  somewhat  racemed  in  2-4  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
or  filiform  continuous  rhachis,  jointed  with  their  very  short  pedicels,  plano- 
convex, awnless,  apparently  only  one-flowered,  as  in  Milium ;  but,  on  the  othei 


576  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

hand,  differing  from  Panicum  merely  in  the  want  of  the  lower  glume ;  which, 
however,  is  occasionally  present  in  some  species,  as  a  small  scale.  Glume  and 
empty  palea  few-served.  Flower  coriaceous,  mostly  orbicular  or  ovate,  flat  on 
the  inner  side,  convex  on  the  outer.  Stamens  3.  —  (Said  to  have  been  a  Greek 
name  for  Millet.) 

#  Spikes  very  numerous  in  a  spiked  raceme  ;  their  thin  and  membranaceous  or  folia- 
ceous  rhachis  broader  than  the  spikelets,  and  keeled  or  boat-shaped. 

1.  P.  fluitans,  Kunth.     Glabrous;  stems  procumbent  below  and  rooting 
in  the  mud  or  floating;  leaves  lanceolate;  rhachis  (1"  wide)  projecting  beyond 
the  small  slightly  pubescent  spikelets  into  a  tapering  point,  scabrous  on  the 
Jback.    (1)  (Ceresia  fluitans,  Ell.)  —  River-swamps,  Virginia,  S.  Ohio,  Illinois, 
and  southward.     Oct. 

*  *  Spikes  one  or  Jew ;  the  rhachis  narrower  tJian  the  spikelets. 
•*-  Spikelets  very  obtuse,  orbicular :  spikes  one  terminal,  and  often  1-5  lateral. 

2.  P.  setaceum,  Michx.     Culm  ascending  or  decumbent  (1°-  2°  long), 
slender;  leaves  (2"  wide,  flat)  and  sheaths  clothed  with  soft  spreading  hairs; 
spikes  very  slender  (2' -4'  long),  smooth,  mostly  solitary  on  a  long  peduncle,  and 
usually  one  from  the  sheaths  of  each  of  the  upper  leaves  on  short  peduncles  or  included  ; 
spikelets  (£"  wide)  narrowly  2-rowed.     1J.   (Also  P.  debile  and  P.  ciliatifolium, 
Michx.)  —  Sandy  fields,  Massachusetts,  near  the  coast,  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
August. 

3.  P.  Iicve,  Michx.     Culm  upright,  rather  stout  (l°-3°  high) ;  the  pretty 
large  and  long  leaves  with  the  flattened  sheaths  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy ; 
spikes  2-6,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  approximated  near  the  summit  of  an  elon- 
gated naked  peduncle,  spreading  (2' -4'  long),  smooth,  except  a  bearded  tuft  at 
their  base;  spikelets  broadly  2-rowed  (over  1"  wide).     1J.  ?  —  Moist  soil,  S.  New 
England  to  Kentucky,  and  southward.    August.  —  Either  glabrous  or  sometimes 
the  lower  sheaths,  &c.  very  hairy. 

•»-  •*-  Spikelets  acute:  spikes  always  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  naked  peduncle. 

4.  P.  disticlllim,  L.     (JOINT-GRASS.)     Nearly  glabrous,  rather  glau- 
cous ;  culms  ascending  (about  1°  high)  from  a  long  creeping  base ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  (2' -3'  long) ;  spikes  short  and  closely-flowered  (S'-2'  long),  one  short- 
peduncled,  the  other  sessile ;  rhachis  flat  on  the  back ;  spikelets  ovate,  slightly  pointed 
(barely  l£"  long).     1J.   (P.  notatum,  Fluegge,  frc.) — Wet  fields,  Virginia  and 
southward.    July  -  Sept. 

5.  P.  Digital'ia,  Poir.    Culms  ascending  (l°-2£°  high)  from  a  creeping 
base;  leaves  lanceolate  (3' -6'  long,  £'-|    wide);   spikes  slender  and  rather 
sparsely  flowered  (l'-4'  long),  conjugate,  both  sessile  at  the  apex  of  the  slender 
peduncle;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate  (2''  long).     (Milium  paspalodes,  Ell.)  —  Vir- 
ginia (Pursh),  and  southward. 

59.    PANICUM,    L.        PANIC-GRASS. 

Spikelets  panicled,  racemed,  or  sometimes  spiked,  not  involucrate,  l£-2- 
flowered.  Glumes  2,  but  the  lower  one  usually  short  or  minute  (rarely  want- 
ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ;  the  upper  as  long  as  the  fertile  flower.  Lower 


GRAMINE^E.      (GRASS   FAMILY.)  577 

flower  either  neutral  or  staminate,  of  one  palea  which  closely  resembles  the  up- 
per glume,  and  sometimes  with  a  second  thin  one.  Upper  flower  perfect,  closed, 
coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  usually  flattish  parallel  with  the  glumes,  awnless, 
enclosing  the  free  and  grooveless  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose,  usually 
purple.  (An  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Italian  Millet,  P.  Italicum  (now  Seta- 
ria  Italica),  thought  to  come  from  pants,  bread ;  some  species  furnishing  a  kind 
of  bread-corn.) 

4  1.  DIGITARIA,  Scop.  —  Spikelets  crowded  2-  3  togetlter  in  simple  and  mostly 
1-sided  clustered  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  wholly  awnless  and  pointless :  lower 
flower  neutral,  of  a  single  palea :  lower  glume  minute,  sometimes  obsolete  or  want- 
ing :  root  annual :  plant  often  purplish. 

*  Spikes  erect;  the  rhachis  flliform,  nearly  terete. 

1.  P.  filiftirme,  L.     Culms  very  slender  (l°-2°  high),  upright;  lower 
sheaths  hairy ;  spikes  2-8,  alternate  and  approximated,  filiform ;  spikelets  ob- 
long, acute  (§"  long) ;  upper  glume  equalling  the  flower,  the  lower  almost 
wanting.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey  along  the  coast,  Illi- 
nois, and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  Spikes  spreading ;  tjie  rhachis  flat  and  thin. 

2.  P,  GLA.BRTJM,  Gaudin.     Culms  spreading,  prostrate,  or  sometimes  erect 
(5' -12'  long),  glabrous;  spikes  2-6,  widely  diverging,  nearly  digitate;  spikelets 
ovoid  (about  1"  long) ;  upper  glume  equalling  the  flower,  the  lower  one  almost  want- 
ing. —  Cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places ;  common  southward,  and  not  rare 
northward :  in  some  places  appearing  as  if  indigenous,  but  probably  an  intro- 
duced plant.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  P.    SANGUINALE,  L.      (COMMON  CRAB-GRASS.    FlNGER-GRASS.)     CulmS 

erect  or  spreading  (1°- 2°  high) ;  leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous  or  hairy;  spikes 
4-15,  spreading,  digitate;  spikelets  oblong  (l£"long);  upper  glume  half  the  length 
•f  the  flower,  the  lower  one  small.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds,  and  yards ; 
common.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  PANICUM  PROPER.  —  Spikelets  scattered,  in  panicles,  awnless. 
#  Panicle  elongated  and  racemose,  wand-like  or  pyramidal;  the  numerous  and  usually 

pointed  spikelets  short-pedicelled,  excepting  No.  7. 
•*-  Sterile  flower  neutral,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  lower  glume :  spikelets  small 

(not  more  than  I"  or  l£"  long). 
•*•«•  Neutral  flower  consisting  of  2  palece. 

4.  P.  anceps,  Michx.     Culms  flat,  upright  (2° -4°  high);  leaves  rathet 
broadly  linear  (l°-2°  long,  4" -5"  wide),  smooth;  panicle  contracted-pyram- 
idal ;   spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  a  little  curved  ;   upper  glume  7 -nerved ; 
neutral  flower  \  longer  than  the  perfect  one.     1|. —  Wet  soil,  pine  barrens  of 
New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    Aug.  —  Allied  to  the  next :  spikeleta 
and  branches  of  the  panicle  longer. 

5.  P.  agTOStoides,  Spreng.     Culms  flattened,  upright  (2°  high) ;  leaves 
long,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth ;  panicles  terminal  and  often  lateral,  pyram- 
idal (4' -8'  long) ;  the  spikelets  racemose,  crowded  and  one-sided  on  the  spread- 
ing branches,  ovate-oblong,  acute  (purplish)  ;  upper  glume  5-nerved,  Icnger  than  the 

49 


578  GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

neutral  flower,  which  exceeds  the  perfect  one.  (P.  agrostidiforme,  Lam.  f  P. 
multiflorum,  Poir.) — "Wet  meadows,  E.  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  Illinois, 
and  southward.  Aug. 

•w-  •*•+  Neutral  flower  consisting  of  a  single  palea. 

6.  P.  jH'Ol  sfei'liiai,  Lam.     Smooth  throughout ;  culms  thickened,  succulent, 
branched  and  geniculate,  ascending  from  a  procumbent  base ;  sheaths  flattened ; 
ligule  ciliate ;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  compound,  pyramidal,  the  slender 
primary  branches  at  length  spreading ;  spikelets  oppressed,  lance-oval,  acute  (pale 
green),  lower  glume  broad,  J  to  £  the  length  of  the  upper;  neutral  flower  little 
longer  than  the  perfect  one.     (j)  —  Brackish  marshes   and  meadows ;  common 
along  the  coast  from  Massachusetts  southward :  also  along  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi.   Aug. 

7.  P.  capillare,  L.     Culm  upright,  often  branched  at  the  base  and  form- 
ing a  tuft;  leaves  (large)  and  especially  the  flattened  sheaths  very  hirsute;  panicle 
pyramidal,  capillary,  compound  and  very  loose  (6' -12'  long),  the  slender  straight 
branches  somewhat  reflexed  when  old ;  spikelets  scattered  on  long  pedicels,  oblong- 
ovoid  and  pointed;  lower  glume  half  the  length  of  the  neutral  palea,  which  is 
longer  than  the  ovoid-oblong  obtuse  perfect  flower.     @  —  Sandy  soil  and  cultivated 
fields  everywhere.    Aug.,  Sept. 

8.  P.  autumn  ale,  Bosc !    Culm  ascending,  very  slender  (1°  high),  branch- 
ing below ;  leaves  small  (!'  -  2'  long,  linear-lanceolate)  and  upper  sheaths  glabrous ; 
panicle  as  in  depauperate  states  of  the  last,  but  glabrous,  except  the  strongly 
bearded  main  axils,  its  capillary  much  elongated  divisions  mostly  simple  and 
bearing  solitary  spindle-shaped  spikelets ;  lower  glume  minute ;  perfect  flower  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  lance-oblong,  acute,  nearly  equalling  the  lance-oblong  obtusish  up- 
per glume  and  the  neutral  palea.     1J.  ?  (P.  dichotomiflorum,  Michx.  ?)  —  Sand- 
hills, Mason  County,  Illinois  (Mead),  and  southward.  —  This  well-marked  spe- 
cies is  either  rare,  or  has  been  generally  overlooked. 

•*-  •»-  Sterile  flower  staminate,  of  2  palece, ;  lower  glume  nearly  equalling  it :  spikelets 
large  (2"-2£"  long). 

9.  P.  virgii  turn,  L.    Very  smooth;  culms  upright  (3° -5°  high) ;  leaves 
very  long,  flat;  branches  of  the  compound  loose  and  large  panicle  (9' -2°  long)  at 
length  spreading  or  drooping;  spikeleta  scattered,   oval,   pointed:  glumes   and 
sterile  paleae  pointed,  usually  purplish.     U — Moist  sandy  soil;  common,  espe- 
cially southward.  ..Aug. 

10.  P.  amarum,  Ell.    Nearly  smooth,  rigid ;  culms  (l£°  high)  sheathed 
to  the  top ;  leaves  involute,  glaucous,  coiiaceous,  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  contracted 
panicle,  the  simple  racemose  branches  of  which  are  appressed,  very  smooth ; 
spikelets  ovate,  pointed  (pale) ;  lower  glume  little  shorter  than  the  sterile  flow- 
er.    1J. —  Sandy  shores,  Connecticut  (Barratt,  Bobbins),  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward.   Aug.,  Sept. 

#  *  Panicle  loosely  spreading  or  diffuse,  short. 

*-  Lower  (sterile)  flower  formed  of  2  palece  (the  upper  one  scarious  and  sometimes 
small  and  inconspicuous),  neutral,  except  in  No.  11,  and  occasiomily  in  No.  14, 
where  it  is  staminate. 


(GRASS  FAMILY.)  579 

*+  Culm-leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  wider,  with  9-15  principal  nerves. 

11.  P.  l:Ui  folium,   L.   (excl.  syn.  Sloane,  &c.)     Culm  (l°-2°  high), 
smooth ;  the  joints  and  the  orifice  of  the  throat  or  margins  of  the  otherwise 
smooth  sheaths  often  bearded  with  soft  woolly  hairs ;  leaves  broadly  oblong-lanceolate 
from  a  heart-clasping  base  (often  1'  wide),  taper-pointed,  11-15-nerved,  smooth, 
or  sparingly  downy-hairy;  panicle  more  or  less  exserted  (2' -3'  long),  usually 
long-peduncled,  the  branches  spreading ;  spikelets  obovate,  l£"  long,  downy ;  low- 
er glume  ovate,  not  half  the  length  of  the  many-nerved  upper  one ;  sterile  flower 
often  (but  not  always)  with  3  stamens.     1|.  (P.  Walteri,  Pom)  — Moist  thick- 
ets ;  common.    June  -  Aug. 

12.  P.  clandestiimin,  L.    Culm  rigid  (l°-3°  high),  very  leafy  to  the 
top,  at  length  producing  appressed  branches,  the  joints  naked;  sheaths  rough  with 
papillce  bearing  very  stiff  and  spreading  bristly  hairs ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
from  a  heart-clasping  base,  very  taper-pointed ;  lateral  panicles  and  usually  also 
the  terminal  panicle  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  sheaths,  or,  in  var.  PEDUNCULA-  ' 
TUM  (P.  pedunculatum,  Torr.),  with  the  terminal  one  at  length  long-peduncled: 

—  otherwise  resembling  No.  11 ;  but  the  spikelets  more  ovoid,  often  smooth;  the 
lower  flower  (always?)  neutral.  —  Low  thickets  and  river-banks;  rather  com- 
mon.   July  -  Sept. 

13.  P.  microcarpon,   Muhl.    Culm  and  sheaths  as  in  No.  11;  the 

broadly  lanceolate  leaves  nearly  similar,  but  longer  in  proportion  and  less  point* 
ed,  not  dilated  at  the  rounded  bristly-ciliate  base,  very  rough-margined,  the  up- 
per surface  roughish ;  panicle  soon  exserted  on  a  slender  peduncle,  very  many- 
flowered,  narrowly  oblong  (3' -7'  long) ;  spikelets  about  £"  long,  ovoid,  smooth 
or  sinoothish ;  lower  glume  orbicular  and  very  small.  1|.  (P.  multiflorum,  Ell.  ? 
notofPo/r.) — Dry  or  moist  thickets,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan  to  Illinois, 
and  southward.  July -Sept. 

14.  P.  xaiitliopliysiuil,  Gray.     Culm  simple,  or  at  length  branched 
near  the  base  (9' -15' high) ;  sheaths  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute  (4'-6x 
long  by  £'  wide),  not  dilated  at  the  ciliate-bearded  clasping  base,  smooth  except  the 
margins,  strongly  §- ll-nerved ;  panicle  long-peduncled,  simple,  contracted,  the  ap- 
pressed branches  bearing  few  roundish-obovate  spikelets  (about  l£"  long) ;  lower 
glume  ovate,  acutish,  one  third  or  half  the  length  of  the  9-nerved  upper  one.    1J. 

—  Dry  and  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward ;  rare.    June.  — 
Plant  yellowish-green :  spikelets  minutely  downy :  sterile  flower  sometimes 
staminate. 

15.  P.  vise  id  u  m,  Ell.     Culms  upright  or  ascending,  at  length  much 
branched,  leafy  to  the  top,  densely  velvety-downy  all  over,  as  also  the  sheaths,  with 
reflexcd  soft  and  often  clammy  hairs,  except  a  ring  below  each  joint ;  leaves  likewise 
velvety  all  over,  lanceolate  (£'  wide),  11  -  13-nerved;  panicles  spreading,  the  lateral 
ones  included;   spikelets  obovate,  1"  or  l£"  long,  downy;   the  roundish  lower 
glume  scarcely  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  7-nerved  upper  one.  —  Damp  soil, 
S.  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.     Aug. 

16.  P.  imucifldriiiii,  Ell.?     Culms  upright,  at  length  much  branched 
and  reclining  (1  °  -  2°  long),  roughish ;  leaves  lanceolate  (3'  -  5'  long  by  £'  -  £'  wide), 
rather  faintly  §-nrrvcd,  hairy  or  smooth,  fringed  on  the  whole  margin  or  next  the 


580  GRAMINE^:.     (GRASS  FAMILY.) 

base  with  long  and  stiff  spreading  hairs,  the  sheaths  bristly  throughout  with  similar 
hairs ;  panicle  open,  nearly  simple,  bearing  few  tumid-obovate  hairy  or  smoothish 
tpikelets  about  l£"  long ;  lower  glume  roundish,  about  half  or  a  quarter  of  the 
length  of  the  upper  one.  (P.  leucoblepharis,  Trin.  ?)  —  Wet  meadows  and 
copses,  W.  New  York  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward.  June,  July.  —  Distin- 
guished by  its  much  larger  spikelets,  more  nerved  leaves,  and  coarser  aspect, 
from  any  form  of  the  next.  It  has  probably  been  described  under  several 
names,  some  of  them  earlier  than  Elliott's. 

+•*•  ++  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  with  few  or  indistinct  primary  nerves. 

17.  P.  <li4  Biotoimim,  L. !     Culms  (8' -20' high)  at  first  mostly  simple, 
bearing  a  more  or  less  exserted  spreading  compound  panicle  (l'-3'  long),  and 
lanceolate  flat  leaves  (those  tufted  at  the  root  usually  ovate-lanceolate  and  very 
short,  thickish) ;  but  commonly  branching  later  in  the  season,  the  branches  often 
clustered,  'and  bearing  nearly  simple  and  included  small  panicles ;  spikelets  %"  to 
about  1"  long;  oblong-obovate,  downy  or  smooth;  lower  glume  roundish,  one  third 
or  a  quarter  the  length  of  the  5-T-nerved  upper  one. — Founded  on  an  autumnal 
state  of  the  species,  much  forked  and  with  densely  clustered  lateral  branchlets 
and  panicles.     (P.  nodiflorum,  Lam.)  —  Exhibits  an  interminable  diversity  of 
forms;  of  which  a  shaggy-hairy  and  larger-flowered  variety  is  P.  pubescens, 
Lam. ;  and  one  with  smaller  spikelets  is  P.  laxiflorum,  Lam. ;  while  the  varied 
smooth  or  smoothish  states  with  shining  leaves  are  P.  nitidum,  Lam.,  and  (the 
more  slender  forms)  P.  barbulatum,  Michx.,  P.  ramulosum,  Michx.,  frc. —  Dry 
or  low  grounds;  everywhere  common,  especially  southward.    June -Aug. — 
Some  of  these  species  are  likely  to  be  revived ;  but  if  distinct,  I  am  wholly 
unable  to  limit  them. 

18.  P.  depauperatum,  Muhl.     Culms  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  forming  close  tufts  (6' -12'  high),  terminated  by  a  simple  and  few-flowered 
contracted  panicle,  often  much  overtopped  by  the  narrowly  linear  and  elongated  (4'  -  7') 
upper  leaves ;  spikelets  f  "  - 1£"  long,  oval-obovate,  commonly  pointed  when  young ; 
the  ovate  lower  one  third  the  length  of  the  9-nerved  upper  one.     1J.   (P.  strictum, 
Pursh.     P.  rectum,  Rcem.  Sf  Schult.)  — Varies,  with  the  leaves  involute,  at  least 
when  dry  (P.  involutum,  Ton:),  and  with  the  sheaths  either  beset  with  long 
hairs  or  nearly  smooth  :  the  panicle  either  partly  included,  or  oftener  on  a  long 
and  slender  peduncle.  —  Dry  woods  and  hills ;  rather  common,  especially  north- 
ward.   June. 

•»-  •«-  Lower  flower  destitute  of  an  upper  palea,  and  neutral. 

19.  P.  verrucdsum,  Muhl.     Smooth;  culms  branching  and  spreading, 
very  slender  (1°  -  2°  long),  naked  above  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2"  -  3    wide), 
shining ;  branches  of  the  diffuse  panicle  capillary,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  oval, 
acute,  |"  long,  warty-roughened  (dark  green) ;  the  lower  glume  one  fourth  the 
length  of  the  obscurely  nerved  upper  one.    ©  ?  —  Sandy  swamps,  New  Eng- 
land to  Virginia,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.    Aug. 

§3.  ECHIN6CHLOA,  Beauv.  —  Spikelets  imbricated-spiked  on  the  branches  of 
the  simple  or  compound  raceme  or  panicle,  rough  with  oppressed  stiff  hairs :  lower 
palea  of  the  sterile  floiver  awl-pointed  or  awned. 

20.  P.  CRUS-GALLI,  L.      (BARNYARD-GRASS.)     Culms  stout,  branching 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  581 

from  the  base  (l°-4°  high);  leaves  lanceolate  (£'  or  more  wide),  rough-mar^ 
gined,  otherwise  with  the  sheaths  smooth;  spikes  alternate  (l'-3'  long),  crowd- 
ed in  a  dense  panicle ;  glumes  ova>e,  abruptly  pointed ;  lower  palea  of  the  neu- 
tral flower  bearing  a  rough  awn  of  variable  length.  ©  —  Varies,  greatly; 
sometimes  awnless  or  nearly  so ;  sometimes  long-awned,  especially  so  in  var. 
ErfspiDUM  (P.  hispidum,  Muhl.,  P.  longisetum,  Torr.),  a  very  large  and  coarse 
form  of  the  species,  which  has  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  very  bristly.  —  Moist 
and  chiefly  manured  soil :  the  variety  in  ditches,  usually  near  salt  water;  possi- 
bly indigenous.  Aug. -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.  1) 

60.  SET  ARIA,    Beauv.        BRISTLY  FOXTAIL-GRASS. 

Spikelets  altogether  as  in  Panicum  proper,  and  awnless,  but  with  the  short 
peduncles  produced  beyond  them  into  solitary  or  clustered  bristles  resembling 
awns  (not  forming  a  real  involucre).  Inflorescence  a  dense  spiked  panicle,  or 
apparently  a  cylindrical  spike.  —  Annuals,  in  cultivated  grounds,  with  linear  or 
lanceolate  flat  leaves :  properly  to  be  regarded  as  a  subgenus  of  Panicum. 
(Name  from  seta,  a  bristle.) 

#  Bristles  single  or  in  pairs,  roughened  or  barbed  downwards. 

1.  S.  VERTICILLATA,  Beauv.     Spike  cylindrical  (2' -3'  long,  pale  green), 
somewhat  interrupted,  composed  of  apparently  whorled  short  clusters ;  bristles 
short,  adhesive.     (Panicum  verticillatum,  L.) — Near  dwellings:  rare  north- 
ward.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  #  Bristles  in  clusters,  roughened  or  barbed  upwards. 

2.  S.  GLAtiCA,  Beauv.    (FOXTAIL.)    Spike  cylindrical,  very  dense,  tawny  yet- 
low  (2' -4'  long) ;  bristles  6-11  in  a  duster,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  per- 
fect flower  transversely  wrinTded.  —  Very  common  in  stubble,  barn-yards,  &c. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  vfRiDis,  Beauv.    (GREEN  FOXTAIL.    BOTTLE-GRASS.)  Spike  nearly 
cylindrical,  more  or  less  compound,  green ;  bristles  few  in  a  cluster,  longer  than  the 
spikelets;  perfect  flower  striate  lengthwise  and  dotted.  —  Common  in  cultivated 
grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  S.  IT!LICA,  Kunth.    Spike  compound,  interrupted  at  the  base,  thick,  nod- 
ding (6' -9'  long,  yellowish  or  purplish) ;  bristles  2  or  3  in  a  cluster,  either  much 
longer  or  else  shorter  than  the  spikelets.  —  S.  Germanica,  Beauv.  is  a  variety. 
Sometimes  cultivated  under  the  name  of  MILLET,  or  BENGAL  GRASS  :  rarely 
spontaneous.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

61.  GER  GURUS,  L.        HEDGEHOG-  or  BUR-GRASS. 

Spikelets  as  in  Panicum,  awnless,  but  enclosed  1  to  5  together  in  a  globular 
and  bristly  or  spiny  involucre,  which  becomes  coriaceous  and  forms  a  decid- 
uous hard  and  rigid  bur :  the  involucres  sessile  in  a  terminal  spike.  Styles 
united  below.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  Setaria  Italica,  transferred,  for  no 
evident  reason,  to  this  genus.) 

1.  C.  tribuloidcs,  L.  Culms  branched  at  the  base,  ascending  (l°-2<> 
long) ;  leaves  flat ;  spike  oblong,  composed  of  8  - 10  spherical  heads ;  involucre 
prickly  all  over  with  spreading  and  downwardly  barbed  short  spines,  more  or 
49* 


682  GRAMINE.E.      (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

less  downy,  enclosing  2  or  3  spikelets.  (D  —  Sandy  soil,  on  the  coast,  and  along 
the  Great  Lakes;  ascending  the  larger  rivers  for  some  distance.  Aug.  —  A 
vile  weed. 

62.    TRIPS  A  CUM,    L.        GAMA-GRASS.    SESAME-GBASS. 

Spikelets  monoecious,  in  jointed  spikes,  which  are  staminate  above  and  fertile 
below.  Staminate  spikelets  2,  sessile  at  each  triangular  joint  of  the  narrow 
rhachis,  forming  a  1 -sided  and  2-ranked  spike  longer  than  the  joints,  both  alike, 
2-flowered :  glumes  coriaceous,  the  lower  one  (outer)  nerved,  the  inner  one  boat- 
shaped  :  paleas  very  thin  and  membranaceous,  awnless  :  anthers  (turning  orange 
or  reddish-brown)  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  apex.  Pistillate  spikelets  single 
and  deeply  imbedded  in  each  oblong  joint  of  the  cartilaginous  thickened  rhachis, 
occupying  a  boat-shaped  recess  which  is  closed  by  the  polished  and  cartilagi- 
nous ovate  outer  glume ;  the  inner  glume  much  thinner,  pointed,  2-flowered ; 
the  lower  flower  neutral ;  the  paleae  very  thin  and  scarious,  crowded  together, 
pointless.  Styles  united:  stigmas  very  long  (purple),  hispid.  Grain  ovoid, 
free.  Culms  stout  and  tall,  solid,  from  very  thick  creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves 
broad  and  flat.  Spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  separating  spontaneously  into 
joints  at  maturity.  (Name  from  rpi£o>,  to  rub,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the 
polished  fertile  spike.) 

1.  T.  dactyloides,  L.  Spikes  (4' -8' long)  2-3  together  at  the  sum- 
mit (when  their  contiguous  sides  are  more  or  less  flattened),  and  also  solitary 
from  some  of  the  upper  sheaths  (when  the  fertile  part  is  cylindrical) ;  some- 
times, var.  MONOSTACHYUM,  the  terminal  spike  also  solitary.  —  Moist  soil,  Con- 
necticut to  Pennsylvania,  near  the  coast,  thence  west  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 
Aug.  —  Culm  4°  -  7°  high :  the  leaves  like  those  of  Indian  Corn.  —  This  is  one 
of  our  largest  and  most  remarkable  Grasses.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  fodder  at 
the  South,  where  better  is  not  to  be  had. 

63.    BRIAN  THUS,    Michx.        WOOLLY  BEABD-GBASS. 

Spikelets  spiked  in  pairs  upon  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis ;  one  of  them 
sessile,  the  other  pedicelled ;  otherwise  both  alike ;  with  the  lower  flower  neu- 
tral, of  one  membranaceous  palea ;  the  upper  perfect,  of  2  hyaline  paleae,  which 
are  thinner  and  shorter  than  the  nearly  equal  membranaceous  glumes,  the  lower 
awned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  free.  —  Tall  and  stout  reed-like 
Grasses,  with  the  spikes  crowded  in  a  panicle,  and  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs, 
especially  in  a  tuft  around  the  base  of  each  spikelet  (whence  the  name,  from 
fpiov,  wool,  and  av0os,jloiver). 

1.  E.  alopecuroides,  Ell.     Culm  (4° -6°  high)  woolly-bearded  at  the 
joints ;  panicle  contracted;  the  silky  hairs  longer  than  the  spikelets,  shorter  than  the 
straight  awn ;  or  at  length  contorted  ;  stamens  2.     1|. —  Wet  pine  barrens,  New 
Jersey,  Illinois,  and  southward :  rare.     Sept.,  Oct. 

2.  JE.  brcvibiirbis,  Michx.    Culm  (2° -5°  high),  somewhat  bearded  at 
the  upper  joints ;  panicle  rather  open  ;  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the  spikelets.     U 
—  Low  grounds,  Virginia  and  southward. 


GRAMINE^E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  583 

64.    ANDROPOGON,    L.        BEARD  GRASS. 

Spikclets  in  pairs  upon  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis,  spiked  or  racemed ; 
one  of  them  pedicelled  and  sterile,  often  a  mere  vestige :  the  other  sessile,  with 
the  lower  flower  neutral  and  of  a  single  palea ;  the  upper  perfect  and  fertile,  of 
2  thin  and  hyaline  paleae  shorter  than  the  herbaceous  or  chartaceous  glumes,  the 
lower  awned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  free.  —  Coarse  and  mostly 
rigid  perennial  Grasses,  with  lateral  or  terminal  spikes  commonly  clustered  or 
digitate ;  the  rhachis  hairy  or  plumose-bearded,  and  often  the  sterile  or  stami- 
nate  flowers  also  (whence  the  name,  composed  of  dvyp,  ai/8pos,  man,  and  irwywv, 
beard). 

#  Sterile  spikdet  staminate  (stamens  3),  aimless :  spikes  digitate. 

1.  A.  f  11  re  sit  us,  Muhl.      Culms  (4°  high)  and  leaves  nearly  smooth, 
bearing  3-5  straight  and  rather  rigid  hairy  spikes  together  at  the  naked  summit 
(or  fewer  on  lateral  branches) ;  spikelets  approximated,  roughish-downy ;  awn 
bent.  —  Sterile  soil ;  c6mmon.     Sept. 

#  #  Sterile  spikelet  neutral,  reduced  to  a  small  pointed  glume  raised  on  a  long  bearded 
pedicel ;  the  fertile  2    3-androus,  bearing  a  slender  mostly  bent  or  twisted  awn :  culms 
paniculate-branched. 

2.  A.  SCOparins,  Michx.    Culms  slender  (2° -4°  high),  with  many  pa- 
niculate branches ;  the  lower  sheaths  and  the  narrow  leaves  hairy ;  spikes  mostly 
single,  terminating  the  short  branches,  peduncled,  very  loose,  slender  (2'  long,  often 
purple),  sparsely  silky  with  dull  white  hairs ;  the  zigzag  rhachis  hairy  along  the 
edges ;  pairs  of  spikelets  rather  distant.  —  Sterile  or  open  sandy  soil ;  common 
July -Sept. 

3.  A.  a  rife  11  tens,  Ell.     Culms  rather  slender  (about  3°  high) ;  spikes  in 
pairs,  on  a  peduncle  exceeding  the  sheaths,  dense,  very  silky  with  long  white  hairs 
(l£'-2'  long) ;  rudimentary  flower  much  shorter  than  the  hairs  of  its  pedicel. — 
Sterile  soil,  Virginia,  Illinois  ?   and  southward.     Sept.,  Oct.  —  Spikes  much 
denser,  and  the  flowers  larger  and  more  silky,  than  in  the  next ;  which  it  con- 
siderably resembles. 

#  #  *  Sterile  spikelet  abortive,  reduced  to  a  mere  awn-like  plumose  pedicel,  bearing  no 
distinct  rudiment  of  a  flower;  the  fertile  l-androus,  and  bearing  a  straight  slender 
awn :  spikes  clustered,  lateral  and  terminal,  partly  enclosed  in  the  flattened  bract- 
like  sheaths;  the  slender  rhachis,  frc.  clothed  with  copioui    very  long  and  silky 
(white)  hairs. 

4.  A.  Virginicus,   L.      Culm  flattish  below,  slender,  sparingly  short' 
branched  above  (3°  high) ;  sheaths  smooth ;  spikes  2  or  3  together  in  distant  oppressed 
clusters,  weak  and  soft  (!'  long).  —  Sandy  soil ;  New  York  to  Illinois,  and  south- 
ward.    Sept. 

5.  A.  macronrilS,  Michx.     Culm  stout  (2° -3°  high),  bushy-branched  at 
the  summit,  loaded  with  numerous  spikes  forming  dense  leafy  clusters ;  sheaths 
rough,  the  upper  hairy.  —Low  grounds,  New  York  to  Virginia,  near  the  coast 
and  southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 


584  GRAMINE2E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

65.    SORGHUM,    Pers.        BROOM-()CRN. 

Spikelets  2-3  together  on  the  ramifications  of  an  open  panicle,  the  lateral 
ones  sterile  or  often  reduced  merely  to  their  pedicels ;  only  the  middle  or  ter- 
minal one  fertile,  its  glumes  coriaceous  or  indurated,  sometimes  awnless  :  other- 
wise nearly  as  in  Andropogon.  Stamens  3.  (The  Asiatic  name  of  a  cultivated 
species.) 

1.  S.  imtaiis.  (INDIAN  GRASS.  WOOD-GRASS.)  Culm  simple  (3°- 
5°  high),  terete ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  glaucous ;  sheaths  smooth ;  panicle 
narrowly  oblong,  rather  crowded  (6' -12'  long) ;  the  perfect  spikelets  at  length 
drooping  (light  russet-brown  and  shining),  clothed,  especially  towards  the  base, 
with  fawn-colored  hairs,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  twisted  awn ;  the  sterile 
spikelets  small  and  imperfect,  deciduous,  or  reduced  to  a  mere  plumose-hairy 
pedicel.  1|.  (Andropogon  nutans,  L.)  —  Dry  soil ;  common,  especially  south- 
ward, where  it  exhibits  several  more  or  less  marked  varieties.  Aug. 

S.  VULG\RE,  Pers.,  the  INDIAN  MILLET,  has  several  cultivated  varieties  or 
races,  such  as  the  GUINEA-CORN  and  BROOM-CORN.  * 


ZEA  MATS,  the  INDIAN  CORN,  is  a  well-known  Panicejus  Grass. 
SACCHARUM   OFFICINARUM,  L.,   the   SUGAR-CASE,   is  a  tropical  Grass, 
closely  allied  to  Erianthus,  p.  582. 


EQUISETACE2E.       (HORSETAIL    FAMILY.)  585 


SERIES   II. 

CEYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  destitute  of  proper  flowers  (stamens  and 
pistils),  and  producing,  in  place  of  seeds,  minute  bodies  of 
homogeneous  structure  (called  spores),  in  which  there  is 
no  embryo,  or  plantlet  anterior  to  germination. 

CLASS    III.     ACROGENS. 

Cryptogamous  plants  with  a  distinct  axis  (stem  and 
branches),  growing  from  the  apex  only,  containing  woody 
fibre  and  vessels  (especially  ducts),  and  usually  with  dis- 
tinct foliage. 

ORDER  135.    EQUISETACEJE.     (HORSETAIL  FAMILY.) 

Leafless  plants,  with  rush-like  hollow  and  jointed  stems,  arising  from  run- 
ning rootstocks,  terminated  by  the  fructification  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or 
spike,  which  is  composed  of  shield-shaped  stalked  scales  bearing  the  spare" 
cases  underneath.  —  Comprises  solely  the  genus 

1.    EQUISETUUI,  L.      HORSETAIL.   SCOURING  RUSH.    (Tab.  14.) 

Spore-cases  (sporangia,  thecce)  6  or  7,  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  angled 
shield-shaped  scales  of  the  spike,  1 -celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side  and  dis- 
charging the  numerous  loose  spores.  To  the  base  of  each  spore  are  attached  4 
thread-like  and  club-shaped  elastic  filaments  (daters),  which  roll  up  closely 
around  them  when  moist,  and  uncoil  when  dry.  —  Stems  striate-grooved,  rigid, 
the  hard  cuticle  abounding  in  silex,  hollow,  and  also  with  an  outer  circle  of 
smaller  air-cavities  corresponding -with  the  grooves ;  the  joints  closed  and  solid, 
each  bearing  instead  of  leaves  a  sheath,  which  surrounds  the  base  of  the  inter- 
node  above,  and  is  split  into  teeth  corresponding  in  number  and  position  with 
the  principal  ridges  of  the  stem :  the  stomata  always  occupying  the  principal 
grooves.  Branches,  when  present,  in  whorls  from  the  base  of  the  sheath,  like 
the  stem,  but  without  the  central  air-cavity.  (The  ancient  name,  from  equus, 
horse,  and  seta,  bristle.) 


586  EQUISETACE.E.       (HORSETAIL    FAMILY.) 

*•  Stems  annual  (not  surviving  the  winter)  :  fructification  in  spring  (April  and  May). 
(Stomata  irregularly  scattered  over  the  whole  surface  of  tlie  grooves.) 

•*-  Fertile  stems  different  from  the  sterile  ones,  earlier,  brownish. 

*+  Fertile  stems  never  branching,  decaying  early  after  fructification :  the  sterile  stems 

bearing  simple  branches. 

1.  E.  arvense,  L.     Sterile  stems  smoothish,  12-  I  ^-furrowed,  and  produc- 
ing ascending  sharply  4-  (or  3  -  5-)  ungled  long  branches,  with  4  herbaceous  lanceolate 
pointed  teeth;  sheaths  of  the  fertile  stems  (8' -15'  high)  remote,  large  and  loose. — 
Damp  places  ;  common.     (Eu.) 

2.  E.  eburneum,  Schreber.     Sterile  stems  very  smooth,  ivory-white, 
about  30-furrowed,  the  rough  usually  4-angled  branches  again  grooved  on  the  angles, 
and  with  awl-shaped  fragile  teeth ;  sheaths  of  the  fertile  stems  crowded,  deeply 
toothed.     (E.  fluviatile,  Smith.)  —  Shore  of  tie  Great  Lakes,  and  northward.  — 
Fertile  stems  1°  or  more  high,  stout;  the  sterile  2° -5°.     (Eu.) 

•*•*•  •*-*•  Fertile  stems  remaining  and  producing  herbaceous  branches  after  fructification. 

3.  E.  pratense,  Ehrh.     Sterile  and  finally  also  the  fertile  stems  bearing 
whorls  of  simple  straight  branches ;  sheaths  of  the  stem  split  into  separate  ovate- 
lanceolate  short  teeth,  those  of  the  branches  3-toothed :  otherwise  much  like  the 
next;  in  its  simple  branches  resembling  No.  1,  but  narrower  in  general  outline, 
and  blunt.    (E.  umbrosum,  Willd.    E.  Drummondii,  Hook.)  — Michigan  ( Cooley, 
Sfc.)  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

4.  E.  sylvsiticuiii,  L.      Sterile  and  fertile  stems  about  12-furrowed, 
bearing  whorls  of  compound  racemed  branches ;  sheaths  loose,  with  8-14  rather 
blunt  membranous  more  or  less  united  teeth ;  those  of  the  branches  bearing  4  or  5, 
of  the  branchlets  3,  lance-pointed  divergent  teeth.  — Wet  shady  places ;  common 
northward.     (Eu.) 

i-  ••-  Fertile  and  sterile  stems  similar  and  contemporaneous,  both  herbaceous,  or  all  the 
stems  fertile,  fruiting  in  summer,  producing  mostly  simple  branches  from  the  upper 
or  middle  joints,  or  sometimes  quite  naked. 

5.  E.  limdsuin,  L.     Stems  tall  (2° -3°  high),  smooth,  slightly  many- 
furrowed,  usually  producing  upright  simple  branches  after  fructification ;  sheaths 
appressed,  with  10-22  (commonly  about  18)  dark-brown  and  acute  rigid  short 
teeth.      (E.  uliginosum,  Muhl.) — In  shallow  water;  rather  common.  —  Air- 
cavities  none  under  the  grooves,  but  small  ones  under  the  ridges.     (Near  this  is 
the  European  E.  PALtJSTRE,  with  a  strongly  grooved  roughish  stem,  large  air- 
cavities  under  the  grooves,  and  pale  6  -  9-toothed  sheaths ;  also  attributed  to 
tliis  country  by  Pursh,  probably  incorrectly.)     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stems  perennial,  bearing  fructification  in  summer,  lasting  over  the  next  winter 
and  longer,  mostly  rough  (the  cuticle  abounding  in  silex),  simple  or  rarely  branched. 
(Stomata  in  regular  rows,  in  our  species  l-rowed  on  each  side  of  the  groove.) 
—  Stems  large,  mostly  single :  sheaths  appressed.     (Probably  all  forms  of  No.  8.) 

6.  E.  Irevigiitum,  Braun.     Stems  l£°-4°  high;  the  ridges  convex,  ob- 
tuse, smooth  or  minutely  rough  with  minute  tubercles ;  sheatJis  elongated,  with  a 
narrow  black  limb  and  about  22  linear-aid-shaped  caducous  teeth,  l-keeled  below. — 
Dryish  clay  soil,  Illinois  and  southward. 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  587 

7.  E.  robustum,  Braun.     Stems  3° -6°  high;  the  ridges  narrow,  rough 
with  one  line  of  tubercles ;  sheaths  short,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  rarely 
with  a  black  limb,  and  about  40  deciduous  3-keeled  teeth  with  ovate-awl-shaped  points , 
—  River-banks,  Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  —  Too  near  the  last ;  and  passes 
by  var.  AFF!NE,  Engelm.  (a  smaller  plant,  with  20  -  25  awl-pointed  more  per- 
sistent teeth)  into  the  next. 

8.  E.  liyeiuikle,  L.    (Scoumxa  RUSH.    SHAVE-GRASS.)     Stems  l£°- 
3°  high,  the  ridges  roughened  by  2  more  or  less  distinct  lines  of  tubercles ;  sheaUis 
elongated,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  and  a  black  limb,  consisting  of 
about  20  (17  —  26)  narrowly  linear  teeth,  \-keeled  at  the  base  and  with  awl-shaped 
deciduous  points.  —  Wet  banks  ;  common,  especially  northward.    Used  for  scour- 
ing.    (Eu.) 

•«-  •*-  Stems  low  and  slender,  growing  in  tufts :  sheaths  loose  or  enlarging  upwards ; 
the  summits  of  their  4-keeled  ovate  membranaceous  and  persistent  teeth  tipped  with 
a  fragile  awn  or  cusp. 

9.  E.  varicgatum,  Schleicher.     Stems  ascending  (6' -12' long),  simple, 
from  a  branched  base,  5  -  ^-grooved ;  the  ridges  rough  with  2  rows  of  tubercles 
which  are  separated  by  a  secondary  furrow ;  sheaths  green  variegated  with  black 
above ;  the  5-9  teeth  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle.  —  Shores  or  river-banks, 
New  Hampshire  (Bellows  Falls,  Carey)  to  Wisconsin,  and  northward;  rare. 
(Eu.) 

10.  E.  SCirpoideS,  Michx.    Stems  thread-like  (4'  -  8'  high),  bent  or  curved, 
rough,  3  -  ^-grooved  alternately  with  as  many  bristle-pointed  teeth,  and  with  the 
same  number  of  intermediate  furrows  of  equal  width ;  sheaths  variegated  with 
black ;  central  air-cavity  wanting.  —  Wooded  hill-sides,  New  England  to  Penn 
sylvania,  Michigan,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

ORDER  136.    FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

Leafy  plants,  with  the  leaves  (fronds)  usually  raised  on  a  stalk  or  petiole 
(called  the  stipe},  rising  from  a  root  or  mostly  from  prostrate  or  subterranean 
rootstocks,  separately  rolled  up  (circinate)  in  the  bud  (except  in  Suborder 
III.),  and  bearing,  on  the  veins  of  their  lower  surface  or  along  the  margins,  the 
simple  fructification,  which  consists  of  l-cetted  spore-cases  (sporangia),  open- 
ing in  various  ways,  and  discharging  the  numerous  minute  spores.  (An- 
theridia  and  pistillidia  formed  on  the  seedling  plantlet !)  —  Comprises  three 
very  distinct  Suborders,  which  now  are  by  many  received  as  separate 
families :  — 

SUBORDER  I.    POLYPODINEJE.    THE  TRUE  FERNS. 

Sporangia  collected  in  dots,  lines,  or  variously  shaped  clusters  (sort  or 
fruit-dots')  on  the  back  or  margins  of  the  frond  or  its  divisions,  stalked, 
cellular-reticulated,  the  stalk  running  into  a  vertical  incomplete  ring,  which 
by  straightening  at  maturity  ruptures  the  sporangium  transversely  on  the 
inner  side,  discharging  the  spores.  Fruit-dots  often  covered  (at  least  when 


588  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

young)  by  a  membrane  called  the  indusium,  growing  either  from  the  back 
or  the  margin  of  the  frond.     (Tab.  9-12.) 

TRIBE  I.    POL.YPODIEJE.    Fructification  dorsal,  naked,  entirely  destitute  of  any  in- 

dusiuai,  in  roundish  separate  fruit-dots. 

1.  POLYPODIUM.    Fertile  fronds  like  the  sterile  ones,  wholly  leaf-like,  not  rolled  up.    Fruit- 

dots  scattered  on  the  back,  borne  each  on  the  end  of  a  veinlet. 

2.  STRUTHIOPTERIS.    Fertile  frond  very  different  from  the  sterile,  contracted  and  rigid,  its 

pinnate  divisions  rolled  up  from  each  margin  into  a  closed  necklace-like  body,  conceal- 
ing the  fruit-dots  within,  which  are  borne  on  the  middle  of  a  vein. 

TRIBE  II.     PTERIDEJE.     Fructification  marginal  or  intramarginal,  provided  with  a 

general  indusiuin  formed  of  the  (either  altered  or  unchanged)  margin  of  the  frond,  and 

which  is  therefore  free  and  opens  on  the  inner  side,  towards  the  midrib,  transverse  as 

respects  the  veins.    Venation  in  our  genera  free. 

*  Indusium  continuous,  consisting  of  the  entire  reflexed  and  altered  (scarious-membranaceous) 

margin  of  the  fertile  frond  or  of  its  pinnae  or  pinnules. 
8.  ALLQSORUS.     Sporangia  borne  on  the  free  and  separate  extremity  of  the  veins  or  veinlets, 

becoming  confluent  laterally.    Indusium  broad. 
4.  PTERIS.     Sporangia  borne  on  a  continuous  receptacle,  in  the  form  of  a  slender  marginal 

line,  which  connects  the  tips  of  the  veinlets. 
»  *  Indusium  the  summit  or  margin  of  a  separate  lobe  or  tooth  of  a  fertile  frond  or  of  it* 

divisions  turned  over.    Sporangia  borne  on  the  free  ends  of  the  veins  or  veinlets. 
6.  ADIANTUM.    Sporangia  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  strictly  reflexed  indusium.    Mid- 
rib of  the  pinnules  marginal  or  none. 

6.  CHEILANTHES.    Sporangia  borne  on  the  frond,  the  unaltered  herbaceous  summit  or 

margins  of  the  lobes  of  which  are  recurved  to  form  an  imperfect  involucre.    Midrib 
central. 

ARISE  HI.  BI^ECHNE^.  Fructification  dorsal ;  the  oblong  or  linear  fruit-dots  borne 
on  cross  veinlets  parallel  to  the  midrib,  transverse  as  to  the  principal  veins,  covered  with 
a  special  indusium  (entirely  separate  from  the  margin  of  the  frond),  which  is  fixed  by 
the  edge  that  looks  towards  the  margin,  but  free  and  openiug  towards  the  midrib. 

7.  WOODWARDIA.     Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  distinct  or  contiguous  :  veins  more  or  lesa 

reticulated. 

TMBE  IV.  ASPL.ENIE.flE.  Fructification  dorsal;  the  more  or  less  elongated  fruit- 
dots  borne  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  on  direct  veins  oblique  or  at  right  angles  to  the  mid- 
rib and  margins,  each  with  a  special  indusium  fixed  to  the  fruitful  vein  by  one  margin, 
and  free  and  opening  at  the  other. 

8.  CAMPTOSORUS.     Veins  reticulated  except  near  the  margin.    Fruit-dots  irregularly  scat- 

tered over  the  frond,  inclined  to  approach  in  pairs. 

9.  SCOLOPENDRIUM.    Veins  simply  forked,  straight  and  free.    Fruit-dots  linear,  confluent 

in  pairs,  which  appear  like  a  single  one  with  a  double  indusium,  opening  down  the 
middle. 

10.  ASPLENIUM.    Veins  forked  and  free     Fruit-dots  oblique,  separate,  each  on  the  upper 

(inner)  side  of  a  vein,  rarely  some  of  them  double,  when  the  two  indusia  are  on  the 
same  vein,  back  to  back. 

TRIBE  V.  DICKSOIVIE^E.  Fructification  marginal:  fruit-dots  roundish,  borne  on 
the  apex  of  a  free  vein,  furnished  with  an  indusium  in  the  form  of  a  cup,  open  at  the 
top,  formed  in  part  of  (or  confluent  with)  a  toothlet  or  portion  of  the  margin  of  he  frond. 

11.  DICKSONIA  §  SITOLOBIUM.    Indusium  hemispherical-cup-shaped  or  almost  globular, 


TRIBE  VI.  "WOODSIE^E.  Fructification  dorsal :  the  globular  fruit-dots  borne  on  the 
back  of  a  free  vein,  furnished  with  a  special  (sometines  evanescent)  indusium  in  the  fora 
of  a  membrane  attached  underneath  all  round,  and  bursting  open  at  the  top. 


Leneret  or  oniicea 


ueiiera/  CM   cJUices 
(J 


p  f  <vl- 

ueuera  ot   duices 


.  XLIT 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  589 

12.  TFOODSIA.    Indusium  very  thin  or  obscure  and  evanescent,  bursting  into  irregular  lobes 
or  cleft  into  a  fringe  of  hairs. 

TRIBE  VII.  ASPIDIEJE.  Fructification  dorsal:  the  fruit-dots  borne  on  the  back 
(rarely  ou  the  apex)  of  a  vein,  orbicular  or  roundish,  rarely  oblong  and  then  placed 
across  the  vein,  furnished  each  with  a  special  indusium  which  covers  the  sporangia  when 
young,  and  is  fixed  by  the  centre  or  by  one  side,  opening  at  the  other  side  or  all  around 
the  margin.  No  general  or  accessory  iudusium  formed  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

*  Veins  all  free  (none  anastomosing) :  fertile  fronds  not  very  different  from  the  sterile. 

H.  CYSTOPTERIS.    Indusium  hood-like,  broadly  fixed  by  the  inner  side  partly  under  the 

fruit-dot,  free  and  early  opening  on  the  outer. 
14.  ASPIDIUM.    Indusium  flat,  orbicular  or  kidney-shaped,  opening  all  round  the  margin. 

*  *  Veins  of  the  sterile  frond  reticulated :  fertile  frond  very  unlike  the  sterile. 
16.  ONOCLEA.    Fertile  frond  contracted,  the  divisions  rolled  up  into  globular  bodies  enclosing 

the  fruit-dots. 

SUBORDER  II.    OSMUNDINE^.   THE  FLOWERING  FERN  FAMILY. 

Sporangia  variously  collected  (large),  destitute  of  any  proper  ring,  cel- 
lular-reticulated, opening  lengthwise  by  a  regular  slit.  (Tab.  13.) 

TRIBE  VIII.  SCHIZE^E.  Sporangia  oblong  or  oval,  sessile,  with  a  circular  striate-rayed 
portion  at  the  apex,  opening  down  the  outer  side. 

16.  SCH1ZJ3A.     Indusium  none  :  sporangia  covering  one  side  of  the  linear  pinnae  of  the  naked 

and  stalk-like  fertile  frond. 

17.  LYGODIUM.    Indusia  in  the  form  of  scales  imbricated  in  2  ranks  on  one  side  of  the  fer- 

tile lobes  of  the  leafy  climbing  frond. 

TRIBE  IX.  OSMUNDE^E.  Sporangia  globose,  pedicelled,  opening  down  the  outer  side 
so  as  to  be  two-valved. 

18.  OSMUNDA.    Sporangia  naked,  covering  contracted  fronds  or  parts  of  the  frond. 

SUBORDER  III.    OPHIOGLOSSE^E.   THE  ADDER'S-TONGUE  FAM. 

Sporangia  spiked,  closely  sessile,  naked,  coriaceous  and  opaque,  not  re- 
ticulated or  veiny,  destitute  of  a  ring,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit  into  2 
valves,  discharging  very  copious  powdery  spores.  —  Fronds  straight,  never 
rolled  up  in  the  bud !  (Tab.  13.) 

19.  BOTRYCHIUM.    Sporangia  distinct,  crowded  in  compound  or  pinnate  spikes.     Sterile 

frond  divided. 

20.  OPHIOGLOSSUM.    Sporangia  cohering  in  a  2-ranked  simple  spike.    Sterile  frond  entire. 

SUBORDER  I.    POL.YPODINEJE.     THE  TRUE  FERN  FAMILY. 

1.    POL.YPODIUM,    L.        POLYPODY.     (Tab.  9.) 

Fruit-Jots  round,  naked,  variously  or  irregularly  scattered  over  the  back  of 
the  flat  and  expanded  leaf-like  frond,  each  borne  on  the  end  of  a  veinlet. — 
Kootstocks  creeping,  often  covered  with  wool-like  chaff,  and  with  tafted  branches 
(whence  the  name,  from  TTO\U,  many,  and  TTOVJ,  foot). 

§  1.  FOLYPODIUM  PROPER. — Veins  free  (not  connected  by  cross  veinlets). 

#  Fronds  simply  and  deeply  pinnatifid,  evergreen,  glabrous :  fmit-dots  large. 

50 


590  CILICES.     (FERNS.) 

.  1.  P.  VUlgare,  L.  Fronds  oblong  in  outline,  green  both  sides  (G'-KV 
high);  the  divisions  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  minutely  and  obscurely  toothed.  — 
Rocks;  common.  July.  (Eu.) 

*  *  Fronds  twice  pinnatifid,  triangular,  membranaceous,  annual :  fruit-dots  minute. 

2.  P.  Phegopteris,  L.     Stalk  somewhat  chaffy  and  downy ;  frond  nar- 
rowly triangular  in  outline,  longer  than  broad  (3' -6'  long),  hairy  on  the  veins ; 
pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  closely  approximated,  the  lowest  pair  deflexed  and 
standing  forwards ;  their  dh  sions  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  each  bearing 
about  4  fruit-dots  towards  the  base  and  near  the  margin.    (P.  connectile,  Michx.) 
—  Damp  woods;  common  northward.    July.     (Eu.) 

3.  P.  hexagronoptenim,  Michx.     Stalk  smooth ;  frond  broadly  trian- 
gular, the  base  (V -12'  broad)  usually  exceeding  the  length;  pinnae  rather  distant, 
the  lower  of  the  lanceolate  obtuse  divisions  toothed,  decurrent  and  forming  a 
conspicuous  wing  to  the  rhachis.  —  Rather  open  woods;  common,  especially 
southward.  —  Smoother  and  larger  than  the  last. 

*  *  *  Fronds  membranaceous,  ternate,  the  primary  divisions  mostly  twice. pinnate. 

4.  P.  Drydpteris,  L.     Stalk  slender  and  brittle,  smooth ;  frond  smooth 
(pale  light-green,  4'  -  6'  wide) ;  the  3  principal  divisions  widely  spreading ;  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  entire;  fruit-dots  marginal,  finally  contiguous.  —  Var. 
CALCA.REUM  (P.  calcareum,  Smith)  is  more  rigid,  and  minutely  glandular-mealy 
on  the  rhachis  and  midribs.  —  Rocky  woods ;  common  northward.    July.    (Eu.) 

§2.  MARGINARIA,  Bory. —  Veins  reticulated,  forming  mostly  6-sided  meshes 
around  the  free  veinlets  which  bear  the  fruit-dots :  stalks  and  back  of  the  thick  or 
coriaceous  frond  beset  with  firm  scurfy  chaffy  scales.  (This  is  probably  a  distinct 
genus  ;  but  in  our  species  the  veins  are  so  hidden  in  the  coriaceous  frond,  that 
they  can  seldom  be  seen  at  all.) 

5.  P.  iiica  mi  ill,  Willd.    Fronds  oblong,  2'  -  6'  long  from  extensively 
creeping  firm  rootstocks,  grayish  and  very  scurfy  underneath  with  thick  peltate 
scurfy  scales,  almost  concealing  the  fruit-dots,  which  are  borne  on  the  margins 
of  the  broadly  linear  entire  lobes.  —  Rocks  and  trunks  of  trees,  Virginia  and 
Ohio  to  Illinois,  and  southward. 

2.    STRUTHIOPTERIS,  Willd.      OSTRICH-FERN.    (Tab.  9.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  on  the  pinnae  of  a  separate  contracted  and  rigid  frond,  the 
margins  of  which  are  rolled  backward  so  as  to  form  a  somewhat  necklace-shaped 
body  enclosing  the  fruit :  there  are  3-5  pinnate  free  veinlets  from  each  primary 
vein,  each  bearing  a  fruit-dot  on  its  middle :  the  fruit-dots  are  so  numerous  and 
crotf  ded  that  they  appear  to  cover  the  whole  inside.  —  Sterile  fronds  large' 
(2° -3°  high),  very  much  exceeding  the  fertile,  pinnate,  the  many  pinnae  deeply 
pinnatifid,  all  growing  in  a  close  circular  tuft  from  thick  and  scaly  matted 
rootstocks.  Stalks  stout,  angular.  Pinnate  veins  free  and  simple.  (Name 
compounded  of  orpoutfos,  an  ostrich,  and  Trrepis,  a  fern,  from  the  plume-like 
arrangement  of  the  divisions  of  the  fertile  frond.) 

1.  S.  Germanica,  Willd.  (S.  Pennsylvania,  Willd.) — Alluvial  soil ; 
not  rare  northward.  Aug. — Fronds  of  this  in  a  curious  abnormal  state,  inter- 


FILICES.       (FERNS.)  591 

mediate  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  condition,  (bearing  a  few  fruit-dots  on  con- 
tracted but  still  herbaceous  and  open  pinnae,)  were  gathered  at  Brattleborough, 
Vermont,  by  Mr.  D.  C.  Eaton.  (Eu.) 

3.    AL.LOSORUS,    Bernhardi.        HOCK  BRAKK.    (Tab.  9.) 

Fruit-dots  a  small  collection  of  sporangia  borne  on  the  ends  of  (or  extending 
down  on)  the  forked,  or  rarely  simple,  free  veins,  which  terminate  just  within 
the  margin  of  the  frond,  soon  becoming  confluent  laterally,  so  as  to  imitate  the 
marginal  continuous  line,  of  fructification  of  Pteris,  covered  when  young  by  a 
continuous  (rarely  interrupted)  rather  broad  scarious-membranaceous  indusium 
consisting  of  the  reflexed  and  altered  margin  of  the  fruit-bearing  pinnule  or 
division.  Fronds  once  to  thrice  pinnate ;  the  fertile  ones  or  fertile  divisions  nar- 
rower than  the  sterile.  (Name  from  aXXoy,  various,  and  o-topoy,  sorus,  a  heap, 
used  for  fruit-dot.) 

1.  A.  gracilis,  Presl.     Smooth,  low   (3' -6'  high,  and  delicate) ;  fronds 
tncmbranaceous,  of  few  pinnae,  which  are  pinnately  parted  into  3-5  divisions, 
those  of  the  fertile  frond  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  of  the  sterile  ovate  or  obovate, 
crenate  or  incised ;  veins  of  the  fertile  fronds  mostly  only  once  forked.     (Pteris 
gracilis,  Michx.)  —  Shaded  calcareous  rocks,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  north- 
ward; rare.    July. 

2.  A.  atropurpureilS.     Smooth,  except  some  bristly-chaffy  hairs  on 
the  midribs  and  especially  on  the  dark-purple  and  polished  stalk  and  rhachis,  6'- 
15'  high ;  frond  coriaceous,  pale,  once  or  below  twice  pinnate;   the  divisions 
broadly  linear  or  oblong,  or  the  sterile  sometimes  oval,  chiefly  entire,  somewhat 
heart-shaped  or  else  truncate  at  the  stalked  base;  veins  about  twice  forked. 
(Pteris  atropurpurea,  L.     Platyloma  atropurpurea,  J.  Smith.)  —  Calcareous  dry 
rocks,  in  shade,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward :  not  common. 

A.  (CRYPTOGRAMMA,  R.  Br.)  ACROSTICHOIDES,  remarkable  for  its  sporan- 
gia extending  far  down  on  the  oblique  veins,  so  as  to  form  linear  lines  of  fruit, 
may  occur  within  our  northwestern  borders,  having  been  found  as  near  as  Isle 
Royale,  Lake  Superior. 

4.    PTERIS,    L.        BRAKE.    BRACKEN.     (Tab.  10.) 

Fruit-dots  a  continuous  slender  line  of  fructification,  occupying  the  entire 
margins  of  the  fertile  frond,  and  covered  by  its  reflexed  narrow  edge  which 
forms  a  continuous  membranaceous  indusium :  the  sporangia  attached  to  an 
uninterrupted  transverse  vein-like  receptacle  which  connects  the  tips  of  the 
forked  and  free  veins.  —  Fronds  1  - 3-pinnate  or  decompound.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name  of  Ferns,  from  Trrepoi/,  a  wing,  on  account  of  the  prevalent  pinnate 
or  feathery  fronds. ) 

1.  P.  aquilina,  L.  (COMMON  BRAKE.)  Frond  dull  green  (2° -3° 
wide),  ternate  at  the  summit  of  an  erect  stout  stalk  (l°-2°  high),  the  widely 
spreading  branches  2-pinnate ;  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  undivided, 
the  lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  margined  all  round 
with  the  indusium.  —  Thickets  and  hills ;  common  northward.  Aug.  (Eu.) 


592  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

Var.  caildata.  Frond  somewhat  mt>re  coriaceous;  the  pinnules  with 
narrower  and  less  crowded  lobes,  the  terminal  one  linear  and  prolonged  (l'-2' 
in  length),  entire,  forming  a  tail-like  termination,  or  the  whole  of  many  of  the 
pinnules  sometimes  linear  and  entire.  (P.  caudata,  L.)  —  Common  southward, 
and  at  the  north  varying  into  the  typical  form. 

5.    ADIANTUM,    L.        MAIDENHAIR.     (Tab.  10.) 

Fruit-dots  marginal,  short ;  borne  on  the  under  side  o'f  a  transversely  oblong, 
crescent-shaped  or  roundish,  more  or  less  altered  margin  or  summit  of  a  lobe  or 
tooth  of  the  frond  reflexed  to  form  an  indusium  :  the  sporangia  attached  to  the 
approximated  tips  of  the  free  forking  veins.  —  Main  rib  (costa)  of  the  pinnules 
none,  or  at  one  margin.  Stalks  black  and  polished.  (The  ancient  name,  from 
a  privative  and  StaiW,  meaning  unwetted,  the  smooth  foliage  repelling  rain-drops.) 

1.  A.  pedatlllll,  L.  Frond  forked  at  the  summit  of  the  upright  slender 
stalk  (9' -15' high),  the  forks  pedately  branching  from  one  side  into  several 
slender  spreading  divisions,  which  bear  numerous  triangular-oblong  and  oblique 
short-stalked  pinnules ;  these  are  as  if  halved,  being  entire  on  the  lower  margin, 
from  which  the  veins  all  proceed,  and  cleft  and  fruit-bearing  on  the  other.  — 
Rich,  moist  woods.  July.  — A  delicate  and  most  graceful  Fern. 

6.     CHEIL.ANTHES,    Swartz.        LIP-FERN.     (Tab.  10.) 

Fruit-dots  small  and  roundish,  solitary  or  contiguous  next  the  margins  or  tips 
of  the  lobes,  which  are  recurved  over  them  to  form  a  hood-like  (herbaceous  or 
membranaceous)  indusium;  the  sporangia  borne  on  the  tips  of  free  forking 
veins. — Fronds  1  -  3-pinnate,  the  sterile  and  fertile  nearly  alike  ;  the  divisions 
not  halved,  the  main  rib  central.  (When  the  indusium  becomes  continuous,  the 
genus  passes  into  Allosorus.)  (Name  composed  of  ^eiXos,  a  lip,  and  aj/$os, 
flower,  from  the  shape  of  the  indusium.) 

1.  C.  vcstlta,  Willd.  (not  of  Hook.1?)     Fronds  2-pinnate  (slender,  4' -7 
high),  and  stalks  hirsute  with  loose  and  rather  scattered,  rusty  hairs ;  pinnules  ob- 
long, pinnatifid  (2"  -4"  long),  their  lobes  oval  or  oblong,  the  recurved  portion 
forming  the  indusium  herbaceous.  —  Shaded  rocks,  S.  Penn.,  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  southward.  —  Fronds  soon  nearly  glabrous  above. 

2.  C.  tomeiltosa,  Link.    Fronds  (l°-l£°  high)  with  the  rather  stout 
stalk,  &c.  densely  woolly  and  villous  throughout  (the  upper  surface  becoming  smooth- 
ish  with  age),  thrice  pinnate ;  pinnules  obovate  or  rouddish,  nearly  entire,  sometimes 
confluent,  the  recurved  narrow  margins  forming  an  almost  continuous  involucre. 
(Nephrodium  lanosum,  Michx.  in  part ?)—  Mountains  of  Virginia!  Kentucky; 
thence  westward  and  southward. 

7.    WOODWARDIA,    Smith.        WOODWARDIA.     (Tab.  10.) 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  approximate  or  contiguous,  parallel  to  and  near 
the  midrib,  on  transverse  anastomosing  veinlets,  in  one  or  rarely  two  rows ;  the 
veins  reticulated  towards  the  midrib,  mostly  forking,  free  towards  the  margin  of 


PILICES.     (FERNS.)  593 

the  frond.  Indusium  fixed  to  the  outer  margin  of  the  fruitful  veinlet,  free  and 
opening  on  the  side  next  the  midrib.  —  Fronds  pinnatifid  or  pinnate.  (Named 
for  S.  Woodward,  an  English  naturalist  of  the  last  century.) 

§1.  WOODWARDIA  PROPEB. — Indusium  strongly  vaulted :  veins  (at  least  of 
the  sterile  frond)  with  several  rows  of  reticulations. 

1.  W.  angllStifolia,  Smith.    Sterile  fronds  (1°  high,  thin,  bright  green) 
deeply  pinnatifid,  with  lanceolate  serrulate  divisions ;  the  fertile  simply  pinnate, 
with  contracted  linear  pinnae  (2" -4"  wide),  its  single  row  of  cross  veins  bearing 
the  fruit-dots  (§'  long)  as  near  the  margins  as  the  midrib.     (W.  onocleoides, 
Willd.) — Bogs,  Massachusetts,  near  the  coast,  to  Virginia,  and  southward: 
rare.    Aug. 

4  2.  DO6DIA,  R.  Brown.  —  Indusium  flattish:  cross  veins  only  one  or  two  rows. 

2.  W.  Virginica,  Willd.    Fertile  and  sterile  fronds  similar  (2°  high), 
pinnate ;  the  pinnae  lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  with  numerous  oblong  lobes ;  fruit- 
dots  contiguous  or  soon  confluent,  forming  a  line  on  each  side  of  the  midrib, 
both  of  the  pinnae  and  of  the  lobes.  —  Swamps,  Vermont  and  New  York  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  southward.    July. 

8.    CAMPTOS6RUS,   Link.        WALKING-LEAF.     (Tab.  11.) 

Fruit-dots  linear  or  oval-oblong,  irregularly  scattered  on  the  reticulated  veins 
of  the  simple  frond,  variously  diverging,  inclined  (especially  those  of  the  second- 
ary reticulations)  to  approximate  in  pairs  by  the  side  at  which  the  indusium 
opens,  or  to  become  confluent  at  their  ends,  forming  crooked  lines  or  angles 
(whence  the  name,  from  Ketywrroy,  bent,  and  (rapos ,  for  fruit-dot). 

1.  C.  ThizopliyllllS,  Link.  (Asplenium  rhizophyllum,  L.  Antigram- 
ma,  /.  Smith,  Torr.  Also  C.  rumicifolius,  Link.)  —  Shaded  rocks,  W.  New  Eng- 
land to  Wisconsin,  and  southward  j  rare.  July.  —  Fronds  evergreen,  growing 
in  tufts,  spreading  or  procumbent  (4'  -  9'  long),  lanceolate  from  an  auricled-heart- 
shaped  base,  tapering  above  into  a  slender  prolongation  like  a  runner,  which 
often  roots  at  the  apex  and  gives  rise  to  new  fronds,  and  these  in  turn  to  others ; 
hence  the  popular  name.  —  A  singular  form  is  found  at  Mount  Joy,  Penn.,  by 
Mr.  Stauffer,  having  roundish  fruit-dots  and  inconspicuous  veins. 

9.    SCOL.OPENDRIUM,    L.        HART'S-TONGUE.     (Tab.  11.) 

Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  almost  at  right  angles  with  the  midrib  of  the  sim- 
ple frond,  borne  in  pairs  on  the  contiguous  sides  of  the  two  parallel  forks  of  the 
straight  free  veins,  one  on  each,  but  so  confluent  side  by  side  as  to  appear  like 
one,  opening  by  an  apparently  double  indusium  down  the  middle.  (The  anr\ent 
Greek  name,  so  called  because  the  numerous  parallel  lines  of  fruit  resemble  the 
feet  of  the  centipede,  or  Scolopendra.) 

1. 'S.  oIIiciiuYruin,  Swartz.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate  from  an  auricled- 
heart-shaped  base,  entire  or  wavy-margined  (V -18'  long,  1'- 2' wide),  bright 
green.  —  Limestone  rocks,  in  a  deep  ravine  at  Chittenango  Creek,  below  the 
Falls,  where  it  abounds,  and  also,  perhaps,  in  some  other  places  in  W.  New 
York  ("near  Canandaigua,"  Nuttatt).  (Eu.) 
50* 


594  FILICTSS.    (PERNS.) 

IO.    ASPL.t3NIUM[,    L.        SPLEENWORT.    (Tab.  11.) 

Fruit-dots  linear  or  oblong,  oblique,  separate;  the  indusium  attached  length 
wise  by  one  edge  to  the  upper  (inner)  side  of  the  simple,  forked  or  pinnate,  free 
veins,  and  opening  along  the  other:  —  rarely  some  of  the  fruit-dots  are  double 
(DIPLAZIUM),  two  indusia  being  then  borne  on  the  same  vein,  back  to  back. 
(Named,  from  a  privative  and  <nrXqi>,  the  spleen,  for  supposed  remedial  prop- 
erties.) 

§  1.  ASPLENIUM  PROPER.  —  Indusium  narrow,  fixed  by  its  whole  length. 
#  Indusium  fiat  or  fiattish,  thin.     (Fronds  evergreen.) 

1.  A.  pmnatifidlim,  Nutt.    Fronds  (3'  -6'  long)  diffusely  spreading, 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  sometimes  pinnately  parted  near  the  base,  tapering  above  into 
a  slender  prolongation,  the  apex  sometimes  rooting;  lobes  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  cut- 
toothed  or  nearly  entire;  the  midrib  evanescent  by  forking  below  the  apex. — 
Cliffs  on  the  Schuylkill  and  Wissahickon,  near  Philadelphia,  and  southward 
along  the  Alleghanies ;  also  sparingly  westward :  rare.     July.  —  Resembling 
the  Walking-Leaf  (Camptosorus),  but  the  venation  is  that  of  Asplenium :  fruit- 
dots  irregular,  numerous,  even  the  slender  prolongation  fertile. 

2.  A.  moiitfsiiiini,  Willd.    Fronds  (3' -5'  high,  bright  green)  lanceolate 
or  triangular-oblong  in  outline,  pinnate ;  the  ovate  pinnae  3-7-parted  (or  the  upper 
barely  cleft)  and  cut-toothed ;  the  veins  forking  from  a  midrib.  —  Cliffs,  in  tho 
Alleghany  Mountains,  from  Pennsylvania  (Mr.  Lea)  to  Virginia,  and  southward. 
July.  —  Rhachis  green :  stalk  brownish.  —  Much  smaller  than  the  European  A. 
Adiantum-nigrum. 

3.  A.  Rllta-muraria,  L.    Fronds  (2' -4' long)  ^-pinnate  below,  simply 
pinnate  above,  ovate  in  outline,  the  few  divisions  narrowly  rhombic-wedge-shaped, 
toothed  at  the  apex,  without  a  midrib,  the  veins  all  rising  from  the  base.  —  Lime- 
stone cliffs,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  Virginia,  and  southward  along  the  moun- 
tains; scarce.    July.     (Eu.) 

4.  A.  Trichomanes,  L.    Fronds  (3'-  8'  long)  in  dense  spreading  tufts, 
linear  in  outline,  pinnate :  pinnae,  numerous,  'roundish-oblong  or  oval  (3"  -4"  long), 
unequal-sided,  obliquely  wedge-truncate  at  the  base,  attached  by  a  narrow  point,  the 
midrib  evanescent ;  the  thread-like  stalk  and  rhachis  purple-brown  and  shining. 
(A.  melanocaulon,  Wittd.)  —  Shaded  cliffs  ;  common.    July.     (Eu.) 

5.  A.  cl>euenm,  Ait.    Fronds  upright  (8'  -16'  high),  pinnate,  lance-linear 
in  outline ;  pinnce  (£'-!' long)  many,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  oblong,  slightly 
scythe-shaped,  finely  serrate,  sessile,  the  dilated  base  auricled  on  the  upper  or 
both  sides ;  fruit-dots  numerous  on  both  sides  of  the  elongated  midrib ;  stalk 
and  rhachis  blackish-purple  and  shining.  — Rocky,  open  woods ;  rather  common. 

#  *  Indusium  strongly  convex  or  vaulted,  thicJdsh :  fruit-dots  numerous  and  crowded 
im  both  sides  of  the  midrib,  parallel,  some  of  them  occasionally  double,  especially  in 
No.  7.  (Fronds  thin,  smooth,  decaying  in  autumn,  l£°-3°  high.) 

6.  A.  angustifolium,  Michx.     Fronds  simply  pinnate,'  pinnae  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  minitely  wavy-toothed  (3'  -  4'  long) ;  fertile  fronds  more  con- 


FILICES.     (FERNS.)  595 

tracted;  fruit-dots  linear,  often  curved.  —  Eich  woods,  W.  New  England  to  Michi- 
gan, Kentucky,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.    Aug.,  Sept. 

7.  A.  thelypteroides,  Michx.     Fronds  pinnate ;  pinnce  deeply  pinnatifid, 
linear-lanceolate  (3'  -  5'  long),  pale ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  minutely  toothed, 
crowded,  each  bearing  3-6  pairs  of  oblong  fruit-dots.  —  Kich  woods ;  not  rare. 
July. 

§  2.  ATHYRIUM,  Roth.  —  Indusium  of  ike  shorter  (barely  oblong]  fruit-dots  some- 
oohat  free  at  th,.  ends,  turgid  or  vaulted,  but  thin,  often  becoming  curved  or  crescent' 
shaped. 

8.  A.    Filix-fdemina,    R.    Brown.      Frond  2-pinnate   (l°-3°  high, 
smooth),  oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline;  pinnae  lanceolate,  numerous;  the  nar- 
rowly oblong  pinnules  confluent  on  the  rhachis  by  a  narrow  margin,  sharply  pin- 
natifid-toothed ;  fruit-dots  4-8  pairs  on  each  pinnule.    (Aspidium  Filix-fcemina 
&  A.  asplenioides,  Swartz.) — A  narrow  form  is  Aspidium  angustum,  Wittd.— 
Moist  woods;  common.    July.     (Eu.) 

11.    DICKSONIA,  L'Her.   §  SITOLOBIUM,  Desv.     (Tab.  11.) 

Fruit-dots  globular  (small),  marginal,  each  placed  on  the  apex  of  a  free  vein 
or  fork,  enclosed  in  a  membranaceous  cup-shaped  special  indusium  open  at  the 
top,  and  on  the  outer  side  partly  covered  by  the  thin  apex  of  the  fruit-bearing 
toothlet  of  the  frond,  forming  a  sort  of  accessory  indusium.  Sporangia  borne 
on  a  somewhat  elevated  globular  receptacle.  (Character  from  our  species, 
which  is  perhaps  to  be  separated.)  (Named  for  J.  Dickson,  an  English  Cryp- 
togamous  botanist.) 

1.  D.  pmictilolmla,  Hook.  Minutely  glandular  and  hairy  (2°  high) ; 
fronds  ovate-lanceolate  and  pointed  in  outline,  pale  green  and  very  thin,  with 
strong  stalks  rising  from  slender  extensively  creeping  rootstalks,  pinnate,  the 
lanceolate  pinnae  twice  pinnatifid  and  cut-toothed,  the  lobes  oblong ;  fruit-dots 
minute,  on  a  recurved  toothlet,  usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe. 
(D.  pilosiuscula,  Wittd.  Nephrodium  punctilobulum,  Michx.  Patania,  Presl.) 
—  Moist,  rather  shady  places,  very  common :  odorous.  July. 

12.    WOODS1A,    R.  Brown.        WOODSIA.     (Tab.  12.) 

Fruit-dots  globular,  borne  on  the  back  of  simply-forked  free  veins  ;  the  very 
thin  and  often  evanescent  indusium  attached  by  its  base  all  around  the  recepta- 
cle, under  the  sporangia,  either  small  and  open,  or  else  early  bursting  at  the  top 
into  irregular  pieces  or  lobes.  —  Small  and  tufted  pinnately-divided  Ferns. 
(Dedicated  to  Joseph  Woods,  an  English  botanist.) 

i  1.  HYPOPELTIS,  Torr.  —  Indusium  conspicuous,  at  first  perfectly  enclosing  the 
sporangia,  but  early  opening  at  the  top,  soon  splitting  into  several  spreading  jagged 
lobes. 

1.  W.  obtusa,  Torr.  Frond  broadly-lanceolate,  minutely  glandular- 
hairy  (6' -12'  high),  pinnate;  the  pinnae  rather  remote,  triangular-ovate  or  ob- 
long (!'  or  more  long),  bluntish,  pinnately  parted ;  pinnules  oblong,  very 


596  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

obtuse,  crenately  pinnatifid-toothed,  with  a  single  smooth  fruit-dot  just  below 
the  sinus  between  each  rounded  minutely-toothed  lobe.  (W.  Perriniana,  Hook, 
fr  Grev.  Aspidium  obtusum,  Willd.)  —  Rocky  banks  and  cliffs;  common,  es- 
pecially westward.  July. 

§2.  WOODSIA  PROPER. — Indusium  minute  or  evanescent,  open  and  flattened 
from  an  early  stage  and  concealed  under  the  fruit-dot,  except  the  fringe  of  bristly- 
chaffy  hairs  into  which  its  margin  is  dissected. 

2.  W.  IlvenSiS,  R.  Brown.     Frond  oblong-lanceolate  (2' -4'  long  by  1' 
wide),  smoothish  and  green  above,  thickly  clothed  underneath  as  well  as  the  stalk 
with  rusty  bristle-like  chaff,  pinnate ;  the  pinnae  crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile, 
pinnately  parted,  the  numerous  crowded  pinnules  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  crenate, 
almost  coriaceous,  the  fruit-dots  near  the  margin,  somewhat  confluent  when  old. 
(Nephrodium  rufidulum,  Michx.) — Exposed  rocks,  common,  especially  north- 
ward, and  southward  in  the  Alleghanies.    June.     (Eu.) 

3.  W.  glabella,  R.  Brown.     Smooth  and  naked  throughout ;  frond  linear 
(2f-5'  high),  pinnate  ;  pinnce  rather  remote  towards  the  short  stalk,  rhombic-ovate, 
very  obtuse  (2"  -4"  long),  cut  into  3-7  rounded  or  somewhat  wedge-shaped  lobes.  — 
Rocks,  Little  Falls,  New  York  ( Vasey)  ;  Willoughby  Mountain, Vermont  ( Wood 
C.  C.  Frost) ;  and  high  northward. 

13.  CYSTOPTERIS,  Bernhardi.      BLADDER-FERN.    (Tab.  12.) 

Fruit-dots  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  of  a  straight  fork  of  the  free  veins ; 
the  delicate  indusium  hood-like  or  arched,  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the  inner 
side  (towards  the  midrib)  partly  under  the  fruit-dot,  early  opening  free  at  the 
other  side,  which  looks  toward  the  apex  of  the  lobe,  and  is  somewhat  jagged, 
soon  thrown  back  or  withering  away.  —  Tufted  Ferns  with  slender  and  deli- 
cate 2-3-pinnate  fronds;  the  lobes  cut-toothed.  (Name  composed  of  Kvorif, 
a  bladder,  and  TrrepiV,  Fern,  from  the  inflated  indusium.) 

1.  C.  blllbifera,   Bernh.    Frond  lanceolate,  elongated  (l°-2°  long),  2- 
pinnate;  the  pinnae  lance-oblong,  pointed,  horizontal  (l'-2'long);  the  rhachis 
and  pinnce,  often  bearing  bulblets  underneath,  wingless;  pinnules  crowded,  oblong, 
obtuse,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  indusium  short,  truncate  on  the  free  side.     (As- 
pidium bulbiferum,  Swartz.    A.  atomarium,  Muhl.  !)  —  Shaded,  moist  rocks ; 
common.    July. 

2.  C.  fragilis,  Bernh.    Frond  oblong-lanceolate  (4' -8'  long,  besides  the 
stalk  which  is  fully  as  long),  2  -  3-pinnate ;  the  pinnae  and  pinnules  ovate  or  lan- 
ceolate in  outline,  irregularly  pinnatifid  or  cut-toothed,  mostly  acute,  decurrent 
on  the  margined  or  winged  rhachis ;  indusium  tapering  or  acute  at  the  free  end.  — 
Var.  DENTATA,  Hook,  is  narrower  and  less  divided,  barely  twice  pinnate,  with 
ovate  obtuse  and  bluntly-toothed  pinnules.    (Aspidium  tenue,  Swartz.)  —  Shaded 
cliffs;  common:  very  variable.    July.     (Eu.) 

14.  A SPiDIUJJI,  Swartz.     SHIELD-FERN.    WOOD-FERN.   (Tab.  12.) 

Fruit-dots  round  or  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  or  sometimes  on  the  ex- 
tremity of  (in  our  species)  pinnate  and  free  veins,  scattered,  or  sometimei 


PILICES.      (FERNS.)  597 

crowded.  Indusium  flat,  scarious,  orbicular  or  round-kidney-shuped,  covering 
the  sporangia,  attached  to  the  receptacle  at  the  centre  or  at  the  sinus,  opening 
all  round  the  margin.  — Fronds  mostly  1  -3-pinnate.  (Name  doTTi'Sicv,  a  smaU 
shield,  from  the  shape  of  the  indusium.) 

$  1.  DRYOPTERIS,  Adans.,  Schott.  (Nephrodium,  Rick,  in  part.  Lastrea, 
Bory.)  —  Indusium  round-kidney-shaped,  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus,  fixed  at 
the  sinus :  fronds  membranaceous  or  thinnish. 

#  Veins  simple  or  simply  forked  and  straight :  fronds  annual,  decaying  in  autumn, 

the  stalfcs  and  creeping  rootstocks  nearly  naked.     (Thelypteris,  Schott.) 

1.  A.  Thelypteris,  Swartz.    Frond  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline;  the 
slightly  reflexed  or  horizontal  pinnae,  gradually  diminishing  in  length  from  near  the 
base  to  the  apex,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  nearly 
entire  obtuse  lobes,  or  appearing  acute  from  the  strongly  revdute  margins  in  fruit; 
veins  mostly  forked,  bearing  the  crowded  fruit-dots  (soon  confluent)  near  their  mid- 
dle.    (Polypodium  Thelypteris,  L.) — Marshes;   common.    Aug.  —  Stalk  1° 
long  or  more,  usually  longer  than  the  frond,  which  is  of  thicker  texture  than  in 
the  next,  slightly  downy ;  the  fruit-dots  soon  confluent  and  covering  the  whole 
contracted  lower  surface  of  the  pinnae.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  NoveboracenSC,  Willd.     Frond  pinnate,  oblong-lanceolate  in  out- 
line, tapering  below,  from  the  lower  pinnce  (2 -several  pairs)  being  gradually  shorter 
and  dejlexed ;  the  lobes  flat,  broadly  oblong ;  their  veins  att  simple  except  in  the 
lowest  pairs,  bearing  scattered  fruit-dots  (never  confluent)  near  the  margin.    (Poly- 
podium  Noveboracense,  L.    A.  thelypteroides,  Swartz.)  —  Swamps  and  moist 
thickets;  common.    July. — Frond  pale  green,  delicate  and  membranaceous, 
nearly  as  the  last,  except  in  the  points  mentioned. 

#  *  Veins,  at  least  the  lowermost,  more  than  once  forked  or  somewhat  pinnately  branch' 
ing ;  the  fruit-bearing  veinlets  often  obscure  or  vanishing  above  the  fruit-dot :  fronds, 
at  least  the  sterile  ones,  often  remaining  green  through  the  winter :  stalks  and  apex 
of  the  scaly  thickened  rootstocks  chaffy,  and  often  the  main  rhachis  also  when  young. 

•*-  Frond  twice  pinnate  and  with  the  pinnules  pinnatifid  or  deeply  incised :   indu- 
sium deciduous. 

3.  A.  spinulosuiii,  Swartz.    Frond  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  in  outline 
(l°-2°  long),  lively  green,  smooth;  pinnules  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  mostly 
obtuse,  horizontal,  crowded,  the  lower  deeply  pinnatifid  into  linear-oblong  obtuse 
lobes  which  are  sharply  cut-toothed,  the  upper  cut-pinnatifid  or  incised,  with  the 
ghorter  lobes  few-toothed  at  the  apex ;  margin  of  the  indusium  denticulate  or 
beset  with  minute  stalked  glands.     (A.  intermedium,  Muhl.    Dryopteris  inter- 
media, ed.  1.)  —  Woods,  everywhere  common.    July.  —  Exhibits  a  variety  of 
forms,  some  of  them  clearly  the  same  as  the  European  plant,  more  commonly 
intermediate  in  appearance  between  it  and 

Var.  dilatiitum.  Frond  broader,  ovate  or  triangular-ovate  in  outline ; 
pinnules  lance-oblong,  the  lower  sometimes  pinnately  divided ;  indusium  smooth 
and  naked.  (A.  dilatatum,  Willd.) — A  dwarf  state,  fruiting  when  only  5' -8 
high,  answers  to  var.  (of  Lastrsea  dilatata)  dumetorum.  A  peculiar  form  (A. 
campy lopterum,  Kunze?  and  Dryopteris  dilatata,  chiefly,  ed.  1)  has  the  pinnae, 
pinnules,  and  their  divisions  remarkably  crowded,  and  directed  obliquely  forwards 


598  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

or  rather  scythe-shaped. — N.  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  chiefly  in  mountain 
woods,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  IJooUii.  Frond  elongated-oblong  or  elongated-lanceolate  in  outline; 
pinnules  broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the*  lower  pinnatifid,  the  upper  and  smaller 
merely  serrate ;  indusium  minutely  glandular.  (A.  Boottii,  Tuckerm.  Dryop- 
teris  rigida,  ed.  1 ;  not  Aspidium  rigidum,  Swartz.) — E.  Massachusetts,  Boott, 
&c.  Connecticut,  D.  C.  Eaton,  and  northward.  —  The  least  dissected  form,  in- 
termediate in  appearance  between  A.  spinulosum  and  A.  cristatum,  but  passing 
into  the  former. 

•«-  •*-  Frond  once  pinnate,  and  the  pinnce  deeply  pinnatifid,  or  at  the  base  nearly  twice 
pinnate :  fruit-dots  within  the  margin,  large ;  the  indusium  thinnish  and  flat. 

4.  A»  cristatlim,  Swartz.      Frond  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline 
(l£°  to  2J°  long  and  very  long-stalked) ;  pinnce  short  (2' -3'),  triangular-oblong, 
or  the  lowest  nearly  triangular-ovate,  from  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  acute, 
deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  divisions  (8-13  pairs)  oblong,  very  obtuse,  finely  serrate  or 
cut-toothed,  the  lowest  pinnatifid-lobed ;  fruit-dots  as  near  the  midrib  as  the  margin, 
often  confluent.     (A.  Lancastriense,  Swartz.)  —  Swamps,  &c. ;  common.     July. 
—  Stalk  bearing  broad  and  deciduous  chaffy  scales.     (Eu.) 

5.  A.  Goldiamim,  Hook.      Frond  broadly  ovate,  or  the  fertile  ovate- 
oblong  in  outline  (2°  - 3°  long),  short-stalked ;  pinna?  (6' -9' long)  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, pinnately  parted;  the  divisions  (about  20  pairs)  oblong-linear,  slightly 
scythe-shaped,  obtuse  (!'  long),  serrate  with  appressed  teeth,  bearing  the  distinct 
fruit-dots  nearer  the  midrib  than  the  margin  (these  smaller  than  in  No.  4).  —  Rich 
and  moist  woods,  from  Connecticut  to  Kentucky,  and  northward.     Sept. — A 
stately  species,  often  4°  high  ;  the  fronds  decaying  in  autumn.    Indusium  often 
orbicular  without  a  distinct  sinus,  as  in  Polystichum. 

•»-•*-  H—  Fronds  (thickish  and  mostly  persistent  through  the  winter,  as  in  Poly- 
stichum), twice  pinnate,  but  the  nearly  entire  upper  pinnules  confluent,  some  of 
the  lower  pinnat  ifid-toothed :  fruit-dots  close  to  the  margin;  the  indusium  tumid, 
and  its  edges  turnded  wider. 

6.  A.  Hiarginale,  Swartz.    Frond  ovate-oblong  in  outline  (1°-  2°  long), 
^      pale  green ;  pinna?  lanceolate  from  a  broad  almost  sessile  base ;  pinnules  ob- 
long, obtuse,  crowded.  —  Rocky  hill-sides  in  rich  woods ;  common,  especially 
northward!    July. 

f  2  POLYSTICHUM,  Roth. — Indusium  orbicular  and  entire,  peltate,  (or  rarely 
round-kidney-shaped  in  the  same  species,  as  in  No.  7,)  fixed  by  the  depressed  centre : 
fronds  rigid  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  very  chaffy  on  the  rhachis,  fyc. :  the  pinnte 
or  pinnules  auricled  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  crowded,  the  teeth  or  lobes  bristle- 
tipped. 

•*  Fronds  twice  pinnate  or  nearly  so. 

7.  A.  fragTans,  Swartz.    Fronds  (4'  -  9'  high)  glandular  and  aromatic, 
pinnate,  with  the  linear-oblong  pinna?  pinnately  parted ;  their  crowded  divisions 
(2"  long)  oblong,  obtuse,  covered  with  the  fruit-dots,  the  rusty-brown  great  in- 
dusia  nearly  equalling  them  in  breadth;  rhachis,  &c.  chaffy  with  very  large 
scales-^ —  Shaded  trap-rocks,  Falls  of  the  St.  Croix,  Wisconsin,  DJ  .  Parry,  and 
high  northward. 


FTLICES.     (FERNS.)  599 

&  A.  ac  II I  eat  11  Hi,  Swartz,  var.  Brauiiii,  Koch.  Frond  spreading, 
^•pinnate  (l£°-  2°  long),  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  with  a  tapering  base,  the 
lower  of  the  many  pairs  of  oblong-lanceolate  pinnae  gradually  reduced  in  size 
and  obtuse ;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  truncate  and  almost  rectangular 
at  the  base,  short-stalked,  or  the  upper  confluent,  sharply  toothed,  beset  with 
long  and  soft  as  well  as  chaffy  hairs.  (A.  Braunii,  Spenner.)  —  Deep  woods, 
mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  N.  New  York,  and  northward.  (Eu.) 
#  #  Fronds  simply  pinnate,  mostly  upright. 

9.  A.    acrostichoides,    Swartz.      Frond  lanceolate    (l°-2£°  high), 
stalked ;  pinnce  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  scythe-shaped,  half-halberd-shaped  at 
the  slightly  stalked  base,  serrulate  with  appressed  bristly  teeth ;  the  fertile  (upper) 
ones  contracted  and  smaller,  bearing  contiguous  fruit-dots  near  the  midrib,  which 
are  confluent  with  age,  and  cover  the  surface.     (Nephrodium  acrostichoides, 
Michx.)  —  Var.   INC!SUM   (A.   Schweinitzii,  Beck)   is  a  state  with  cut-lobed 
pinnae,  a  not  unfrequent  case  in  the  sterile  fronds ;  sometimes  the  tips  of  almost 
all  of  them  fertile  more  or  less.  —  Hill-sides  and  ravines  in  woods ;  common 
northward,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.    July. 

10.  A.  LonchitiS,  Swartz?    Frond  linear-lanceolate  (9' -20' high),  scarce- 
ly stalked,  very  rigid ;  pinnae,  broadly  lanceolate-scythe-shaped,  or  the  lowest  triangular, 
strongly  auricled  on  the  upper  side  and  wedge-truncate  on  the  lower,  densely 
spiny-toothed  (!'  or  less  in  length),  copiously  fruit-bearing;  fruit-dots  contigu- 
ous and  near  the  margins.  —  Woods,  southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
northwestward.     (Eu.) 

15.    ONOCL.EA,    L.        SENSITIVE  FEEN.    (Tab.  12.) 

Fertile  frond  twice  pinnate,  much  contracted ;  the  pinnules  short  and  revolute, 
usually  so  rolled  up  as  to  be  converted  into  berry-shaped  closed  involucres  filled 
with  sporangia,  and  forming  a  one-sided  spike  or  raceme.  Fruit-dots  one  on 
the  middle  of  each  strong  and  simple  primary  vein  (with  or  without  sterile  cross- 
veina),  round,  soon  all  confluent.  Indusium  very  thin,  hood-like,  lateral,  fixed 
by  Its  lower  side,  free  on  the  upper  (towards  the  apex  of  the  pinnule).  —  Stetile 
fronds  rising  separately  from  the  naked  extensively  creeping  rootstock,  long- 
stalked,  broadly  triangular  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  lance-oblong  pinna?, 
which  are  entire  or  wavy-toothed,  or  the  lowest  pair  sinuate-pinnatifid  (decaying 
in  autumn) ;  veins  reticulated  with  fine  meshes.  (Name  apparently  from  ovos, 
a  vessel,  and  /cAeuo,  to  close,  from  the  singularly  rolled  up  fructification.) 

1.  O»  sensibilis,  L. — Moist  or  wet  places,  along  streams  ;  common. 
July.  — A  rare  abnormal  state,  in  which  the  pinnae  of  some  of  the  sterile  fronds, 
becoming  again  pinnatifid  and  more  or  less  contracted,  bear  some  fruit-dots 
without  being  much  revolute  or  losing  their  foliaceous  character,  is  the  var. 
OBTUSiLOBlTA,  Torr.  N.  Y.  State  Fl.  (Yates  County,  New  York,  Sartwell, 
and  Washington  County,  Dr.  Smith.  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  D.  C.  Eaton.) 
This  explains  the  long-lost  O.  obtusilobata,  Schkuhr  (from  Pennsylvania),  which, 
as  figured,  has  the  sterile  fronds  thus  2-pinnately  divided.  (Kagiopteris,  Presl. 
is  founded  on  a  young  fertile  frond  of  this  species  and  the  sterile  frond  of  some 
different  Fern.) 


600  FILICES.     (FERNS.) 

SUBORDER  II.    OSMUJVDINEJE.    FLOWERING-FERN  FAMILY. 

16.     SCIIIZJEA,    Smith.        SCHIZ^EA.     (Tab.  13.) 

Fertile  fronds  of  several  contracted  linear  pinn&,  which  are  approximated  in 
pairs  at  the  apex  of  a  slender  stalk ;  the  under  (inner)  side  covered  with  the 
fructification,  consisting  of  two  rows  of  sessile  naked  sporangia,  which  arc  oval, 
vertical,  furnished  with  a  striate-rayed  crest  at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  lon- 
gitudinal cleft  down  the  outer  side.  Sterile  fronds  linear  or  thread-like,  some- 
times forked  and  cleft  (whence  the  name,  from  vxifa,  to  slit). 

1.  S.  pusilla,  Pursh.  Sterile  fronds  linear-thread-form,  simple,  tortuous, 
much  shorter  than  the  fertile,  which  bears  about  5  pairs  of  short  crowded  pinna 
at  the  apex  of  a  slender  stalk  (31  -4'  high).  —  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey;  rare. 

17.    I^YGODIUM,    Swartz.        CLIMBING  FERN.     (Tab.  13.) 

Fronds  twining  or  climbing,  bearing  stalked  and  variously  lobed  divisions  in 
pairs,  with  free  veins ;  the  fructification  on  separate  contracted  divisions  or  spike- 
like  lobes,  one  side  of  which  is  covered  with  hooded  scales  for  indusia,  imbri- 
cated in  two  ranks,  fixed  by  a  broad  base,  each  enclosing  a  single  sporangium,  or 
rarely  a  pair.  Sporangia  much  as  in  Schizsea,  but  oblique,  fixed  to  the  vein  by 
the  inner  side  next  the  base.  (Name  from  Xvyudrjs,  flexile.} 

1.  I*,  pal  m:  i  Hi  ill,  Swartz.  Very  smooth;  stalks  slender,  flexile  and 
twining  (l°-3°long),  from  slender  running  rootstocks ;  the  short  alternate 
branches  or  petioles  deeply  2-forked,  each  fork  bearing  a  rounded  heart-shaped 
palmately  4-7-lobed  sterile  frondlet;  fertile  frondlets  above,  contracted  and 
several  times  forked,  forming  a  terminal  panicle.  (Hydroglossum,  WiUd.)  — 
Shaded  or  moist  grassy  places,  Massachusetts  to  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  spar- 
ingly southward ;  rare.  July. 

•      18.    OS1TIIJNDA,    L.        FLOWERING  FERN.     (Tab.  13.) 

Sporangia  globular,  short-pedicelled,  naked,  entirely  covering  the  fertile  fronds 
or  certain  pinnae  (which  are  contracted  to  the  mere  rhachis),  thin  and  reticulated, 
not  striate-rayed  at  the  apex,  opening  opposite  the  pedicel  into  two  valves. 
Spores  green.  — Fronds  tall  and  upright,  from  thickened  rootstocks,  1  -  2-pinnate ; 
veins  forking  and  free.  (Osmunder,  a  Saxon  name  of  the  Celtic  divinity  Thor.) 
*  Fronds  twice  pinnate,  fertile  at  the  top. 

1.  O.  regal  is,  L.      (FLOWERING   FERN.)      Very  smooth,  pale  green 

n(2°-5°  high);  sterile  pinnules  13-25,  lance-oblong,  more  or  less  serrulate, 
otherwise  mostly  entire,  oblique  (or  often  auricled  on  the  lower  side)  at  the 
nearly  sessile  base  (1  -2f  long) ;  the  fertile  racemose-panicled  at  the  summit  of 
the  frond.  (Eu.) 

Var.  Spect&bilis.  Pinnules  ordinarily  narrower  and  less  auricled,  or  ob- 
liquely truncate  at  the  slightly  stalked  base.  (0.  spectabilis,  Wittd. )  —  Swamps 
and  wet  woods ;  common.  June,  July. 


FILICEO.     (FERNS.)  601 

*  #  Sterile  fronds  once  pinnate;  the  pinnce  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  ike  lobes  entire. 

2.  O.  Claytoniaiia,  L.     Clothed  with  loose  wool  when  unfolding,  soon 
perfectly  smooth  (2° -3°  high)  ;  pinnce  oblong-lanceolate,  with  oblong   obtuse 
divisions;  some  (2-5  pairs)  of  the  middle  pinnce  fertile,  these  entirely  pinnate  j 
sporangia  greenish  turning  brown.    (0.  interrupta,  Michx.,  Sfc. )  —  Low  grounds ; 
common.     May:  fruiting  as  it  unfolds.  —  This,  being  Clayton's  plant  (as  I  as- 
certained in  1839,  both  from  the  Claytonian  and  Linnaean  herbaria),  must  bear 
the  original  Linnaean  name,  though  wrongly  described,  from  young  specimens  in 
which  the  fructification  was  thought  to  be  terminal. 

3.  O.  cinnamdmea,   L.     (CINNAMON-FERN.)     Clothed  with  rusty 
wool  when  young ;  sterile  fronds  smooth  when  full  grown,  the  lanceolate  pinnae 
pinnatifid  into  broadly  oblong  obtuse  divisions ;  fertile  fronds  separate,  from  the 
same  rootstock,  contracted,  2-pinnate,  covered  with  the  cinnamon-colored  spo- 
rangia. —  Var.  FROND6SA  is  a  rare  occasional  state,  in  which  some  of  the  fronds 
are  sterile  bejow  and  more  sparsely  fertile  at  their  summit.     (O.  Claytoniana, 
Conrad,  not  of  L. )  —  Rarely  such  fronds  are"  fertile  in  the  middle,  otherwise 
sterile.  —  Swamps  and   low  copses  ;    everywhere.     May.  —  Growing  in  large 
bunches ;  the  fertile  fronds  in  the  centre,  perfecting  fruit  as  they  unfold,  1°-  2° 
long,  decaying  long  before  the  sterile  fronds  (at  length  4° -5°  high)  get  their 
growth. 

SUBORDER  III.     OPHIOGL.OSSEJE.    THE  ADDER-TONGUE  FAM. 

19.    &  O  T  R  \  C  H I U  ME ,    Swartz.        MOONWORT.     (Tab.  13.) 

Frond  ternately  or  pinnately  divided  or  compound,  rising  straight  from  the 
roots  (of  strong  clustered  and  thickened  fibres) ;  the  lateral  division  sterile,  with 
forking  free  veins,  the  terminal  one  wholly  fertile :  spike  contracted,  the  spikes 
pinnately  panicled.  Sporangia  sessile,  clustered  but  distinct,  rather  coriaceous, 
veinless,  transversely  2-valved,  shedding  the  copious  powdery  sulphur-colored 
spores.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  /Sdrpvs,  a  cluster  of  grapes,  from  the  appearance 
of  the  fruitful  fronds.) 

1.  H.  lllliarioides,  Swartz.  Sterile  frond  petioled,  from  near  the  base, 
2  -  3-ternate,  or  the  ultimate  divisions  often  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted,  broadly 
triangular  in  general  outline  ;  the  lobes  or  divisions  obovate,  somewhat  kidney- 
shaped,  roundish,  or  oblong,  somewhat  crenate ;  fertile  stalk  3'  -  6'  high ;  fruc- 
tification mostly  2-pinnate.  (Botrypus  lunarioides,  Michx.  Botrychium  fuma- 
rioides  &  matricarioides,  Willd.) — Dry,  rich  wcods,  mostly  southward.  July. 
—  A  state,  from  Hingham,  Mass.  (C.  J.  Sprague),  has  the  two  lateral  primary 
divisions  of  the  sterile  frond  changed  into  long-stalked  fertile  fronds.  (Eu.) 

Var.  obliquiim  (B.  obliquum,  Muhl.)  is  mostly  larger  (6' -17' high) ; 
the  fertile  frond  more  compound ;  the  sterile  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  divisions, 
either  obtuse  or  oblique  at  the  base,  nearly  entire,  toothed,  or  irregularly  pin- 
natifid. —  New  England  to  Wisconsin,  and  southward ;  rather  scarce. 

Var.  dissectum  (B.  dissectum,  Muhl.).    Divisions  of  the  sterile  frond 
compoundly  and  laciniately  cut  into  narrow  small  lobes  and  teeth :  otherwise  as 
the  last,  into  which  it  passes,  and  with  which  it  grows. 
51 


602  LYCOPODIACE^.       (CLUB-MOSS   FAMILY.) 

2.  15.  Virff inicuin,  Swartz.  Sterile  frond  sessile  above  the  middle  of  the 
stalk  of  the  fertile  one,  ternate ;  the  short-stalked  primary  divisions  once  or  twice 
pinnate,  and  then  once  or  twice  pinnatifid,  thin,  the  lobes  cut-toothed  towards 
the  apex,  oblong;  fructification  mostly  2-pin nate :  plant  1°-2C  high,  or  often 
reduced  to  5' -10',  when  it  is  B.  gracile,  PursL  —  Kich  woods;  common. 
July,  Aug.  (Eu.) 

Var.  ?  simplex  (B.  simplex,  Hitchcock)  appears  to  be  a  remarkably  de- 
pauperate state  of  this,  only  2'-  -  5'  high ;  the  sterile  frond  reduced  to  a  single 
short-stalked  division,  and  simply  or  doubly  pinnatifid,  the  Icbes  obovate  or 
oblong,  thinner,  and  the  veins  more  perceptible  than  in  the  European  B.  Luna- 
ria.  —  W.  New  England,  New  York,  and  northward. 

2O.    OPHIOGL.6SSUUI,   L.       ADDER'S-TONGUE.    (Tab.  13.) 

Frond  a  naked  stalk  rising  straight,  bearing  a  lateral  sterile  portion  resembling 
in  form  an  entire  leaf  with  finely  reticulated  immersed  veins,  and  a  simple 
terminal  spike,  on  the  edges  of  which  the  opaque  and  coriaceous  sessile  veinless 
sporangia  are  closely  packed,  in  2  ranks,  all  more  or  less  coherent  together,  so 
as  to  appear  necklace-jointed,  transversely  2-valved.  Spores  copious,  sulphur- 
color.  (Name  compounded  of  o<jf>ts,  a  serpent,  and  -yXwo-o-a,  tongue.) 

1.  O.  Vlllgatlim,  L.  Sterile  frond  (in  the  N.  American  form)  obovate 
or  ovate  with  a  tapering  sessile  base  (l'-3'  long),  and  mostly  borne  below  the 
middle  of  the  stalk  of  the  fertile  spike.  —  Bogs  and  meadows :  not  common. 
June.  (Eu.) 

ORDER  137.     LYCOPODIACE^E.     (CLUB-Moss  FAMILY.) 

Low  plants,  usually  of  Moss-like  aspect,  ivith  their  solid  and  often  woody 
stems  thickly  clothed  with  sessile  awl-shaped  or  lanceolate  persistent  and  sim* 
pie  leaves,  bearing  tlie  2-4-valved  spore-cases  sessile  in  their  axils;  repre- 
sented by  only  two  genera. 

1.    L,YCOP6DIU]H,    L.,  Spring.        CLUB-MOSS.     (Tab.  14.) 

Spore-cases  of  one  kind  (sporangia,  much  like  those  of  Ophioglossum,  only 
larger),  coriaceous,  flattened,  usually  kidney-shaped,  1-celled,  opening  by  a  trans- 
verse line  round  the  margin,  thus  2-valved,  discharging  the  subtile  spores  in  the 
form  of  a  copious  sulphur-colored  inflammable  powder.  —  Perennials,  with  ever- 
green 1-nerved  leaves,  imbricated  or  crowded  in  4  - 16  ranks.  (Name  compound- 
ed of  XvKOf,  a  wolf,  and  TTOUS,  foot,  from  no  obvious  resemblance.) 

$  1.  Sporangia  scattered  in  the  axils  of  the  ordinary  and  uniform  (dark-green  ami 

shining,  rigid,  about  8-ranked)  leaves. 

1.  L..  lucidiilum,  Michx.  Stems  thick,  2  or  3  times  forked,  the  branches 
ascending  (6'-12'  high);  leaves  widely  spreading  cr  rejlexed,  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  minutely  toothed.  —  Cold,  damp  woods;  common  northward,  fnd  south- 
ward along  the  higher  Alleghanies.  August. 


or  iuctfflocliacece,  Sciuisetaceoe , 


g'cU,.  jmr- 


LfCOPODIACE^E.       (CLUB-MOSS    FA  KILT.)  (>03 

2.  L.  SelagO,  L.     Stems  thick  and  rigid,  erect,  fork-branched,  forming  a 
level-topped  cluster  (3' -6'  high) ;  leaves  spreading,  lanceolate,  pointed,  entire. — 
Tops  of  high  mountains,  Maine  to  New  York,  on  the  Alleghanies  southward ; 
also  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward ;  rare :  both  the  variety  with  more 
erect,  and  that  with  widely  spreading,  leaves.     (Eu.) 

§  2.   Sporangia  borne  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  (bracteal)  leaves,  thus  forming 
terminal  spikes  or  catkins. 

*  Leaves  of  the  creeping  sterile  and  the  upright  fertile  stems  or  branches,  and  those  of 

the  simph  spike  all  alike,  many-ranked  (sporangia  opening  near  the  base). 

3.  It.  i mi ii<lfi tuiii,  L.    Dwarf;  creeping  sterile  stems  forking,  flaccid ; 
the  fertile  solitary  (l'-4'  high),  bearing  a  short  thick  spike;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
lance-awl-shaped,  acute,  soft,  spreading,  naked,  or  sometimes  bearing  a  few  minute 
spiny  teeth.  —  Leaves  (curving  upwards  on  the  prostrate  shoots)  narrower  in  the 
American  than  in  the  European  plant  (perhaps  a  distinct  species),  and  passing 
into  the  var.  BiGEL6vii,  Tuckerm. :  with  fertile  stems  5' - 7;  high,  its  leaves 
more  awl-shaped  and  pointed,  sparser  and  more  upright,  often  somewhat  teeth- 
bearing.     (L.  Carolinian um,  Bigel.,  not  of  L.)  —  Sandy  bogs,  northward,  rare  : 
the  var.  from  New  England  to  New  Jersey  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 
Aug.     (Eu.) 

4.  Lu  alopecuroides,  L.    Stems  stout,  very  densely  leafy  throughout ; 
the  sterile  branches  recurved-procumbent  and  creeping ;  the  fertile  of  the  same 
thickness,  6'  -20'  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear-awl-shaped,  spinulose-pointed,  spread- 
ing, conspicuously  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle ;  those  of  the  cylindrical  spike  with 
long  setaceous  tips.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  south- 
ward.   Aug.,  Sept.  —  Stems,  with  the  dense  leaves,  £'  thick ;  the  comose  spike, 
with  its  longer  spreading  leaves,  f '  to  1 '  thick. 

*  #  Leaves  (bracts)  of  the  catkin-like  spike  scale-like,  imbricated,  yellowish,  ovate  or 

heart-shaped,  very  different  from  those  of  the  sterile  stems  and  branches. 

•*-  Spikes  sessile  (branches  equally  leafy  to  the  top),  single. 

5.  lt»  ami  61  ill  mil,  L.      Much   branched;  stems  prostrate  and  creejincj 
(l°-4°  long) ;  the  ascending  branches  similar  (5' -8'  h/gh),  sparingly  forked,  the 
sterile  ones  making  yearly  growths  from  the  summit ;  leaves  equal,  spreading,  in 
about  5  ranks,  rigid,  lanceolate,  pointed,  minutely  serrulate  (pale  green) ;  spike 
solitary,  oblong-cylindrical,  thick.  —  Var.  ptiNGENS,  Spring,  is  a  reduced  sub- 
alpine  or  mountain  form,  with  shorter  and  more  rigid-pointed  erectish  leaves. 
(Var.  montanum,  Tuckerm.)  —  Woods;  common  northward:  the  var.  on  the 
White  Mountains,  with  intermediate  forms  around  the  base.    July.     (Eu.) 

6.  L.  dciidroiclciuii,  Michx.     (GROUND-PINE.)     Stems  upright   (6'- 
9'  high)  from  a  subterranean  creeping  rootstock,  simple  below,  and  clothed  with 
homogeneous  lanceolate-linear  acute  entire  leaves  appressed-erect  in  4  -  6  rows, 
bushy '-branched  at  the  summit ;  the  crowded  branches  spreading,  fan-like,  with  the 
lower  row  of  leaves  shorter  and  the  lateral  spreading,  —  in  var.  OBSCfjRUM 
appearing  flat,  from  the  leaves  of  the  upper  side  being  also  shorter  and  ap- 
pressed.     (L.  obscurum,  L.}  — Moist  woods.    Aug.  —  Kemarkable  for  its  tree- 
like  growth.     Spikes  cylindrical,  4- 10  on  each  plant. 


604  LYCOPODIACEJE.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

«-  •»-  Spikes  peduncled :  viz.  the  leaves  minute  on  the  fertile  branches. 
•w  Leaves  homogeneous  and  equal,  many-ranked :  stems  terete. 

7.  L..  clavatuiii,  L.     (COMMON  CLUB-MOSS.)     Stems  creeping  exten- 
sively, with  similar  ascending  short  and  very  leafy  branches  ;  the  fertile  termi- 
nated by  a  slender  peduncle  (4' -6'  long),  bearing  about  2-3  (rarely  1  or  4; 
linear-cylindrical  spikes  ;   leaves   linear-awl-shaped,   incurved-spreading  (light 
green),  tipped,  as  also  the  bracts,  with  a  fine  bristle.  —  Dry  woods;  common 
northward.    July.     (Eu.) 

•«-«•  **  Leaves  of  two  forms,  few-ranked:  stems  or  branches  flattened. 

8.  LU  <  :i roliiiifi mini,  L.     Sterile  stems  and  their  few  short  branches 
entirely  creeping  (leafless  and  rooting  on  the  under  side),  thickly  clothed  with 
broadly  lanceolate  acute  and  somewhat  oblique  1 -nerved  lateral  leaves  widely 
spreading  in  2  ranks,  and  a  shorter  intermediate  row  appressed  on  the  upper 
side;  also  sending  up  a  slender  simple  peduncle  (2' -4' high,  clothed  merely 
with  small  bract-like  and  appressed  awl-shaped  leaves),  bearing  a  single  cylindri- 
cal spike.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  and  southward.    July. 

9.  It.  complaiiatuiil,  I*.     Stems  extensively  creeping  (often  subter- 
ranean), the  erect  or  ascending  branches  several  times  forked  above;  bushy  branch- 
lets  crowded,  flattened,  all  clothed  with  minute  imbricated-appressed  awl-shaped  leaves 
in  4  ranks,  with  decurrent-united  bases,  the  lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spread- 
ing tooth-like  tips,  those  of  the  upper  and  under  rows  smaller,  narrower,  wholly 
appressed;   peduncle  slender,  bearing  2-4  cylindrical  spikes.  —  Woods   and 
thickets ;  common :  the  typical  form  with  spreading  fan-like  branches  abundant 
southward ;  while  northward,  especially  far  northward,  it  passes  gradually  into 
var.  SABII03F6LIUM  (L.  sabinsefolium,  Wittd.,  L.  Chamsecyparissus,  Braun), 
with  more  erect  and  fascicled  branches.     (Eu.) 

2.    SELAGINELL.A,    Beauv.,  Spring.        (Tab.  14.) 

Fructification  of  two  kinds,  namely,  of  spore-cases  like  those  of  Lycopodium, 
but  very  minute  and  oblong  or  globular,  containing  reddish  or  orange-colored 
powdery  spores ;  and  of  3  -4-valved  tumid  oophoridia,  filled  by  3  or  4  (rarely  1- 
6)  much  larger  globose-angular  spores;  the  latter  either  intermixed  with  the 
former  in  the  same  axils,  or  solitary  (and  larger)  in  the  lower  axils  of  the  leafy 
4-ranked  sessile  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Sdago,  an  ancient  name  of  a 
Lycopodium,  from  which  this  genus  is  separated.) 

*  Leaves  all  alike,  equally  imbricated ;  those  of  the  spike  similar. 

1.  S.  selaginoides.     Sterile  stems  prostrate  or  creeping,  small  and  slen- 
der; the  fertile  thicker,  ascending,  simple  (l'-3'  high);  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
spreading,  sparsely  spinulose-ciliate.     (S.  spinosa,  Beauv.     S.  spinulosa,  Braun.) 
—  Wet  places,  New  Hampshire  (Pursh)  and  Michigan,  Lake   Superior  and 
northward;  pretty  rare. — Leaves  larger  on  the  fertile  stems,  thin,  yellcurish- 
green.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  nipeStriS,  Spring.     Much  branched  in  close  tufa  (l'-3;  high) ;  leaves 
densely  appressed-imbricated,  linear-lanceolate,  convex  and  with  a  grooved  keel, 
minutely  ciliate,  bristle-tipped ;  those  of  the  strongly  4-angular  spike  rather  broad- 


HTDROPTERIDES.       (MARSILEACE^E.)  605 

er;  the  two  sorts  of  fructification  in  the  same  axils.  (Lycopodhim  rupestre,  L.) 
—  Dry  and  exposed  rocks;  common.  —  Grayish-green  in  aspect,  resembling  a 
rigid  Moss. 

*  *  Leaves  of  2  sorts,  the  shorter  above  and  below,  resembling  stipules,  the  larger 

lateral,  2-ranked. 

3.  S.  a  pus,  Spring.  Stems  tufted  and  prostrate,  creeping,  much  branched, 
flaccid ;  leaves  pellucid-membranaceous,  the  larger  spreading  horizontally,  ovate, 
oblique,  mostly  obtuse  ;  the  others  smaller,  appressed,  taper-pointed ;  those  of 
the  short  spikes  nearly  similar;  oophoridia  copious  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
spike.  (Lycopodium  apodum,  L.) — Low,  shady  places,  S.  New  England, 
near  the  coast,  to  Virginia,  and  southward.  —  A  delicate  little  plant,  resembling 
a  Moss  or  Jungermannia. 

ORDER  138.    HYDROPTERIDES.    (MARSILEACE.B,  R.  Br.) 

Aquatic  cryptogamous  plants,  of  diverse  habit,  urith  the  fructification  borne 
at  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  or  on  submerged  branches,  consisting  of  two  sorts 
of  organs,  contained  in  indehiscent  or  irregularly  bursting  involucres  (sporo- 
carps) :  —  here  represented  by  only  two  genera ;  one  of  them,  Isoetes, 
nearly  related  to  Club-Mosses  in  structure ;  the  other,  Azolla,  much  like  a 
floating  Liverwort. 

1.     ISOETES,    L.        QUILLWOET.     (Tab.  14.) 

Stem  a  mere  succulent  base  or  crown,  rooting  from  underneath,  and  covered 
above  with  the  dilated  imbricated  bases  of  the  elongated  terete  awl-shaped  or 
stalk-like  cellular  leaves.  Sporocarps  ovoid  and  plano-convex,  pretty  large, 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  united  with  or  enveloped  by  their  excavated 
dilated  base,  very  thin,  traversed  internally  by  transverse  threads,  forming  a 
kind  of  partitions ;  those  of  the  central  leaves  filled  with  very  minute  powdery- 
grains  (analogous  to  the  spores  of  Lycopodium) ;  the  exterior  filled  with  larger 
spherical-quadrangular  spores  (oophoridia),  at  first  cohering  in  fours,  their  crus- 
taceous  integument  marked  by  3  radiant  lines.  (Name  composed  of  uros,  equal, 
»nd  eras,  year ;  perhaps  intended  to  indicate  that  these  aquatic  plants  are  un- 
changed by  the  season,  i.  e.  alike  the  year  through.) 

1.  I.  lacftstris,  L.    Crown  or  rootstock  broad  and  depressed ;  leaves  whol- 
ly submersed,  dark  green,  rigid  and  fragile,  awl-shaped  (2' -6'  long),  the  dilated 
base  as  broad  as  long ;  spores  (oophoridia)  roughish-granulated,  scarcely  reticu- 
lated. —  Bottom  of  ponds  and  slow  streams  ;  not  rare  northward.  —  New  Eng- 
land specimens  agree  well  with  the  European  plant,  and  also  seem  too  nearly1 
like  the  next.     The  following  species  are  admitted  in  deference  to  authority : 
but  probably  all  are  forms  of  one.     (Eu.) 

2.  I.  rip  aria,  Engelm.     Crown  small;  leaves  slender,  soft,  yellowish- 
green  (4' -6' long),  the  base  broader  than  long;  spores  minutely  farinaceous 
and  reticulated.  —  Gravelly  banks  of  the  Delaware  below  Philadelphia,  between 

51* 


606  HTDROPTERIDES.       (MARSILEACE^.) 

high  and  lo\*  water  mark,  Dr.  Zantzinger:  and  probably  throughout  the  Middle 
States. 

3.  I.  Engelinanni,  Braun.  Leaves  long  and  slender  (9' -12'  long), 
entirely  emersed  in  summer,  soft  and  flaccid,  light  yellowish-green,  the  dilated 
base  longer  than  broad ;  spores  coarsely  farinaceous  and  reticulated.  —  Shallow 
ponds  of  the  Western  States,  and  southward. 

2.    AZOL.L.A,    Lam.        AZOLLA.     (Tab.  14.) 

Plant  floating  free,  pinnately  branched,  clothed  with  minute  imbricated  leaves, 
appearing  like  a  small  Jungermannia  :  fructification  sessile  on  the  under  side  of 
the  branches,  of  2  sorts.  Sporocarps  covered  at  first  with  an  indusium  of  a 
single  diaphanous  membrane,  ovoid  ;  the  smaller  kind  opening  transversely  all 
round,  containing  several  roundish-angular  antheridia  ?  peltately  borne  on  the 
sides  of  a  central  erect  column :  the  large  or  fertile  kind  bursting  irregularly, 
filled  with  numerous  spherical  sporangia  rising  from  the  base  on  slender  stalks, 
each  containing  a  few  globular  spores.  (Name  said  to  come  from  a£o>,  to  dry, 
and  oXXo>,  to  kitt,  being  destroyed  by  dryness.) 

1.  A.  Caroliniana,  Willd.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  spreading, 
reddish  underneath,  beset  with  a  few  bristles.  —  Pools  and  lakes,  New  York  to 
Illinois,  and  southward. — Plant  £'  to  1'  broad. — Probably  the  same  as  A. 
Magellanica  of  all  South  America. 

MAKS*  LEA  MUCRON\TA  and  perhaps  M.  YEST^TA  may  occur  in  the  western 
parts  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

SALV^NIA  NATANS,  L.,  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  floating  on  the  surface  of 
small  lakes  in  W.  New  York,  has  not  been  found  by  any  other  person,  and  prob- 
ably does  not  occur  in  this  country.  It  is  therefore  omitted. 


INDEX. 


%*  The  names  of  the  Classes,  Subclasses,  and  the  Latin  names  of  Or  lets,  are  in  full  capi- 
tals ;  of  the  Suborders,  Tribes,  &c.f  in  small  capitals  j  of  the  GeneTa,  fcc.,  &a  well  as  popular 
names  and  synonymes,  in  common  type. 


Abele, 

Page 
419 

Agave, 

Pag. 
456 

Abelmoschus, 

69 

Agropyron, 

.569 

Abies, 

422 

Agrostemma, 

57 

ABIETINEJS, 

420,  421 

AGROSTIDE^B, 

536 

Abutilon, 

67 

Agrostis, 

543 

Acacia, 

109 

Ailanthus, 

75 

Acalypha,                                           389 
ACANTHACE^E  (Acanthus  Fam- 

Aira, 
Airopsis, 

671 
573 

ily), 

296 

Ajuga, 

302 

Acaulon, 

615 

AJUGOIDE.E, 

300 

Acer, 

84 

Alchemilla, 

115 

Acerates, 

354,  704 

Alder, 

412 

ACERINE^, 

82,84 

Aletris, 

458 

Achillea, 

225 

Alisma, 

*37 

ACHYRANTHEJS, 

367 

ALISMACE^, 

436 

Acnida, 

369,  370 

ALISME^J, 

436,  437 

Aconite, 

13 

Alkanet, 

322 

Aconitum, 

13 

Alligator  Pear, 

378 

Acoras, 

429 

Allium, 

469 

ACROCARPI, 
ACROGENS, 

608,  614 
585 

Allosorus, 
AUspice,  Wild, 

591 
379 

Actaea, 

14 

Almond  Family, 

110,  111 

Actinomeris, 

219 

Alnaster, 

412 

Adam-and-Eve, 

453 

Alnus, 

412 

Adam's  Needle, 
Adder's-Mouth, 

472 
451 

Alopecurus, 
Alsine, 

640 
57 

Adder's-tongue, 

471,  602 

ALSINE^:, 

53,57 

Adder's-tongue  Family, 

589,  601 

Althaea, 

66 

Adelia, 

358 

Alum-rooty 

144 

Adenocaulon, 

189 

ALYSSIKE-ffi, 

29 

Adiantum, 

592 

Alyssum, 

40 

Adlumia, 

27 

AMARANTACE^E 

(Amaranth 

Adonis, 

15 

Family), 

367 

-flSschynomene, 

98 

Amaranth, 

367,  369 

^Esculus, 

83 

Amarantus, 

367 

JEthusa, 

154 

AMARYLLIDACEJE  (Amaryl- 

Agathophyton, 

365 

lis  Family), 

455 

4grimonia  (Agrimony), 

114 

Amaryllis, 

455 

INDEX. 


Ambrina, 

364 

Apple  of  Peru, 

340 

Ambrosia, 

211 

Apricot, 

113 

Amelanchier, 

125 

AQUIFOLIACEJE, 

263 

American  Aloe, 

456 

Aquifolium, 

263 

American  Columbo, 

344 

Aquilegia, 

12 

Amianthium, 

477 

ARABIDE^E, 

28 

Ammannia, 

128 

Arabis, 

33 

Ammophila, 

548 

ARACE.&, 

426 

Amorpha, 

95 

Aralia, 

159 

Ampelopsis, 

78 

ARALIACE^, 

159 

Amphicarpaea, 

106 

Arbor-  Vitas, 

424 

Amphicarpum, 

575 

ARBUTEJE, 

245 

Amsonia, 

349 

Arbutus,                                      250, 

251 

AMYGDALE.S:, 

110,  111 

Arch  angelica, 

153 

Anacamptodon, 

662 

Archemora, 

153 

ANACARDIACEJE, 

76 

Archidium, 

614 

Anacharis, 

441 

Arctium, 

235 

ANAGALLIDE.SS, 

271 

Arctoa, 

619 

Anagallis, 

274 

Arctophila, 

556 

Andraea, 

613 

Arctostaphylos, 

250 

ANDR^EACEJB, 

613 

Arenaria, 

58 

Andromeda, 

253 

Arethusa, 

449 

ANDROMEDE^, 

245 

ARETHUSE^:, 

443 

Andropogon, 

583 

Argemone, 

25 

Androsace, 

271 

Arietinum, 

455 

Anemone, 

4 

Arisaema, 

426 

ANEMONES, 

2 

Aristida, 

550 

Aneura, 

689 

Aristolochia, 

360 

Anethum, 

159 

ARISTOLOCHIACE^. 

359 

Angelica, 

153 

Armeria, 

270 

Angelica-tree, 

159 

Arnica, 

231 

Angelico, 

155 

Arrhenatherum, 

573 

ANGIOSPERMEjE, 

1 

Arrow-grass, 

437 

Anise  Hyssop, 
ANONACE^E, 

311 
17 

Arrow-grass  Family,                 436, 
Arrow-head, 

437 
438 

Anomodon, 

658 

Arrow-  wood, 

167 

ANOPHYTES, 

607 

Artemisia,     % 

227 

Antennaria, 

229 

ARTOCARPEJE,                          394, 

397 

Anthemis, 

225 

Arum, 

427 

Anthopogon, 

554 

Arum  Family, 

426 

Anthoceros, 

685 

Aruncus, 

114 

ANTHOCEROTEJE, 

684 

Arundinaria, 

568 

I  ANTHOXANTHE^E, 

538 

Arundo,                                      547, 

568 

Anthoxanthum, 

574 

Asarabacca, 

359 

Anticlea, 

476 

Asarum, 

359 

Antigramma, 

593 

AS  CLEPIAD  ACE.&, 

350 

AniTIKRHINE^;, 

282 

Asclepias,                                   351, 

704 

ANTIRRHINIDE-S:, 

282 

Ascyrum, 

49 

Antirrhinum, 

284 

Ash, 

357 

Antitrichia, 

657 

Asimina, 

17 

Anychia, 

62 

ASPARAGE^E, 

465 

Apalanthe, 

441 

Asparagus, 

466 

Apetalous  Exogenous  Plants, 

359 

Aspen, 

418 

Aphanorhegma, 

652 

ASPHODELE^E. 

465 

Aphyllon, 

281 

ASPIDIE^;, 

589 

Apios, 

105 

Aspidium, 

596 

Apium, 

159 

ASPLENIE^, 

588 

Aplectrum, 

453 

Asplenium, 

594 

APOCYNACEJE, 

349 

Aster,                                  189,  190, 

199 

Apocynum, 

350 

Asteranthemum, 

467 

Apple, 

124 

ASTEROIDE^E, 

179 

INDEX. 


Astilbe, 

142 

Beech, 

403 

Astomum, 

616 

Beech-drops, 

262,  280 

AsTRAGALEvE, 

89 

Beet, 

367 

Astragalus, 

97 

Beggar's  Lice, 

,        325 

Atamasco  Lily, 

456 

Beggar-ticks, 

221 

Atheropogon, 

553 

Bellflower, 

243 

Athyrium, 

595 

Bellis, 

200 

Atragene, 
Atrichum, 

3 

640 

Bellwort, 
Bellwort  Family, 

473 
472,  473 

Atrip  lex, 

365 

Bengal  Grass, 

581 

Aulacomnion, 

643 

Benjamin-bush, 

379 

Arena, 

572 

Bent-Grass, 

543 

Avenastrum, 

573 

Benzoin, 

379 

AVENE^E, 

538 

BERBERIDACEJE, 

19 

Avens, 

116,117 

BERBERIDE^E, 

19 

Awl  wort, 

39 

Berberis, 

19 

Azalea, 

256,  258 

Berchemia, 

79 

Azolla, 

606 

Bergamot, 

310 

Bermuda  Grass, 

554 

Baccharis, 
Bald-Bush, 

208 
503 

Berula, 
Beta, 

157 
367 

Baldwinia, 

224 

Betonica, 

317 

Ballota, 

318 

Betony, 

317 

Balm, 
Balm  of  Gilead, 

308 
419 

Betula, 
BETULACEJE, 

410 
410 

Balmony, 

285 

Bidens, 

221 

Balsam, 

73 

Bigelovia, 

207 

Balsam  Family, 

73 

Bignonia, 

278 

BALSAMIFLU^E, 
BALSAMINACE^E, 

147 
73 

BIGNONIACE^  (Bignonia  Fam- 
ily),                                             277 

Baneberry, 

14 

BlGNONIE^E, 

278 

Baptisia, 

107 

Bilberry, 

247 

Barbarea, 

35 

Bind-weed, 

334 

Barberry  Box-thorn, 

341 

Biotia, 

190 

Barberry, 

19 

Birch, 

410 

Barberry  Family, 

19 

Birch  Family, 

410 

Barbula, 

626,  680 

Birthroot, 

464 

Barley, 

570 

Birthwort, 

360 

Barnyard-Grass, 

580 

Birthwort  Family, 

359 

Barren  Strawberry, 

117 

Bishop's  Cap, 

145 

Bartonia, 

347  (135) 

Bishop-weed, 

156 

Bartramia, 

649 

Bistort, 

371 

Bartsia, 

294 

Bitter  Cress, 

32 

Basil, 

304,  308,  318 

Bitter-nut, 

403 

Basil-Thyme, 

307 

Bitter-sweet, 

81,  339 

Basswood, 

69 

Bitter-weed, 

212 

Bastard  Toad-flax, 

381 

Bladder  Fern, 

596 

Batatas, 

334 

Bladder  Ketmia, 

69 

Batodendron, 

248 

Bladder-nut, 

82 

Batrachium, 

7 

Bladder-nut  Family, 

82 

Batschia, 

322 

Bladder-pod, 

37 

Bayberry, 

409 

Bladderwort, 

275 

Beach  Pea, 

103 

Bladderwort  Family, 

275 

Beak-Rush, 

504 

Black  Alder, 

264 

Bean, 

104 

Blackberry, 

121,  122 

Bearberry, 

250 

Blackberry  Lily, 

460 

Beard-Grass, 

544 

Black  Bindweed, 

375 

Beard-Tongue, 

286 

Black  Grass, 

483 

Bear-Grass, 

471 

Black  Haw, 

107 

Beaver-poison, 

157 

Black-Jack, 

406 

Bedfctraw, 

169 

Black  Moss, 

46* 

INDEX. 


Black  Oat-Gnwt, 

549 

Brizopyrum, 

560 

Black  Thorn. 
Blasia, 

112,  124 
690 

Broccoli; 
Brome-Grass, 

40 

566 

Blazing-Star, 

184,  478 

BROMELIACE-ffi, 

458 

BLECHNEJS, 

588 

Bromus, 

566 

Blephilia, 

310 

Broom-Corn, 

584 

Blessed  Thistle, 

232, 

Broom-rape, 

280,  281 

Bletia, 

451 

Broom-rape  Family, 

279 

Elite, 

364 

Brooklime, 

290 

Blitum, 

364 

Brook-Moss, 

655 

Blojd-root, 

26 

Brook-weed, 

274 

Bloodwort  Family, 
Blue  Beech, 

457 
409 

Broussonetia, 
Bruchia, 

398 
616 

Blueberry, 

247 

Brunella, 

313 

Bluebottle, 

232 

BRTACE^:, 

614 

Blue  Cohosh, 

20 

Bryum, 

643 

Blue  Curls, 

302 

Buchnera, 

291 

Bluets, 

172,  174 

BUCHNERE.S:, 

282 

Blue  Flag, 

459 

Buffalo-Berry, 

381 

Blue-eyed  Grass, 

460 

Buffalo-Nut, 

382 

Blue  Grass, 

563 

Buckbean, 

348 

Blue-Hearts, 
Blue  Joint-Grass, 

291 
547 

Buckeye, 
Buckthorn, 

83 
79,  80,  267 

Blue  Tangle, 

247 

Buckthorn  Family, 

78 

Blue-weed, 

320 

Buckwheat, 

375 

Blyttia, 

545 

Buckwheat  Family, 

371 

Boahmeria, 

399 

Bugle, 

302 

Bog-Asphodel, 

479 

Bugle-weed, 

303 

Bog-Rush, 

480 

Bugloss, 

320 

Boltonia, 

200 

Bugbane, 

7,14 

Boneset, 

187 

Bulrush, 

498 

Borage, 

325 

Bumelia, 

267 

Borage  Family, 
BORRAGE^E, 

319 
319 

Bunch-berry, 
Bunch-flower, 

161 
475 

BORRAGINACEJE, 

319 

Bunch-Pink, 

54 

Borrago, 
Borrichia, 

325 
213 

Bupleurum, 
Burmannia, 

156 
442 

Botrychium, 

601 

BURMANNIACEJE 

(Burman- 

Botrypus, 

601 

nia  Family), 

442 

Botryois, 

364 

Burdock, 

235 

Bottle-brush  Grass, 

571 

Bur-Grass, 

581 

Bottle-Grass, 

581 

Bur-Marigold, 

221 

Bouncing  Bet, 

55 

Burnet, 

115 

Bouteloua, 

552 

Burning-Bush, 

81 

Bowman's  Root, 

114 

Bur-reed, 

429 

Bow-wood, 

398 

Bush-Clover, 

101 

Box, 

393 

Bush  Honeysuckle, 

166 

Boxberry, 

251 

Butter-and-eggs, 

284 

Box-Elder, 

85 

Buttercup, 

7,10 

Boykinia, 

143 

Butterfly  Pea, 

.106 

Brachyelytrum, 

546 

Butterfly-weed, 

354 

Brachychseta, 

200 

Butternut, 

401 

Brachythecium, 

675 

Butter-weed, 

198 

Brake,  Bracken, 

591 

Butterwort, 

277 

Bramble, 

120 

Button-bush, 

172 

Brasenia, 

22 

Button-weed, 

171 

Brasiletto  Family, 

90,  108 

Buttonwood, 

400 

Brassica, 

40 

Buxbaumia, 

639 

BRASSICEJC, 

29 

Buxus, 

393 

Bread-fruit  and  Fig  Family, 

394,  397 

Briza, 

565 

Cabbage, 

40 

INDEX. 


CABOMBACE^E, 

22 

Carex, 

507 

Cacalia, 

230 

CARICE.S:, 

491 

CACTACE^  (Cactus  Family), 
Cactus, 
Caenotus, 

C.ESALPINIE.SS,                                       90, 

136 
136 

198 
108 

Carnation, 
Carolina  Allspice, 
Carolina-  Allspice  Family, 
Carphephorus, 

54 
126 
126 
185 

Cakile, 

39 

Carpinus, 

409 

CAKILINK^B, 

29 

Carrion-Flower, 

463 

Calamagrostis, 

547 

Carrot, 

152 

Calaminth, 

307 

Carum, 

159 

Calamintha, 

307 

Carya, 

402 

Calamovilfa, 
Calamus, 

548 
429 

CARYOPHYLLACE.E, 

Cashew  Family, 

52 

76 

Calico-bush, 

255 

Cassandra, 

252 

Calla, 

427 

Cassena, 

263 

Calliergon, 

672 

Cassia, 

108 

Calliastrum, 

190 

Cassiope, 

253 

Callicarpa, 

299 

Castanea, 

407 

Callirrhoe, 

66 

Castilleia, 

294 

CALLITRICHACE.&, 

384 

Castor-oil  Plant, 

393 

Callitriche, 

384 

Catalpa, 

279 

Calomelissa, 

307 

Catbrier, 

461 

Calopogon, 

450 

Catchfly, 

55 

Caltha, 

11 

Catgut, 

97 

CALYCANTHACE.E, 

126 

Catherines, 

640 

Calycanthus, 

126 

Cat-Mint, 

311 

Calycocarpum, 

18 

Catnip, 

311 

Calypogeia, 

702 

Cat-tail, 

429 

Calypso, 

450 

Cat-tail  Family, 

429 

Calystegia, 
Camassia, 

334 

469 

Cat-tail  Flag, 
Cat's-tail  Grass, 

429 
541 

Camelina, 

38 

Cauliflower, 

40 

CAMELINE.S, 

29 

Caulinia, 

432 

Camellia  Family, 

70 

Caulophyllum, 

20 

CAMELLIACE^, 

70 

Cayenne, 

341 

Campanula, 

243 

Ceanothus, 

80 

CAMPANULACE^  (Campanula 

Gercis, 

108 

Family), 

243 

Cedar, 

424,  425 

Campion, 

55 

Cedronella, 

312 

Camptosorus, 

593 

Celandine, 

25 

Campylium, 

677 

Celandine  Poppy, 

25 

Campylopus, 

619 

CELASTRACE^E, 

81 

Canary-Grass, 

574 

Celastrus, 

81 

Cancer-root,                                280, 

281 

Celery, 

159 

Caudv-tuft, 

40 

Celtis, 

396 

Cane," 

568 

Cenchrus, 

581 

CANNABINB^,                          395, 

400 

Centaurea, 

232 

Cannabis, 

400 

Centaurella, 

347 

Canterbury  Bells, 

244 

Centaury, 

342,  343 

Caper  Family, 

40 

Centrosema, 

106 

Caper  Spurge, 
CAPPARIDACE.E, 

389 
40 

Centunculus, 
Cephalanthus, 

274 
172 

Capraria, 

287 

Cerastium, 

60 

CAPRIFOLIACE^ 

163 

Cerasus, 

112 

Caprifolium, 

164 

Ceratodon, 

623 

Capsella, 

39 

CERATOPHYLIACE^:, 

383 

Capsicum, 

341 

Ceratophyllum, 

383 

Caraway, 

159 

Ceratoschrenus, 

504 

Cardamine, 

32 

Chaerophyllum, 

158 

Cardinal-flower, 

242 

Chaetocyperus, 

497 

Cardans, 

234 

Chaff-seed, 

294 

INDEX. 


CJhaff-weed, 

274 

Climacinm, 

666 

Chamaelirium, 

478 

Climbing  Fern, 

600 

Cbamomile, 
Cheat, 

225,  226 
566 

Climbing  Fumitory, 
Clinopodium, 

27 
308 

Checkerberry, 

251 

Clintonia, 

468 

Cheilanthes, 

592 

Clrtoria, 

106 

Cheiranthus, 

40 

Clove-Pink, 

54 

Chelidonium, 

25 

Clover, 

93,  93,  95 

Chelone, 

285 

Clotbur, 

212 

CHELONE^E, 

282 

Cloud-berry, 

120 

CHENOPODIACE.&, 

361 

Cnicus, 

232 

CHENOPODIE^E, 

362 

Cnidoscolus, 

389 

Chenopollina, 

366  ' 

Club-Moss, 

602,  604 

Chenopodium, 

362 

Club-Moss  Family, 

602 

Cherry, 

111,  112,113 

Club-Rush, 

498 

Chess, 

566 

Cocculus, 

18 

Chestnut, 

407 

Cocklebur, 

212 

Chervil, 

158 

Cock's-foot  Grass, 

557 

Chick-pea, 

104 

Cockspur  Thorn, 

124 

Chickweed, 

58 

Cohosh, 

14,20 

Chickweed  Family, 

53,57 

Colchicum  Family, 

472 

Chickweed-  Wintergreen, 
Chiloscyphus, 

272 
691 

Colic-root, 
Collinsia, 

458 

285 

Chimaphila, 

260 

Collinsonia,             « 

308 

Chinquapin, 

408 

Coltsfoot, 

188,  189 

Chiogenes, 

250 

Columbine, 

12 

Chionanthus, 

357 

Columbo, 

344 

Chironia, 

342 

Comandra, 

381 

Chives, 

470 

Comaropsis, 

117 

CHLORIDES, 

536 

Comarum, 

119 

Choke-berry, 

125 

Comfrey, 

320,  325 

Chondrosium, 

553 

Commelyna, 

485 

Chrysastrum, 

201 

COMMELYNACE^, 

485 

Chrysogonum, 

209 

Compass-Plant, 

210 

Chrysopsis, 
Chrysosplenium, 

207 
145 

COMPOSITE  (  Composite  Fam.),  177 
Comptonia,                                         410 

Cicer, 

104 

Cone-flower, 

214 

ClCHORACE^J, 

235 

CONIFERS, 

420 

Cichorium, 

235 

Conioselinum, 

154 

Cichory, 

235 

Conium, 

158 

Cicuta, 

157 

Conobea, 

287 

Cimicifuga, 

14,  15 

Conoclinium, 

188 

CIMICIFUGEJE, 
Cinchona  Family 

3 
169,  171 

Conomitrium, 
Conopholis, 

625 
280 

ClNCHONE^E, 

169,  171 

Conostomum, 

650 

Cinque-foil, 

118,  119 

Conostylis, 

458 

Cinna, 

544 

Convallaria, 

467 

Cinnamon  Fern, 

601 

CONVOLVULACE^ 

(Convol- 

Circaea, 

133 

vulus  Family), 

332 

Cirsium, 

232 

Convolvulus, 

334 

Cistacese, 

45 

Coprosmanthus, 

463 

Cissus, 

78 

Coptis, 

11 

Cladium, 

506 

Coral-berry, 

164 

Cladrastis, 
Clasmatodon, 

107 
660 

Coral  lorhiza, 
Coral-root, 

452 

452 

Claytonia, 

65 

Corema, 

393 

Clearweed, 

399 

Coreopsis, 

219 

Cleavers, 

169 

Cord-  Grass, 

551 

CLBMATIDB^EB, 

2 

Coriander, 

159 

Clematis, 

3 

Coriandrum, 

159 

Ciethra, 

254 

CORNACE-ZE, 

160 

INDEX. 


Corn-Cockle, 

57 

CUPRESSINE^E, 

420,  424 

Cornel, 

161 

Cupressus, 

424 

Corn-flag, 

460 

Cupseed, 

18 

Corn  Salad, 

175 

CUPULIFER^E, 

403 

Corn  us, 

161 

Currant, 

136,  137 

Corpse-Plant, 

262 

Currant  Family, 

136 

Corydalis, 

27 

Cuscuta, 

336 

Corylus, 

408 

CUSCUTINEJE, 

333 

Coscinodon, 
Cosmanthus, 

637 
328 

Custard-Apple  Family, 
Cut-Grass, 

17 
540 

Cotton-Grass, 

501 

Cyanococcus, 

249 

Cotton-plant, 

69 

CYCLOLOBE^:, 

362 

Cotton-Rose, 

229 

Cycloloma, 

362 

Cotton-wood, 

419 

Cydonia, 

126 

Couch  Grass, 

569 

Cylindrothecium, 

664 

Cowbane,                                    153, 

157 

CYNARE^, 

182 

Cowberry, 

248 

Cynodon, 

554 

Cow-Herb, 

55 

Cynodontium, 

620 

Cow-Parsnip, 

152 

Cynoglossum, 

324 

Cowslip,                                      271, 

272 

Cvnthia, 

236 

Cow-Wheat, 

296 

CYPERACE.E, 

490 

Crab-Apple, 

125 

CYPERE.E, 

490 

Crab-Grass,                                 554, 

557 

Cyperus, 

491 

Cranberry, 

247 

Cypress, 

424 

Cranberry  -tree, 
Crane-fly  Orchis, 

168 
451 

Cypress  Family, 
Cypress-Vine, 

420,  424 
333 

Cranesbill, 

72 

CYPRIPEDJE.®, 

443 

Crantzia 

151 

Cypripedium, 

454 

CRASSULACE^E, 

139 

Cystopteris, 

596 

Crataegus, 

123 

Cratoneuron, 

673 

Dactylis, 

557 

Crocus, 

460 

Dactyloctenium, 

554 

Crossopetalum, 

345 

Daffodil, 

455 

Crotalaria, 

91 

Dahoon, 

264 

Croton, 

391 

Daisy, 

200 

Crotonopsis, 

392 

Dalea, 

95 

Crowberry, 

393 

Dalibarda, 

120 

Oowberry  Family, 

393 

Daltonia, 

656 

Crownbeard, 

222 

Dandelion,                 235, 

236,  239,  240 

Crown  Imperial, 

472 

Danthonia, 

572 

Crowfoot, 

7 

Dangleberry, 

247 

Crowfoot  Family, 

2 

Darnel, 

569 

CRUCIFER^E, 

28 

Dasystoma, 

293 

Cryphaa, 

656 

Date  Plum, 

267 

Crypsis, 

542 

Datura, 

340 

Cryptotgenia, 

157 

Daucus, 

152 

Crvosanthes, 
CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS, 

455 

585 

Day-flower, 
Day-Lily, 

485 
468 

Cryptogramma, 
Ctenium, 

591 
552 

Deadlv  Nightshade, 
Dead-Nettie, 

341 
318 

Cuckoo-flower. 

33 

Deerberry, 

248 

Cucumber, 

139 

Deer-Grass, 

127 

C  ucumber-tree, 

16 

Delphinium, 

12 

Cucumis, 

139 

Dentaria, 

31 

Cucurbita, 

139 

Deschampsia, 

571 

CUCURBITACE.E, 

138 

Desmanthus, 

109 

Cudweed, 

228 

Desmatodon, 

628 

Culver's  Root  or  Culver's  Physic, 

290 

Desmodium, 

99 

Cunila, 

304 

Dewberry, 

121 

Cuphea, 
Cup-plant, 

129 
210 

Devil's-Bit, 
Devil-wood, 

478 
357 

INDEX. 


Dianthera, 

297 

Drop  wort, 

114 

Dianthus, 

54 

Drummondia, 

632 

Diapcnsia, 

332 

DRYADEJE, 

111 

DlAPENSIfi^S, 

329 

Dryas, 

116 

Diarrhena, 

557 

Dryopteris, 

597 

Dicentra, 
Dichelyma, 

27 
655 

Dryptodon, 
Duck's-meat, 

638 
431 

Dichondra, 

335 

Duckweed, 

431 

DlCHONDRE-ffl, 

333 

Duckweed  Family, 

430 

Diehromena, 

504 

Dulichium, 

404 

Dicksonia, 

595 

Dumortiera, 

686 

DICKSONIE.S:, 

588 

Dupontia, 

556 

Dicliptcra, 
DICOTYLEDONOUS 

297 
PLANTS,    1 

Dutchman's  Breeches, 
Dutchman's  Pipe, 

27 
360 

Dicranella, 

621 

Dyer's  Rocket, 

41 

Dicranodontium, 

619 

Dysodia, 

223 

Dicranum, 

620 

Didymodon, 

628 

Eatonia, 

557 

Diervilla, 

165 

EBENACE^  (Ebony  Family), 

266 

DIGIT  ALE.E, 

282 

Echinacea, 

214 

Digitaria, 

577 

Echinochloa, 

580 

Dilepyrum, 

546 

Echinodorus, 

438 

Dill, 

159 

Echinospermum, 

324 

Diodia, 

171 

Echinocystis, 

139 

Dionaea, 

47 

Echites, 

350 

Dioscorea, 

460 

Echium, 

319 

DioscoREACE.fi, 

460 

Eclipta, 

213 

Diospyros, 

267 

Eel-grass,                                    432, 

441 

Diphylleia, 

20 

Egg-Plant, 

339 

Diphyscium, 

640 

Egyptian  Grass, 

554 

Diplachne, 

555 

Elaeagnus, 

381 

Diplazium, 

594 

EL^EAGNACE^, 

380 

Diplocea, 

556 

Elatine, 

52 

Diplopappus, 

199 

ELATINACE^, 

52 

Dipsacus, 

176 

Elder, 

166 

DIPSACE^l, 

176 

Elecampane, 

208 

Dipteracanthus, 

297 

Eleocharis, 

495 

Dirca, 

380 

Eleogenus, 

496 

Discopleura, 

156 

Elephant's-foot, 

184 

Distichium, 

628 

Elephantopus, 

184 

Ditch-grass, 

433 

Eleusine, 

554 

Dittany. 

304 

Ellisia, 

327 

Dock, 

376 

Elm, 

395 

Dodecatheon, 

272 

Elm  Family,                               394, 

395 

Dodder, 

336 

Elodea,                                      52,  (441) 

Dogbane, 

350 

Elodium, 

668 

Dogbane  Family, 
Dog's-tail, 

349 
554 

Elvmus, 
EMPETRACE.ZB, 

570 
393 

Dog's-tooth  Violet 

471 

Empetrum, 

393 

Dogwood, 

161 

Encalypta, 

630 

Dogwood  Family, 

160 

Enchanter's  Nightshade, 

133 

Doodia, 

593 

ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

426 

Door-weed, 

373 

Enemion, 

11 

Draba, 

36 

Engelmannia, 

392 

Dracocephalum, 

312,  313 

Enslenia, 

355 

Dragon-Arum, 

426 

Entosthodon, 

651 

Dragon-head, 

312,  313 

Epigaea, 

251 

Dragon-root^ 

427 

Ephemerum, 

614 

Drop-seed  Grass, 

542,  545 

Epilobium, 

130 

Drosera, 

47 

Epipactis, 

449 

DROSERACE.33, 

47 

Epiphegus, 

280 

INDEX. 


EQUISETACE^E, 

585 

False  Kice, 

539 

Equisetura, 

585 

False  Rocket, 

31 

Eragrostis, 

563 

False  Spikenard, 

467 

Erechthites, 

229 

Featherfoil, 

275 

Erianthus, 

582 

Feather  Geranium, 

364 

ERICACEAE, 

245 

Feather-Grass, 

549 

ERICINE^J,                                 245, 

250 

Fedia, 

175 

Erigenia, 

159 

Fegatella, 

687 

Erigeridium, 

199 

Fennel, 

159 

Erigeron, 

197 

Fennel-flower, 

15 

ERIOCAULONACE^E, 

488 

Ferns, 

58 

Eriocaulon, 

488 

Fescue-  Grass, 

565 

Eriophorum, 

501 

Festuca, 

565 

Erodium, 

73 

FESTUCINE.E, 

537 

Erophila, 

37 

Fetterbush, 

254 

Ervura, 

103 

Fever-bush, 

379 

Eryngium, 

151 

Feverfew, 

226 

Erysimum, 

35 

Fever-wort, 

166 

Erythrasa, 

343 

Figwort, 

284 

Erythronium, 

471 

Figwort  Family, 

281 

ESCALLONIE^E  (Escallonia  Fam- 

Filago, 

229 

ily),                                          142, 

146 

Filbert, 

408 

Eschscholtzia, 

26 

FILICES, 

587 

Eubotrys, 
Euchroma, 

252 

294 

Fimbriaria, 
Fimbristylis, 

688 
502 

Eulophus, 

158 

Finger-Grass, 

577 

Euonymus, 

81 

Fir, 

422 

EUPATORIACE^E, 

179 

Fireweed, 

229 

Eupatorium, 

186 

Fissidens, 

624 

Euphorbia, 

385 

Five-Finger, 

118,  119 

EUPIIORBIACE^ 

385 

Flax, 

71 

Euphrasia, 

295 

Flax  Family, 

70 

EUPHRASIES, 

283 

Fleabane, 

197 

Eurhynchium, 

669 

Fleur-de-Lis, 

460 

EUSMILACE^E, 

461 

Floating  Heart, 

348 

Eustichiura, 

'629 

Floerkea, 

74 

Euthamia, 

206 

Flower-de-Luce, 

459 

Eutoca, 

329 

FLOWERING  PLANTS, 

1 

Eutriana, 

553 

Flowering  Ferns, 

589,  600 

Euxolus, 

369 

FLOWERLESS  PLANTS, 

585 

Evening-Primrose,             130,  131, 

132 

Fluminia, 

556 

Evening-Primrose  Family, 

129 

Fly-Poison, 

477 

Everlasting,                                  228, 

229 

Fly-catch  Grass, 

.     540 

Everlasting  Pea,                         103, 

104 

Fog-fruit, 

299 

EXOGENOUS  PLANTS, 

1 

Fontinalis, 

654 

Eyebright, 

295 

Fool's  Parsley, 

154 

Forked  Chickweed, 

62 

Faba, 

104 

Forget-me-not, 

323 

Fabronia, 

661 

Fossombronia, 

690 

Fugopyrum, 
Fagus, 

375 

408 

Fothergilla, 
Four-o'clock, 

148 
360 

Farkleberry, 

248 

Four-o'clock  Family, 

360 

False  Asphodel, 

478 

Fowl  Meadow-Grass, 

562 

False  Bugbane, 

7 

Foxtail  Grass, 

540,  581 

False  Flax, 

38 

Forestiera, 

358 

False  Foxglove, 

293 

FORESTIERE-fi, 

356 

False  Hellebore, 

476 

Forsteronia, 

349 

False  Indigo,                              95, 

107 

FOTHERGILLEJS, 

147 

False  Mermaid, 

74 

Fountain  Moss, 

654 

False  Mistletoe, 

382 

Fragaria, 

119 

False  Pimpernel, 

288 

Frangula, 

80 

60* 


INDEX. 


Fsasera, 

344 

Glaux, 

FRAXINE^SS, 

356 

Glechoma, 

Fraxinus, 

357 

Gleditschia, 

French  Mulberry,. 

299 

Globe  Amaranth, 

Fringe-tree, 

357 

Globe-flower, 

Frcelichia, 

370 

Gnaphalium,    1 

Frog's-bit, 

440 

Glyceria, 

Frog's-bit  Family, 

440 

Goafs-Beard, 

Frost-weed, 

45 

Goat's  Rue, 

Frullania, 

697 

Golden  Aster, 

Fuirena, 

503 

Golden-club, 

Futnaria, 

28 

Golden-rod, 

FUMARIACE^E, 

26 

Golden  Saxifrage, 

Fumitory 

28 

Goldthread, 

Fumitory  Family, 

26 

Gomphrena, 

Funaria, 

650 

GOMPHRENE2B, 

Funkia, 

468 

Gonolobus, 

GALACINE.&. 

262 

Good-King-Henry, 
Goodyera, 

Galactia, 

105 

Gooseberry, 

Galanthus, 

455 

Goosefoot,  ' 

Galatella, 

190 

Goosefoot  Family, 

Galax, 

262 

Goose-Grass, 

Galax  Family, 

262 

Gordonia, 

GALEGE^J, 

89 

Gossypium, 

Galeopsis, 

316 

Gourd, 

Galingale, 

491 

Gourd  Family, 

Galinsoga, 

225 

GRAMINEJS, 

Galium, 

169 

Grape, 

Gall-of-the-Earth, 

238 

Grass  Family, 

Gama-Grass, 

582 

Grass  of  Parnassus, 

Garget, 

361 

Grass  of  the  Andes, 

Garlic, 

469 

Grass-wrack, 

Gaultheria, 

251 

Gratiola, 

Gaura, 

132 

GRATIOLE*:, 

Gaylussacia, 
Geiseleria, 

247 
391 

Greek  Valerian, 
Greenbrier, 

Gelsemium, 

296,  703 

Green  Dragon, 

GELSEMINE^B, 

283 

Green  Violet, 

Genista, 

91 

Grimaldia, 

GENISTE^SJ, 

89 

Grimmia, 

Gentian, 

345 

Gromwell, 

Gentiana, 

345 

GROSSULACE^:, 

GENTIANACE^E 

(Gentian  Fam- 

Grossularia, 

iiy), 

341 

Ground  Cherry, 

Geocalvx, 

691 

Ground  Hemlock, 

GERANIACE^J, 

72 

Ground-Ivy, 

Geranium, 

72 

Ground  Laurel, 

Geranium  Family  . 

72 

Ground-Nut, 

Gerardia, 

292 

Ground  Pine, 

GERARDIE^B, 

283 

Ground  Plum, 

Germander, 

302 

Groundsel, 

Geum, 

116 

jrroundsel-Tree, 

Giant  Hyssop, 

311 

jrove  Sandwort, 

Gill, 

312 

auelder-Rose, 

Gillenia, 

114 

Guinea-Corn, 

Ginseng, 

159 

Gum-Tree, 

Ginseng  Family, 

159 

jrymnadenia, 

Gladiolus, 

460 

jrymnocladus, 

Glasswort, 

366 

oymnomitrium, 

Glaucium. 

26 

Gymnopogon, 

•    274 

312 
109 
371 
11 
228 
558 

114,  142 

97 

207 

428 

200,  207 
145 
11 
371 
367 
355 
365 
447 

136,  137 

362,  366 

361 

169,  373 

70 

69 

139 

138 

535 

77 

535 

48 

573 

432 

287 

282 

329 

461 

427 

41 

687 

637 

320,321 
136 
136 
339 
425 
312 
251 

105, 160 
603 
97 
230 
208 
57 
168 
584 
162 
444 
109 
696 
553 


INDEX. 


GYMNOSPERM^E, 

420 

Herd's-Grass, 

Gymnostichum, 

571 

Hemianthus, 

Gymnostomum, 

617 

Hemlock, 

Gynamblosis, 

392 

Hemlock  Parsley, 

Gyromia, 

465 

Hemlock  Spruce, 

Heracleum, 

Habenaria, 

444 

Hercules'  Club, 

Hackberry, 

396 

Herpestis, 

Hackmatack, 

423 

Hesperis, 

HJSMODORACE^E, 

457 

Heteranthera, 

Hair-cap  Moss, 

641 

Heterocladium, 

Hair-Grass, 

543,  546,  571 

Heterotropa, 

Halenia, 

344 

Heuchera, 

Halesia, 

266 

HIBISCE^;, 

HALORAGEJE, 

129,  134 

Hibiscus, 

HAMAMELACE^E, 

147 

Hickory, 

HAMAMELE^J, 

147 

Hieracium, 

Hamamelis, 

147 

Hierochloa, 

Karbinger-of-  Spring, 
Hardback, 

159 
114 

Highwater-shrub, 
HIPPOCASTANE.S:, 

Harpidium, 

673 

Hippuris, 

Harebell, 

244 

Hoary  Pea, 

Haricot, 

104 

Hobble-bush, 

Hawkbit, 

236 

Hazel-nut, 

Hawkweed, 

236 

Hog  Pea-Nut, 

Hawthorn, 

123 

Hog-weed, 

Heal-all, 

313 

Holcus, 

Heart's-ease, 

42 

Holly, 

Heath  Family, 

245 

Holly  Family, 

Hedera, 

160 

Hollyhocks, 

Hedeoma, 

308 

Holosteum, 

Hedgehog-Grass, 

581 

Holy-Grass, 

Hedge-Hyssop, 
Hedge-Mustard, 

287 
35 

Homalothecium, 
Honesty, 

Hedge-Nettle, 
Hedwigia, 

316 
639 

Honey-Locust, 
Honeysuckle, 

HEDYSARE^E, 

89 

Honeysuckle  Family, 

Hcdysarum, 

98 

Honkenya, 

Hedyotis, 

173 

Honewort, 

Helenium, 

223 

Hookeria, 

Heleochloa, 

560 

Hop, 

Helianthemum, 

45 

Hopea, 

Helianthus, 

216 

Hop-  Hornbeam, 

Heliophytum, 

325 

Hop-  tree, 

Hcliopsis, 

214 

Hordeum, 

Heliotrope, 

325 

HORDEINE^!, 

HELIOTROPES, 

319 

Horehound, 

Heliotropium, 

325 

Hornbeam, 

Hellebore, 

12 

Horned  Rush, 

Helleborus, 

12 

Horn-Poppy, 

HELLEBORINE^B, 

2 

Hornwort,                v 

Helonias, 

478 

Hornwort  Family, 

Hemerocallis, 

468 

Horse-Balm, 

Hemicarpha, 

495 

Horsechestnut, 

Hemp, 

400 

Horse-Gentian, 

Hemp  Family, 

395,  400 

Horse-Mint, 

Hemp-Nettle, 

316 

Horse-Nettle, 

Hemp-weed, 

188 

Horseradish, 

Henbane, 

340 

Horse-Sugar, 

Hepatica, 
HEPATIOfi, 

6 
682 

Horse-weed, 
Horsetail, 

541,  544 
288 
158 
154 
423 
152 
159 
287 

40 
484 
677 
359 
144 

65 

68 
402 
236 
574 
211 

82 
135 

96 
168 
408 
106 
212 
573 
263 
263 

66 

60 
574 
663 

40 
109 

164,  256 
163 

57 
157 
666 
400 
266 
409 

75 
570 
538 

315,  318 
409 
504 

26 
383 
383 
308 

83 
166 

309,  310 
339 
31 
266 
198 
585 


INDEX. 


lorsetail  ItaLjly, 

585 

Inkberry, 

264 

/lottonia, 

275 

Inula, 

208 

HOTTONIB^, 

271 

lodanthus, 

31 

Hound's-Tong-ie, 

324 

Ipecac, 

114 

House-Leek, 

141 

Ipomcea, 

333 

Houstonia, 

173 

Iresine, 

370 

Hyacinth, 

472 

IRIDACE^E, 

459 

Hydrangea, 

146 

Iris, 

459 

HYDRANGIE^E   (Hydrangea 

Fami- 

Iris  Family, 

459 

iy), 

142,  146 

Iron-weed, 

183 

Hydras  tis, 

14 

Iron-wood, 

409 

HYDROCHARIDACEjE, 

440 

Isanthus, 

302 

Hydrocharis, 

440 

Isatis, 

40 

Hydrocotyle, 

150 

Isnardia, 

133 

Hydroglossum, 

600 

Isoetes, 

605 

Hydropeltis, 

22 

Isopyrum, 

11 

HYDROPHYLLACE.33, 

326 

Isothecium, 

669 

Hydrophyllum, 
HYDROPTERIDES, 

326 
605 

Italian  May, 
Itea, 

114 
146 

Hylocomium, 

668 

Iva, 

211 

Hyraenocallis, 

456 

Ivy, 

160 

Hymenopappus, 

223 

Hyoscvamus, 
HYPERICACE^E, 

340 
48 

Jacob's  Ladder, 
Jagged  Chickweed, 

330 
60 

Hypericum, 

49 

Jamestown  Weed, 

341 

Hypnum, 

667 

Jatropha, 

389 

HYPOLYTRBJB, 

490 

Jeffersonia, 

20 

Hypopeltis, 

595 

Jerusalem  Artichoke, 

219 

Hypopitys, 

262 

Jerusalem  Oak, 

364 

Hypoxys, 

456 

Jerusalem  Sage, 

818 

Hyssop, 

304 

Jessamine, 

296 

Hyssopus, 

304 

Jewel-weed, 

73 

Huckleberry, 

247,  248 

Joe-Pye  Weed, 

186 

Hudsonia, 

46 

Joint-Grass, 

576 

Humulus, 

400 

Jointweed, 

374 

Huntsman's  Cup, 

24 

Jonquil, 

458 

Judas-tree, 

108 

Iberis, 

40 

JUGLANDACE^, 

401 

Ictodes, 

428 

Juglans, 

401 

Ilex, 

263 

JUNCACEJE, 

479 

ILLECEBRE^, 

54,  61 

JUNCAGINE2E, 

436,  437 

Ilysanthes, 

288 

Juncus, 

480 

Impatiens, 

73 

June-berry, 

125 

Indian  Bean, 

279 

Jungennannia, 

693 

Indian-Chickweed, 

63 

JUNGERMANNIACE-E, 

689 

Indian-  Chickweed  Family, 

54,  63 

Juniper, 

425 

Indian  Corn, 

584 

Juniperus, 

425 

Indian  Cucumber  -root. 

464 

Jussiaea, 

132,  703 

Indian  Currant, 

164 

Justicia, 

297 

Indian  Fig, 

136 

Indian-Grass, 

584 

Kceleria, 

557 

Indian  Hemp, 

350 

Kalmia, 

255 

Indian  Millet, 

584 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree, 

109 

Indian  Physic, 
Indian  Pipe, 

114 

262 

Kidney  Bean, 
Kinnikinnik, 

104 
161 

Indian  -Pipe  Familj 

246,  261 

Knawel, 

63 

Indian  Plantain, 

230 

Knawel  Family, 

54,  63 

Indian  Poke, 

476 

Knapweed, 

232 

Indian  Rice, 

540 

Knot-Grass, 

373 

Indian  Tobacco, 

242 

Knotweed, 

371 

Indian  Turnip, 

94,  426 

K»otwort  Family, 

54,61 

INDEX. 


osteletzkya, 

68 

Leptochloa, 

555 

ivohl-Rabi, 

40 

Leptodon, 

657 

Krigia, 

235 

Leptopoda, 

224 

Kulmia, 

186 

Lepturus, 

568 

Kyllingia, 

494 

Leskea, 

659 

Lespedeza, 

101 

LABIATE, 

300 

Lettuce, 

240 

Labrador  Tea, 

258 

Leucanthemum, 

226 

Lachnanthes, 

457 

Leucodon, 

656 

Lachnocaulon, 

489 

Leucobryum, 

623 

Lactuca, 

240 

Leucqjum, 

455 

Ladies'  Tresses, 

448 

Leucothoe", 

251 

Lady's  Mantle, 

115 

Lever-wood, 

409 

Lady's  Slipper, 

454 

Liatris, 

184 

Lady's  Thumb, 

373 

LIGULIFLORJE,                            83,  235 

Lambkill, 

255 

Ligusticum, 

154 

Lamb-Lettuce, 

175 

Ligustrum, 

356 

Lamb's-Quarters, 

363 

Lilac, 

356 

Lamium, 

318 

LILIACE^E  (Lily  Family), 

465 

Lampsana, 

235 

T    •»•                                                                    *                                   W  " 

Lihum, 

470 

Laportea, 

398 

Lily, 

470 

Lappa, 

235 

Lily  of  the  Valley, 

467 

Lapsana, 

235 

LIMNANTHACEJS, 

74 

Larch, 

423 

Limnanthemum, 

348 

Larix, 

423 

Limnanthes  Family, 

74 

Larkspur, 

12 

Limnetis, 

551 

Lastrea, 

597 

Limnobium,                             440, 

(671) 

LathVrus, 

103 

Limnochloa, 

495 

LAURACEJE  (Laurel  Family), 

378 

Limosella, 

289 

Laurel,                                        255,  257 

LINAGES, 

70 

Laurestinus, 

167 

Linaria, 

284 

Laurus, 

379 

Linden, 

69 

Lavandula, 

318 

Linden  Family, 

69 

Lavender, 

318 

Lindernia, 

288 

Lead-Plant, 

95 

Linnsea, 

163 

Leadwort  Family, 

270 

Linum, 

71 

Leaf-Cup, 

209 

Lion's-foot, 

238 

Leather-Leaf, 

252 

Liparis, 

452 

Leather-flower, 

4 

Lippia, 

299 

Leather-wood, 

380 

Liquidambar, 

148 

Leavenworthia, 

31 

Liriodendron, 

17 

Lechea, 

46 

Listera, 

449 

Lecontia, 

427 

Lithospermum, 

321 

Ledum, 

258 

Lizard  Vtail, 

383 

Leek, 

469 

Lizard's-tail  Family, 

383 

Leersia, 
LEGUMLNOS-E, 

539 
88 

Live-for-ever, 
Liverleaf, 

140 
6 

Leiophyllum, 
Lejeunia, 

259 
698 

Liverworts, 
LOASACE^J  (Loasa  Family), 

682 
135 

Lemna, 

431 

Lobadium, 

77 

LEMNACE^E, 

430 

Lobelia, 

241 

LENTIBULACE^J, 

275 

LOBELIACE^  (Lobelia  Fam.) 

,  241 

Leontodon, 

236 

Locust-tree, 

96 

Leonurus, 
Lepachys, 

317 
215 

Loblolly  Bay,                                     70 
LOG  ANiE^E(LoganiaFam.),l  69,1  74,703 

Lepidanche, 

337 

Loiseleuria, 

258 

LEPIDINEJS, 

29 

Lolinm, 

569 

Lepidium, 

38 

LOMENTACB^J, 

29 

Lepidozia, 

702 

Long  Moss, 

458 

Leptandra, 

290 

Lonicera, 

164 

Leptanthui, 

485 

LONICEKEJC, 

163 

INDEX. 


Loosestrife,                128,  132 

272,  273 

Marigold, 

223 

Loosestrife  Family, 

127 

Mariscus, 

494 

Lophanthus, 

311 

Marjoram, 

506,  318 

Lophiola, 

457 

Marrubium, 

315 

Lophocolea, 

692 

Marshallia, 

224 

Lopseed, 

299 

-Marsh  Elder, 

211 

Loquat, 
LORANTHACE^J, 

126 

382 

Marsh  Fleabate, 
Marsh  Grass, 

208 
551 

LOTE^B, 

89 

Marsh-Mallow, 

66 

Lousewort, 

295 

Marsh  Marigold, 

11 

Lovage, 

154 

Marsh  Pennywort, 

150 

Lucerne, 

93 

Marsh-Rosemary, 

270 

Ludwigia, 

132 

Marsh  St.  John's-wort, 

52 

Lunaria, 

40 

Marsilea, 

606 

Lungwort, 

322 

MARSILEACE^E, 

605 

Lupine, 

91 

Martynia, 

279 

Lupinus, 

91 

Maruta, 

225 

Luzula, 

479 

Marvel  of  Peru, 

360 

Lychnis, 

57 

Masterwort, 

152 

Lycium, 

341 

Mastigobryum, 

701 

Lycopersicum, 
LYCOPODIACE^, 

339 
602 

Matricaria, 
Matrimony-vine, 

226 
341 

Lycopsis, 

320 

Matthiola, 

40 

Lycopus, 

303 

Mayaca, 

487 

Lygodium, 

600 

May-Apple, 

21 

Lyme-Grass, 

570 

May-flower, 

251 

Lyonia, 

254 

May-weed, 

225 

Lysimachia, 

272 

Meadow-Beauty, 

127 

LYTHRACE2E, 

127 

Meadow-Grass, 

561 

Lythrum, 

128 

Meadow-Parsnip, 

155 

Meadow-Rue, 

6 

Maclura, 

398 

Meadow  Soft-grass, 

573 

Macromitrium, 

635 

Meadow-Sweet, 

113,  114 

Macrotys, 

15 

Meconopsis, 

25 

Madder, 

171 

Medeola, 

464 

Madder  Family, 

168 

Meuicagc, 

93 

Madotheca, 

699 

Medick, 

93 

Magnolia, 

15 

Meesia, 

648 

MAGNOLLACE^E, 
Magnolia  Family, 

15 
15 

Melampvrum, 
MELANTHACEJE, 

296 
472 

Mahonia, 

20 

MELANTHIE^:, 

472,  475 

Maianthemum, 

467 

Melanthium, 

475 

Maidenhair, 

592 

MELASTOMACE^E 

(Melastoma 

MALAXIDE2E, 

443 

Family), 

127 

Malaxis, 

452 

Melica, 

558 

Mallow, 

66,67 

Melic-Grass, 

558 

Mallow  Family, 

65 

Melilot, 

93 

Mains, 

125 

Melilotus, 

93 

Malva, 

66 

Melissa, 

308 

MALVACE.&, 

65 

Melothria, 

139 

MALTED, 

65 

MENISPERMACE^: 

>tf                    18 

Mandrake, 

21 

Menispermum, 

18 

Mangel  Wurtzel, 

367 

Mentha, 

303 

Manna-Grass, 

558 

Mentzelia, 

135 

Man-of-the-Earth, 

334 

MENYANTHE^E, 

342 

Msfcple, 

84 

Menyanthes, 

348 

Maple  Family, 

82,  84 

Menziesia, 

256 

Marchantia, 

686 

Mercurialis, 

393 

MAKCHANTIACEJE, 

686 

Mercury, 

389 

Mare's-tail, 

135 

Mermaid-weed, 

134 

Marginalia, 

590 

Mertensia, 

322 

INDEX. 


Meteorium, 

681 

Moss  Pink, 

332 

Metzgeria, 

689 

Motherwort, 

317 

Mexican  Tea, 

364 

Mountain-Ash, 

125 

Mezereum  Family, 

380 

Mountain  Holly, 

264 

Micromeria, 

307 

Mountain  Mint, 

304 

Microstylis, 

451 

Mountain  Rice, 

548 

Mignonette, 

41 

Mouse-ear, 

323 

Mignonette  Family, 

41 

Mouse-ear  Chickweed, 

60 

Mikania, 

188 

Mouse-tail, 

10 

Milfoil, 

226 

Mud  Plantain, 

484 

Milium, 

575 

Mudwort, 

289 

Milk  Pea, 

105 

Mugwort, 

227 

Milkweed, 

351,  354 

Muhlenbergia, 

545 

Milkweed  Family, 

350 

Mulberry, 

397 

Milkwort, 

85 

Mulgedium, 

240 

Milkwort  Family, 

85 

Mullein, 

283 

Milk-Vetch, 

97 

Mullein  Foxglove, 

292 

Millet, 

581 

Mullein  Pink, 

57 

Millet-Grass, 

575 

Muscadine, 

78 

MIMOSE.E, 

Mimosa  Family, 

91,  109 
91,  109 

MUSCI, 
Muskit-Grass, 

607 
552 

Mimulus, 

286 

Muskmelon, 

139 

Mint, 

303,  304 

Musk-plant, 

287 

Mint  Family, 

300 

Musquash-Root, 

157 

Mirabilis, 

360 

Mustard, 

36 

Mist-flower, 

188 

Mustard  Family, 

28 

Mistletoe  Family, 

382 

Myosotis, 

323 

Mitchella, 

172 

Myosurus, 

10 

Mitella, 

145 

Myrica, 

409 

Mitreola, 

174 

MYRICACEJE, 

409 

Mitre-wort, 

145,  174 

Myriophyllum, 

134 

Mnium, 

647,  681 

Myurella, 

661,  681 

Moccason-flower, 

454 

Mocker-nut, 

402 

Nabalus, 

237 

Mock-Orange, 

146 

Naiad, 

432 

Modiola, 

68 

NAIADACE^E, 

'431 

Moehringia, 

58 

Naias, 

432 

Mcenchia, 

61 

Naked-beard  Grass, 

553 

MOLLUGINE.E, 

54,  63 

NANDINEJE, 

19 

Mollugo, 

63 

Napeea, 

67 

Momordica, 

139 

Narcissus, 

455 

Monarda, 

309 

Nardosmia, 

188 

MONARDE^:, 

301 

Narthecium, 

479 

Moneses, 

260 

Nasturtium, 

30  (74) 

Monkey-flower, 
Monkshood, 

286 
13 

Naumburgia, 
Neckera, 

273 
665 

J^onocera 

552 

Neckweed, 

291 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 

Negundo, 

85 

PLANTS, 

426 

NELUMBIACE^, 

21 

Monopetalous  Exogenous  Plants,    163 
Monotropa,                                         262 

Nelumbium, 
Nelumbo, 

21 
21 

MONOTROPE.SJ, 

246,  261 

Nelumbo  Family, 

21 

Montelia, 

369 

Nemopanthes, 

264 

Moonseed, 

18 

Nemophila, 

327 

Moonseed  Family, 

18 

NEOTTIE.E, 

443 

Moonwort, 

40,  601 

Nepeta, 

311 

Moose-wood, 

84,  380 

NEPETE^J, 

301 

Morning-Glory, 

333 

Nephrodium, 

597 

Morocarpus, 

365 

Nerium, 

350 

Morus, 

397 

Nesaea, 

128 

Mosses, 

607 

Nettle, 

398,  399 

INDEX. 


Nettle  Family, 

394,  398 

Orchis, 

443.  444 

Nettle-tree, 

396 

Origanum, 

306 

New  Jersey  Tea, 

80 

Oritrophium, 

196 

Nicandra, 

340 

Ornithogalum, 

468 

Nicotiana, 

341 

OROBANCHACE^, 

279 

Nigella, 

15 

Orontium, 

428 

Nightshade, 

339,  341 

Orpine, 

140 

Nightshade  Family, 

338 

Orpine  Family, 

139 

Nimble  Will, 

546 

Orthomeris, 

196 

Nine-Bark, 

113 

Orthotrichum, 

632 

Nondo, 

155 

ORYZE^:, 

535 

Nonesuch, 

93 

Oryzopsis, 

548 

North  American  Papaw, 

17 

Osage  Orange, 

398 

Nothoscordum, 

470 

Osier, 

413 

Notothylas, 

685 

Osmorrhiza, 

158 

Nuphar, 

23 

Osmunda, 

600 

Nut-Grass, 

193 

OSMUNDEJE, 

589 

Nut-Rush, 

506 

OSMUNDINEjB, 

589,  600 

NYCTAGINACEJE, 

360 

Ostrich-Fern, 

590 

Nymphaea, 

22 

Ostrya, 

409 

NYMPHJEACEJ5, 

22 

Oswcgo  Tea, 

310 

Nyssa, 

162 

Otophylla, 
OXALIDACE^E, 

293 
71 

Oak, 

404 

Oxalis, 

71 

Oakesia, 

394 

Ox-eye, 

213,  214 

Oak  Family, 

403 

Ox-eye  Daisy, 

226 

Oat, 

572 

Oxybaphus, 

361 

Oat-Grass, 

572,  573 

Oxycoccus, 

248 

Obeliscaria, 

215 

Oxydendrum, 

254 

Obione, 

366 

Oxydenia, 

555 

Obolaria, 

347 

Oxyria, 

376 

Ocymum, 

318 

Oxytripolium, 

197 

Odonectis, 

450 

CEnothera, 

130 

Pachysandra, 

392 

Oil-nut, 

382 

Padus, 

113 

Okra, 

69 

Paeonia, 

15 

Oldenlandia, 

172 

Paepalanthus, 

489 

Olea, 

^356 

Painted-Cup, 

294 

OLEACEJE, 

356 

Panax, 

160 

Oleander, 

•-.':       350 

Pancratium, 

456 

Oleaster  Family, 

380 

PANICE^, 

539 

Olive, 

356 

Panic-Grass, 

576 

Olive  Family, 

356 

Panicum, 

576 

Omalia, 

665 

Papaver, 

25 

ONAGRACE^, 

129,  130 

PAPAVERACE^E, 

24 

Oncostylis, 

503 

Paper-Mulberry, 

398 

Onion, 

469 

PAPI  LI  ONAGER, 

88,  91 

Onoclea, 

599 

Pappoose-root, 

20 

Onopordon, 

234 

Papyrus, 

491 

Onosmodium,  „ 

320 

Pardanthus, 

460 

OPHIOGLOSSE^J, 

589,  601 

Parietaria, 

399 

Ophioglossum, 

602 

Parnassia, 

48 

OPHRYDE.S!, 

442 

PARNASSIACEJE, 

48 

Oplotheca, 

370 

Parnassia  Family, 

48 

Opulus, 

168 

Paronychia, 

62 

Opuntia, 

136 

Parsley, 

159 

Orache, 

365 

Parsley  Family, 

148 

Orange-root, 

14 

Parsnip, 

152 

Orange-grass, 

51 

Parthenium, 

211 

Orchard-Grass, 

557 

Partridge-berry, 

172,  25 

ORCHID  ACE  ^E  (Orchis 

Fam.),   442 

Partridge  Pea, 

103 

INDEX. 


PASPALE^E, 

539 

Physcomitrium, 

651 

Paspalura, 

575 

Physostegia, 

313 

Pasque-flower, 
Passiflora, 

4 
138 

PHYTOLACCACE^l, 

Picea, 

361 
423 

PASSIFLORACE^E, 

138 

Pickerel-weed, 

484 

Passion-flower, 
Passion-flower  Family, 

138 
138 

Pickerel-weed  Family. 
Pieris, 

403 
254 

Pastinaca, 

152 

Pigeon-Berry, 

361 

Patania, 

595 

Pig-nut, 

403 

Pavia, 

83 

Pigweed, 

362,  368 

Peach, 

113 

Pilea, 

399 

Pear,      , 

124 

Pilinophytum, 

391 

Pear  Family,                             111, 

123 

Pilotrichum, 

654,  681 

Pearlwort, 

61 

Pimpernel, 

274 

Pecan-nut, 

402 

Pine, 

421 

Pedicularis, 
Pellia, 

295 
690 

Pine-Apple  Family, 
Pine-drops, 

458 
261 

Pellitory, 

399 

Pine  Family, 

420,  421 

Peltandra, 

427 

Pine-sap, 

261,  262 

Pencil-Flower, 

102 

Pine-weed, 

51 

Pennyroyal,                                302, 

308 

Pinguicula, 

277 

Pentalophus, 

322 

Pink, 

54 

Penthorum, 

141 

Pink  Family, 

52,  54 

Pentstemon, 

286 

Pink-root, 

174 

Pepperbush, 

254 

Pinus, 

421 

Peppergrass,                                   38 
Peppermint, 

,40 
303 

Pinweed, 
Pinxter-flower, 

46 
257 

Pepper-root, 

31 

Pipe-  Vine, 

360 

Pepperwort, 

38 

Pipewort, 

488,  489 

Pepperidge, 
Periploca, 

162 
355 

Pipewort  Family, 
Pipsissewa, 

488 
260 

PERIPLOCE2E, 

351 

Piptatherum, 

548 

Periwinkle, 

350 

Pisum, 

104 

Persea, 

378 

Pitcher-Plants, 

23 

Persicaria, 

372 

Plagiochasma, 

688 

Persimmon, 

267 

Plagiochila, 

695 

Petalostemon, 

95 

Plagiothecium, 

679 

Phacelia, 

328 

Planera, 

396 

PILENOGAMOUS  PLANTS, 

1 

Planer-Tree, 

396 

Phalacroloma, 

198 

Plane-tree, 

400 

Phalangium, 
PHALAKIDE^S, 

469 
538 

Plane-tree  Family, 
PLANTAGINACE^E, 

400 
268 

Phalaris, 

574 

Plantago, 

268 

Pharbitis, 

333 

Plantain, 

268 

Phascum, 

614 

Plantain  Family, 

268 

PHASEOLE^B, 

90 

PLATANACE^E, 

400 

Phaseolus, 

104 

Platanthera, 

444 

Pheasant's  Eye, 

15 

Platanus, 

400 

Phelipsea, 
Philadelphus, 

280 
146 

Platygyrium, 
Platyloma, 

663 
591 

Phleum, 

541 

Pleuranthe, 

692 

Phlomis, 

318 

Pleurisy-root, 

354 

Phlox, 

330 

PLEUROCARPI, 

609,  654 

Phoradendron, 

382 

Pleurozium, 

668 

Phragmites, 

568 

Pluchea, 

208 

Phryma, 

299 

Plum, 

111,112,  113 

Phyllanthus, 

392 

PLUMBAGINACEJE, 

270 

Phyllodoce, 

255 

Pneumonanthe, 

346 

Physalis, 

339 

Poa, 

561 

Physocarpoa, 
Physcomitrella, 

113 
615 

POACE^S, 

PODALYBIE^S, 

535 
90 

INDEX. 


Podophyllum, 

21 

Primrose, 

271 

PODOSTEMACE^:, 

384 

Primrose  Family, 

270 

Podosteraon, 

384 

Primula, 

271 

Pogonatum, 

641 

PRIMULACEJE, 

270 

Pogonia, 

450 

PRIMULE^:, 

270 

Poison  Hemlock, 

158 

Prince's  Feather, 

368,372 

Poison  Ivy, 

76 

Prince's  Pine, 

261 

Poison  Oak, 

76 

Prinos, 

264 

Poison  Sumach, 

76 

Privet, 

356 

Poke, 

361 

Prosartes, 

474 

Pokeweed  Family, 

361 

Proserpinaca, 

134 

Polanisia, 

40 

Prunella, 

313 

POLEMONIACE^E  (Polemonium 

Prunus, 

111,  112 

Family), 

329 

Psilocarya, 

503 

Polemonium, 

329 

Psoralea, 

94 

Polianthes, 

472 

PSORALE.S3, 

89 

Polygala, 
POLYGALACE^:, 

85 

85 

Ptelea. 
PTERIDE^B, 

75 

588 

POLYGONACEJE, 

371 

Pterigonium, 

663 

Polygonatum, 

466 

Pterigynandrum, 

663 

Polygonum, 

371 

Pteris, 

591 

Polymnia, 

209 

Pterospora, 

261 

Polypetalous  Exogenous  Plants, 

2 

Ptilidium, 

701 

POLYPODIES, 

588 

Ptilium, 

673 

POLYPODINES,                         587, 

589 

Ptychomitrium, 

635 

Polypodium, 

589 

Puccoon, 

321 

Polypogon, 

544 

Pulmonaria, 

323 

Polystichum, 

598 

Pulsatilla, 

4 

Polytenia, 

152 

Pulse  Family, 

88 

POME*!,                                           ,         111, 

123 

Pumpkin, 

139 

Polytrichum, 

641 

Purslane, 

64 

Pomme  Blanche,                   .v  ,,*  :  .',;. 

94 

Purslane  Family, 

63 

Pomme  de  Prairie, 

94 

Putty-root, 

453 

Pond  Spice, 

380 

Pycnanthemum, 

304 

Pondweed,                                  432, 

433 

Pycreus, 

491 

Pondweed  Family, 

431 

Pylaissea, 

662 

Pontederia, 

484 

Pyrola, 

259 

PONTEDERIACE^E, 

483 

PYROLE^  (Pyrola  Family) 

246,  259 

Poor  Man's  Weather-glass, 

274 

Pyrrhopappus, 

240 

Poplar, 

418 

P/rularia, 

382 

Poppy, 

25 

Pyrus, 

124 

Poppy  Family, 

24 

Pyxidanthera, 

332 

Populus, 

418 

Porcupine  Grass, 

549 

Quaking  Grass, 

565 

Portulaca, 

64 

Quamash, 

469 

PORTULACACEJE 

63 

Quamoclit, 

333 

Portuna, 

253 

Queen-of-the-Prairie, 

114 

Patamogeton, 

433 

Quercus, 

404 

Potato, 

339 

Quick-Grass, 

569 

Potentilla, 

118 

Quillwort, 

605 

Poterium, 

115 

Quince, 

126 

Pottia, 

629 

Quitch-Grass, 

569 

Poverty  Grass, 

550 

Prairie*  Clover, 

95 

Racomitrium, 

638 

Prairie  Dock, 

210 

Radish, 

39,40 

Preissia, 

686 

Radula, 

700 

Prenanthes, 
Prickly  Ash, 

237 
75 

Ragged  Robin, 
Ragweed, 

57 
211 

Prickly  Pear, 

136 

Ragwort, 

231 

Prickly  Poppy, 

25 

Ram's-head, 

455 

Prim, 

356 

Ramsted, 

284 

INDEX. 


RANimCULACE-ffi, 

2 

Rock  Cress, 

RANUNCULE.E, 

2 

Rocket, 

Ranunculus, 

7 

Rock-rose, 

RAPHANE^, 

Raphanus, 

29 
39,40 

Rock-rose  Family, 
Roman  Wormwood 

Raphidostegium, 

670 

Rosa, 

Raspberry, 

120,  121 

ROSACES, 

Rattle-box, 

91 

Rose, 

Rattlesnake-Grass, 

559 

ROSE-SJ, 

Rattlesnake-Master, 

151 

Rose-bay, 

Rattlesnake-Plantain 

447 

Rose  Family, 

Rattlesnake-root, 

237 

Rose-Mallow, 

Rattlesnake-weed, 

237 

Rosin-Plant, 

Ray-Grass, 

569 

Rosin-weed, 

Reboulea, 

557 

Roubieva, 

Reboulia, 

687 

Rowan-tree, 

Red  Bay, 

379 

Rubia, 

Red-bud, 

108 

RUBIACE^E, 

Red-Osier, 

161 

Rubus, 

Red  Pepper, 

341 

Rudbeckia, 

Red-Root, 

80 

Rue-  Anemone, 

Red-Root, 

457 

Ruellia, 

Red-top, 

544,  555,  562 

Rue  Family, 

Reed, 

568 

Rumex, 

Reed  Bent-Grass, 

547 

Ruppia, 

Reed-Grass, 

544,  551 

Rush, 

Reed-mace, 
Reed  Meadow-Grass, 

429 
559 

Rush  Family, 
Rush-Grass, 

Rensselaeria, 

427 

Rush  Salt-Grass, 

Reseda, 

41 

RUTACE^, 

RESEDACEJE, 

41 

Rye, 

Rhabdoweisia, 

618 

Rye-Grass, 

RHAMNACE.&, 

78 

Rhamnus, 

79 

Sabbatia, 

Rheum, 

378 

SACCHARE.E, 

Rhexia, 

127 

Saccharum, 

RHINANTHIDE,®, 

282 

Sacred  Bean, 

Rhinanthus, 

295 

Sage,     ,  , 

Rhododendron, 

257 

Sagina, 

Rhodora, 

258 

Sagittaria, 

RHODOKE-SS, 

246 

St.  Andrew's  Cross, 

Rhubarb, 

378 

St.  John's-wort, 

Rhus, 

76 

St.  John's-wort  Family, 

Rhynchosia, 

105 

St.  Peter's-wort, 

Rhynchospora, 

504 

SALICACE^, 

RHYNCHOSPOBEJE, 

490 

Salicornia, 

Rhynchostegium, 

670 

SALI  CORNIER, 

Rhytidium, 

675 

Salix, 

Ribbon-Grass, 

575 

Salsola, 

Ribes, 

136 

SALSOLE^J, 

Ribgrass, 

268,  269 

Salt  Marsh-Grass, 

Riccia, 

683 

Saltwort, 

RlCCIACB^S, 

683 

Sal  via, 

Richweed, 

309,  399 

Salvinia, 

Ricinus, 

393 

SAMBUCE^J, 

Ripplegrass, 

269 

Sambucus, 

River-weed, 

384 

SAMOLE^J, 

River-weed  Family, 

384 

Samolus, 

Robinia, 

96 

Samphire, 

Robin's  Plantain, 

198 

Sandalwood  Family, 

Rock  Brake, 

591 

Sand-Grass, 

33 
40 
45 
45 

212 
122 

110,  113 

122 

111 

257 

110,  113 

68 
209 
210 
364 
125 
171 
168 
120 
214 
6 
297 

74 
376 
433 
480 
479 
541 
551 

74 
570 
569 

342 

539 

584 

21 

309 

61 

438 

49 

49 

48 

49 

413 

366 

362 

413 

367 

362 

552 

367 

309 

606 

163 

166 

271 

274 

366 

381 

556 


INDEX. 


Sand  Myrtle, 

259 

Sea-Rocket, 

39 

Sandwort, 

58 

Sea  Sand-Reed, 

548 

Sanguinaria, 

26 

Sea-Sandwort, 

57 

Sanguisorba, 

115 

Sea  Spear-Grass, 

560 

Sanicle, 

151 

Secale, 

570 

Sanicula, 

151 

Sedge, 

507 

SANTALACE.E, 

381 

Sedge  Family, 

490 

SAPINDACEJE, 

82 

Sedum, 

140 

Saponaria, 

54 

Seed-box, 

133 

SAPOTACEJE, 
Sappodilla  Family, 

267 

267 

Selaginella, 
Seligeria, 

604 
618,  680 

Sarcoscyphus, 
Sarracenia, 

696 
23 

Self-heal, 
Sempervivum, 

313 
141 

SARRACENIACE.&, 

23 

Sendtnera, 

701 

Sarsaparilla, 

159 

Senebiera, 

39 

Sassafras, 

379 

SENEBIERE2B, 

29 

Satureia, 

307 

Seneca-Grass, 

574 

SATUREIE^J, 

300 

Seneca  Snakeroot, 

87 

SAURURACEJE, 

383 

Senecio, 

230 

Saururus, 

383 

SENECIONIDE^J, 

180 

Savin, 

425 

Senna, 

108 

Savory, 

307 

Sensitive  Briar, 

110 

Saxifraga,                                   142, 
SAXIFRAGACE.^    (Saxifrage 

143 

Sensitive  Fern, 
Sensitive  Plant, 

599 
109 

Family),                                   141, 

142 

Sensitive  Joint  Vetch, 

98 

Saxifrage,                                   142, 

143 

Sericocarpus, 

189 

SAXIFRAGES, 

141 

Service-berry, 

125 

Scapania, 

695 

SESAMES, 

278 

Schedonorus, 

567 

Sesame-Grass, 

582 

Scheuchzeria, 

437 

Sesuvium, 

64 

Schizaea, 

600 

Setaria, 

581 

SCHIZE.&J, 

589 

Seymeria, 

'292 

Schistidium, 

636 

Shad-bush, 

125 

Schoenus, 

506 

Shag-bark, 

402 

Schollera, 

485 

Shave-Grass, 

587 

Schrankia, 

110 

Shell-bark, 

402 

Schwalbea, 

294 

Sheep-berry, 

167 

Schweinitzia, 

261 

Shell-flower, 

285 

Scilla,      • 

469 

Shepherdia, 

381 

SCIRPE^E, 

490 

Shepherd's  Purse, 

39 

Scirpidium, 

496 

Shield-Fern, 

596 

Scirpus,                                        498, 

502 

Shin-leaf, 

260 

SCLERANTHE-ffi,                                        54 

,63 

Shooting-  Star, 

272 

Scleranthus, 

63 

Shrubby  Trefoil, 

75 

Scleria, 

506 

'Shrub  Yellow-root, 

13 

SCLERIE^E, 

490 

Sibbaldia, 

115 

Sclerochloa, 

560 

SlBTHORPIES, 

282 

Sclerolepis, 

184 

Sickle-pod, 

34 

Scoke, 

361 

Sicyos, 

138 

Scolochloa, 

556 

Sida, 

67 

Scolopendrium, 

593 

Side-saddle  Flower, 

23 

Sclotheimia, 

635 

Sieversia, 

117 

Scorpion-Grass, 

323 

Silene, 

55 

Scouring  Rush,                          585, 

587 

SlLENE^J, 

53,  54 

Scrophularia, 

284 

SlLICULOS^J, 

29 

S  CROPHULARIACE  JE, 

281 

SlLIQUOS^, 

28 

Scutch-Grass, 

554 

Silkweed, 

351 

Scutellaria, 

313 

Silphium, 

209 

Sea-Lavender, 

270 

Silver-bell-Tree, 

266 

Sea-Milkwort, 

274 

Silver-Berry, 

381 

Sea-Purslane, 

64 

Silver-Weed, 

119 

INDEX. 


Sinapis, 

36 

Spikenard, 

SlSYMBRIJUB, 

29 

Spike-Rush, 

Sisymbrium, 

35 

Spinach, 

Sisyrinchium, 

460 

Spinacia, 

Sitolobium, 

595 

SPINACIEJE, 

Slum, 

157 

Spindle-tree, 

Skullcap, 

313 

Spiraja, 

Skunk  Cabbage, 

428 

SPIR^E^E, 

Sloe, 

112 

Spiranthes, 

Smart-weed, 

373 

Spirodela,- 

SMIL  ACE  M  (Smilax 

Family),     461 

SPIROLOBE.S:, 

Smilacina, 

467 

Splachnum, 

Smilax, 

461 

Spleen  wort, 

Smyrnium, 

156 

Spoon-  wood, 

Snake-head, 

285 

Sporobolus, 

Snakeroot,                  151,  184,  188,  360 

Spring-Beauty, 

Snapdragon, 

284 

Spruce, 

Sneeze-weed, 

224 

Spurge, 

Sneezewort, 
Snow-ball  Tree, 

226 
168 

Spurge  Family, 
Spurred  Gentian, 

Snowberry, 

164,  250 

Spurge  Nettle, 

Snowdrop, 

266,  455 

Spurrey, 

Snowflake, 

455 

Spurrey  Sandwort, 

Soapberry  Family, 

82 

Squash, 

Soapwort, 

54 

Squaw-root, 

SOLANACE^J, 

338 

Squaw-  weed, 

Solanum, 

339 

Squill, 

Solea, 

41 

Squirrel-Corn, 

Solidago, 

200 

Squirrel-tail  Grass, 

Solomon's  Seal, 

466,  467 

STACHYDE-E, 

Sonchus, 

241 

Stachys, 

SOPHORE^J, 

90 

Staff-tree, 

Sorbus, 

125 

Staff-tree  Family, 

Sorghum, 

584 

Stagger-bush, 

Sorrel, 

71,  376,  378 

Staphylea, 

Sorrel-tree, 

254 

.STAPHYLEACE^B, 

Sour-wood, 

254 

Star-Cucumber, 

Southern-wood, 

228 

Star-flower, 

Sow-thistle, 

241 

Star-grass, 

Spanish  Bayonet, 

471 

Star-of-Bethlehem, 

Spanish  Needles, 

222 

Star-Thistle, 

"Sparganium, 

429 

Starwort, 

Spartina, 

551 

Statice, 

Spatter-Dock, 

23 

Steeple-bush, 

Spear-Grass, 

561 

Steetzia, 

Spearmint, 

303 

Steironema, 

Spearwort, 

8 

Stellaria, 

Specularia, 

244 

STELLATE, 

Speedwell, 

289 

Stenactis, 

Spergula, 

62 

Stenanthium, 

Spergularia, 

61 

Stickseed, 

Spermacoce, 

171 

Stillingia, 

Sphasrocarpus, 

684 

Stipa, 

SPHAGNACE.E, 

610 

Stitchwort, 

Sphagncecetis, 

692 

Stock, 

Sphagnum, 

610 

Stone-crop, 

Spice-bush, 

379 

Stone-root, 

Spiderwort, 

486 

Storax, 

Spiderwort  Family, 

485 

Storax  Family, 

Spigelia, 

174 

Storksbill, 

Spike-Grass, 

560.  567 

STRATIOTIDBJBS^ 

160 
495 
367 
367 
362 

81 
113 
111 
448 
431 
362 
652 
594 
255 
542 

65 
422 
385 
385 
344 
389 

62 

61 
139 
280 
231 
469 

27 
570 
301 
316 

81 

81 
254 

82 

82 
138 
272 

456,  458 
468 
232 

58 
270 
114 
690 
273 

58 
169 
198 
476 
324 
391 
549 

59 

40 

140,  141 
309 
265 
265 

73 
410 


61* 


INDEX. 


Strawberry, 

11 

Tansy, 

226 

Strawberry  Bush, 
Streptopus, 

8 
474 

Tansy  Mustard, 
Tape-Grass, 

36 
441 

Strophostyles, 

104 

Taraxacum, 

239 

Struthiopteris, 

590 

Tare, 

102 

Stuartia, 

70 

TAXJNE^:, 

420,  425 

Stylipus, 

11 

Taxodium, 

424 

Stylisma, 

33 

Taxus, 

425 

Stylophorum, 

2 

Tea-berry, 

251 

Stylosanthes, 

102 

Tear-thumb, 

375 

STYKACACEJE, 

265 

Teasel, 

176 

STYRACEJE, 

265 

Teasel  Family, 

176 

Styrax, 

26 

Tecoma, 

278 

SUJEDE^J, 

362 

Telmatophace, 

131 

Subularia, 

39 

Tephrosia, 

96 

SUBULARIE.E:, 

29 

Tetragon  otheca, 

213 

Succory, 

235 

Tetranthera, 

379 

Sugarberry, 

397 

Tetraphis, 

630 

Sugar-Cane, 
Sullivantia 

584 
144 

Tetraplodon, 
Tetrodontium, 

653 
630 

Sumach, 

76 

Teucrium, 

302 

Summer  Haw, 

124 

Thalictram, 

6 

Summer  Savory, 

307 

Thamnium, 

669 

Sundew, 

47 

Thapsia, 

156 

Sundew  Family, 

47 

Thaspium, 

155 

Sunflower, 

216,  223 

Thelia, 

660 

Supple-Jack, 

79 

Thelypteris, 

597 

Swamp-Honeysuckle, 
Sweet-Brier, 

257 
123 

Thimbleberry, 
Thin-Grass, 

121 
543 

Sweet  Cicely, 

158 

Thistle, 

232,  233 

Sweet  Fern, 

410 

Thorn, 

123,  124 

Sweet  Flag, 

429 

Thorn-Apple, 

341 

Sweet  Gale, 

410 

Three-leaved  Nightshade, 

463 

Sweet-Gale  Family, 

409 

Three-thorned  A  cacia, 

109 

Sweet-Gum  Tree, 

148 

Thorough-wax, 

156 

Sweet-Leaf, 

266 

Thoroughwort, 

186 

Sweet  Pea, 

104 

Thrift, 

270 

Sweet  Potato, 

334 

Thuidium, 

667 

Sweet  Scabious, 

198 

Thuja, 

424 

Sweet-scented  Shrub, 
Sweet-scented  Vernal-Grass, 

126 
574 

Thyme, 
THYMELEACEJE, 

306 
380 

Sweet-  William, 

54,  330 

Thymus, 

306 

Swine-Cress, 

39 

Tiarella, 

145 

Sycamore, 

401 

Tickseed, 

219 

Syena, 

487 

Tickseed  Sunflower, 

220 

Symphoricarpus, 

164 

Tick-Trefoil, 

99 

Symphytum, 

320 

Tiedemannia, 

153 

Symplocarpus, 

428 

Tiger-flower, 

460 

SYMPLOCINE^B, 

265 

Tigridia, 

460 

Symplocos, 

266 

Tilia, 

69 

Synandra, 

312 

TILIACE^, 

69 

Synthyris, 

289 

Tillaea, 

140 

Syringa, 

146 

Fillandsia, 

458 

Syrrhopodon, 

631 

["immia, 

642 

* 

Timothy, 

541 

Tacamahac, 

419 

Tipularia, 

451 

Tsenidia, 

156 

:oad-Flax, 

284 

Tagetes, 

223 

?obacco, 

341 

Talinum, 

64 

^ofieldia, 

478 

Tamarack, 

423 

^omato, 

339 

Taiiacetum, 

226 

\>othache-Grass, 

552 

INDEX. 


Toothwort, 

Tower  Mustard, 

Toxicodendron, 

Tradescantia, 

Tragia, 

Trautvetteria, 

Trachynotia, 

Treacle  Mustard, 

Tread-Softly, 

Trefoil, 

Trematodon, 

Tree-of-Heaven, 

Triantha, 

Trichelostylis, 

Trichochloa, 

Trichocolea, 

Trichodium, 

Trichophorum, 

Trichosteina, 

Trichostomum, 

Tricuspis, 

Tridynia, 

Trientalis, 

TRIFOLIE.SS, 

Trifoliura, 

Triglochin, 

TRILLIACE-E, 

Trillium, 

Trillium  Family, 

Triodallus, 

Triosteum, 

Triplasis, 

Triple-awned  Grass, 

Tripsacum, 

Tripterella, 

Trisetum, 

Triticum, 

Trollius, 

Tropasolum, 

Troximon, 

Trumpet-flower, 

Trumpets, 

Trumpet-Weed, 

Tuberose, 

TUBULIFLORJE, 

Tuckermannia, 
Tulip, 

TULIPACE.®, 

Tulip-tree, 

Tupelo, 

Turnip, 

Turritis, 

Tussilago, 

Turtle-head, 

Twayblade, 

Twig-Rush, 

Twin-flower, 

Twin-leaf, 

Twisted-Stalk, 

TYPHACE-ffi, 


31 

Udora, 

441 

34 

ULMACE.® 

394,395 

76 

Ulmaria, 

114 

486 

Ulmus, 

395 

390 
7 
551 
35 
389 

UMBELLrFERaC, 

Umbrella-Grass, 
Umbrella-leaf, 
Umbrella-tree, 
Unicorn-plant, 

148 
503 
20 
16 
279 

92 

Uniola, 

567 

620 

Urachne, 

549 

75 

Uralepis, 

555 

478 

Urtica, 

398 

503 

URTICACE^J, 

394 

546 

URTICE^E, 

394,  398 

70.1 

Utricularia, 

275 

543 

Uvularia, 

473 

501 

UvULARIE,aB, 

472,  473 

302 

626 

Vaccaria, 

55 

555 

VACCINIE-E, 

245,  247 

272 

Vaccinium, 

247 

272 

Vahlodea, 

572 

89 

Valerian, 

175 

92 

Valeriana, 

175 

437 

VALERIANACE^E 

(Valerian 

461,  463 

Family), 

174 

463 

Valerianella, 

176 

461,  463 

Vallisneria, 

441 

244 

VALLISNERIE^, 

440 

166 

Vanilla-Grass, 

574 

556 

Vanilla-plant, 

185 

550 

Velvet-Grass, 

573 

582 

Velvet-Leaf, 

68 

442 
572 

Venus's  Fly-trap, 
Venus's  Looking-glass, 

47 
244 

569 

Veratrum, 

476 

11 

VERBASCE2E, 

282 

74 

Verbascum, 

283 

239 

Verbena, 

298 

278 

VERBENACE^l, 

298 

24 

Verbesina, 

222 

186 

Vernal-Grass, 

574 

472 

Vernonia, 

183 

177 

VERNONIACE/E, 

179 

394 

Veronica, 

289 

472 

VERONICE^!, 

282 

465 

Vervain, 

298 

17 

Vervain  Family, 

298 

162 

Vesicaria, 

37 

40 

Vetch, 

102 

34 

Vetchling, 

.   103 

189 

Viburnum, 

167 

285 

Vicia, 

102 

449,  452 

VIOIE2B, 

90 

506 

Vilfa, 

541 

163 

Vinca, 

350 

20 

Vine,  Family, 

77 

474 

Viola, 

42 

429 

VIOLACE^, 

41 

429 

Violet, 

42 

INDEX. 


Violet  Family, 

411 

Whin, 

91 

Viper's  Bugloss, 

319 

White  Alder, 

254 

Virgaurea, 

201 

White  Daisy, 

226 

Virgilia, 

108 

White  Grass, 

539 

Virginian  Cowslip, 

323 

White  Hellebore, 

476 

Virginian  Creeper, 

78 

White-weed, 

226 

Virginia  Snakeroot, 

360 

White  Lettuce, 

238 

Virgin's-Bower, 

3 

White  Thorn, 

123 

Vis  cum, 
VITACE.E, 

383 

77 

Whitlow-Grass, 
Whitlow-wort, 

36 
62 

Vitis, 

77 

Whortleberry  Family, 

,       245,  247 

Vitis-idaea, 

248 

Wake-Kobin, 

464 

, 

Wicopy, 

380 

Waahoo, 

81 

Wild  Balsam-apple, 

139 

Waldsteinia, 

117 

Wild  Elder, 

160 

Walking-leaf, 

593 

Wild  Ginger, 

359 

Wall-flower, 

40 

Wild  Hyacinth, 

469 

Wall-pepper, 

141 

Wild  Ipecac, 

387 

Walnut, 

401 

Wild  Liquorice, 

170 

Walnut  Family, 

401 

Wild  Potato-vine, 

,       334 

Wart-Cress, 

39 

Wild  Rye, 

570 

Washington  Thorn, 

123 

Willow, 

413 

Water-Beech, 

409 

Willow  Family, 

413 

Water-Cress, 

30 

Willow-Herb, 

130 

Water-Dropwort, 

153 

Windflower, 

4 

Water-Hemldck, 

157 

Windsoria, 

555 

Water-Hemp, 

370 

Winterberry, 

264 

Water-Horehound, 

303 

Winter  Cress, 

35 

Waterleaf, 

326 

Wintergreen, 

251,  259,  261 

Waterleaf  Family, 

326 

Winterlia, 

264 

Water-Lily, 

22 

Wire-Grass, 

554,  563 

Water-Lily  Family, 

22 

Wistaria, 

96 

Water-Locust, 

109 

Witch-Hazel, 

147 

Water-Marigold, 

222 

Witch-Hazel  Family, 

147 

Watermelon, 

L39 

Withe-rod, 

167 

Water-Milfoil, 

134 

Woad, 

40 

Water-Milfoil  Family 

134 

Woad-Waxen, 

91 

Water-Nymph, 

22 

Wold, 

41 

Water-Oats, 

540 

Wolfberry, 

164 

Water-Parsnip, 

157 

Wolfsbane, 

13 

Water-Pepper, 

373 

Wood  Anemone, 

6 

Water-Plantain, 

437 

Wood  Betony, 

295,  317 

Water-Plantain  Family 

436,  437 

Woodbine, 

164 

Water-Rice, 

540 

Wood-Fern, 

596 

Water-shield  Family, 

22 

Wood-Grass, 

584 

Water-shield, 

22 

Wood-Rush, 

479 

Water  Star-Grass, 

485 

Woodsia, 

595 

Water-Starwort, 

384 

WOODSIE^E, 

588 

Water-Starwort  Family, 

384 

Wood-Sage, 

302 

Water-  Violet,    ' 

275 

Wood-Sorrel, 

71 

Water-Willow, 

297 

Wood-Sorrel  Family, 

71 

Water-weed, 

441 

Woodwardia, 

592 

Water-wort, 

52 

Wool-Grass, 

501 

Water-wort  Family, 

52 

Worm-Grass, 

174 

Wax-Myrtle, 

409 

Wormseed, 

364 

Wax-work, 

81 

Wormwood, 

227 

Wayfaring-tree, 

168 

Woundwort, 

316 

Weisia, 

618 

Whahoo, 

396 

Xanthium, 

212 

Wheat, 

569 

Xerophyllum, 

477 

Wheat-Grass, 

569 

Xylosteon, 

164 

INDEX. 


XYRIDACE^E, 

Xyris, 

487 
487 

Yew  Family, 
Yucca, 

Yam, 

460 

Zapania, 

Yam  Family, 

460 

Zannichellia, 

Yard-Grass, 

554 

Zanthorhiza, 

Yarrow, 
Yaupon, 

225 
263 

ZANTHOXYLACE^J 
Zanthoxylum, 

Yellow-eyed  Grass, 

487 

Zea, 

Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family, 
Yellow  Pond-Lily, 

487 
28 

Zephyranthes, 
Zizania, 

Yellow  Puccoon, 

14 

Zizia, 

Yellow-Rattle, 

295 

Zostera, 

Yellow-Wood, 

107 

Zygadenus, 

Yew, 

425 

Zygodon, 

420,  425 
471 

299 

432 

13 

75 

75 

584 

455 

540 

156 

432 

475 

631 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATES. 


Genera  of  Filices. 


TAB.  IX. 

* 

POL  YPODIUM.— Plant;  piece  of  the  frond  (1)  ;  a  magnified  sporangium  with  its  stalk, 
and  another  bursting  and  discharging  spores,  of  P.  vulgare,  L. 

STRTJTHIOPTEKIS.— Pinna  of  the  sterile  frond  (1)  of  S.  Germanica,  Wittd.;  portion  of  a 
fertile  frond  (2) ;  a  piece  of  one  pinna  cut  off  to  show  the  manner  in  which  it  is  rolled 
up  (8) ;  and  a  portion  of  the  last,  magnified,  with  one  side  unrolled  (4) ;  towards  the 
base  the  sporangia  all  removed,  to  show  how  the  fruit-dots  are  borne  each  on  the 
middle  of  a  vein. 

ALLOSOBUS.— Sterile  and  fertile  plants  of  A.  gracilis,  Presl.;  and  a  portion  of  the  fertile 
frond  (1)  enlarged,  with  a  piece  of  the  marginal  indusium  turned  back  to  display 
the  fruit ;  the  sporangia  are  all  removed  from  the  fruit-bearing  tips  of  the  two  forks 
of  the  lower  vein. 

TAB.  X. 

PTERI8.— A  pinnule  of  P.  aquilina,  Z.,  var.  caudata;  and  a  piece  of  one  of  the  lobes, 

enlarged  (2),  the  marginal  indusinm  rolled  back  on  one  side,  displaying  the  fruit ; 

the  sporangia  all  removed  from  the  lower  part  to  show  the  receptacle  that  bears 

them,  viz.  a  cross  line  connecting  the  tips  of  the  veins. 
ADI  ANTUM.— Piece  of  the  frond  of  A.  pedatum.  Z.  (1) ;  a  pinnule  somewhat  enlarged  (2) ; 

and  a  piece  of  one  (8)  more  enlarged,  with  the  indusium  of  one  fruit-dot  turned  back 

to  show  the  attachment  of  the  fruit. 

OHEILANTHES.— Small  plant  of  0.  vestita  (1) ;  and  a  fruit-bearing  pinnule,  enlarged  (2) 
WOODWARDIA.— Portion  of  the  sterile  (1)  ana  of  the  fertile  frond  (2)  of  W.  angusti 

folia ;  a  piece  of  the  latter  enlarged  (8) ;  piece  of  the  frond  of  W.  Virginica  (4) ;  and 

part  of  a  fruiting  lobe  (5),  enlarged. 


TAB.  Xt  • 

CAMPTOSORUS.-Plant  of  C.  rhizophyllus,  Unk.;  and  a  portion  of  a  frond,  with  fruit 

dots,  enlarged  (1). 
8COLOPENDEIDM.— Tip  of  a  fertile  frond  of  8.  offlcinarum;  and  (2)  a  piece  enlarged, 

with  two  fruit-dots. 
&.SPLENIUM.— A  pinna  of  A.  thelypteroides,  MicJian.  (1);  and  part  of  a  lobe  (2)  in  fruit, 

enlarged. 


EXPLANATION    OF    THE   PLATES. 

DIOK80N1A,  fSITOLOBIUM.— Pinna  of  D.punctilobula,  Hook.  (I);  portion  of  a  pinnule 
(2),  enlarged;  and  a  fruit-dot  in  its  cup-Bhaped  indusium  (8). 


TAB.  XII. 

OYBTOPTEEIS.— Piece  of  the  frond  of  0.  bulbifera,  Bernh.  (1);  a  lobe  in  fruit  (2), 
enlarged ;  and  a  small  portion  more  magnified  (8),  bearing  a  fruit-dot  with  its  indu- 
sium thrown  back. 

WOOD8IA.— Small  frond  of  W.  glabella,  JR.  JSr.  (1) ;  a  part  of  a  fruiting  pinna  of  the  same 
(2),  magnified;  and  a  separate  indusium  (8),  more  magnified ;  a  piece  of  a  fruitful 
pinnule  of  W.  obtusa,  Torr.  (4),  enlarged ;  and  a  fruit  with  the  opened  indusium 
beneath  (5),  more  magnified. 

ASPIDIUM.— Pinna  of  A,  (Dryopteris)  marginale,  Swarte  (1);  and  a  magnified  fruiting 
portion  (2) ;  piece  of  A.  (Polystichum)  acrostichoides  (8) ;  and  a  small  fruiting  por- 
tion (4),  magnified. 

ONOCLEA.— Sterile  and  fertile  frond  of  O.  sensibilis,  L.;  front  view  of  a  fruiting  contracted 
pinnule,  enlarged  (1) ;  and  the  same  laid  open  and  viewed  from  the  other  side  (2) : 
on  one  lobe  the  sporangia  are  removed  from  the  veins. 


TAB. 

8CHI2LEA.— Plant  of  8.  pusilla,  Pivrsh;  a  fertile  pinna  with  eleven  sporangia  (1),  mag- 
nified ;  and  a  separate  sporangium  (2),  more  magnified. 

LYGODIUM.— Summit  of  frond  of  L.  palmatum,  Swarte(L),  with  fertile  and  sterile  divi- 
sions ;  a  fruiting  lobe  enlarged  (2),  with  two  of  the  lower  scales,  or  indusia,  removed, 
displaying  a  sporangium  under  each ;  and  a  sporangium  more  magnified  (8). 

OSMUND  A.— Small  piece  of  the  frond  of  O.  Claytoniana,  Z.  (1),  with  a  fertile  and  a 
sterile  pinna;  a  portion  of  the  fruit  magnified  (2) ;  and  one  sporangium  more  mag- 
nified (8). 

BOTRYCH1UM.— Plant  of  B.  lunarioides,  Suxirte;  and  a  portion  of  the  fruit  (1),  with  six 
sporangia,  magnified. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM.— Frond  of  O.  vulgatum,  L.;  and  a  portion  of  the  fruiting  spike  en- 
larged (1). 


Genera  of   Equisetaceae,  Lycopodiaceae,  and 
Hydropterides. 

TAB.  XIV. 

EQUISETUM.— Upper  part  of  fertile  plant  of  E.  limosum,  L.  (1) ;  one  of  the  shield- 
shaped  scales  or  receptacles  of  the  spike,  with  the  six  sporangia  underneath  (2), 
enlarged;  same  seen  from  below,  discharging  the  spores  (8);  a  magnified  spore 
with  the  club-shaped  filaments  spreading  (4)  ;  and  (5)  the  same  with  the  filaments 
coiled  up. 

LYCOPODIUM.— Plant  of  L.  Carolinianum,  L.;  and  (1)  a  magnified  scale  of  the  spike 
*  removed,  with  the  sporangium  in  its  axil,  discharging  powdery  spores. 

SELAGINELLA.— Plant  of  8.  rupestris,  Spring  ;  part  of  a  fertile  spike,  enlarged  (1) ;  scale 
from  the  upper  part  of  it  (2),  with  its  sporangium,  containing  innumerable  powdery 
spores;  scale  from  the  base  (8),  with  its  sporangium  containing  few  large  spores; 
and  (4)  three  large  spores. 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE   PLATES. 

ISO  ETES.— Plant  of  I.  lacustris  (1) ;  sporocarp  containing  minute  spores,  cut  across  (2\ 
enlarged;  same  divided  lengthwise  (5);  sporocarp  with  coarse  spores,  divided 
lengthwise  (8) ;  and  (4)  three  coarse  spores  more  magnified. 

AZOLLA.— Plant  (1) ;  a  portion  magnified  (2),  with  two  kinds  of  organs ;  sterile  sporocarp, 
or  antherfdium,  more  magnified  (8) ;  fertile  sporocarp  more  magnified  (4) ;  the  same 
burst  open,  showing  the  stalked  sporangia  (5);  one  of  the  latter  more  magnified 
(6) ;  another  bursting  (7) ;  and  three  spores  (8),  beset  with  bristles. 


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